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Статті в журналах з теми "Arab countries Religious life and customs"
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Allee, Feroza. "Women and the Family in the Middle East." American Journal of Islam and Society 2, no. 2 (December 1, 1985): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v2i2.2776.
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For anyone interested in the Middle East, Wmen and the Family in theMiddle East provides a fascinating study of the lives of present day Arabwomen. Ten countries - Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Sudan, Algeria,Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are represented here, and two contributions dealwith the women of Palestine.The book is in part a progress report - statements by women and menabout their lives and their experiences. These statements, previouslyunpublished, are offered in different forms: short stories, essays, interviews,poems, social analyses, and life histories.Throughout the book there is an underlying sense of urgency, anxiety aboutthe future, disappointment that many of the revolutionary promises have notbeen kept. But above all, there is hope, because these women and men wishto survive with honor.One important shift evident in the book is that these people are no longerlooking to the West for answers to their problems. They are trying to improvetheir lives through indigenous traditions and customs; through the dominantreligion of the area, Islam, and through their own kinship and family patterns.There is continued emphasis on women and men as elements of a group,rather than as individuals. Middle Eastern women see the existing problemsnot only as their own but also as conditions involving men, the family, andthe wider society. Self-identity for them is rooted in other sets of relationships.Fernea has divided the book into 8 parts. There is also a preface, anintroduction, and notes on the contributors.part 1 is the Introduction which also includes a discussion by Algerian womenon the need for change.Part 2 deals with the Family. The Arab family is the basic unit of socialorganization. It constitutes the basic social institution through which personsand groups inherit their religious, social class, and cultural identities. It alsoprovides security and support in times of stress. However, the patriarchal tradition,and the hierarchical structure of the Arab family is now being increasinglychallenged. Sharabi in his study of the Arab family concludes that "the ...
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Balandina, Lolita Arkadyevna, Elena Viktorovna Ganina, Aleksandra Andreevna Lukina, Veronika Eduardovna Matveenko, and Tatyana Vasilyevna Satina. "National, cultural and language specificities of Arab official speech style." SHS Web of Conferences 127 (2021): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112702020.
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The problems of building a dialogue of cultures with Arab interlocutors are investigated in the paper; there are practical recommendations for its successful solution. Special attention is paid to the study of national and cultural characteristics of representatives of Arab society, and factors that make influence on the establishment and development partner relations with Arabs. The basic moral values, cultural, national, linguistics norms are briefly formulated in the article. Knowledge of that contributes to the successful conduct of intercultural communication at the “East-West” level. In the Arab countries, the traditions and customs of business ethics and communication, in general, are predominantly developing and changing because of the openness of most countries of the world and the interaction in various spheres (economic, educational, cultural, military, political, etc.). Because of its specificity, Arab society can be described as a closed one. Further on we will present and analyze its characteristics and identify the main features of the Arab official and business style of speech. This requires business participants from all sides to have in-depth knowledge of national, socio-cultural, religious, historical, ethno-psychological peculiarities and possess these skills which can be put into practice when required.
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Yahya, Hasan A. "Secularization and Tradition In Four Arab Countries." American Journal of Islam and Society 3, no. 2 (December 1, 1986): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v3i2.2756.
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I. IntroductionThe educational process is a combination of three important elements:teacher, student, and communication. This study focused on the third elementin examining second grade reading textbooks in four Arab countries:Jordan, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Textbooks are not the only importantelement in the communication dimension nor do texts provide the onlymessage students learn or the only influence in the educational process. Textbookshave the advantage, however, of being subject to content analysis andrepresent symbolic interaction as an effective means to translate the culturalheritage of any nation.Each country has its own books, and has its own methods to educateyoungsters consistent with broad goals and national needs. Religious educationin many Middle Eastern countries is a gradual and continuing processwhich begins early in the educational life of the individual. Such educationis complete, comprehensive, and is intended even at the elementary level todevelop understanding of religious and social behavior.Most of the content of books in Arab countries is prepared to reflect theseparated worlds of males and females, displaying the supreme societal,religious, psychological, and physical power of men over women. Educationalleaders and decision makers, at least in the Middle East, seem to be effectiveadvocates of traditional values and are concerned with the positive impactof the educational process. The primary aims of the educational system in ...
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ALHUDEEB, Faeza Abdulameer Nayyef. "THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OF IRAQI JEWS IN ISRAEL." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 05 (June 1, 2021): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.5-3.12.
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We can say that culture includes knowledge, arts, morals, beliefs, customs and other capabilities that a person obtains from life. The difference in the cultures that the groups of Jews from different parts of the world carried to (Israel) led to a difference in customs and traditions between them, and this in turn led to a conflict between them in particular and between cultures in general. That is, the culture of the Sephardi Jews and the culture of the Western Ashkenazi Jews.Sephardi are the Jews who immigrated from Arab and eastern countries, while Ashkenazim are the Jews who immigrated from Western countries (European, America and Russia(. Therefore, (Israel) worked in two directions with these immigrants, some of them called for integration with the new society, and the other part to assimilate them. But with all these attempts, some of them ended in failure. The eastern Jews (Iraqis in particular) have kept the Iraqi customs and traditions that they were brought up with and did not lose their identity. I will discuss in this research some of these customs and traditions that they maintained even after their immigration to (Israel). Such as the use of some Arabic expressions, oriental food, eastern folklore, through some stories and novels written by Iraqi Jewish writers who immigrated to (Israel), such as Shimon Palace, Samir Naqqash, Anwar Shaul, Sami Michael.
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Naser Ali Edrees Abdulghani, Naser Ali Edrees Abdulghani. "The impact of Arab Spring Revolutions on the purposes of Islamic Sharia: أثر ثورات الربيع العربي على مقاصد الشريعة". Journal of Islamic Sciences 4, № 6 (30 грудня 2021): 136–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.e220821.
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This research aims to study the impact of the Arab Spring revolutions on the purposes of Sharia. I relied on the descriptive analytical method in writing this research, and it contained three sections, and I touched upon the effects of revolutions on the purpose of protection of Life, Lineage, and Intellect, also, I talked about the purpose of protection of religion in terms of moral values in the light Arab Spring. And this study also discussed the economic effects of the revolutions on the spring countries and their neighboring countries as well. After researching the effects of the Arab Spring, I concluded that the deterioration of the security and political conditions had a negative impact on various aspects of the religious, social and economic life of the countries of the Spring, and the purposes of Sharia are to preserve the reasons for which the revolutions took place, and that the Arab Countries Threatened with division due to the spread of sectarian and terrorist movements, as well as civil wars.
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Husaini, Ahmad. "Arab Spring: Islam in the Political Revolution and Middle Eastern Development." International Journal of Science and Society 1, no. 4 (December 29, 2019): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v1i4.152.
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The social movements that were present during the Arab Spring have caused political upheaval in Middle Eastern countries. Starting from Tunisia, the revolution spread to neighboring countries namely Egypt, Libya, and Syria. Present in the midst of a prominent Islamic religion and culture, the aim of the revolution is to bring democracy into the government systems of countries that have long been in an autocracy system, but so far democracy with Islam has often been considered incompatible with each other, especially in countries with values deep-rooted Islamic values. This article focuses on the use of Islamic values in the global civil society movement that takes place in the Arab Spring. Reviewing the revolution in a macro, the main argument of the author is that the Arab Spring became a phase which brought Islam a certain degree of flexibility towards democracy and brought democracy to the Arab world. This article generates the conclusion that the trigger for the revolution was not due to religious matters, the demonstrators who joined were not one hundred percent Muslim, and the issue demanded was not related to the religious life of the people, but that Islam, whether its values or religious practices, could not be separated in organizing the masses during the revolution.
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Abdullah, Abdullah. "Perkembangan Islam di Arab Saudi." Jurnal Ilmiah AL-Jauhari: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Interdisipliner 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30603/jiaj.v4i1.828.
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This article discusses Saudi Arabia (Hijaz), in the early 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century free from Western colonialism. Unlike other Muslim countries, almost all of them were colonized by the West. As a result, at that time many scholars and residents from various Muslim countries came to the Hejaz, especially Mecca and Medina. Things like this have caused Saudi Arabia as a country that has the development of Islam to be maintained until now. The results of this study indicate that political changes and religious understandings certainly bring changes in other fields of social culture. Moreover, the beginning of the 19th century was a time when the renewal movement in Islam had only just begun to rise. The reform movement in Islam certainly has a certain impact on the Islamic social life in the Hijaz at that time and in Saudi Arabia today.
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Fearon, D., S. Hughes, and S. G. Brearley. "Experiences of breast cancer in Arab countries. A thematic synthesis." Quality of Life Research 29, no. 2 (October 23, 2019): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02328-0.
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Abstract Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women globally. Its negative effects on a woman’s quality of life are related to the individual and socio-cultural factors. This review aimed to identify and synthesise the reported experiences and quality of life of women with breast cancer in Arab countries. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SCOPUS, PsychInfo, CINAHL, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, and Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region were searched for articles published from start to March 2019 using PRISMA guidelines. These searches were complimented by citation tracking and hand searching of relevant journals. A thematic synthesis was carried out on the ‘findings/results’ sections from the identified papers. Results Of 5228 records identified, 19 were included in the review which represented 401 women from 11 Arab countries. All used qualitative methods of data collection to produce rich descriptions of experiences. Thematic synthesis of the extracted data identified three major themes, Perceptions and reactions, Coping or enduring and Changing roles. Conclusions This review provides a rich description of the reported quality of life and experiences of women with breast cancer in Arab countries. These are influenced by the women’s and society’s views of cancer, the women’s role in society and family, religious faith and the healthcare context and access to treatment choices and information.
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Al Khateeb, Jamal M., Louise Kaczmarek, and Muna S. Al Hadidi. "Parents’ perceptions of raising children with autism spectrum disorders in the United States and Arab countries: A comparative review." Autism 23, no. 7 (March 28, 2019): 1645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319833929.
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Four databases were searched to identify studies published by Arab researchers on parents’ perceptions of autism spectrum disorder and studies conducted by US researchers and published in systematic reviews of this topic. The electronic search resulted in 14 studies published by Arab researchers and 55 studies published by US researchers. The results showed that autism spectrum disorder has many of the same effects on Arab and American families. Six major areas were identified in the results. Financial difficulties associated with raising children with autism spectrum disorder were mentioned more in Arab studies than in US studies. Arab studies had more emphasis on gender than US studies. The results related to quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Arab studies were equivocal. US studies included comparisons with families without a child with autism spectrum disorder, and addressed factors that were associated with quality of life indicators. More health, educational, and social services were available in United States than in Arab countries, but some frustration was reported by US parents in obtaining appropriate services in some studies. A higher percentage of Arab studies mentioned the role of religious faith than US studies. Finally, social stigma was evidenced in both cultures, but not much research was available.
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Akhmedov, Vladimir M. "THE ROLE OF RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN ARABO-IRANIAN RELATIONS." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (19) (2022): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2022-1-42-49.
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In the last decades Iran became one of the powerful states in the Middle East. Today Iran plays a significant role in political, economic, social, religious and ideological issues of the region. Iran’s politics shape major developments in regional security and international relations in the Middle East, pursuing active policy towards Arab countries in the region. Iran plays an active role in military conflicts in several Arab countries (Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen and Libya). However, Iran’s involvement in the inner-political life of Arab countries; their societies, security affairs, and politics strengthens tensions and hostility between Arabs and Iran. The existing strains in Arabo-Iranian relations provoke the religious strife in the Middle East that takes different forms, among which are Sunny-Shiite conflicts. The worsening of Arabo-Iranian relations encourages new conflicts; it undermines power balance and destabilizes security in the Middle East. The long history of Arabo-Iranian relations still influences Iran’s policy in the Middle East. Ethnic and sectarian differences and the historical Arab-Persian rivalry reflected the major orientation of Iran’s foreign policy in general and determine some major parameters of Arabo-Iranian relations in the Middle East, in particular. Before the Arab conquest of Iran the interactions between Arabs and Iran had had many positive dimensions. The Islamization of Iran and its partial Arabization dramatically changed Iran’s cultural, social, and political development. These processes challenged the behavioral patterns of many Iranians towards Arabs and vice versa. Since that time the ethnic identity of two peoples, their adherences to Sunnis and Shiites have acquired antagonistic overtones. In this view, research of Arabization and Islamization processes as one of the main drivers of Arabo-Iranian relations and Iranian policy in the Middle East proves to be a pressing subject of grave importance.
Дисертації з теми "Arab countries Religious life and customs"
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Gimenez, Amoros Luis. "Haul Music : transnationalism and musical performance in the Saharaui refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002302.
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The thesis presents ethnographic data and musical analysis (in the form of transcriptions) of Haul music which is the music style performed by Bedouin societies in Trab el Bidan region (Mauritania, Western Sahara, northern Mali, southern Algeria and northern Morocco). It is based on field research undertaken in Algeria in 2004-05 in the refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria, where Saharaui people (a Bedouin society)live in exile. This research is unique and original as Haul has not, until now, been explored in depth by any scholar. My research on Haul reveals that the changes in Saharaui music in the refugee camps of Tindouf reflect changes in the musical traditions of Bedouin societies as whole; changes that can be traced to the revolution which occurred in Western Sahara in 1975, and changes that are a result of the migrations and life in exile that followed. I argue that these changes occurred due to the transnational experiences undergone by Saharaui people in their forced exile (caused by the Moroccan state) from their homeland in Western Sahara to Algeria. Further, I assert that the invocation of memory in Bedouin musical styles is evidence of past musical practices being retained in contemporary Haul performance, although other musical changes are similarly in progress.
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Maadad, Nina. "Adaptation of Arab immigrants to Australia: psychological, social, cultural and educational aspects." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/70149.
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This study examines the psychological problems that were overcome, and the social and cultural adaptations which were made, by Arab immigrants in the process of settling in Australia. The research was based on a group of forty participants, sixteen of whom migrated to Australia between 1973 and 2004. The other twenty-four were all of Arab descent and born in Australia. The methodology for undertaking this research utilized humanistic sociology principles for the collecting and analysis of qualitative data. The major finding of this portfolio of stodies is that the Arab immigrant families did adjust to the new country wholeheartedly, even in the first generation, partly by maintaining the core values of their Arab home culture.Thesis (D.Ed.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Education, 2007
Книги з теми "Arab countries Religious life and customs"
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Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf. al- Thaqāfah al-ʻArabīyah al-Islāmīyah: Bayna al-aṣālah wa-al-muʻāṣarah. ʻĀbidīn, al-Qāhirah: Maktabat Wahbah, 1994.
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Allen, Mark. Arabs. London: Continuum, 2006.
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Sex and the Citadel: Intimate life in a changing Arab world. [Toronto]: Doubleday Canada, 2013.
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Sex and the citadel: Intimate life in a changing Arab world. London: Chatto & Windus, 2013.
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Sex and the Citadel: Intimate life in a changing Arab world. New York: Pantheon Books, 2012.
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Sex and the citadel: Intimate life in a changing Arab world. London: Vintage Books, 2014.
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Sexuality in Islam. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985.
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Michael, Field. Inside the Arab world. London: J. Murray, 1994.
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Christoph, Schumann, ed. Nationalism and liberal thought in the Arab East: Ideology and practice. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010.
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Inside the Arab world. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Arab countries Religious life and customs"
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AlZaabi, Adhari. "Colorectal Cancer in the Arab World." In Cancer in the Arab World, 363–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7945-2_23.
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AbstractThe recent rapid modernization of life in the Arab region has led to major changes in the lifestyle and attitude of Arab people. This has subsequently resulted in an obvious change in the disease burden profile where the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) exert a huge burden in the region. The main factors that have been attributed to this increase in NCDs are the increased incidence of obesity, physical inactivity, stressful busy life, smoking, and dietary habits. Cancer is among the top NCDs that has increased at an alarming pace in the past ten years in the region. It is projected that there will be a 1.8-fold increase in cancer incidence by 2030 among Arabs. Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is among one of the most common cancers that showed a dramatic increase in annual incidence rate among Arabs. Despite the fact that the figures reported for colorectal cancer among Arabs is lower than that for western countries, the incidence is increasing in this region. Across the cancer continuum, CRC care in the region is up to date as it follows international guidelines from board-certified healthcare providers. The CRC screening system is not well developed and not well accepted by the society due to several religious, cultural, unfamiliarity, and distrust issues. This explains the advanced stage of CRC diagnosis in the region that subsequently leads to unfavorable outcomes. This chapter highlights the incidence of CRC and its clinicopathological parameters with molecular profile and preventive measures in the region.
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Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid. "Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd." In Critique of Religious Discourse, translated by Jonathan Wright and Carool Kersten. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300207125.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses the life and work of Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd (1943–2010). Abu Zayd is part of a group of contemporary intellectuals from the Arabic-speaking part of the Muslim world known as the turāthiyyūn, or “heritage thinkers.” This strand of Islamic thinking developed in the 1970s and 1980s in response to the traumatic outcome of the 1967 war between Israel and the surrounding Arab countries. Abu Zayd advocated the rigorous scholarly investigation of the Quran using innovative methods and techniques of textual criticism and discourse analysis used in literary studies, which was considered anathema by Islamist activists and made him the target of persecution. Abu Zayd and his wife sought asylum abroad, and he has since been recognized internationally as a scholar who has made pioneering contributions to move the study of the Quran and of the wider Islamic intellectual legacy forward.
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Durán López, Fernando. "From Azoteas to Dungeons : Spain as Archaeology of the Despotism in Alexander Dallas’s Novel Vargas (1822)." In Literary Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia in Britain and the Low Countries (1550-1850). Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989375_ch10.
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Alexander Dallas, ex-combatant in the Peninsular War, wrote books on Spanish-related themes with great affection for Spanish life and culture. However, there was one limit to this admiration: the rivalry between the Protestants and Catholics. Dallas’s move into the Anglican clergy goes some way to explaining why in his last novel, Vargas, a Tale of Spain, published anonymously in 1822, his Hispanophilia gave way to immersion in the attitudes, opinions and central themes related to the so-called Black Legend. The evocation of customs and landscapes is thus wrapped in an argument from the sixteenth century, the Inquisition and religious superstitions assuming a protagonist role and flipping the way he approaches Spanish reality. This complex dialogue between Hispanophilia and Hispanophobia reveals their strong common foundation: condescension.
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Abdrabo, Amal Adel. "Jaziret Fadel." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, 104–26. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4438-9.ch006.
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The plight of refugees fleeing from Palestine in 1948 raises several key questions regarding their historical fragmentation as a nation and their future. From a social anthropological point of view, the existing literature seems to tackle the Palestinian case from different perspectives influenced by the mass exodus of Palestinians from their homeland. Such perceptions took for granted the recognition of the state of “refugeeness” of the exiled Palestinians around the globe, while, in reality, it is a mutual interaction between people, place, and time. In the aftermath of the Arab-Israeli War at the beginning of the year 1948, more than 700,000 Palestinians fled their homes in Palestine to the nearby Arab countries, among them was Egypt. Some thousands settled in different areas all over Egypt. Based on a preliminary research on the literature, the author can argue that this is the first ethnographic study of the social life of the village of Jaziret Fadel and its Palestinian inhabitants in Egypt. The chapter is about tackling the historical trajectories, genealogies, memories, and present of the inhabitants of this village who seemed to be torn between two nostalgic pasts. The author's emphasis within this chapter is about how the narratives of the past memories could reveal a lot about the present time of the human societies and their future.
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Bradfield, Emily. "Dia de los Muertos and its Representation of Calaveras." In Focus on World Festivals. Goodfellow Publishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/978-1-910158-55-5-2997.
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The word death is not pronounced in New York, Paris or London, because it burns the lips. The Mexican, by contrast, is familiar with death, jokes about it, caresses it, sleeps with it, celebrates it... it is one of his most favourite toys and his most steadfast love. True, there is perhaps as much fear in his attitude as in that of others, but at least death is not hidden away... (Paz, 1967, in Sayer, 2009: 105) While every country has its own festivals and celebrations, each deeply rooted in the country’s culture, none does so more vibrantly than Mexico’s festival of Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead), which dates back to the Aztec belief in life as part of the wider cycle of existence (Weiss, 2010). Celebrated on All Saints’ and All Souls’ days at the start of November, Mexico’s festival is significantly different from other countries’ celebrations, such as the perhaps more familiar Westernised, secular celebration of Halloween. Although festivities vary from region to region across Mexico, it seems that remembrance remains central to the festival, during which the living “honour the souls of the departed with gifts of food and flowers” (Sayer, 2009: 12). Far from being a sombre affair, Dia de los Muertos is a time for celebration mixing Spanish Catholic traditions with ancient Aztec rituals, it is “quite the reverse of morbid; it is a period full of life, colour and festival” (Carmichael and Sayer, 1991: 7). By contrast, Western Catholic countries continue to honour more traditional practice of All Saints’ Day, a national holiday in many Catholic countries, including Spain, where Todos los Santos remains as one of the country’s most celebrated religious festivals and All Souls’ Day, on which ancient customs of decorating graves and praying for the dead are still observed (Catholic Culture, 2015).
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Nosenko-Shtein, Elena E. "Artemy Rafalovich and his Essays by Russian Doctor: Historical and ethnographic source." In A Stranger’s Gaze: Diplomats, Journalists, Scholars — Travellers between East and West from the Eighteenth Century to the Twenty-First, 307–20. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Nestor-Istoriia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/4469-1767-9.18.
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The author considers the biography of Artemy Rafalovich and his Essays by a Russian doctor as a source for ethnography of the population of the Near East in the first half of the nineteenth century. Rafalovich had been sent by the Russian Ministry of Home Affairs to countries under the rule of Ottoman Empire in order to investigate reasons for the emergence and spread of the plague. His Essays by a Russian doctor who had been sent to the Orient were the main source for this essay, especially the second part of these Essays in which the climate, agriculture, urban centers, and populations of Syria, Palestine and Lebanon are described. The au-thor follows the life of Artemy Rafalovich and stresses that many facts are still not sufficiently researched. Further, the author analyses the Essays as a source for the study of the history of medicine, public hygiene in the region, and the reasons for infectious diseases described by Rafalovich. The author also emphasizes that Rafalovich became a member of Ethnographic Department of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society, and during his trips he described the population - ethnic and religious groups of the region - its numbers, activities, customs, and so on. Rafalovich was a baptized Jew, so he distanced himself from the different Jew-ish groups of the region; he describes their numbers and sometimes the hygiene of Jewish quarters. He was mainly interested in description of Jewish hospitals and pharmacies. The author concludes that Essays by Rafalovich were of great importance for medical research in his time, for example by highlighting the influence of climate, water, and food on the public health of the region. Moreover, his topographic descriptions - including clarifications of riverbeds, directions of mountain chains, and so forth - would have been of interest to the Russian intelligence service, and the activities of Artemy Rafalovich were highly regarded by the Russian government.