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Статті в журналах з теми "Application Standpoint"
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Silvestre Cabrera, María, María López Belloso, and Raquel Royo Prieto. "The application of Feminist Standpoint Theory in social research." Investigaciones Feministas 11, no. 2 (June 14, 2020): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/infe.66034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article assumes a priori that feminist epistemology must necessarily imply the definition and application of a methodology that is capable of analysing knowledge from a situated perspective, making visible the restrictions of gender, class, ethnicity, and in summary, of the social location. Feminist Standpoint Theory (FST) set out by authors such as Sandra Harding, calls on those who have not had access to power and areas of decision-making to participate in the construction of knowledge and in the social construction of reality. In this article, we will claim for a need of a sociological investigation based on FST and provide some examples and evidence of the knowledge generated by women's voices building on the analysis of 10 doctoral theses. The methodology used is based on the analysis of the topics chosen by the thesis, the formulation of its objectives and the bibliography used. Likewise, we have developed a so-called “Harding test” grounded on her postulates, which has allowed us to assess the doctoral theses analysed and to reflect about the empirical contributions of the research, the feminist commitment and what the subject / object relationship should be in feminist epistemology.
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Rabadán, Alejandra T. "Neurochips: Considerations from a neurosurgeon’s standpoint." Surgical Neurology International 12 (April 19, 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_591_2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A neurochip comprises a small device based on the brain-machine interfaces that emulate the functioning synapses. Its implant in the human body allows the interaction of the brain with a computer. Although the data-processing speed is still slower than that of the human brain, they are being developed. There is no ethical conflict as long as it is used for neural rehabilitation or to supply impaired or missing neurological functions. However, other applications emerge as controversial. To the best of our knowledge, there have no been publications about the neurosurgical role in the application of this neurotechnological advance. Deliberation on neurochips is primarily limited to a small circle of scholars such as neurotechnological engineers, artists, philosophers, and bioethicists. Why do we address neurosurgeons? They will be directly involved as they could be required to perform invasive procedures. Future neurosurgeons will have to be a different type of neurosurgeon. They will be part of interdisciplinary teams interacting with computer engineers, neurobiologist, and ethicists. Although a neurosurgeon is not expected to be an expert in all areas, they have to be familiar with them; they have to be prepared to determine indications, contraindications and risks of the procedures, participating in the decision-making processes, and even collaborating in the design of devices to preserve anatomic structures. Social, economic, and legal aspects are also inherent to the neurosurgical activity; therefore, these aspects should also be considered.
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Barada, Valerija. "Application of Feminist Standpoint Theory in Researching Female Professional Biography." Revija za sociologiju 43, no. 3 (2013): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.5613/rzs.43.3.1.
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Li, Zhengfeng, and Jianquan Ma. "Science popularization and its ethical standpoint." Cultures of Science 4, no. 2 (June 2021): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20966083211037098.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Science popularization has both academic and policy implications. With the rapid development and large-scale application of science and technology, the demand for science popularization has generally increased, and its status in social development has been significantly improved. New features and challenges have emerged, such as changes in popularization content, the modernization of communication methods and the diversification of participants. In addition, science popularization is also faced with many new ethical issues. These new conditions require deeper consideration about which ethical standpoints should be established in science popularization. Beginning with an analysis of the academic and policy implications of science popularization, this study combines the new characteristics of contemporary science popularization to analyse the ethical issues it faces. Finally, it proposes an ethical standpoint that should be maintained in science popularization from the perspectives of utilitarianism, deontology, contract theory and virtue theory, and provides suggestions for converting responsible science popularization initiatives into concrete actions.
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Uthman, Yusuf Olawale Owa-Onire. "Effective Repentance: Its Concept, Islamic Standpoint, And Way Of Its Application." At-tadzkir: Islamic Education Journal 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.59373/attadzkir.v2i1.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sincere repentance needs to earn full consideration, Islam recognizes repentance as a concept that serves a significant purpose in the life of the believers. Spiritually, it is very effective in Islam, especially when it’s connected with the intention of closeness to Almighty God. Therefore, this paper will rapidly showcase the position of perfect repentance through its meaning, condition, benefits, and the perspective of Islam on its notion. Our readers would realize with the result of this research that, oftentimes, the noble religion (Islam) has explained the course of real repentance, in order to enlighten mankind on its benefit. Meanwhile, with repentance, a man will stay closer to God, know the right relationship with a fellow human, and run away from sins and evil. However, the master of repentance (seyyid ul-istigfar) would be addressed to fulfil the real meaning of this special prayer and correct the people’s fallacies connected to it. While in the study, repentance in a meaningful way will be detailed regarding verses of the Qur’an, prophetic tradition, and scholars’ work to derive quality research for this paperwork.
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Wilcox, Jennifer, and Paul Blowers. "Decomposition of Mercuric Chloride and Application to Combustion Flue Gases." Environmental Chemistry 1, no. 3 (2004): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en04036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Environmental Context. The toxicity of the volatile metal mercury is well known; this Hg0 form accounts for about 99% of atmospheric mercury and the remainder the water-soluble oxidized (Hg+, Hg2+) form. The release of mercury from the atmosphere is measurable by a drop in the Hg0 levels, but to establish realistic scientific and regulatory standpoints the rate in which Hg0 converts to the oxidized forms needs to be understood. Conversely, from an industrial standpoint, understanding the rate at which the oxidized forms convert to Hg0 allows for better waste-scrubbing processes. Abstract. Theoretical rate constants and activation energies are predicted for the decomposition of mercuric chloride through the use of relativistic pseudopotentials for mercury at the B3LYP level of theory. The method and basis set combinations are validated through a comparison of theoretically determined geometries, frequencies, and reaction enthalpies to experimental values found in the literature. In addition, the theoretically predicted rate constants are compared to rate constants that have been predicted through combustion modelling of this reaction.
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Sternberg, Robert J. "Wisdom and Education." Gifted Education International 17, no. 3 (September 2003): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026142940301700304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article describes a balance theory of wisdom and some of its applications to education. The article opens with a consideration of some great modern world figures, and argues that what has distinguished them is their wisdom. The article next discusses what wisdom is, both from the standpoint of the dictionary and from the standpoint of the balance theory of wisdom. The article continues with an explication of the theory and its basic ideas. According to the balance theory, wisdom is the application of successful intelligence to the balancing of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal interests; over the short- and long-terms; by adapting to, shaping, and selecting environments; in order to achieve a common good. This common good is in turn determined through the application of values. The article continues with a discussion of how wisdom can be measured, and then suggests some principles for teaching wisdom. It concludes that teaching for wisdom may be one of the most important kinds of teaching teachers can provide.
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Guttsayt, E., and Anton Mar'yasin. "To Assess the Activities of Self-Regulatory Organizations of Auditors." Auditor 7, no. 12 (January 14, 2022): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1998-0701-2021-7-12-10-19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the article, from the standpoint of economic theory, the construction of partial and integral assessments of the activity of the SROA is considered through the assessment of the quality of this activity (and not its effectiveness or efficiency). The expediency of using the method of point estimates and its specific application in the construction of these estimates is shown - both from the standpoint of the national economic approach and from the standpoint of the SROA itself. A table of 18 main activities of the SROA is compiled, based mainly on legislative acts. A number of organizational aspects of the evaluation of the SROA activity are analyzed.
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Knechtel, J., L. Klingbeil, J. H. Haunert, and Y. Dehbi. "OPTIMAL POSITION AND PATH PLANNING FOR STOP-AND-GO LASERSCANNING FOR THE ACQUISITION OF 3D BUILDING MODELS." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-4-2022 (May 18, 2022): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-4-2022-129-2022.
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Abstract. Terrestrial laser scanning has become more and more popular in recent years. The according planning of the standpoint network is a crucial issue influencing the overhead and the resulting point cloud. Fully static approaches are both cost and time extensive, whereas fully kinematic approaches cannot produce the same data quality. Stop-and-go scanning, which combines the strengths of both strategies, represents a good alternative solution. In the scanning process, the standpoint planning is by now mostly a manual process based on expert knowledge and relying on the surveyor’s experience. This paper provides a method based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) ensuring an optimal placement of scanner standpoints considering all scanner-related constraints (e.g. incidence angle), a full coverage of the scenery, a sufficient overlap for the subsequent registration and an optimal route planning solving a Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP). This enables the fully automatic application of autonomous systems for providing a complete model while performing a stop-and-go laser scanning, e.g. with the Spot robot from Boston Dynamics. Our pre-computed solution, i.e. standpoints and trajectory, has been evaluated surveying a real-world environment using a 360° panoramic laser scanner and successfully compared with a precise LoD2 building model of the underlying scene. The performed ICP-based registration issued from our fully automatic pipeline turns out to be a very good and safe alternative of the otherwise laborious target-based registration.
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Fuxin, Freddy, and Stefan Edlund. "GEOMETRY APPLICATION EVOLUTION - FROM RESEARCH TO INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OVER TWO DECADES." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 1667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.428.
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AbstractDigitalisation is making significant inroads into society at the same time as the general commercial trend is to able to personalise the product one acquires. The field of digital product representation, and the techniques for adopting a particular product in accordance with the customer's expectations, have become very important corporate assets. From a company's perspective these assets can be leveraged both for internal efficiency and also for different types of external customer interactions. In this article, the standpoint is that product geometry forms the foundation for digital product representation. It is from this perspective that the geometrical ecosystem comes into focus. Geometry creation and geometry consumption, in combination with geometrical configuration management, are high-value areas that must be mastered. A research-based 20-year industrial perspective building up such capabilities serves as an example. The article concludes with a forward-looking perspective on potential areas for continued exploration on this journey.
Дисертації з теми "Application Standpoint"
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DuPree, William Jared. "Examining marriage and family therapists in non-traditional areas of application : an ecological systems theory of creativity approach." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/274.
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Jing-Tien, Tseng, and 曾菁天. "The Study of Taiwan''s Elementary School Teacher''s Performance Appraisal Index — The Application of the Standpoint of Balanced Score Card." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25635282550376684225.
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碩士淡江大學
教育政策與領導研究所
91
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of applying Balanced Score Card in elementary school teachers’ performance appraisal system. Firstly, the study will review the content and structure of Balanced Score Card. Secondly, it will analyze the history and problems of elementary school teachers’ performance appraisal system. Lastly, it will construct the dimensions and key performance indexes for applying BSC in elementary school teachers’ performance appraisal system. This study is based on literature analysis and survey methods. The subjects were 1500 individuals that included elementary school teachers, students’ parents and students in Taipei City and County, with total valid samples of 1079 questionnaires and a retrieval rate of 71.9%. The survey was accomplished through four tools: Teacher’s Teaching Flow Scale, Teacher’s Professional Advancement Scale, Parent’s Dimension Scale and Student’s Dimension Scale. The data based on each individual’s entries will be processed and analyzed by Factor Analysis, from which the dimensions and key indexes for performance appraisal shall be sought out. The major results were summarized as follows: 1. The Elementary School Teachers’ Performance Appraisal System is illustrated in “Rules of Teacher’s Compensation Package” 2. Teacher’s Performance Appraisal is held by “Teachers’ Qualification Approval Committee” instead of “Teachers’ Performance Appraisal Committee” 3. With regard to the standard of Teachers’ Performance Appraisal, Bureau of Education tends to set up minimum criterion and maximum criterion; while National Teachers’ Association and Legislative Yuan tend towards minimum criterion as bottomline. 4. BSC helps to effectively build appraisal items and indexes for elementary school teachers’ performance appraisal system. 5. The dimension of teaching flow consists of three core index groups: creative teaching flow, execution flow and feedback flow, which contain 16 KPIs in total. 6. The dimension of Teacher’s professional advancement is composed of three core index groups: the fundamental ability of teaching, the integrating ability of information organizing, and the scheming ability of motivation inducting and rewarding, which contain 18 KPIs in total. 7. The dimension of students is formed by three core index groups: the satisfaction degree of students, the extension rate of constant learning, the school grades improvement, which contain 28 KPIs in total. 8. The dimension of students’ parents is composed of three core index groups: the satisfaction degree of students’ parents, the decrement of educational cost, the improvement of students’ learning capabilities, which contain 28 KPIs in total. 9. The BSC is feasible in Taiwan’s elementary school teachers’ performance appraisal system, with appraisal items of 4 dimensions, 12 core index groups, and 91 appraisal KPIs. 10. The barriers of applying BSC in elementary school teachers’ performance appraisal lie in 3 aspects: organizational, technical and human, in which the last two are most severe. Recommendations were made as follows: 1. Educational administrative institutes may consider applying BSC frame in elementary school teachers’ performance appraisal system: (1) First, to assure each factor dimension and the KPIs of the Macro-BSC to which each dimension belong. (2) There has to be significant methods to clarify teachers’ standpoints on performance bonus. 2. School should apply BSC to formulate teachers’ performance appraisal system. (1) School should develop appropriate BSC for its own school-based management and performance appraisal. (2) The involvement of all organization’s members is a key factor for the success in applying BSC. 3. Teachers should utilize the frame and the logic of BSC to review their own teaching performance. (1) Teaching flow should be centered on student learning. (2) Teachers’ professional advancement should become the operational basis for BSC’s updating and upgrading. 4. Students’ parents should hold the standpoints of BSC to positively and actively evaluate teachers’ performance. (1) The student is the common concern of parents and teachers. (2) The indexes for parents to evaluate teachers’ performance should be apparent and measurable. 5. It is suitable for the future study to transfer the above-mentioned 4 dimensions, 12 core index groups, and 91 KPIs into different weighted score. According to the above results, recommendations were made for educational administrative institutes, school administration, principals, teachers and students’ parents, and as future study reference.
Книги з теми "Application Standpoint"
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William A, Schabas. Part 2 Jurisdiction, Admissibility, and Applicable Law: Compétence, Recevabilité, Et Droit Applicable, Art.11 Jurisdiction ratione temporis /Compétence ratione temporis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter comments on Article 11 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 11 states that the Court only has jurisdiction over crimes committed since its entry into force, that is, since July 1, 2002. Article 11(1) is related to articles 22 and 24, both of which also contemplate the temporal application of the Statute. In particular article 24(1), which specifies that ‘No person shall be criminally responsible under this Statute for conduct prior to the entry into force of the Statute’, essentially restates the norm expressed in article 11(1), although from the standpoint of individual criminal responsibility rather than jurisdiction ratione temporis. In the case of States that become party to the Statute subsequent to July 1, 2002, the Court may only exercise jurisdiction with respect to crimes committed since the date of entry into force for that State.
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Junya, Kawai, Sonnenberg Dale L, and Timm Donald A. Part V Case Studies, 42 The Japan Experience with Visiting Forces—An Evolving Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0042.
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This chapter considers Japan’s experience with visiting forces. Unlike the NATO experience in Europe, the United States and Japan had very different backgrounds and cultures. The long-term stationing of US forces in Japan is remarkable because despite the circumstances under which it began, it grew into a partnership of allies and equals. The US-Japan Security Treaty and its successor, and the agreements thereunder regarding the status of forces, as main instruments of the law of visiting forces in Japan have been utilized flexibly to meet the defence and security needs of Japan and the security needs of the United States from the standpoint of fulfilling its regional commitments and its global strategy. However, the application of these treaties and agreements has been influenced not only by military convenience, but also by the interest to achieve harmonization with everyday life of residents in Japan.
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Whitehead, Laurence. Depth Perception. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846374.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Universalism in the study of world politics, while influential, offers a “flat” view of political reality. Studies of single countries and areas provide an “in-depth” corrective, but by definition this will be partial, even parochial. Well-designed comparisons can combine overall balance, integration, depth of vision, and wider panoramic focus. But it is no soft option. This chapter reviews examples that illustrate this methodological standpoint and offers ten protocols that can improve the quality of such work. It suggests that relevant explanatory features should be “configurative” rather than overly reductionist. This requires a multidisciplinary approach, specialized training, and the application of judgment and expertise. But this needs to complement efforts to develop and test some portable findings. The pursuit of causal explanation must be balanced against an understanding of the resulting resemblances and contrasts. The validity of the findings will depend, in part, on the balanced quality of the comparative work.
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Kockelman, Paul. The Art of Interpretation in the Age of Computation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190636531.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book is about media, mediation, and meaning. It focuses on a set of interrelated processes whereby seemingly human-specific modes of meaning become automated by machines, formatted by protocols, and networked by infrastructures—that is, the way computation replaces interpretation, information effaces meaning, and infrastructure displaces interaction. The book asks: what does it take to automate, format, and network meaningful practices; what difference does this make for those who engage in such practices; and what are the stakes? Reciprocally it questions how can we better understand computational processes from the standpoint of meaningful practices; how can we leverage such processes to better understand such practices; and what lies in wait. In answering these questions, this book stays very close to fundamental concerns of computer science as they emerged in the middle part of the twentieth century. Rather than foreground the latest application, technology, or interface, it tries to account for processes that underlie each and every digital technology being deployed today. And rather than use the tools of conventional social theory to investigate such technologies, it leverages key ideas of American pragmatism—a philosophical stance that understands the world, and our relation to it, in a way that avoids many of the conundrums and criticisms of twentieth-century social theory. It puts this stance in dialogue with certain currents and key texts in anthropology and linguistics, science and technology studies, critical theory, computer science, and media studies.
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Guidance for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in Indigenous Populations in the Region of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122778.
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Tuberculosis continues to represent a severe public health problem in the Region of the Americas, even more so in the case of indigenous peoples, whose TB incidence is much higher than that of the general population. To achieve tuberculosis control in these communities, it is necessary to respond to communities’ diverse needs from an intercultural perspective that allows the application of a holistic approach—from a standpoint of equality and mutual respect—and considers the value of their cultural practices. In the Region of the Americas, although there has been progress toward recognizing the need for an intercultural approach to health services, obstacles rooted in discrimination, racism, and the exclusion of indigenous peoples and other ethnic groups persist. To respond to this situation, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) prepared this guidance which––based on an intercultural approach in accordance with the priority lines of the current PAHO Policy on Ethnicity and Health and its practical development in the Region’s indigenous populations––represent a support tool for implementing the End TB Strategy. This publication integrates PAHO’s accumulated experience and best practices developed by its Member States in recent years, including discussions and experiences shared in regional meetings on the issue, and emphasizes innovation and social inclusion. This requires an urgent shift away from traditional paradigms, taking specific actions that gradually reduce TB incidence and moving toward effective multisectoral actions that have proven effective in quickly containing the epidemic. This publication integrates PAHO’s accumulated experience and best practices developed by its Member States in recent years, including discussions and experiences shared in regional meetings on the issue, and emphasizes innovation and social inclusion. This requires an urgent shift away from traditional paradigms, taking specific actions that gradually reduce TB incidence and moving toward effective multisectoral actions that have proven effective in quickly containing the epidemic.
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Sarath, Ed. A Consciousness-Based Look at Spontaneous Creativity. Edited by Benjamin Piekut and George E. Lewis. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199892921.013.13.
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This chapter explores improvisation from a consciousness-based standpoint. Examination of an inner mechanics for the transcendent experience frequently reported by improvisers sets the stage for consciousness-based distinctions between improvisation and composition processes, in which improvisation is extricated from common misclassification as an accelerated subspecies of composition. Temporal, cultural, and linguistic factors are considered in distinguishing between improvisatory and compositional paradigms. The intimate melding between musicians and listeners in peak improvised performance is paralleled with the deep collective communion associated with group meditation practice as indicative of a nonlocal, intersubjective field of consciousness, empirical support for which suggests that possible societal benefits may result from certain applications. An “improvisatory hermeneutics” is considered as a means for new ways of perceiving global challenges and paradigmatic change that centers intersubjectivity and other anomalous possibilities not commonly embraced in academic and public policy discourse.
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Herreros, Ivan. Learning and control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0026.
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This chapter discusses basic concepts from control theory and machine learning to facilitate a formal understanding of animal learning and motor control. It first distinguishes between feedback and feed-forward control strategies, and later introduces the classification of machine learning applications into supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning problems. Next, it links these concepts with their counterparts in the domain of the psychology of animal learning, highlighting the analogies between supervised learning and classical conditioning, reinforcement learning and operant conditioning, and between unsupervised and perceptual learning. Additionally, it interprets innate and acquired actions from the standpoint of feedback vs anticipatory and adaptive control. Finally, it argues how this framework of translating knowledge between formal and biological disciplines can serve us to not only structure and advance our understanding of brain function but also enrich engineering solutions at the level of robot learning and control with insights coming from biology.
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Dutton, Denis. Aesthetics and Evolutionary Psychology. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0041.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The applications of the science of psychology to our understanding of the origins and nature of art is not a recent phenomenon; in fact, it is as old as the Greeks. Plato wrote of art not only from the standpoint of metaphysics, but also in terms of the psychic, especially emotional, dangers that art posed to individuals and society. It was Plato's psychology of art that resulted in his famous requirements in The Republic for social control of the forms and contents of art. Aristotle, on the other hand, approached the arts as philosopher more comfortably at home in experiencing the arts; his writings are to that extent more dispassionately descriptive of the psychological features he viewed as universal in what we would call ‘aesthetic experience’. Although Plato and Aristotle both described the arts in terms of generalizations implicitly applicable to all cultures, it was Aristotle who most self-consciously tied his art theory to a general psychology.
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Succi, Sauro. LB for Flows with Suspended Objects: Fluid–Solid Interactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the recent years the theory of the fluctuating LB, as it was proposed and developed by A.J.C. Ladd in the early 90s, has undergone major developments, both at the level of theoretical foundations and practical implementation. This Chapter provides a cursory view of such developments, with special focus on the general formulation of fluid–solid interactions within the Lattice Boltzmann formalism. Clearly, the rheological behavior of these suspensions is highly accepted by the way the suspended particles interact with the fluid and among themselves. From the mathematical and computational standpoint, this configures a technically thick issue, namely the treatment of fluid-solid moving boundaries, in a more macroscopic-oriented context also known as fluid-structure interactions (FSI). In the sequel, a description of a number of methods which have been developed to include FSI within the LB formalism, is presented. In particular, the case of rigid and deformable bodies, both vital to many applications in science and engineering, shall be covered
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Bucy, Erik P., and Patrick Stewart. The Personalization of Campaigns: Nonverbal Cues in Presidential Debates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.52.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nonverbal cues are important elements of persuasive communication whose influence in political debates are receiving renewed attention. Recent advances in political debate research have been driven by biologically grounded explanations of behavior that draw on evolutionary theory and view televised debates as contests for social dominance. The application of biobehavioral coding to televised presidential debates opens new vistas for investigating this time-honored campaign tradition by introducing a systematic and readily replicated analytical framework for documenting the unspoken signals that are a continuous feature of competitive candidate encounters. As research utilizing biobehavioral measures of presidential debates and other political communication progresses, studies are becoming increasingly characterized by the use of multiple methodologies and merging of disparate data into combined systems of coding that support predictive modeling.Key elements of nonverbal persuasion include candidate appearance, communication style and behavior, as well as gender dynamics that regulate candidate interactions. Together, the use of facial expressions, voice tone, and bodily gestures form uniquely identifiable display repertoires that candidates perform within televised debate settings. Also at play are social and political norms that govern candidate encounters. From an evaluative standpoint, the visual equivalent of a verbal gaffe is the commission of a nonverbal expectancy violation, which draws viewer attention and interferes with information intake. Through second screens, viewers are able to register their reactions to candidate behavior in real time, and merging biobehavioral and social media approaches to debate effects is showing how such activity can be used as an outcome measure to assess the efficacy of candidate nonverbal communication during televised presidential debates.Methodological approaches employed to investigate nonverbal cues in presidential debates have expanded well beyond the time-honored technique of content analysis to include lab experiments, focus groups, continuous response measurement, eye tracking, vocalic analysis, biobehavioral coding, and use of the Facial Action Coding System to document the muscle movements that comprise leader expressions. Given the tradeoffs and myriad considerations involved in analyzing nonverbal cues, critical issues in measurement and methodology must be addressed when conducting research in this evolving area. With automated coding of nonverbal behavior just around the corner, future research should be designed to take advantage of the growing number of methodological advances in this rapidly evolving area of political communication research.
Частини книг з теми "Application Standpoint"
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Tsai, Hsing-Fen, and Chung-Ping Yang. "Peter McLaren’s Standpoint on Marxism with Application in Information Age." In Advances in Computer Science, Environment, Ecoinformatics, and Education, 371–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23339-5_68.
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Wagner, Gerhard. "Tort Law and Human Rights." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 209–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_12.
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AbstractThe article explores the relationship between tort law and human rights. It explains the potential inherent in holding corporations liable in tort for human rights violations along the supply chain, such as the 2013 Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh. On a theoretical level, it devises a legal framework of tort liability that is optimal from the standpoint of social welfare. Such an optimal liability system would make manufacturers internalise the full cost of production, including harm caused to workers, third parties and the environment. In contrast, the present global liability situation is characterised by legal fragmentation and enforcement deficits. These factors provide the explanation for the large-scale externalisation of production risks we witness today, leading to an inflated global demand. In principle, tort law is well suited to offer a remedy, as the interests protected by human rights and national tort law broadly overlap. Furthermore, the duty of care which is the core requirement for shifting losses to others via tort law is a flexible concept that may even be stretched to accommodate cross-border human rights policies. The new French “devoir de vigilance,” or human rights due diligence, as well the UK Supreme Court’s recent jurisprudence, aim to tap this potential. On the other hand, the article raises doubt in relation to the adverse economic incentives and market shifts if such duties are imposed selectively, i.e. only in some jurisdictions, but not in others. After all, private international law often stands in the way of a global application of national tort law. Finally, alternative mechanisms of enforcement are assessed and examined with a view to their comparative effectiveness. This analysis casts doubt on the usefulness of tort law as a means to further the human rights cause.
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Traversa, Susanna, and Enrico Ivaldi. "The digitization of the private sector in the Italy. A non-aggregative method to monitor the NRRP agenda at macro-area level." In Proceedings e report, 209–14. Florence: Firenze University Press and Genova University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0106-3.37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Covid-19 emergency has produced within societies a strong impulse toward digitization policies, designed to mitigate the negative effects produced on national economies and to ensure a recovery of it. Among the objectives included by the Italian Government within the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) there is a boosting of investments in the 4.0 Transition with measures involving not only a strengthening of the digital infrastructure but also a greater diffusion of digital literacy among the population. Therefore, starting from the intervention forecasts contained within Mission 1, paragraph 2 "Digitization, innovation and competitiveness in the production system," four elementary indicators were selected from the I.Stat database in compliance with the requirements of data available from both a spatial and temporal standpoint. As a matter of fact, the study aims to trace and compare the performance obtained by the main Italian macro-areas from the point of view of digitization of the production system, considering the years preceding and concomitant to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the intrinsic complexity of the digitization phenomenon, the development of statistic measures to study it can be directed toward the construction of synthetic indices. Throughout the present study, a synthesis methodology has been adopted that takes advantage of a non-aggregative approach: the Partially ordered set (POSET). The study is divided into sections, in which the main opportunities related to the construction of an index that evaluates the performance of the policies presented in the RRP will be outlined, as well as the characteristics and implications attributable to the use of a non-aggregative approach such as the POSET in its declination for the temporal study of socio-economic phenomena, and lastly, a presentation will be made of the results obtained from the application of the index to the Italian context.
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Nakamura, Shinichiro. "Need for Mathematics Researchers in Industry: From Standpoint of an Industrial Researcher." In The Impact of Applications on Mathematics, 363–65. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54907-9_29.
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"Application of the Energic Standpoint." In On the Nature of the Psyche, 25–44. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203164716-7.
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Rodas, Jorge, Daniel Azpeitia, Alberto Ochoa-Zezzatti, Raymundo Camarena, and Tania Olivier. "Use of GVRP as a Model of Two Specific Real World Problems and Its Bioinspired Solution." In Handbook of Research on Military, Aeronautical, and Maritime Logistics and Operations, 451–69. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9779-9.ch024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this chapter is about the inclusion of real world scenarios, viewed as a Generalized Vehicle Routing Problem (GVRP) model problem, and treated by bio inspired algorithms in order to find optimum routing of product delivery. GVRP is the generalization of the classical Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) that is well known NP-hard as generalized combinatorial optimization problem with a number of real world applications and a variety of different versions. Due to its complexity, large instances of VRP are hard to solve using exact methods. Thus a solution by a soft computing technique is desired. From a methodological standpoint, the chapter includes four bio inspired algorithms, ant colony optimization and firefly. From an application standpoint, several factors of the generalized vehicle routing are considered from a real world scenario.
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Joseph Pellissery, Abraham, Poonam Gopika Vinayamohan, Leya Susan Viju, Divya Joseph, and Kumar Venkitanarayanan. "Application of Urine Metabolomics as a Marker in Health and Disease." In Advances and Challenges in Urine Laboratory Analysis [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109808.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Advances in metabolomics research have yielded an avenue for utilizing this laboratory-based modality as a platform for clinical diagnosis, identification of novel biomarkers, and longitudinally monitoring the health status of individuals from normal physiological and pathophysiological perspectives. This chapter provides insight on the application of urinalysis in health and disease from the standpoint of deciphering a larger span of metabolite and biomarker identification using metabolomics, specifically focusing on infectious diseases, oncology, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Munetoh, Seiji, and Nobukazu Yoshioka. "Method Using Command Abstraction Library for Iterative Testing Security of Web Applications." In Application Development and Design, 192–215. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3422-8.ch008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A framework based on a scripting language is commonly used in Web application development, and high development efficiency is often achieved by applying several Agile development techniques. However, the adaptation of security assurance techniques to support Agile development is still underway, particularly from the developer's perspective. The authors have addressed this problem by developing an iterative security testing method that splits the security test target application into two parts on the basis of the code lifecycle, application logic (“active development code”) and framework (“used code”). For the former, detailed security testing is conducted using static analysis since it contains code that is changed during the iterative development process. For the latter, an abstraction library at the command granularity level is created and maintained. The library identifies the behavior of an application from the security assurance standpoint. This separation reduces the amount of code to be statically inspected and provides a mechanism for sharing security issues among application developers using the same Web application framework. Evaluation demonstrated that this method can detect various types of Web application vulnerabilities.
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Pavlovski, Christopher J., and Stella Mitchell. "Mobility and Multimodal User Interfaces." In End-User Computing, 996–1005. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-945-8.ch071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article we discuss multimodal technologies that address the technical and usability constraints of the mobile phone or PDA. These environments pose several additional challenges over general mobility solutions. This includes computational strength of the device, bandwidth constraints, and screen size restrictions. We outline the requirements of mobile multimodal solutions involving cellular phones. Drawing upon several trial deployments, we summarize the key designs points from both a technology and usability standpoint, and identify the outstanding problems in these designs. We also outline several future trends in how this technology is being deployed in various application scenarios, ranging from simple voice-activated search engines through to comprehensive mobile office applications.
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Pavlovski, C., and S. Mitchell. "Mobility and Multimodal User Interfaces." In Encyclopedia of Mobile Computing and Commerce, 644–50. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-002-8.ch108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article we discuss multimodal technologies that address the technical and usability constraints of the mobile phone or PDA. These environments pose several additional challenges over general mobility solutions. This includes computational strength of the device, bandwidth constraints, and screen size restrictions. We outline the requirements of mobile multimodal solutions involving cellular phones. Drawing upon several trial deployments, we summarize the key designs points from both a technology and usability standpoint, and identify the outstanding problems in these designs. We also outline several future trends in how this technology is being deployed in various application scenarios, ranging from simple voice-activated search engines through to comprehensive mobile office applications.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Application Standpoint"
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Doucek, Petr, Luboš Pavlíček, Lea Nedomová, and Jiří Sedláček. "Secure Application Access from the Standpoint of Password Strength." In 38. mednarodna konferenca o razvoju organizacijskih znanosti. Unviersity of Maribor Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-250-3.17.
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Nakahira, M., N. Takeda, K. Hada, E. Tada, K. Miya, and Y. Asada. "Main Features of ITER Vacuum Vessel and Approach to Code Application." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22675.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ITER Vacuum Vessel (VV) is a complex torus-shaped configuration with a double-walled structure and the main function is to provide a high degree of vacuum for DT operation and form an enclosure for containing radioactive materials. Such structural uniqueness requires quite different technologies and implementations from the existing plant, so that technical rules are to be evolved on design, fabrication and examination for assuring its structural reliability. A new code concept, namely system-based code for integrity, has been developed so as to optimize the total reliability to be attained for ITER operation, considering unique structural features and safety attractiveness. This paper describes structural features of the ITER VV from code standpoint and basic approach to code application, together with on-going research activities for supporting the code development.
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Orsagh, Rolf F., Gregory J. Kacprzynski, Michael J. Roemer, John W. Scharschan, Daniel E. Caguiat, and Jack J. McGroarty. "Application of Diagnostic Algorithms for Maintenance Optimization of Marine Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30271.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As part of the Naval gas turbine CBM effort, diagnostic and prognostic algorithms that utilize state-of-the-art probabilistic modeling and analysis technologies are being developed and implemented onboard Navy ships. The algorithms under development and testing will enhance gas turbine preventative maintenance in such areas as compressor on-line/crank wash and fuel nozzle replacement. In one application, the prognostic module assesses and predicts compressor performance degradation due to salt ingestion. From this information, the optimum time for on-line water washing or crank washing can be determined from a cost/benefit standpoint. A second application diagnoses the severity of fuel nozzle fouling in real-time during startup. This paper discusses the diagnostic and prognostic modeling approaches to these maintenance issues and their implementation for an Allison 501-K34 gas turbine engine onboard a DDG 51 class guided missile destroyer.
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Mazumder, Sudip K., and Rajni K. Burra. "Fuel Cell Power Conditioner for Stationary Power System: Towards Optimal Design From Reliability, Efficiency, and Cost Standpoint." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We describe an energy-efficient, fuel cell (FC) powerconditioning system (PCS) for stationary application, which draws practically zero switching-ripple current from the FC and can potentially meet the $40/kW cost target. The PCS consists of a zero-ripple boost converter (ZRBC) followed by a soft-switched and multi-level high-frequency (HF) inverter and a single-phase cycloconverter. The zero-ripple input inductor significantly reduces the input current ripple which may be necessary to enhance the long-term durability of the fuel cell. A new phase-shifted sine-wave modulation of the multi-level high frequency inverter is proposed which results in the zero voltage turn-on (ZVS) of all four switches (without the use of any auxiliary circuit components). For such a sine-wave modulation technique a > 90 % ZVS range is obtained from 25% of the full load to full load. Further, the line-frequency switching of the cycloconverter (at close to unity power factor) results in extremely low switching losses. The intermediate high voltage DC (HVDC) bus facilitates the inclusion of power systems based on other forms of alternative-energy techniques. A cost effective 1 kW prototype of the proposed PCS is built, which achieved a high overall efficiency. We present a detailed description of the operation of the PCS along with its key features and advantages. Finally, experimental results showing the performance and operation of the PCS are demonstrated.
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Майгула, Наталья Валентиновна, and Анастасия Александровна Смирнова. "RATIONALIZATION METHOD: USING MONOTONICITY OF FUNCTIONS IN SOLVING INEQUALITIES." In Проблемы управления качеством образования: сборник статей XLV Международной научной конференции (Луга, Март 2023). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230329.2023.17.76.004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
В статье проанализирован метод рационализации неравенств с точки зрения монотонности логарифмических, показательных, арк-функций. Рассматриваются задачи, в которых демонстрируется применение этого метода, позволяющего перейти от трансцендентных к рациональным неравенствам, что значительно упрощает нахождение решений неравенств. The article analyzes the method of rationalizing inequalities from the standpoint of monotonicity of logarithmic, exponential, and arc functions. The problems are considered in which the application of this method is demonstrated, which makes it possible to move from transcendental to rational inequalities, which significantly simplifies finding solutions to inequalities.
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Yazdani, Miad, and Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi. "Heat Transfer Enhancement of Backstep Flow by Means of EHD Conduction Pumping." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38242.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) conduction pumping takes advantage of the electrical Coulomb force generated by externally applied electric field and dissociated charges from electrolytes. The backstep flows that appear in certain types of MEMS application are not very efficient from the heat transfer standpoint due to the trapped circulation flow in the reattachment zone. This paper is a numerical study on the application of EHD conduction pumping as an auxiliary tool for heat transfer enhancement of backstep flows in macro- and micro-scale systems. An innovative electrode design with a dc electric potential difference is proposed with the primary motivation to reduce the volume of reattachment zone.
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Koshman, Gennadiy, Vladimir Barsukov, Viktor Anosov, and Jolanta Pauk. "Biomechanical analysis of the cancellous screws implantation schemes in surgical treatment of flexible flatfoot in children." In Biomdlore. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/biomdlore.2016.16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carry out comparative biomechanical analysis of influence of the implantation scheme and characteristic sizes of cancellous screws on parameters of its strained condition, and elaborate guidelines for optimization of implantation parameters and decision for a material metalware choice. Performed mathematical modelling and comparative numerical analysis of the parameters of strained condition, slant and cantilevered schemes of implantation of cancellous screws, applied to a wide range of support loads variations acting on a screw. Made analysis of influence of size parameters (length of the overhanging part, angle with normal at supporting surface, core diameter) on the magnitude of the calculated stress that appear in compressed and extended zones of slant implanted screw. Carried out investigations reveal that short screws, installed on the hard circuit, from the standpoint of operational reliability according to the criteria of strength under static loading (occasional overload) and multicyclic loading have the highest capacity for work. Least favourable in application are slant and cantilevered implanted screws. With increasing length of cantilevered part and angle between axis of a screw and line of loading force calculated values of stress also increases. Screws of heat-treated stainless steel are preferred from the standpoint of saving bearing capacity with unit congestion due to increased plasticity in 4–5 times (residual strain at failure) compared with titanium alloys.
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Saad, Pascinthe, Mamdouh M. Salama, and Ove Jahnsen. "Application of Composites to Deepwater Top Tensioned Riser Systems." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28325.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As offshore exploration and production activities head to deeper water, extensive efforts have been focused on mitigating the potential challenges associated with deep- and ultra deep-water riser systems. Such challenges include overcoming the hydrostatic stresses associated with the increased length of water column as well as the increase in overall riser system weight. The implementation of composites in offshore applications is perceived as a promising path forward with composite materials offering many advantages including high specific strength and stiffness, lighter weight, enhanced corrosion resistance, high thermal insulation, improved structural damping and favorable fatigue performance characteristics. This paper focuses on evaluating the potential of composite materials for applications to deepwater top tensioned riser systems from the standpoint of possible impact on overall system cost and reliability. Many deepwater development concepts utilize top tensioned production riser systems, mainly, for conveying production fluids from the wellhead to the surface processing facilities in a dry tree based field development solution. Top tensioned risers can be configured as dual or single barrier systems and can either be hydraulically or hydro-pneumatically supported as on a typical TLP system or pneumatically supported through positively buoyant air cans as on a Spar riser system. Many advantages can be derived from the use of composites on buoyancy can systems. Such advantages include a reduced system weight, higher net lift, smaller diameter cans, improved efficiency and a positive impact on required inspection frequency. Main advantages of using composites for an entire TLP riser system include a significant reduction in both tension requirement and tensioner weight resulting in substantial reduction in total deck loads. An overall assessment of the economic and structural impact of using composites as an alternative to steel will be presented for riser systems and riser system components of both deepwater development concepts.
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Pavlovic, Dragana, and Anka Mihajlov prokopovic. "ATTITUDES OF TEACHERS TO THE APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN PRESCHOOLS." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The impact of the new technologies on the field of education has noticeably been growing over the last few decades. Many research studies have been conducted in the world examining their effect on education at all educational levels, especially at the children's' early age. The aim of this research is to examine the attitudes of teachers to the role of computers in strengthening the competences of preschool children for entering the next level of education in Serbia. The starting hypothesis is that teachers in their work value the use of educational computer games in order for children to acquire new knowledge strengthen problem solving skills, develop their creativity. Our starting position is the standpoint that there is a positive correlation between attitudes and independent variables: the length of work experience and previous computer education. The results show that teachers have a positive attitude to the application of computers in preschools; they are motivated to work with educational computer games and find that computer may be of significant benefit for work with children, but not to the great extent. The survey also shows that the length of work experience and previous computer education, as well as attending technical training courses are positively correlated with the application of computers in schools. The study concludes that modern technology is still not widely applied in preschools, primarily due to insufficient funds and unsatisfactory IT skills of teachers, which indicates the need for a systemic solution to this problem. Modernization and introduction of computers in preschools will not bring satisfactory results without appropriate education and training of teachers in order for them to acquire new skills and competences.
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Ravishankar, Mahesh, and Sandip Mazumder. "Application of the Modified Differential Approximation (MDA) for Radiation Transport to Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Geometry." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12844.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The first-order spherical harmonics method (or P1 approximation) has found prolific usage for approximate solution of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) in participating media. However, the accuracy of the P1 approximation deteriorates as the optical thickness of the medium is decreased. The Modified Differential Approximation (MDA) was originally proposed to remove the shortcomings of the P1 approximation in optically thin situations. This article presents algorithms to apply the MDA to arbitrary geometry—in particular, three-dimensional (3D) geometry with obstructions, and inhomogeneous media. The wall-emitted component of the intensity was computed using a combined view-factor and ray-tracing approach. The Helmholtz equation, arising out of the medium-emitted component, was solved using an unstructured finite-volume procedure. The general procedure was validated against benchmark Monte Carlo results. The accuracy of MDA was found to be far superior to the standard P1 approximation in optically thin situations, and comparable to the P1 approximation in optically thick situations. Calculation and storage of the view-factor matrix was found to be a major shortcoming of the MDA, and several strategies to reduce both memory and computational time are discussed and demonstrated. In addition, for inhomogeneous media, calculation of optical distances requires a ray-tracing procedure, which was found to be a bottleneck from a computational efficiency standpoint.
Звіти організацій з теми "Application Standpoint"
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Sansum, Andrew J. PR-248-9513-R01 Evaluation of Different Field Joint Coating Materials for Existing FBE Coated Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The selection of girth weld coatings for pipe coated with fusion bonded epoxy is usually determined by specific criteria related to the particular project. Other than the actual long-term performance of the coating there are other factors that are generally considered such as field application criteria, production rates, and other economic considerations. It has been found that coatings applied to the girth weld areas of pipe are not performing to anticipated life expectancy. Some are failing in as little as five years resulting in corrosion of the steel under the joint coating material. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the selected coatings from a performance standpoint only to be compared with fusion-bonded epoxies in order to predict the life expectancy relative to the parent pipe coating. Laboratory testing using accelerated test conditions can give a good indication of the expected life of coating material.
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Villamizar-Villegas, Mauricio, and Yasin Kursat Onder. Uncovering Time-Specific Heterogeneity in Regression Discontinuity Designs. Banco de la República de Colombia, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The literature that employs Regression Discontinuity Designs (RDD) typically stacks data across time periods and cutoff values. While practical, this procedure omits useful time heterogeneity. In this paper we decompose the RDD treatment effect into its weighted time-value parts. This analysis adds richness to the RDD estimand, where each time-specific component can be different and informative in a manner that is not expressed by the single cutoff or pooled regressions. To illustrate our methodology, we present two empirical examples: one using repeated cross-sectional data and another using time-series. Overall, we show a significant heterogeneity in both cutoff and time-specific effects. From a policy standpoint, this heterogeneity can pick up key differences in treatment across economically relevant episodes. Finally, we propose a new estimator that uses all observations from the original design and which captures the incremental effect of policy given a state variable. We show that this estimator is generally more precise compared to those that exclude observations exposed to other cutoffs or time periods. Our proposed framework is simple and easily replicable and can be applied to any RDD application that carries an explicitly traceable time dimension.
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan, and Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.