Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Anthocyanin and antioxidant activity"
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Статті в журналах з теми "Anthocyanin and antioxidant activity":
Chaiyasut, Chaiyavat, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Noppawat Pengkumsri, Sasithorn Sirilun, Sartjin Peerajan, Khontaros Chaiyasut, and Periyanaina Kesika. "ANTHOCYANIN PROFILE AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF WIDELY USED FRUITS, VEGETABLES, AND FLOWERS IN THAILAND." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i6.14245.
Li, Ying Chang, and Yu Tang He. "Anthocyanin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Varieties Blueberries." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 3421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3421.
Devi, P. Suganya, M. Saravana Kumar, and S. Mohan Das. "DNA Damage Protecting Activity and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Anthocyanins from Red Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Bran." Biotechnology Research International 2012 (February 8, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/258787.
van den Berg, Abby K., and Timothy D. Perkins. "Contribution of anthocyanins to the antioxidant capacity of juvenile and senescing sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 8 (2007): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp07060.
Sani, Asrul, Ahyar Ahmad, and Firdaus Zenta. "EFFECT OF METAL ION Cu (II) and Mg (II) ON THE ACTIVITIES ANTIOXIDANT ANTHOCYANIN OF EXTRACT ETHANOL SKIN DRAGON FRUIT RED(Hylocereuspolyrhizus)." Jurnal Akta Kimia Indonesia (Indonesia Chimica Acta) 11, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ica.v11i1.6400.
NGAMDEE, Paradorn, and Sudarat JIAMYANGYUEN. "Effective Antioxidant Activities of Anthocyanins as Affected by pH of Antioxidant Assays." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 16, no. 11 (February 8, 2018): 875–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2019.4341.
Pramitasari, R., Marcel, and D. Lestari. "Co-pigmentation with catechin derived from Indonesian gambier increases the stability of black rice anthocyanin in isotonic sports drinks during one-month storage in 4°C." Food Research 6, no. 2 (March 16, 2022): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(2).230.
Taghavizadeh Yazdi, Mohammad Ehsan, Jalil Khara, Mohammad Reza Housaindokht, Hamid Reza Sadeghnia, Sedigheh Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadid, Mohammad Sadegh Amiri, and Majid Darroudi. "Biocomponents and Antioxidant Activity of Ribes khorasanicum." International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine 3, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijbsm.2018.18.
Murukan, Greeshma, and Murugan K. "COMPOSITION OF PURIFIED ANTHOCYANIN ISOLATED FROM TEAK AND IT’S IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 9 (July 22, 2017): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i9.19517.
Hejtmánková, K., V. Pivec, E. Trnková, K. Hamouz, and J. Lachman. "Quality of Coloured Varieties of Potatoes." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S310—S313. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/605-cjfs.
Дисертації з теми "Anthocyanin and antioxidant activity":
Rosales, Soto Maria U. "Phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity in red raspberry muffins." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2008/M_Rosales_082708.pdf.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 31, 2008). "School of Food Science and Human Nutrition." Includes bibliographical references.
Al, Bittar Sheiraz. "3-Deoxyanthocyanins : Chemical synthesis, structural transformations, affinity for metal ions and serum albumin, antioxidant activity." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0264.
This work deals with the chemical synthesis of simple analogs of anthocyanins, the main class of watersolublenatural pigments. Eleven flavylium ions with hydroxyl, methoxyl and beta-D-glucopyranosyloxylsubstituents at positions 4’, 5 and 7 have been prepared by straightforward chemical procedures.Moreover, the two main 3-deoxyanthocyanidins of red sorghum, apigeninidin (APN) and luteolinidin(LTN), have been synthesized in a one-step protocol. The physicochemical properties and antioxidantactivity are investigated for 3’,4’,7-trihydroxyflavylium chloride (P1), its 7-O-beta-D-glucoside (P2) and3’,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavylium chloride (LTN). Owing to their catechol B-ring, they rapidly bind FeIII,AlIII and CuI, more weakly interact with FeII while promoting its autoxidation to FeIII. Following CuIIbinding, the pigments undergo oxidation. Aglycones P1 and LTN are moderate ligands of human serumalbumin (HSA) with chalcones having a higher affinity for HSA than the corresponding colored forms.The antioxidant activity of P1, P2 and LTN is investigated via two tests: reduction of the stable DPPHradical and inhibition of heme-induced lipid peroxidation (a model of postprandial oxidative stress inthe stomach). Aglycones P1 and LTN (especially in their colorless chalcone form) are more potent thanglucoside P2
Rosso, Veridiana Vera de. "Composição de carotenoides e antocianinas em acerola : estabilidade e atividade antioxidante em sistemas-modelo de extratos antocianicos de acerola e de açai." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256527.
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Os pigmentos naturais, tais como antocianinas e carotenóides, proporcionam cor aos alimentos, contribuindo para o seu aspecto visual, atributo este de fundamental importância na aceitação e escolha de um alimento por seus consumidores. Concomitante, estes pigmentos possuem importantes funções e ações biológicas, podendo ser considerados promotores da saúde humana. Já é reconhecida a associação entre a ingestão de frutas e vegetais e a diminuição do risco de desenvolvimento de diversas desordens crônico-degenerativas, sendo os pigmentos um dos grupos de compostos bioativos aos quais são atribuídas tais ações. Acerola e açaí são frutas tropicais que contém elevados teores de compostos bioativos, como carotenóides e antocianinas. Os pigmentos, carotenóides e antocianinas, de duas variedades de acerola (Waldy Cati 30 e Olivier) obtidas em uma plantação brasileira durante as safras de verão de 2003 e 2004 foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). As duas variedades apresentaram ß-caroteno (265,5 ¿ 1669,4 µg/100g), luteína (37,6 ¿ 100,7 µg/100g), ß-criptoxantina (16,3 ¿ 56,5 µg/100g) e a-caroteno (7,8 ¿ 59,3 µg/100g) como carotenóides majoritários. Em ambas safras, os teores de ß-caroteno, ß-criptoxantina e a-caroteno foram significativamente maiores na variedade Olivier, entretanto o teor de luteína foi maior na variedade Waldy Cati 30. As duas variedades de acerola mostraram composição similar em termos de antocianinas e a cianidina-3-ramnosídeo foi a antocianina majoritária, seguida da pelargonidina-3-ramnosídeo, da cianidina-3,5-di-ramnosídeo e da peonidina-3-ramnosídeo. O teor de antocianinas totais da variedade Waldy variou de 6,5 a 7,6 mg/100g, enquanto para a variedade Olivier os teores variaram entre 7,9 e 8,4 mg/100g, para as safras de 2003 e 2004, respectivamente. Não foi verificada diferença significativa entre os teores de antocianinas totais das diferentes variedades e entre as duas safras. Dois lotes de polpa de açaí congelado apresentaram teores de antocianinas totais variando entre 282 e 303 mg/100g, apresentando a cianidina-3-glucosídeo e a cianidina-3-rutinosídeo nas proporções médias de 13,2% e 87,5%, respectivamente. A acerola é considerada uma das melhores fontes naturais de ácido ascórbico (AA) e, por esta razão, foi determinada a influência do AA na estabilidade do extrato de antocianinas de acerola utilizando como comparação o extrato de açaí, que não possui AA. Os experimentos demonstraram que o AA presente ao nível de 276 mg /100mL no extrato antociânico de acerola foi o principal responsável pela intensa degradação destas antocianinas, pois a adição de AA à solução de antocianinas de açaí na concentração de 276 mg/100mL provocou um aumento de 22 vezes na velocidade de degradação (kobs) quando comparada ao açaí não fortificado. Embora os sistemas-modelo antociânicos das duas frutas apresentassem a mesma concentração de AA (276 mg /100mL), o valor de kobs encontrado no sistema de acerola foi 3 vezes maior do que o kobs da solução de açaí. Essa diferença pode ter ocorrido devido à concentração 10 vezes maior de flavonóides no extrato antociânico de açaí, uma vez que os teores de polifenóis totais foram semelhantes nos dois extratos. A viabilidade do emprego dos extratos antociânicos de acerola e de açaí como ingrediente funcional foi avaliada em sistema simulador de bebidas isotônicas. Em todas as condições avaliadas, a degradação das antocianinas seguiu cinética de primeira ordem. A estabilidade das antocianinas em sistema simulador de bebida isotônica foi 1,3 e 1,7 vezes menor do que nos sistemas tampão citrato-fosfato para as antocianinas de acerola e de açaí, respectivamente, a pH 2,5, na presença de luz e de oxigênio. Em todos os sistemas, a perda gradual da cor vermelha e aumento da cor amarela foi observada através do incremento do parâmetro CIE L* (luminosidade) e diminuição dos valores de C* (intensidade de cor) que podem ser resultado da degradação do cátium flavilium e formação de chalconas, respectivamente. Utilizando os radicais estáveis ABTS¿+ e DPPH¿, a atividade anti-radical dos extratos de antocianinas de acerola e de açaí com diferentes graus de purificação foi avaliada, e comparada com padrões de antocianinas e de uma antocianidina. Os extratos bruto (EB), parcialmente purificado (EPP) e purificado (EP) de acerola apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante do que os respectivos extratos de açaí. A atividade anti-radical dos extratos brutos das duas frutas diminuiu à medida que o extrato bruto foi sendo purificado e, portanto, a presença de polifenóis, flavonóides e ácido ascórbico no extrato antociânico bruto influenciou na atividade anti-radical. Os resultados obtidos com padrões confirmaram que a atividade anti-radical aumenta com o número de grupos OH no anel B das antocianinas e que a atividade antioxidante diminui à medida que o número de açúcares ligados à molecula aumenta. Foram realizados estudos sobre a reatividade de antocianinas frente ao oxigênio singlete (O2(1?g)), através da avaliação do efeito protetor do EB, EPP e EP das antocianinas de acerola e de açaí sobre o actinômetro dimetil-antraceno, utilizando azul de metileno como sensitizador. A constante de desativação física (kq) foi determinada através dos métodos de foto-oxidação sensitizada e pela detecção da fosforescência do O2(1?g), e o nível de energia do estado triplete das antocianinas de açaí foi avaliado utilizando a técnica de time resolved photoacoustics (TRP). À medida que os extratos foram sendo purificados, a capacidade de desativação do O2(1?g) foi diminuindo. Dentre os padrões avaliados, malvidina, cianidina-3-rutinosídeo e cianidina-3-glucosídeo, a malvidina foi o melhor desativador de O2(1?g), independentemente do método utilizado para cálculo do kq. Os experimentos de TRP demonstraram que o estado triplete das antocianinas de açaí apresentam tempo de vida muito curto, indicando que a desativação do O2(1?g) não depende da formação do estado triplete das antocianinas
Abstract: Natural pigments, such as anthocyanins and carotenoids, are responsible for the colors found in foods, influencing its visual aspect, which is considered the main attribute for the acceptance and preference of a food product. At the same time, these pigments show important biological functions and actions, being considered human health promoters. The association between the intake of fruits and vegetables and the decreased risk of developing several chronic-degenerated disorders is already recognized, being the pigments one of the bioactive compounds responsible for such actions. Acerola and açaí are tropical fruits that contain high levels of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids and anthocyanins. The pigments, carotenoids and anthocyanins, of two acerola varieties (Waldy Cati 30 and Olivier) harvested from a Brazilian plantation during the 2003 and 2004 summer harvests were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both varieties presented ß-carotene (265.5 ¿ 1669.4 µg/100g), lutein (37.6 ¿ 100.7 µg/100g), ß-cryptoxanthin (16.3 ¿ 56.5 µg/100g) and a-carotene (7.8 ¿ 59.3 µg/100g) as the major carotenoids. In both harvests, the ß-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin and a-carotene levels were significantly higher in the Olivier variety, whereas the lutein content was higher in the Waldy Cati variety. The two acerola varieties showed similar anthocyanin composition, being cyanidin-3-rhamnoside the major anthocyanin, followed by pelargonidin-3-rhamnoside, cyanidin-3,5-di-rhamnoside and peonidin-3-rhamnoside. The Waldy variety of acerola showed total anthocyanin content of 6.5 and 7.6 mg/100g, whilst 7.9 and 8.4 mg/100g were found in the Olivier variety, for the harvests 2003 and 2004, respectively. No statically differences for the total anthocyanin content were found between varieties and between harvests. Two brand of frozen pulp of açai presented 282 to 303 mg/100 g of total anthocyanin, with cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside being found in average proportions of 13.2% and 87.5%, respectively. Acerola is considered one of the best natural source of ascorbic acid (AA) and due to this fact, the influence of AA on the stability of the acerola anthocyanin extract was evaluated using as comparison the açai anthocyanin extract which does not have AA. The experiments demonstrated that the 276 mg/100mL AA level present in the acerola anthocyanin extract is the major responsible for the intense anthocyanin degradation, since the degradation rate (kobs) of the anthocyanins in the açai extract fortified with 276mg/100mL AA, was 22 times higher than the kobs found in the natural açai extract. Although the anthocyanic model-systems from both fruits had the same AA concentration (276 mg /100mL), the kobs value observed in the acerola system was 3 times higher than that found for the açai solutions. This difference can be attributed to the 10 times higher flavonoid content found in the anthocyanin extract from açai, since the total polyphenol levels were similar in the systems from both fruits. The viability to employ the anthocyanin extracts of acerola and açai as functional ingredient was evaluated in isotonic soft drink model-systems. In all conditions studied, the anthocyanin degradation followed a first order kinetics rate. The anthocyanin stability in the isotonic soft drink system was 1.3 e 1.7 times lower compared to the citrate-phosphate buffer for the acerola and açai extracts, respectively, at pH 2.5, in the presence of light and oxygen. In all systems, the gradual fading of the red color was observed by the incresead L* values CIE parameter and decreased C* values, probably resulted respectively from the degradation of the flavillium cation and formation of chalcones. Using the stable radicals ABTS¿+ and DPPH¿, the radical scavenger activities of the acerola and açai anthocyanin extracts with different purification degrees were evaluated and compared to standards of anthocyanins and anthocyanidin. The crude (EB), partially purified (EPP) and purified (EP) extracts of acerola showed higher antioxidant activity than the respective extracts from açai. Since the radical scavenger activity of both crude extracts decreased with the purification process, the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids and AA in the anthocyanic crude extracts affected the antioxidant activity. The results obtained with the standards confirmed that the antioxidant activity increases with the increased number of OH groups in the B ring of the anthocyanins and that the activity decreases with the increased numbers of glycosilated sugars. Studies concerning the reactivity of anthocyanin extracts towards singlet oxygen (O2(1?g)) were carried out using the EB, EPP and EP anthocyanin extracts from acerola and açai, dimethyl-anthracene as actinometer and methylene blue as sensitizer. The physical quenching constant (kq) was determined by the sensitized photooxidation method and by the O2(1?g) phosphorescence detection. The energy level of the excited triplet state of açai anthocyanins was determined by the time resolved photoacoustics (TRP) technique. It was observed a correlation between the increased purification degree and a decrease in the O2(1?g) quenching. Among the standards evaluated, malvidin, cyanidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside, the malvidin was the best O2(1?g) quencher, independently of the method used for kq calculation. The experiments with TRP demonstrated that the açai anthocyanin triplet state had a very short life time, indicating that the O2(1?g) quenching does not occur via formation of the anthocyanin excited triplet state
Doutorado
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
Martinková, Patrícia. "Extrakce anthokyanových barviv z aroniových výlisků." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-376854.
Dresch, Maria Terezinha Kreinecker. "Avaliação química e da potencial atividade antioxidante de extratos ricos em polifenóis, de espécies cultivadas em larga escala no Rio Grande do Sul, para utilização em formulações farmacêuticas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132768.
The cultivation of plants from Vitis species (Vitaceae), popularly known as grapevine, is one of the most prominent economic activities in southern Brazil. The Vitis species is one of the plants that is most rich in polyphenolic compounds, responsible for numerous important pharmacological and biological activities, such as antioxidant activity. In this context, this study aimed to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the principal groups encountered in grapevine extracts, the anthocyans and flavonoids, and to assay their antioxidant activities in vitro. For this purpose, two methods were developed and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography, employing a UV/VIS detector. The analysis of phenolic compounds included the utilization of two different columns: a column constituted by silica C18 and other RP18 column with bridged ethane-silicon hybrid particles. In both methods, a gradient system was used, with water and acetonitrile acidified with trifluoroacetic acid as a mobile phase. The methods developed were validated according to ICH evaluating parameters such as specificity, linearity, precision, sensibility, accuracy and robustness in the concentration range evaluated. The present study also analyzed the antioxidant activity in vitro of grapevine extracts employing the Total Reactive Antioxidant Potencial (TRAP) method, which was optimized and validated according to international patterns, using Trolox as a reference substance. This method also allowed evaluation of the total instantaneous reactivity (TAR). In all concentrations, the samples presented lower instantaneous reactivity than that of the reference compound. In contrast, the samples presented higher antioxidant activity than Trolox 200 nM.
Dalla, Nora Cleice. "Caracterização, atividade antioxidante "in vivo" e efeito do processamento na estabilidade de compostos bioativos de araçá vermelho e guabiju." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60386.
The fruit consumption is related to the low incidence of chronic diseases by a variety of compounds that have the interaction of these and their antioxidant potential. The processing from fresh food is necessary, both for preservation and to provide seasonal products all year round, however you must know what its implications. The red guava (Psidium cattleyanum SABINE) and guabiju (Myrcianthes pungens) are small native fruits southern Brazil. Its physical and chemical composition profile of anthocyanins, carotenoids and antioxidant activity, using two different methods (DPPH and ABTS), were investigated in fresh fruit, as well as the behavior of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in respect to air drying warm to 70 °C, freeze-drying and freezing. It was also carried out an experiment with rats to examine the antioxidant potential of fruit against the toxicity of antitumor cisplatin. The guabiju showed higher antioxidant activity, anthocyanins and carotenoids content than the red guava, but this fruit has high fiber content. In fresh guabiju β-carotene and malvidin 3- glucoside were predominant, with 40.4 % and approximately 60 % of total carotenoids and anthocyanins, respectively. In the fresh red guava predominant carotenoid and anthocyanin were β-cryptoxanthin, with 44.8 % and cyanidin 3-glucoside with hydrochloric 51.71 % of the total. Fruits dried at 70 °C and freeze- dried had higher antioxidant activity by DPPH method, while in the ABTS red guava dried at 70 °C and frozen after 90 days guabiju stood out. However, for bioactive compounds in the two fruits, hot air drying (70 °C) resulted in lower levels of anthocyanins and carotenoids. Freeze for 30 and 90 days increased the concentrations of carotenoids in red guava and guabiju, respectively. For anthocyanins, the highest levels were found in guabiju freeze dried and fresh red guava. Regarding the study of animals, fruits native acted protecting animals against the effects of cisplatin, reducing the levels of total cholestreol (TC), LDL and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) levels of fat in the liver.
Hamalová, Veronika. "Stanovení vybraných chemických parametrů plodů šlechtěných odrůd bezu černého." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217082.
Faria-Machado, Adelia Ferreira de. "Identificação e determinação da atividade antioxidante de carotenoides e antocianinas de frutas." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256428.
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Considerando a importancia de carotenoides e antocianinas, tanto como pigmentos naturais como pelas suas propriedades antioxidantes, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar, por meio de cromatografia liquida de alta eficiencia acoplada aos detectores arranjo de diodos e espectrometro de massas (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS), a composicao de carotenoides e antocianinas em nespera, jaca e jambolao, bem como estudar a atividade antioxidante apresentada por esses pigmentos em diferentes sistemas. Em funcao da coloracao desses frutos, apenas o jambolao foi submetido a analise de antocianinas. Cinco cultivares brasileiros de nespera foram avaliados: Centenaria, Mizauto, Mizuho, Mizumo e Nectar de Cristal. De vinte e cinco carotenoides separados, vinte e tres foram identificados, sendo que os principais foram all-trans-?-caroteno (19-55 %), alltrans-?-criptoxantina (18-28 %), 5,6:5¿,6¿-diepoxi-?-criptoxantina (9-18 %) e 5,6- epoxi-?-criptoxantina (7-10 %). Os conteudos de carotenoides totais variaram entre 196 ?g/100 g (cv. Nectar de Cristal) e 3020 ?g/100 g (cv. Mizumo). Os cultivares Mizauto, Mizuho, Mizumo e Centenaria apresentaram valores de provitamina A entre 89 e 162 ?g RAE/100 g e podem ser considerados uma boa fonte desta pro-vitamina. Nos tres lotes de jaca analisados, quatorze dos dezoito carotenoides identificados foram relatados pela primeira vez, sendo que os principais foram all-trans-luteina (24-44 %), all-trans-?-caroteno (24-30 %), alltrans-neoxantina (4-19 %), 9-cis-neoxantina (4-9 %) e 9-cis-violaxantina (4-10 %). O lote A apresentou o menor conteudo de carotenoides totais (34,1 ?g/100 g) e o menor valor de pro-vitamina A (0,8 ?g RAE/100 g), enquanto nos lotes B e C, os conteudos de carotenoides totais foram de 129,0 e 150,3 ?g/100 g e os valores de pro-vitamina A foram 3,3 e 4,3 ?g RAE/100 g, respectivamente. Os frutos de jambolao apresentaram dois carotenoides principais: all-trans-luteina (43,7 %) e all-trans-?-caroteno (25,4 %). A composicao de antocianinas foi marcada pela presenca de diglucosideos de cinco das seis agliconas comumente encontradas em alimentos, sendo que as principais antocianinas foram delfinidina 3,5- diglucosideo (45 %), petunidina 3,5-diglucosideo (32 %) e malvidina 3,5- diglucosideo (15 %). Esse padrao tambem foi observado para outros flavonoides, onde os principais compostos identificados foram diglucosideos de diidromirecetina, metil-diidromirecetina e dimetil-diidromirecetina, alem de mirecetina glucosideo e um ester de galoil-glucose. A atividade antirradical ABTS?+ (2,2¿-azinobis-(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-acido sulfonico)) do extrato funcional rico em antocianinas, obtido de frutos de jambolao, foi dependente do pH do meio, com valores de TEAC (capacidade antioxidante equivalente a Trolox) entre 4,8 ?mol Trolox/g fruta (pH 1,0) e 12,7 ?mol Trolox/g fruta (pH 5,0). Esse extrato funcional apresentou cerca de 60 % de protecao ao dimetilantraceno frente a oxidacao por oxigenio singlete, em condicoes de pH 1,0 e 3,0, sendo essa atividade superior aquela apresentada por outras frutas vermelhas. Padrao de cianidina 3-glucosideo foi incorporado em lipossomas unilamelares grandes (LUV) preparados em duas condicoes diferentes de pH (3,1 e 7,4), sendo esses sistemas submetidos a oxidacao induzida por AAPH (diidrocloreto de ?,?¿-azodiisobutiramidina) a 37 °C. Observou-se que as formas de cianidina 3-glucosideo presentes no meio com pH 7,4 (hemiacetais e/ou chalconas e bases quinonoidais), com EC50 = 9,3 ???1,3 ?mol/L (concentracao de antioxidante necessaria para obter 50 % de protecao), apresentaram uma atividade 2,6 vezes maior que as formas presentes no meio com pH 3,1 (maior proporcao de cation flavilium e hemiacetais), cujo EC50 foi de 23,6 ???0,9 ?mol/L. Por fim, padroes de carotenoides, trolox e tocoferol foram microencapsulados com dois materiais de parede diferentes, goma arabica (GA) e maltodextrina (MD), por meio da tecnica de spray-drying. Quando comparada a MD, a parede de GA formou dominios hidrofobicos mais rigidos e compactos, melhorando a solubilizacao de moleculas apolares e reduzindo a acessibilidade de moleculas de oxigenio. Devido a efeitos de compartimentalizacao das moleculas de antioxidante nas microcapsulas (MC), as constantes de desativacao total (kQ) de oxigenio singlete (1O2) foram cerca de duas ordens de magnitude menores nas solucoes de MC, quando comparadas aos valores de kQ em meio homogeneo
Abstract: Considering the importance of carotenoids and anthocyanins, as both natural pigments and antioxidants, the present study was carried out to evaluate, by high-performance liquid chromatography connected to a photodiode array and a mass spectrometry detector (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) the composition of carotenoids and anthocyanins from loquat, jackfruit and jambolao fruits, as well as to study the antioxidant activity showed by these pigments in different systems. Due to the colour of these fruits, only jambolao was submitted to anthocyanin analysis. Five loquat cultivars from Brazil were evaluated: Centenaria, Mizauto, Mizuho, Mizumo and Nectar de Cristal. Twenty five carotenoids were separated, and twenty three of them were identified. The main carotenoids were all-trans-?-carotene (19-55 %), all-trans-?-cryptoxanthin (18-28 %), 5,6:5¿,6¿-diepoxy-?-cryptoxanthin (9-18 %) and 5,6-epoxy-?-cryptoxanthin (7-10 %). The total carotenoid contents ranged from 196 ?g/100 g (cv. Nectar de Cristal) to 3020 ?g/100 g (cv. Mizumo). Cultivars Mizauto, Mizuho, Mizumo and Centenaria showed provitamin A values between 89 and 162 ?g RAE/100 g, and can be considered good source of this provitamin. In the three analyzed batches of jackfruit, fourteen of the eighteen identified carotenoids were reported for the first time in this fruit. The major carotenoids were all-trans-lutein (24-44 %), all-trans-?-carotene (24-30 %), all-trans-neoxanthin (4-19 %), 9-cisneoxanthin (4-9 %) and 9-cis-violaxanthin (4-10 %). Batch A showed the lowest total carotenoid content (34.1 ?g/100 g) and provitamin A value (0.8 ?g RAE/100 g), whereas for batches B and C, respectively, the total carotenoid contents were 129.0 and 150.3 ?g/100 g and the provitamin A values were 3.3 and 4.3 ?g RAE/100 g. The jambolao fruits showed two main carotenoids: all-trans-lutein (43.7 %) and all-trans-?-carotene (25.4 %). The anthocyanin composition was marked by the presence of diglucosides of five among the six aglycones that are commonly found in foods. The major anthocyanins were delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside (45 %), petunidin 3,5-diglucoside (32 %) and malvidin 3,5-diglucoside (15 %). This pattern was also observed for other flavonoids, where the main identified compounds were diglucosides of dihydromyricetin, methyl-dihydromyricetin, and dimethyldihydromyricetin, in addition to myrecetin glucoside and a galoyl-glucose ester. The scavenging capacity of ABTS?+ (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) showed by the anthocyanin-rich functional extract from jambolao fruits, was dependent on the medium pH, showing TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) values between 4.8 ?mol Trolox/g fruit (pH 1.0) and 12.7 ?mol Trolox/g fruit (pH 5.0). This functional extract showed about 60 % of protection on dimethylantracene oxidation by singlet oxygen, in pH conditions of 1.0 and 3.0, being this activity higher than those showed by other red fruits. Cyanidin 3-glucoside standard was incorporated to large unilamelar liposomes (LUV) prepared at two different pH conditions (3.1 and 7.4). These systems were submitted to oxidation induced by AAPH (?,?¿-azodiisobutyramidine dihydrochloride) at 37 °C. The cyanidin 3-glucoside forms present in the medium at pH 7.4 (hemiacetals and/or chalcones and quinonoidal bases), with EC50 = 9.3 ???1.3 ?mol/L (antioxidant concentration required for 50 % protection), showed na activity 2.6 times higher than that showed by the forms present at pH 3.1 (higher proportion of flavylium cation and hemiacetals), whose EC50 was 23.6 ???0.9 ?mol/L. Finally, carotenoids, trolox and tocopherol standards were microencapsulated with two different wall materials, gum arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD), by the spraydrying technique. GA wall formed more rigid and compacted hydrophobic domains than those in the MD microcapsules, improving the solubilization of apolar molecules and reducing the accessibility of oxygen molecules. Due to compartmentalization effects of antioxidant molecules in the microcapsules (MC), the quenching rate constants (kQ) of singlet oxygen (1O2) were reduced almost twoorders of magnitude in MC solutions as compared with those observed in homogenous media. was also observed for other flavonoids, where the main identified compounds were diglucosides of dihydromyricetin, methyl-dihydromyricetin, and dimethyldihydromyricetin, in addition to myrecetin glucoside and a galoyl-glucose ester. The scavenging capacity of ABTS?+ (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) showed by the anthocyanin-rich functional extract from jambolao fruits, was dependent on the medium pH, showing TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) values between 4.8 ?mol Trolox/g fruit (pH 1.0) and 12.7 ?mol Trolox/g fruit (pH 5.0). This functional extract showed about 60 % of protection on dimethylantracene oxidation by singlet oxygen, in pH conditions of 1.0 and 3.0, being this activity higher than those showed by other red fruits. Cyanidin 3-glucoside standard was incorporated to large unilamelar liposomes (LUV) prepared at two different pH conditions (3.1 and 7.4). These systems were submitted to oxidation induced by AAPH (?,?¿-azodiisobutyramidine dihydrochloride) at 37 °C. The cyanidin 3-glucoside forms present in the medium at pH 7.4 (hemiacetals and/or chalcones and quinonoidal bases), with EC50 = 9.3 ???1.3 ?mol/L (antioxidant concentration required for 50 % protection), showed an activity 2.6 times higher than that showed by the forms present at pH 3.1 (higher proportion of flavylium cation and hemiacetals), whose EC50 was 23.6 ???0.9 ?mol/L. Finally, carotenoids, trolox and tocopherol standards were microencapsulated with two different wall materials, gum arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD), by the spraydrying technique. GA wall formed more rigid and compacted hydrophobic domains than those in the MD microcapsules, improving the solubilization of apolar molecules and reducing the accessibility of oxygen molecules. Due to compartmentalization effects of antioxidant molecules in the microcapsules (MC), the quenching rate constants (kQ) of singlet oxygen (1O2) were reduced almost twoorders of magnitude in MC solutions as compared with those observed in homogenous media
Doutorado
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos
DE, LEONARDIS ANNA MARIA. "Study of responses to heat stress in durum wheat, and their relationship with nutraceutical quality." Doctoral thesis, Università di Foggia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11369/363199.
Durum wheat [Triticum turgidum (L.) subsp. turgidum (L.) convar. durum (Desf.)] is an important crop for human nutrition, especially in the Mediterranean area, where it is the main source of semolina for the production of pasta, traditional/typical bread, couscous, and burghul. Environmental stress can strongly limit the yield potential and affect qualitative characteristics of grain. The stress conditions that are commonly experienced by crops are extreme lack or excess of water (i.e., drought, flooding), presence of salt or contaminants (e.g., heavy metals), and temperature (i.e., cold, heat). In particular, environmental temperatures have increased since the beginning of the last century and they are predicted to further increase under the present conditions of climate change. Wheat is very sensitive to high temperatures during the reproductive phase, due to direct effects of temperature on grain numbers and dry weight. These phenotypic effects are due to molecular modifications at the different levels of gene expression, and to changes in metabolite accumulation levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptomic and metabolomic variations in response to heat stress in grains of two durum wheat genotypes, and their relationship with variation in grain composition that can affect the nutraceutical quality of the final product. The study was carried out on the durum wheat cv Primadur and T1303 (PI 352395 USDA code); the first is an elite cultivar with high grain yield and yellow index and the second one an anthocyanin-rich purple cultivar. Heat shock was imposed at 37°C from 5 up to 10 days after flowering (DAF). Immature seeds (14 DAF) and mature seeds (seeds at physiological maturity stage), collected from heat shocked and control plants (20°C), were analyzed. The response to stress was investigated with different approaches. Genome–wide gene expression analysis, carried out using Illumina HiSeq2000, showed that 1202 genes were differentially expressed in response to stress in the two genotypes. The number of up-regulated genes belonging to stress-related categories was higher in Primadur with respect to T1303, whereas the number of genes with nutrient reservoir activity was larger in T1303 compared to Primadur. These results were according to the higher sensitivity to stress of Primadur with respect to T1303, measured as grain weight loss. The profile of polar metabolites was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of heat stress were genotype dependent. Although some metabolites (e.g., sucrose, glycerol) increased in response to heat stress in both genotypes, clear differences were observed. Following the heat stress, there was a general increase in most of the analyzed metabolites in Primadur, with a general decrease in T1303. Heat shock applied early during seed development produced changes that were observed in immature seeds, and also long-term effects 5 that changed the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the mature grain. The level of anthocyanins increased significantly in response to the heat stress whereas the levels of carotenoids were not affected. Only for T1303, the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) method assessed an increased antioxidant capacity of ground grains, in response to heat stress. Protein content increased only in T1303 that showed lower grain weight loss with respect to Primadur, in response to stress. Therefore, short heat-stress treatments can affect the nutritional and nutraceutical value of grain of different genotypes of durum-wheat in different ways. The present study increased the knowledge about the effect of mechanisms of adaptation to stress of wheat plants on nutritional and quality traits of grain and provides a global picture of the effects of the heat stress on metabolies and transcriptome of two different genotypes of durum wheat. Moreover, although the genetic backgrounds of two durum-wheat genotypes were different, it cannot be excluded that some of the differences observed in the responses to heat stress can be due to anthocyanin accumulation, which can be considered a trait of interest for future breeding activities for durum wheat.
Carvalho, Sarah Fiorelli de. "Produção, qualidade e conservação pós-colheita de frutas de diferentes cultivares de morangueiro nas condições edafoclimáticas de Pelotas-RS." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2013. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1150.
Strawberry crop (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne) is grown in all continents, and this fruit is very popular due of its color, scent and flavor. The aim of this work was to evaluate the adaptation, yield and quality of different strawberry cultivars under the climatic conditions of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul state. The experiments were conducted at Embrapa Temperate Climate, Pelotas-RS from 2011 to 2012. At first, we evaluated fruit, yield, number and average fruit size of the cultivars Albion, Aromas, Camarosa, Camino Real, Portola, Monterey, San Andreas, Strawberry Festival and Palomar. The second test was conducted at the Laboratory of Food Technology, and it evaluated physical and chemical characteristics (soluble solids contents, titratable acidity, soluble solids/titratable acidity, pH, and vitamin C) and quantified the bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity) of the cultivars in three harvest dates: September, October and November. The cultivars showed significant differences for date and for comparison between cultivars in the physical and chemical characteristics. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were higher in September, while anthocyanins was higherin November. The third test was conducted at the Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology. We observed the behavior of cultivars under the cold storage for up to eight days, using three replicates of five fruits in a factorial scheme 8x3 (eight cultivars x three dates). The variables studied were soluble solids content, titratable acidity, soluble solids/acidity, pH, color, luminosity, mass rot and decay incidence. During this period, the cultivars maintained the quality and there was no significant loss of mass, degradation of the compounds or symptoms of illness or unpleasant odor.
O morangueiro (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne) é cultivado em todos os continentes, e sua fruta, o morango, é muito popular devido sua coloração, aroma e sabor. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a adaptação, produção e qualidade de diferentes cultivares de morangueiro às condições edafoclimáticas de Pelotas-RS. Os ensaios foram realizados na Embrapa Clima Temperado, durante as safras de 2011/2012 e 2012/2013. No primeiro ensaio avaliou-se a produção, produtividade, número e tamanho médio de frutas das cultivares Albion, Aromas, Camarosa, Camino Real, Portola, Monterey, San Andreas, Strawberry Festival e Palomar. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados. As cvs. Strawberry Festival, Camarosa e Monterey proporcionaram a maior produtividade na safra 2011/2012, enquanto que a cultivar que se destacou na safra 2012/2013 foi Camarosa, sendo o pico de produção de todas as cultivares no mês de novembro. O segundo ensaio foi realizado no Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos na safra 2012/2013. Avaliaram-se os atributos físicos e químicos (sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável, pH, teor de vitamina C) e quantificaram-se os compostos bioativos das cultivares (compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e atividade antioxidante) em três datas de colheita: setembro, outubro e novembro. As cultivares apresentaram diferenças significativas tanto para data, quanto para a comparação entre as cultivares nas características físicas e químicas. Os compostos fenólicos e a atividade antioxidante foram maiores no mês de setembro, enquanto que as antocianinas em novembro. O terceiro ensaio foi realizado no Laboratório de Fisiologia Pós-colheita. Utilizaram-se três repetições de cinco frutas, constituindo um esquema fatorial de 8x3 (oito cultivares x três datas). Observou-se o comportamento das cultivares diante do armazenamento em câmara fria por zero, quatro e oito dias, à temperatura de 1±0,5ºC e UR 90-95%. As variáveis estudadas foram sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, relação sólidos solúveis/acidez, pH, coloração e luminosidade da epiderme, perda de massa e incidência de podridões. No período avaliado, as cultivares mantiveram a qualidade pois não houve perdas significativas de massa, degradação de compostos ou presença de sintomas de doenças ou odor desagradável.
Книги з теми "Anthocyanin and antioxidant activity":
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Частини книг з теми "Anthocyanin and antioxidant activity":
Osorio, Coralia, and Ovidio Almanza. "Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanin-Rich Colombian Tropical Fruits." In ACS Symposium Series, 95–102. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1129.ch005.
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Ilmi, Warisatul, Rarastoeti Pratiwi, and Yekti Asih Purwestri. "Total Anthocyanin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Brown Rice, Endosperm, and Rice Bran of Three Indonesian Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars." In Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Tropical Agriculture, 205–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97553-5_21.
Tsai, Pi-Jen, Chan-Chiung Liu, and Yui-Ting Huang. "The Role of Copigmentation with Phenolic Compounds on the Vitamin C Resistance and Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanins." In ACS Symposium Series, 253–63. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2008-0993.ch023.
Li, Bin, Li Wang, Weibin Bai, Wei Chen, Fang Chen, and Chi Shu. "Anticancer Activity of Anthocyanin." In Anthocyanins, 423–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7055-8_19.
Mecwan, Marvin, Natashya Falcone, Alireza Hassani Najafabadi, and Danial Khorsandi. "Antioxidant Activity." In ACS Symposium Series, 71–80. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2023-1438.ch005.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Anthocyanin and antioxidant activity":
Chiselita, Oleg, Natalia Chiselitsa, Elena Tofan, Alina Beshliu, Nadejda Efremova, Marina Danilis, and Ana Rotaru. "Antocyanic extracts from yeast winewaste." In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.15.
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Jovanović-Cvetković, Tatjana, Aleksandar Savić, Danijela Starčević, and Boris Pašalić. "INFLUENCE OF MACERATION CONDITIONS ON THE ANTIOXIDATIVE PROPERTIES OF VRANAC AND MERLOT RED WINES." In 1st International Symposium on Biotechnology. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt28.167jc.
Matić, Nevena, Nevena Barać, Danka Mitrović, Ivana Sredović Ignjatović, and Miroljub Barać. "PHENOLIC CONTENT AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BLACK MULBERRY („Morus Nigra L.“) FRUIT, JUICE AND POMACE." In 1st International Symposium on Biotechnology. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt28.473m.
Marpaung, Abdullah Muzi, Shabrina Saraswati Handoko, and Irvan Setiadi Kartawiria. "Effect of sucrose on pH and thermal stability of anthocyanin, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum) fruit extract." In SolarPACES 2017: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5064340.
VAŠTAKAITĖ, Viktorija, Akvilė VIRŠILĖ, Aušra BRAZAITYTĖ,, Giedrė SAMUOLIENĖ, Julė JANKAUSKIENĖ, Ramūnas SIRTAUTAS, and Pavelas DUCHOVSKIS. "THE EFFECT OF UV-A SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING ON ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF OCIMUM BASILICUM L. MICROGREENS IN GREENHOUSE." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.031.
Pavlović, Ognjen, Tamara Milenković, Nevena Barać, Miroljub Barać, and Ivana Sredović Ignjatović. "PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATED BLUEBERRY, CHERRY AND POMEGRANATE FRUIT." In 2nd International Symposium on Biotechnology. Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt29.64op.
Saldana, Marleny D. "Effect of pressurized fluids on the extraction of phenolics/anthocyanins from crops and by-products." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/pnme7357.
Popa, Veronica, Sorin Avramescu, and Miruna Silvia Stan. "Extraction of Anthocyanins from Black Currants and In Vitro Testing for the Determination of Antioxidant Activity." In International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecmc2022-13146.
Šaćirović, Sabina, Andrija Ćirić, Mališa Antić, and Zoran Marković. "HPLC ANALYSIS OF PHENOLS OF SLOVENIAN RED WINES: CABERNET SAUVIGNON AND MERLOT." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.165s.
Звіти організацій з теми "Anthocyanin and antioxidant activity":
Kim, Yuan, Edward M. Steadham, Steven M. Lonergan, and Elisabeth J. Huff-Lonergan. Antioxidant Capacity of Calcium Lactate on m-Calpain Activity In Vitro. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1237.
Balabanova, Vessela, Yulian Voynikov, Gökhan Zengin, Reneta Gevrenova, and Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova. A View on Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Senecio hercynicus Herbal Drugs. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.12.06.
Paul, Satashree. Oxidative Stress: A Cause of Male Infertility. Science Repository OÜ, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/sr.blog.10.
Choudhary, Ruplal, Victor Rodov, Punit Kohli, John D. Haddock, and Samir Droby. Antimicrobial and antioxidant functionalized nanoparticles for enhancing food safety and quality: proof of concept. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597912.bard.
Patil, Bhimanagouda S., Ron Porat, G. K. Jayaprakasha, and K. N. C. Murthy. Optimization of Postharvest Storage Conditions to Maintain Fruit Quality and Health Maintaining Properties of Grapefruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613879.bard.
Darenskaya, M. A., A. A. Semendyaev, D. A. Stupin, L. A. Grebenkina, I. N. Danusevich, L. I. Kolesnikova, and S. I. Kolesnikov. ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN REGIONAL AREA BLEEDING WITH VARICOSE EXPANSION OF THE VALVES OF THE SMALL PELVIS IN WOMEN. EXPERIMENTAL BULLETIN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. - 2020, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/2413-1008-2020-12088.
Kanner, Joseph, Edwin Frankel, Stella Harel, and Bruce German. Grapes, Wines and By-products as Potential Sources of Antioxidants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7568767.bard.
Watkins, Chris B., Susan Lurie, Amnon Lers, and Patricia L. Conklin. Involvement of Antioxidant Enzymes and Genes in the Resistance Mechanism to Postharvest Superficial Scald Development. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586539.bard.
Droby, Samir, Michael Wisniewski, Ron Porat, and Dumitru Macarisin. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Tritrophic Interactions in Postharvest Biocontrol Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7594390.bard.
Hochman, Ayala, Thomas Nash III, and Pamela Padgett. Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of the Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants, Ozone and Gas-phase Nitric Acid, on Plants and Lichens for their Use as Early Warning Biomonitors of these Air Pollutants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697115.bard.