Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Annus Mirabilis"

Em março de 1905, ano em que Albert Einstein completava 26 anos, ele começou a publicar uma série de trabalhos que revolucionaram a Física, o conhecimento e a cultura até os dias de hoje. Foi seu annus mirabilis – o período em que, entre papéis e declarações sobre patentes de produtos elétricos numa fi rma suíça, nasceu de sua imaginação um conceito tão material quanto transcendente: o do espaço-tempo ou do tempo como quarta dimensão. O texto pretende reportar às condições vividas por Einstein em 1905 e ao seu desenvolvimento intelectual e familiar na confecção de seus artigos.

This thesis interprets John Dryden’s Annus Mirabilis (1667) and Andrew Marvell’s The Last Instructions to a Painter (1667) in light of recent scholarship drawing on English and Dutch visual culture traditions. These poems were written in close temporal proximity, and both provide a highly politicised account of the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664-7). Marvell’s poem is traditionally read as a satiric response to Edmund Waller’s panegyric on the war in Instructions to a Painter (1665), thus providing the final word in the series of satiric Advice-to-a-Painter poems that Waller spawned. Dryden’s, Marvell’s and Waller’s poems explicitly draw upon visual cultural traditions, and it is the purpose of this thesis to explore the political implications of those choices. In this thesis I am not making a claim for the indiscriminate, general reference to visual cultural or scientific material in Dryden’s and Marvell’s poem; I am arguing that the choices they make quite explicitly include certain things and exclude others, which suggests a knowing attitude. Marvell employs Waller’s motif of giving instructions to a portrait painter; his poem conforms to principles of decorum long associated with “good” painting, but satirically subverts them to create a series of grotesque images of courtiers and parliamentarians in keeping with his corrupt subject matter. Dryden’s Annus Mirabilis also draws upon visual cultural material to give a more favorable account of the war, but the poem is to one side of the “painter poem” tradition. Dryden’s political argument is aligned with Waller’s, but he works to praise the English without direct reference to the Waller panegyric. Waller and Dryden both allude to perspective techniques used in Renaissance court portraiture and painting in order to celebrate Charles II and his generals and to portray a sense of national unity. Marvell alludes to English Mannerist and Dutch art traditions to create a poetic State Portrait designed to challenge Waller’s and Dryden’s Royalist interpretations of events. Marvell uses Mannerist stylisation to critique the decadence of Charles II and his court, while referring to Dutch painting techniques, characterised by a high attention to detail, to draw attention to unflattering features traditionally “painted” out. In Annus Mirabilis order is achieved by combining classical imagery with principles of Baconian science that sought to taxonomise nature, and to “reform” language, strengthening the relationship between signifier and signified, and imposing a sense of order and unity on the world. In Last Instructions the metaphor of the microscope functions as a framing device for reading Marvell’s poem. This enables Marvell to distort his subject matter in the name of “scientific” truth, with the deliberate failure to provide a unified image leaving the reader to piece together the various episodes. As a result, Marvell demonstrates that any attempt to represent the war is going to be partial and subjective. By studying the aesthetic and scientific techniques together, I argue that Dryden creates a poem in which the spatial design supports his praise for Charles II and the hierarchy in the state he wants to invoke. Conversely, Marvell creates a poetic State Portrait that alludes to Dutch painting techniques and the microscope to distort and fragment his subject matter, thereby challenging both Waller’s and Dryden’s imposition of order and unity on a war characterised by political corruption and strategic failure. Considering the aesthetic and scientific references concurrently draws attention to the use of perspectival cues that shape the political arguments of each poem. This method is important for drawing attention to Dryden’s and Marvell’s different approaches to engaging with key events of the Second Anglo Dutch war and the multi-disciplinary nature of these representations; an aspect that has, until now, been under examined in the critical tradition. Chapter one, “Panegyric and Satire in Waller’s, Dryden’s and Marvell’s poems on the Second Anglo-Dutch War” sets the context for my analysis by focusing on Marvell’s satiric Advice-to-a-Painter poems to which Last Instructions provides the final word. I ask whether there is evidence of Marvell’s knowledge of Dutch and English Mannerist painting traditions, and conclude that Marvell alludes to these traditions explicitly and systematically. In chapter two, “The Ekphrastic portraits in Waller’s, Dryden, and Marvell’s Anglo-Dutch War poems” I focus on the portraits that appear throughout Dryden’s and Marvell’s poems, and examine these in light of English, Mannerist and Dutch portraiture traditions. Chapter three, “Poetry as History Painting: Renaissance and Mannerist perspectives in Dryden’s Annus Mirabilis and Marvell’s Last Instructions to a Painter,” builds upon my analysis of Dryden’s and Marvell’s portraiture to consider the genre of the istoria or history painting for which Marvell’s poem purports to represent the “third sitting.” I argue that the composition of Annus Mirabilis adheres to principles of linear perspective, while Marvell’s Last Instructions is more usefully considered in terms of Mannerist and Dutch compositional techniques. Chapter four “Natural philosophy, optics and theatricality in Dryden’s Annus Mirabilis” focuses on Dryden’s metaphoric staging of the action in terms of a Renaissance stage set. I use Dryden’s allusions to the physical space of the theatre, where audiences were seated in relation to the King at the centre, as a governing metaphor for the civil hierarchy and perspective established in the poem. In chapter five, “Marvell’s Metaphor of the Microscope and the Partial Perspective of Dutch Visual Culture,” I focus on Marvell’s reference to the microscope in Last Instructions as a metaphor for reading the poem. In contrast to the aesthetically and politically unified structure of Dryden’s poem, the pluralism of the microscopic perspective and the overlaps with Dutch aesthetic techniques implies that any account of events will always be partial and subjective.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2016.

This article focuses on the wonder years enjoyed by Germany in 1989 that followed the great German unification. In 1989–1990, the two Germanies underwent a series of remarkable changes that would signal the end of the postwar division of Europe. East Germans peacefully toppled the hard-line Socialist Unity Party that had ruled with an iron fist for forty years. This article traces the revolutions that raged East Germany and its effects on the other part of the country. East Germany witnessed mass exodus resulting in labor shortages and other such problems. As East Germans fled in the summer of 1989, pro-democracy activists formed civic groups calling for reform. This article also explains the involvement of the two states in bringing down the iron curtain and unifying Germany. This article also explains the form of chancellor democracy, new economy that came to dominate the new found Germany.