Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Anatolia centrale"

Zusammenfassung: Folgender Beitrag diskutiert die Ergebnisse von an Metallfunden der frühbronzezeitlichen Nekropole Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe in Zentralanatolien vorgenommenen Spektralanalysen. Da archäometrische Daten für Zentralanatolien im 3. Jahrtausend immer noch lückenhaft sind und bevorzugt Fundkomplexe früher Zentralorte berücksichtigt, Assemblagen aus dörflichen Ansiedlung jedoch bislang weitgehend unerschlossen sind, ist diese Studie in erster Linie als dringend benötigte Verbreiterung der Quellenbasis zu verstehen. Arsen-Kupferlegierungen bestehen neben „echten“ Bronzen (Kupfer-Zinn), Kontaminationen wie Nickel mögen Rückschlüsse auf bestimmte Lagerstätten zulassen. Die erzielten Resultate ergeben somit einen guten Einblick in Metallverwendung und Legierungstraditionen einer Kleinsiedlung in der jüngeren anatolischen Frühbronzezeit Résumé: L’article ci-dessous présente les résultats d’analyses spectroscopiques menées sur un ensemble d’objets de l’âge du Bronze Ancien provenant de la nécropole de Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe en Anatolie centrale. Vu que les données archéométriques concernant le 3e millénaire av. J.-C. en Anatolie centrale sont encore fort rares, qu’elles proviennent surtout de grands centres occupés précédemment et que les ensembles provenant d’établissements ruraux n’ont presque pas fait l’objet de recherches, l’intention primaire de l’étude que nous présentons ici est d’attirer l’attention sur les données qui sont à notre disposition. Les alliages de cuivre et d’arsenic existent à côté de ‘vrais’ bronzes (alliages de cuivre et d’étain), et la contamination, par exemple par le nickel, peut fournir de nombreux indices sur la présence de dépôts spécifiques. Les résultats permettent de se faire une bonne idée de l’emploi des métaux et des techniques traditionnelles d’alliage utilisés dans un habitat mineur d’Anatolie vers la fin de l’âge du Bronze Ancien. Abstract: The following contribution discusses the results of spectroscopic analyses carried out on metal artefacts from the Early Bronze Age cemetery of Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe in central Anatolia. Given that archaeometric data from 3rd- millennium BCE Central Anatolia are still quite sparse, tend to stem mainly from earlier central places, and the assemblages from village sites have so far remained largely unexplored, the study we present here is primarily intended to draw much needed attention to the data that are available. Copper-arsenic alloys exist alongside ‘true’ bronzes (copper-tin alloys), and contamination, for example by nickel, can yield much information about specific deposits. The results obtained provide good insights into the use of metals and traditional alloying techniques on a minor settlement at the end of the Anatolian Early Bronze Age.

Collision volcanism in Central Anatolia (Cappadocia) began at least in the late Miocene. Because of the North–South Arabian-Eurasian convergence since this period, the Anatolian block is displaced towards the West along the North and East Anatolian strike-slip faults. Kinematic reconstructions show that the East Anatolian Fault is both sinistral and convergent. As a consequence, the Anatolian block is currently being deformed. Quaternary volcanism in Central Anatolia is represented by several hundreds of monogenetic scoria cones, lava flows, maars, and domes as well as two strato-volcanoes, Hasan Dag and Erciyes Dag. The monogenetic volcanism is bimodal (basalts and rhyolites), whereas the stratovolcanoes exhibit a complete calc-alkaline suite, from basalts to rhyolites. Most of the igneous products are calc-alkaline. Basalts erupted mainly from the monogenetic cones, lava flows, and maars. Andesites are encountered in the strato-volcanoes as lava flows, domes, and nuees ardentes deposits. Dacites and rhyolites occur as ignimbrites and dispersed maars and domes. Volcanic events were recorded up to historical times. Some basalts from monogenetic edifices, contemporaneous with the calc-alkaline suite, exhibit mineralogical and geochemical features that are typical of intraplate alkaline suites, such as normative nepheline, alkali feldspars, and Ti and Cr-rich Cpx. Euhedral microlites of aluminous garnet, although rare, have been observed in basalts, rhyodacites, and rhyolites. This association of contemporaneous calc-alkaline and alkaline suites may be related to collision tectonics.

AbstractThe Central Anatolian vegetation has diverse site conditions and small-scale plant diversity. For this reason, identification of plant communities is important for understanding their ecology and nature conservation. This study aims to contribute the syntaxonomical classification of the Central Anatolian vegetation. The study area is situated among Güzelyurt, Narköy, and Bozköy (Niğde) in the east of Aksaray province of Central Anatolia in Turkey. The vegetation data were collected using the phytosociological method of Braun-Blanquet and classified using TWINSPAN. The ecological characteristics of the units were investigated with Detrended Correspondence Analysis. Three new plant associations were described in the study. The steppe association was included in Onobrychido armenae-Thymetalia leucostomi and Astragalo microcephali-Brometea tomentelli. The forest-steppe association was classified under Quercion anatolicae in Quercetea pubescentis. The riparian association is the first poplar-dominated one described in Turkey and, classified under Alno glutinosae-Populetea albae and its alliance Populion albae.

SUMMARY Understanding the crustal structure of the Anatolian Plate has important implications for its formation and evolution, including the extent to which its high elevation is maintained isostatically. However, the numerous teleseismic receiver function studies from which Anatolian Moho depths have been obtained return results that differ by ≤21 km at some seismograph stations. To address this issue, we determine Moho depth and bulk crustal VP/VS ratio (κ) at 582 broad-band seismograph stations, including ∼100 for which H–κ results have not been reported previously. We use a modified H–κ stacking method in which a final solution is selected from a suite of up to 1000 repeat H–κ measurements, each calculated using randomly selected receiver functions and H–κ input parameters. Ten quality control criteria that variously assess the final numerical result, the receiver function data set, and the extent to which the results are clustered tightly, are used to determine station quality. By refining Moho depth constraints, including identifying 182 stations, analysed previously, where H–κ stacking yields unreliable results (particularly in Eastern Anatolia and the rapidly uplifting Taurides), our new crustal model (ANATOLIA-HK21) provides fresh insight into Anatolian crustal structure and topography. Changes in Moho depth within the Anatolian Plate occur on a shorter length-scale than has sometimes previously been assumed. For example, crustal thickness decreases abruptly from >40 km in the northern Kirsehir block to <32 km beneath the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province and Tuz Golu basin. Moho depth increases from 30–35 km on the Arabian Plate to 35–40 km across the East Anatolian Fault into Anatolia, in support of structural geological observations that Arabia–Anatolia crustal shortening was accommodated primarily on the Anatolian, not Arabian, Plate. However, there are no consistent changes in Moho depth across the North Anatolian Fault, whose development along the Intra-Pontide and İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture zones was more likely the result of contrasts in mantle lithospheric, not crustal, structure. While the crust thins from ∼45 km below the uplifted Eastern Anatolian Plateau to ∼25 km below lower-lying western Anatolia, Moho depth is generally correlated poorly with elevation. Residual topography calculations confirm the requirement for a mantle contribution to Anatolian Plateau uplift, with localized asthenospheric upwellings in response to slab break-off and/or lithospheric dripping/delamination example candidate driving mechanisms.

The neolithic communities of central Anatolia are generally reconstructed as being constituted by relatively autonomous and homologous households occupying discrete residences and performing most domestic activities in the house. In this reconstruction households are seen as the uniform and unproblematic basic component of society. This paper aims to problematize this modular conception of central Anatolian Neolithic societies, and wants to draw attention to the multiple forms in which households occurred and the manner in which they were embedded in larger social associations. It is argued that different levels of social association can only be understood in relation to each other. Further, the manner in which social configurations in central Anatolia changed over time is explored. This will be done by presenting evidence from two central Anatolian Neolithic sites: Aşıklı Höyük and Çatalhöyük. In particular, we argue that households became autonomous and clearly bounded entities only towards the end of the central Anatolian Neolithic, and that too little consideration has been given to the neighbourhood and the local community encompassing individual households.

The Northern Anatolian region under consideration here, the Bafra plain with its main site of Ikiztepe, and the Samsun area with Dündartepe, should be seen as a contact zone between Central Anatolia, the Balkans and the Eastern Aegean. Several items of material culture from Northern Anatolia can be linked with Southeast Europe, the islands off the coast of Western Turkey and Central Anatolia. These connections were established at least by the end of the fifth millennium B.C. Strong similarities in pottery and metal finds from North and Central Anatolian sites with the Cernavoda cultures in Romania indicate that close linkage did in fact continue into the third millennium B.C., thus giving proof of a long tradition. Here, only a small segment of this huge time-span, viz., the last quarter of the fourth millennium, equated with the last stretch of the Late Chalcolithic period, is my concern.

Located in the central region of the Anatolian mainland, Konya has played an important role in east-west and north-south cultural interactions since prehistoric times. In order to investigate the cultural geography of this region from prehistoric times to the Classical period surveys and museum work have been carried out since 1987 (Bahar 1991; Bahar et al 1996). In the course of this work some observations have been made on the Iron Age, which is a problematic subject for the central Anatolian region as well as for Anatolia as a whole. During the Iron Age the grey pottery known as Phrygian ware occurs over a wide region from the basin of the Meander in the west into central Anatolia (Mellaart 1955: 117; Dupré 1983: 82; Summers 1994: 241-52). We have previously suggested that this ware should be renamed ‘inner-west Anatolian ware’ or ‘Luwian ware’ (Bahar et al 1996: 65-7). It is significant that this pottery is encountered especially around Sarayönü and Kadınhanı where Luwian peoples were intensively settled in the second millennium BC.

AbstractBlack line is a polychrome overglaze painting technique that was developed in Central Asia in the late 14th century. Black-line tilework is also found in 15th- and 16th-century Anatolia, yet it is unclear how the tradition emerged in this region. This paper investigates the appearance of the technique in Anatolia and situates it in the context of Timurid (1370–1501) tilework as well as the development of Anatolian traditions of the Rum Seljuk (1077–1307) and Beylik (1071–1453) periods. The analysis is conducted by tracing the history of two tiles from the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and by stylistic, technological and contextual comparisons with Seljuk, Timurid and Ottoman examples. I suggest that the introduction of the black-line technique to Anatolia was concurrent with the introduction of yellow pigment in the 15th century. I also propose that the Metropolitan Museum tiles should be redated to the second half of the 15th century on the basis that they were produced in Anatolia by craftsmen trained in Transoxiana who were also familiar with local Rum Seljuk and Karamanid traditions. These artists introduced new eastern styles which, together with local traditions, created an exciting experimental period in Anatolian tilework production and contributed to the emergence of Ottoman tile art.

AbstractUsing a variety of quantitative approaches, interactions between prehistoric sites in the Göksu valley and south-central Anatolia are modelled within their wider multi-regional and diachronic socio-economic networks to assess the prominence and influence of communities in south-central Anatolia from the Late Chalcolithic to the end of the Early Bronze Age (c. 4200–2000 BC). Since the 1950s, some have understood the valley as significant in terms of movement and communication through the Taurus mountain chain that divides the southern Anatolian plateau from the Mediterranean coast. This view is called in to question through the application of geospatial and computational methods, namely least cost pathway and social network analyses. Archaeologists use least cost pathway analysis to model movement in the past. Similarly, social network analysis is used to model contact and interaction in the past. The approach adopted in this paper seeks to combine the two methods to investigate social structure and the nature of interaction in late prehistoric south-central Anatolia. The results suggest that views of the Göksu valley as the primary or a prominent means of connecting the southern Anatolian plateau and the Mediterranean coast may need to be reassessed.

Extensive continental collision-related volcanism occurred in Turkey during Neogene–Quaternary times. In central Anatolia, calc-alkaline to alkaline volcanism began in the Middle–Late Miocene. Here we report trace elemental and isotopic data from Quaternary age samples from central and eastern Anatolia. Most mafic lavas from central Anatolia are basalt and basaltic andesite, with lesser amounts of basaltic trachyandesite and andesite. All magma types exhibit enrichment in LILE (Sr, Rb, Ba and Pb) relative to HFSE (Nb, Ta). Trace element patterns are characteristic of continental margin volcanism with high Ba/Nb and Th/Nb ratios. 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios of central Anatolian lavas range between 0.704105–0.705619 and 0.512604–0.512849, respectively. The Quaternary alkaline volcanism of eastern Anatolia has been closely linked to the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Karacadaǧ and Tendürek volcanic rocks are represented by alkali basalts and basaltic trachyandesites, respectively. As expected from their alkaline nature, they contain high abundances of LIL elements, but Tendürek lavas also show depletion in Nb and Ta, indicating the role of crustal contamination in the evolution of these magmas. 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios of the Karacadaǧ and Tendürek lavas range from 0.703512 to 0.704466; 0.512742 to 0.512883 and 0.705743 to 0.705889 and 0.512676, respectively. Petrogenetic modelling has been used to constrain source characteristics for the central and eastern Anatolian volcanic rocks. Trace element ratio plots and REE modelling indicate that the central Anatolian volcanism was generated from a lithospheric mantle source that recorded the previous subduction events between Afro-Arabian and Eurasian plates during Eocene to Miocene times. In contrast, The Karacadaǧ alkaline basaltic volcanism on the Arabian foreland is derived from an OIB-like mantle source with limited crustal contamination. Tendürek volcanism, located on thickened crust, north of the Bitlis thrust zone, derived from the lithospheric mantle via small degrees (1.5 %) of partial melting.

Il lavoro analizza una serie di installazioni da fuoco, fisse e mobili, rinvenute nei siti dell'Anatolia orientale e centrale, attraverso un censimento delle installazioni in relazione al loro contesto di ritrovamento (con relative schede di catalogo). Nello specifico i manufatti si possono suddividere in focolari, focolari portatili, pentole con sostegno, bruciaprofumi, incensieri/fornelli portatili. Ognuna di queste installazioni ha una diffusione, una posizione, una funzione abbastanza precisa che verrà analizzata nella parte finale dell'elaborato che è dedicata alla discussione dei dati raccolti affrontando diverse tematiche: la diffusione delle installazioni da fuoco in esame in differenti periodi e in differenti regioni, il contesto di ritrovamento degli oggetti all'interno di uno stesso sito e all'interno di siti diversi, la loro posizione nello spazio, la loro presenza o meno in zone limitrofe, la loro tecnica costruttiva, la loro associazione con altre strutture, cercando di valutare se esistono continuità e/o differenze nella funzione o nelle funzioni di questi manufatti tre le aree prese in esame. Infine una parte è dedicata a tentativi di archeologia sperimentale svolti in questi anni dalla missione archeologica dell'Università Ca' Foscari ad Aradetis Orgora attraverso esperimenti su repliche di alcuni tipi focolari antichi che sono stati analizzati in questo lavoro.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique des basaltes quaternaires post-collisionnels d’Anatolie centrale (strato-volcans Erciyes et Hasandağ et volcanisme dispersé d'Obruk-Zengen et de Karapınar), en se focalisant sur l’évolution spatio-temporelle de ce magmatisme de la Cappadoce (Turquie). Par la géochronologie K-Ar, la coexistence de basaltes alcalins et calco-alcalins a été démontrée, parfois dans un même lieu et à la même époque. Par ailleurs, nos résultats montrent aussi que ces basaltes peuvent être très jeunes (quelques milliers d’années seulement). La minéralogie des basaltes quaternaires de la Cappadoce est la suivante : plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxène, orthopyroxène et oxydes (magnétite, ilménite). Pourtant, seuls les basaltes de l’Erciyes contiennent de l’orthopyroxène, alors que ceux du Hasandağ et du volcanisme dispersé d’Obruk-Zengen et de Karapınar en sont dépourvus. Les phénocristaux de plagioclases présentent souvent des figures de déséquilibre, attribuées au processus de mélange magmatique : zonages complexes (normaux, inverses, oscillatoires), richesse en inclusions vitreuses, figures de résorption. Toutefois, la minéralogie observée est compatible avec un processus de cristallisation fractionnée dominant. Les géobaromètres utilisés montrent que l’origine des magmas de l’Erciyes est plus superficielle que celle des autres sites. Les résultats en géochimie confirment la dualité minéralogique observée entre l’Erciyes et les autres secteurs, ainsi que les caractères alcalins (néphéline normative) et calco-alcalins de basaltes parfois contemporains. Tous les basaltes étudiés sont enrichis en LREE et LILE. Les données isotopiques (Sr, Nd, Pb, O) montrent l’importance de la source lithosphérique enrichie. L’ensemble des données géochimiques montre aussi la signature d’autres sources et processus comme la contamination par la croûte continentale et l’héritage d’une ancienne subduction
This thesis revealed the petrological and geochemical characterization of post-collisional Quaternary basalts of Central Anatolia (Erciyes and Hasandağ stratovolcanoes, and dispersed volcanisms of Obruk-Zengen and Karapınar), focusing on the spatiotemporal evolution of the magmatism in Cappadocia (Turkey). K-Ar geochronology indicated the coexistence of alkaline and calc-alkaline basalts from the same location and age. Moreover, the results also show that these basalts may be very young (a few thousand years). The mineralogy of Quaternary basalts from the Cappadocia is as follows: plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and oxides (magnetite, ilmenite). Orthopyroxene is observed only in basalts of Erciyes, while it is lacking in Hasandağ and dispersed volcanisms of Obruk-Zengen and Karapınar. The plagioclase phenocrysts often exhibit disequilibrium features attributed to magma mixing process: complex zoning (normal, inverse, oscillatory), concentric zones rich in melt inclusions, resorption features. However, the observed mineralogy is consistent with a dominant fractional crystallization process. The estimated geobarometer show that the origin of magmas of Erciyes is shallower than the other settings. The results in geochemistry confirm not only the mineralogical duality between Erciyes and the other settings but also the coexistence of alkaline (normative nepheline) and calc-alkaline characters of contemporary basalts. All studied basalts are enriched in LREE (Light Rare Earth Elements) and LILE (Large Ion Lithophile Elements). The isotopic data (Sr, Nd, Pb, O) indicate the importance of enriched lithospheric source. All geochemical data also display the signature of other sources and processes such as contamination by the continental crust and heritage of a former subduction

I. Problématique et limite du sujet. C’est un truisme que de dire que l’alimentation fut et demeure l’une, si ce n’est la préoccupation principale de toute population. La question des stocks de denrées alimentaires agite encore les marchés actuels et les famines sont loin d’avoir disparu dans le monde. Ces préoccupations étaient tout aussi importantes en Anatolie centrale au IIe millénaire av. J.-C. (périodes des comptoirs assyriens de Cappadoce puis hittite), cadre de cette thèse, et l’étude menée sur la conservation et le stockage des denrées alimentaires à cette période a permis de mettre en lumière les différentes méthodes utilisées. Étant archéologue de formation, j’ai axé mes recherches en priorité sur les vestiges archéologiques, mais l’ensemble de la documentation a été prise en compte qu’il s’agisse de la céramique, des scellements, mais aussi des sources écrites ou des données apportées par l’archéobotanique, l’archéozoologie ou l’entomologie et les analyses chimiques. Cette approche interdisciplinaire, permettant d’avoir une vision la plus complète possible, est une nécessité absolue pour des domaines de recherche comme celui-ci. Ces données sont aussi complétées, leur interprétation nuancée ou approfondie par les renseignements fournis par l’archéologie expérimentale et l’ethnoarchéologie. II. Le corpus. Le sujet n’ayant jamais fait l’objet d’une synthèse, il a fallu au préalable répertorier l’ensemble des sites de cette zone et parmi eux déterminer lesquels disposaient de dispositifs de stockage ou d’informations sur la conservation des denrées. La documentation complète des 56 sites recensés pour la zone géographique et chronologique a été prise en compte (volumes 2 et 3) avec pour objectif premier de recenser et d’étudier en détail les installations, fixes et mobiles, consacrées au stockage. Chaque dispositif est discuté et analysé pour lui-même ainsi que tous les indices permettant de déterminer le mode de gestion en vigueur, notamment les marques portées par les céramiques et les scellements. Les sources textuelles qui nous sont parvenues sont à la fois des tablettes d’argile écrites en cunéiforme akkadien ou hittite et des inscriptions en hiéroglyphe louvite. Elles ont, dans la mesure du possible, été recensées et utilisées. L’ensemble de ces données est traité, autant que faire se peut, par niveaux d’occupation, du plus ancien au plus récent. Chacun des sites identifiés fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie (volume 2) et illustrée (volume 3), présentée dans l’ordre alphabétique des noms actuels. Le volume 2 est précédé d’une introduction expliquant l’organisation du volume, la méthode utilisée pour déterminer le corpus et les difficultés rencontrées. III. Analyse et synthèse des données. Le volume 1, divisé en quatre parties, fait la synthèse de l’ensemble des données rassemblées et examinées dans le corpus documentaire tout en les combinant aux informations apportées par l’ethnoarchéologie ou l’archéologie expérimentale et en les complétant par la comparaison avec d’autres domaines de recherche. III.1. Les denrées et les méthodes de conservation. La première partie concerne la conservation des denrées alimentaires. Dans ce cadre, sont d’abord présentées les ressources alimentaires qui étaient disponibles (chapitre 1). Ce travail se fonde à la fois sur les renseignements fournis par les textes et les analyses archéobotaniques, archéozoologiques et entomologiques. Grâce à ces données, il est possible de dresser une liste des ressources mais il est parfois difficile de déterminer ce qui était réellement consommé, en l’absence d’indications précises. Les facteurs responsables de la limitation de la conservation des denrées alimentaires sont ensuite étudiés afin de déterminer les causes potentielles de dégradation : les données environnementales, les attaques par des « nuisibles », etc. (chapitre 2). Plusieurs moyens peuvent être utilisés pour prolonger la conservation de ces denrées, comme les techniques de séchage, de fumage, de salage ou l’utilisation de différents liquides aux propriétés anti-oxydantes, voire une combinaison de plusieurs de ces techniques (chapitre 3). Quelques études de cas sont ensuite proposées à partir de grandes catégories d’aliments, comme les céréales, la viande et le poisson, les fruits et des boissons, alcoolisées ou non (l’eau, le vin, la bière, mais aussi le lait et ses dérivés) (chapitre 4). III.2. Analyses des dispositifs de stockage. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’examen détaillé des dispositifs de stockage. Après avoir mis en place des définitions, chaque dispositif est envisagé d’un point de vue fonctionnel : matériau, techniques de construction, dimensions, fonctionnement, etc. On parvient ainsi à dresser la liste des spécificités de chaque structure et à établir, pour certaines d’entre elles, une typologie (chapitre 1). On constate alors le recours principal aux magasins et pièces de stockage de manière générale, mais aussi aux silos (de différents modules, dont les plus connus sont ceux de la capitale hittite, Boğazköy/Ḫattuša) et aux fosses. D’autres types de dispositifs sont attestés le plus souvent uniquement par les textes comme les granges ou les greniers (?), soit que les bâtiments n’aient pas été identifiés comme tels, soit qu’ils aient été situés uniquement dans les campagnes (non fouillées) ou encore que cela soit dû au hasard des fouilles. Le second et dernier chapitre de cette partie aborde l’étude des aménagements dont certains de ces dispositifs peuvent être dotés et celle des contenants, dont la majorité est constituée par la céramique. Toutefois, les contenants en matériaux périssables, bien que très rarement conservés en Anatolie centrale, ne sont pas omis. Ils sont notamment abordés grâce aux données textuelles et ethnographiques mais aussi grâce aux empreintes conservées au revers des scellements. Une grande attention est portée à la méthodologie à mettre en place pour étudier les contenants de stockage, pour identifier leur fonction et leur visibilité archéologique (entraînant une disproportion entre les différents types de contenants qui nous sont parvenus). Des études de cas sont là aussi proposées, l’ensemble de la céramique anatolienne n’ayant pu être traitée dans le détail. Par le recours à quelques études menées sur les sources textuelles et aux quelques restes archéobotaniques découverts dans des contenants, on s’est interrogé sur la possibilité de faire correspondre les noms anciens avec des contenants découverts en fouilles mais aussi les denrées avec ces mêmes contenants. Si on peut parfois réussir à faire correspondre certains termes avec des formes céramiques, on constate en revanche, qu’aucun récipient ne semble être destiné à une seule denrée, mais tout au plus, et encore dans de rares cas, à de grandes catégories de denrées (solides ou liquides). Enfin, une courte partie tente de replacer ces contenants dans leur contexte archéologique et de déterminer l’organisation et la disposition interne des espaces de stockage. III.3. Protection et gestion des espaces de stockage. La troisième partie est consacrée quant à elle à la protection et à la gestion des espaces de stockage. Elle se divise en deux chapitres. La protection et la sécurisation des dispositifs de stockage est d’abord analysée (chapitre 1), à travers deux aspects : la protection contre les attaques naturelles et la sécurisation des dispositifs contre les vols. Le premier aspect regroupe les moyens de lutter contre les détériorations potentielles. Plusieurs techniques sont utilisées, souvent de manière conjuguée, afin de bénéficier de conditions optimales de conservation : cela va, entre autres, des pièges à animaux aux incantations religieuses en passant par les répulsifs et insecticides naturels. Les incantations peuvent également être utilisées comme moyen de lutte contre les vols. Dans ce cas précis, il est préférable de sécuriser les accès aux réserves (porte, fenêtre, etc.), le plus souvent en les limitant ou en les munissant de dispositifs de fermeture (scellements et verrous). Le gardiennage est également employé. Un long chapitre est consacré à la gestion des denrées alimentaires (chapitre 2). Il regroupe l’ensemble des indices permettant de la reconstituer. En effet, les pratiques administratives du IIe millénaire anatolien sont encore relativement mal connues (si ce n’est de manière très générale), notamment pour le stockage mais aussi pour tous les aspects en lien avec l’alimentation (gestion des troupeaux, des jardins et des champs, distribution des rations, etc.). Ainsi, le marquage des jarres est d’abord pris en compte ainsi que l’analyse de quelques objets en céramique ayant pu faire partie de ce système à savoir les « lunules » (objets en forme de croissant de lune, le plus souvent perforés à leurs extrémités). L’étude se poursuit par le traitement des scellements puis par les sources écrites. La disposition des scellements au moment de leur découverte permet, si tant est qu’un relevé précis et une étude complète soient réalisés, de déterminer ce qui était scellé et par qui et ainsi de restituer une partie de l’organisation administrative interne et ses rapports avec l’extérieur (cela vaut bien sûr majoritairement pour les grands organismes mais aussi, à moindre échelle, pour le cadre domestique). Les sources textuelles sont ici interrogées du point de vue du calendrier agricole et religieux (certaines fêtes hittites, dites « saisonnières », faisant intervenir des dispositifs de stockage) et de celui du personnel lié aux denrées alimentaires (notamment par l’analyse de leurs titres comme l’AGRIG, responsable des magasins royaux à l’époque hittite). Enfin, la localisation des espaces de stockage est à nouveau prise en compte, en s’intéressant alors à l’aspect pratique de leur gestion (comme leur remplissage). III.4. Synthèse. Une fois les données cataloguées et analysées, il est nécessaire de les replacer dans leur contexte à la fois topographique, à l’échelle de la ville, géographique, à l’échelle de l’Anatolie centrale, administratif et historique afin de dresser un bilan, période par période (d’abord la période paléo-assyrienne puis la période hittite), des méthodes de conservation et des techniques de stockage. On notera une grande disproportion dans les données, mais aussi une différence dans la nature des documentations disponibles, notamment au niveau textuel, pour chacune des périodes. En effet, la période des comptoirs assyriens de Cappadoce a principalement livré des demeures et des archives privées (à Kültepe, l’ancienne Kaneš, notamment) alors que les textes du domaine hittite appartiennent majoritairement à la sphère religieuse et que l’habitat hittite nous est moins bien connu. De même, l’organisation politique et administrative des deux périodes n’est pas tout à fait similaire. Cependant, les données consultées sont assez complémentaires et la comparaison entre les deux périodes permet d’avoir une vue d’ensemble plus précise. IV. Conclusion. Dans l’état actuel de la documentation, le tableau dressé ici est encore partiel, cet examen attentif permet néanmoins de comprendre comment le stockage s’intégrait dans la vie quotidienne des anciens Anatoliens. Et le stockage semble y avoir été omniprésent. Il n’a pas été possible de déceler d’évolutions techniques concernant les méthodes de conservation ou les dispositifs de stockage, ni de véritables particularités géographiques. Cependant, les résultats de cette étude montrent clairement que la présence d’installations de stockage et la façon dont elles ont été conçues répondent à des besoins précis qui s’inscrivent généralement dans des modes de pensée et d’organisation plus globaux. Cette réflexion nous engage donc à considérer plus en profondeur les aspects fondamentaux de la vie quotidienne et notamment à prendre en compte les aménagements de stockage, y compris les simples fosses, parfois négligées. Il faut apprendre à regarder ces dispositifs autrement que comme de simples installations techniques et à les envisager d’un point de vue interdisciplinaire. En fait, leur étude permet d’établir les fondements d’une connaissance beaucoup plus proche de la réalité antique, dans des domaines aussi divers que l’histoire des techniques, l’urbanisme ou encore l’organisation administrative en Anatolie au IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Ceci est vrai pour le stockage mais également pour d’autres domaines de la vie quotidienne encore trop peu abordés.
I. Subject and scope. It is a truism to say that food was and remains one of the principal concerns of a population, if not its main preoccupation. Still today, the problem of stocks of foodstuffs keeps the markets in flux, and famines in the world are far from having disappeared. These concerns were equally important in Central Anatolia during the second millennium B.C. (periods of the Assyrian, then Hittite merchant colonies in Cappadocia), the context of this thesis, and the study of the conservation and storage of foodstuffs during this period allows us to shed light on the various methods then used. As an archaeologist, I have given priority in my research to archaeological vestiges, but all available documentation has been taken into account, whether it concerns ceramic pots and seals, or involves written sources or data from archaeo-botany, archaeo-zoology, entomology or chemical analyses. This interdisciplinary approach, enabling the most complete view possible, is an absolute necessity for research areas such as this one. The abovementioned data is also supplemented, its interpretation nuanced and deepened by information provided by experimental archaeology and ethno-archaeology. II. Corpus. Since no detailed overview of the subject previously existed, it was first necessary to list all the sites in this zone, and determine which of them possessed storage facilities or information on the conservation of foodstuffs. The complete documentation of the 56 sites inventoried for the geographic and chronological zone was examined (volumes 2 and 3) in the aim of listing and studying in detail both fixed and mobile storage installations. Each facility is discussed and analyzed in its own right, as are all indications or clues as to how it was managed, notably marks on pots and seals. Textual sources having come down to us are both clay tablets written in Akkadian cuneiform or Hittite and inscriptions in Luwian hieroglyphs. To the extent possible, they were inventoried and used. All this data was processed, to the best of our capabilities, according to occupation levels, from the most ancient to the most recent. Each of the sites identified was studied in depth (volume 2) and illustrated (volume 3), presented in alphabetical order using present-day names. Volume 2 is preceded by an introduction explaining the volume’s organisation, the method used to determine the corpus and the difficulties encountered. III. Analysis and synthesis of data. Volume 1, in four parts, is a synthesis of all the data gathered and examined in the documentary corpus. This data is also combined with information from ethno-archaeology and experimental archaeology, supplemented by the comparison with other research domains. III.1. Foodstuffs and preservation methods. The first part deals with the preservation of foodstuffs. Under this heading, we first list available food resources (chapter 1), based both on information found in texts and archaeo-botanical, archaeo-zoological and entomological analyses. Thanks to this data, it is possible to list resources, but in the absence of precise indications it is sometimes difficult to determine what was actually consumed. Factors limiting the conservation of foodstuffs are then studied, in order to determine possible causes of degradation: environmental data, attacks by pests, etc. (chapter 2). Several means can be used to prolong the preservation of foodstuffs, techniques such as drying, smoking, salting, or using various liquids with anti-oxidising properties, even a combination of these techniques (chapter 3). We then present a few case studies within the broad categories of foods: grains, meat and fish, fruits and both alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks (water, wine, beer, but also milk and its derivatives) (chapter 4). III.2. Analyses of storage facilities. The second part is devoted to the detailed study of storage facilities. Having established a set of definitions, we view each installation from a functional point of view: materials, construction techniques, dimensions, how it works, etc. This enables us to list the specificities of each structure and establish a typology for some (chapter 1). We see that the majority are warehouses and storage rooms, but there are also silos (different modules, the best known being those of the Hittite capital, Boğazköy/Ḫattuša) and underground pits. Other types of installations are most often mentioned in texts as barns or possibly granaries, either because the constructions were not later identified as storage facilities, or because they were located outside the cities and not excavated, or due to the chance element of excavations. The second and last chapter in this part examines the layout to be found in some of these structures as well as the containers, the majority of which are ceramic pots; however, we have not omitted containers made of perishable materials, though they have rarely been preserved in Central Anatolia. They are brought up thanks in particular to textual and ethnographic data, as well as to imprints preserved on the backs of seals. A great deal of attention has been placed on the methodology to be set up for the study of storage containers, in order to identify their function and archaeological visibility, which leads to a disproportion between the different types of containers having come down to us. Given the impossibility of treating all Anatolian pots in detail, we present some case studies. Using a few studies based on textual sources and archaeo-botanical remains discovered in containers, the question arose as to the possibility of matching up ancient names with containers discovered in excavations, but also the foodstuffs with these same containers. Although it is sometimes possible to make certain terms correspond with certain shapes of pot, no recipient seems destined for a single foodstuff – at best, and only in rare cases, for broad categories such as solids or liquids. Finally, a short section attempts to put these containers in their archaeological context and determine the organisation and internal workings of storage spaces. III.3. Protection and management of storage spaces. The third part is devoted to the protection and management of storage spaces. It is in two chapters. The protection and securing of storage installations is first analysed (chapter 1) in terms of two aspects: protection against natural attacks and securing against burglary. The first aspect regroups ways of combating potential deterioration. Several techniques are used, often together, so as to achieve optimum conservation conditions: animal traps, natural insect repellents and insecticides, religious incantations and others. Incantations can also be used against burglaries. In that case, it is preferable to secure access to storage rooms (doors, windows, etc, most often by limiting their number or by providing them with closure devices (seals and locks). Guardians are also employed. A long chapter is devoted to the management of food stocks (chapter 2). It regroups all indications that might enable us to reconstitute how stocks were managed. Administrative practices of the second Anatolian millennium are still not very well known, concerning storage in particular, but also for all aspects linked to food (management of herds, gardens and fields, distribution of rations, etc.). Thus we turn first to the marking of earthenware pottery, as well as to the analysis of some ceramic objects which could have been included in the system, namely “lunulae” (crescent shaped objects, usually perforated at either end). On the condition of a complete and precise study, the place where a seal was discovered enables us to know what was sealed inside the jar and by whom and thus reconstitute part of the internal administrative organization and its relations with the outside world (this is true of course, mainly for large administrative bodies but also on a smaller scale, in the domestic context). Textual sources are examined from the point of view of the agricultural and religious calendar (certain Hittite festivals, known as “seasonal”, included storage installations) and also from the point of view of the personnel linked with foodstuffs (in particular through the analysis of their titles, such as AGRIG, the person in charge of royal stocks during the Hittite era). Finally, the location of storage spaces is again considered, with emphasis on practical aspects of management (filling, for example). III.4. Synthesis. Once catalogued and analysed, data must be put back in its context – at once topographic, on the scale of the city, geographic, on the scale of Central Anatolia, administrative and historic – in order to draw up an inventory, period by period (Old Assyrian, then Hittite), of conservation methods and storage techniques. There is significant disproportion in the data, but there is also a difference in the nature of available documentation for each of the periods, textual in particular. The period of the Assyrian merchant colonies in Cappadocia tells us mainly about private dwellings and archives (particularly in Kültepe, formerly Kaneš), whereas the majority of Hittite texts belong to the religious sphere and we know less about Hittite habitat. In like manner, political and administrative organisation is not exactly similar in the two periods. However, the data consulted was sufficiently complementary and the comparison between the two periods gives us a more precise overview. IV. Conclusion. Given the present state of documentation, the tableau presented here is still only partial. However, this careful examination nonetheless enables us to understand how storage was an integral part of the daily life of the ancient Anatolians, and a feature seemingly omnipresent. It was not possible to detect technical evolutions concerning conservation methods or storage mechanisms, or true geographical particularities. However, the results of this study show clearly that storage facilities and the way they were conceived usually answered to precise needs which were part and parcel of more global modes of thought and organisation. This idea prompts us to examine more closely the fundamental aspects of daily life, and among others, to take storage facilities into account, including simple underground pits, which are sometimes neglected. It is important to see these facilities as more than mere technical installations and to view them from an interdisciplinary point of view: their study provides us with fundamental knowledge much closer to the reality of ancient times in fields as diverse as the history of techniques, urban development or the administrative organisation in Anatolia in the second millennium B.C. This is true for storage, as it is for other areas of daily life as yet insufficiently studied.
I. Problematica e limite della ricerca. E’ un’ovvietà dire che l’alimentazione sia stata e resti una delle preoccupazioni principali di tutte le popolazioni. L’immagazzinamento delle derrate alimentari è ancor oggi un problema all’ordine del giorno dei mercati mondiali e le carestie sono lungi dall’essere scomparse. Preoccupazioni non minori riguardarono le popolazioni dell’Anatolia del II millennio a.C. (il periodo delle colonie assire di Cappadocia), che costituisce il tema di questa tesi. In quanto archeologa, ho concentrato soprattutto la mia attenzione sulla problematica archeologica e sui dati della cultura materiale, ma ho anche preso in considerazione i risultati delle analisi archeobotaniche, archeozoologiche, entomologiche e chimiche. Mi sono anche a lungo soffermata sulle fonti epigrafiche, cercando di dare alla mia ricerca un approccio interdisciplinare. II. Il corpus. L’argomento non è stato prima d’ora trattato da studi di sintesi. Si è dovuto quindi procedere ad una schedatura dettagliata, sito per sito, del materiale per quanto riguarda i dispositivi di stoccaggio e di conservazione dei prodotti alimentari. I dati relativi a 56 siti sono forniti alfabeticamente nei voll. 2 e 3, sia in forma narrativa che in forma grafica e tabellare. I testi cuneiformi pertinenti sono trattati per lo più in traduzione, mettendo in rilievo quando necessario problemi di ordine lessicale e interpretativo. Ciascun dispositivo è stato sottoposto ad analisi specifica, riferendolo anche al tipo di sistema di gestione delle risorse ricostruibile. III. Analisi e sintesi dei dati. Il volume 1, diviso in quattro parti, fornisce la sintesi e le conclusioni dell’intero lavoro, incrociando i dati archeologici ed epigrafici con quelli etnoarcheologici e sperimentali. III.1. Derrate e metodi di conservazione. La prima parte concerne la conservazione dei prodotti alimentari. Si inizia con una presentazione del repertorio delle risorse alimentari disponibili (capitolo 1). Ci si occupa poi dei fattori responsabili del degrado organico e dei limiti di conservazione dei prodotti, dai fattori ambientali agli insetti, ecc. (capitolo 2). Diversi mezzi possono essere utilizzati per prolungare la conservazione di tali prodotti alimentari, come le tecniche di essiccazione, di concimazione, di salatura o l’utilizzazione di diversi liquidi con proprietà antiossidanti, o addirittura una combinazione di parecchie di queste tecniche (capitolo 3). Si propongono da ultimo degli studi di casi, che riguardano le grandi categorie d’alimenti: cereali, latte e suoi derivati, carne, pesci, frutta e bevande (acqua e bevande inebrianti) (capitolo 4). III.2. Analisi dei dispositivi di stoccaggio. La seconda parte della tesi è dedicata all’esame dei dispositivi di stoccaggio. Dopo aver discusso la terminologia e fissato le definizioni tecniche, ogni dispositivo è considerato dal punto di vista funzionale: materiale, tecniche di costruzione, dimensioni, funzionamento ecc. Si arriva così a stabilire la lista dei caratteri specifici di ogni struttura all’interno di una tipologia (capitolo 1). Sono considerati non solo magazzini e generici locali di stoccaggio, ma anche silos e fosse. Altri tipi di dispositivi, attestati unicamente dai testi (fienili o granai) e non identificati sul terreno, vengono ugualmente discussi. Il secondo capitolo di questa parte riguarda lo studio dei contenitori (per lo più di ceramica, ma non solo) e delle sigillature apposte su di essi. Anche qui vengono proposti studi di casi, per l’impossibilità di trattare in modo completo le problematiche della ceramica anatolica di secondo millennio. Ci si sofferma tra l’altro sulla nomenclatura dei recipienti nelle fonti testuali, proponendo alcune ipotesi di identificazione. Anche quando l’identificazione è possibile o probabile, si riscontra tuttavia la pratica di utilizzare lo stesso tipo di contenitore per diversi prodotti alimentari. Infine, in una breve parte finale si tenta di collocare questi contenitori nel loro contesto archeologico e di determinare l’organizzazione e la disposizione interna degli spazi di stoccaggio. III.3. Protezione e gestione degli spazi di stoccaggio. La terza parte è dedicata allo studio della gestione e protezione degli spazi di stoccaggio. La protezione e la sicurezza dei magazzini sono analizzate da due punti di vista (capitolo 1): la protezione contro gli attacchi naturali e la sicurezza contro i furti. Diverse tecniche di difesa sono utilizzate, spesso in modo congiunto, per creare condizioni ottimali di conservazione: dalle trappole per animali, agli insetticidi naturali, agli incantesimi. Gli incantesimi possono essere anche utilizzati come modo di lotta contro i furti. La sicurezza è ricercata attraverso la limitazione di porte e finestre, che vengono per lo più muniti di dispositivi di chiusura (sigillatura e chiavistello). Un lungo capitolo è poi dedicato alle gestione dei prodotti alimentari (capitolo 2). Le pratiche amministrative del secondo millennio in Anatolia sono ancora relativamente mal conosciute, sia per quanto riguarda la gestione diretta degli alimenti, sia altri aspetti ad essa legati (gestione degli animali, dei giardini e dei campi, distribuzione delle razioni ecc.). I marchi apposti sulle giare costituiscono uno degli elementi di riflessione. Ma vi sono anche altri materiali discussi, come le falci di luna miniaturizzate in ceramica e, naturalmente, le sigillature. La disposizione delle sigillature al momento della loro scoperta permette infatti -- a condizione che vi sia un rilievo preciso -- di determinare quello che era sigillato e per conto di chi; e così di ricostituire una parte dell’organizzazione amministrativa interna e dei suoi rapporti con l’esterno. Dalle fonti testuali ittite si ricavano in proposito molte informazioni, a cui si aggiungono quelle sul calendario agricolo e religioso e sul personale addetto ai prodotti alimentari (per es. l’ AGRIG, responsabile dei magazzini reali). III.4. Sintesi. Una volta catalogati e analizzati, i dati devono essere rimessi nel loro contesto, tanto topografico, alla scala della città, geografico, alla scala dell’Anatolia centrale, che amministrativo e storico allo scopo di stabilire un bilancio, periodo per periodo (prima il periodo paleo assiriano poi il periodo ittita) dei metodi di conservazione e delle tecniche di stoccaggio. Si osserva una grande sproporzione nei dati ma anche, per ogni periodo, una differenza nelle natura della documentazione disponibile soprattutto al livello testuale. Infatti il periodo dei fondachi assiriani della Cappadocia ha messo in evidenza principalmente delle abitazioni e degli archivi privati (a Kültepe, l’antica Kanes soprattutto) allora che i testi del dominio ittita appartengono in maggior parte alla sfera religiosa che l’abitazione ittita ci é conosciuta meno bene. Del resto l’organizzazione politica e amministrativa dei due periodi non é del tutto simile. Nonostante ciò i dati consultati sono abbastanza complementari e il paragone fra i due periodi permette di avere una visione d’insieme più precisa. IV. Conclusione. Nello stato attuale della documentazione il quadro presentato é ancora parziale, ma questo esame approfondito permette di capire in che modo lo stoccaggio si integrava nella vita quotidiana degli antichi Anatoliani. E pare che lo stoccaggio sia stato presente ovunque. Non é stato possibile scoprire le evoluzioni tecniche relative ai metodi di conservazione o ai dispositivi di stoccaggio, né delle vere e proprie particolarità geografiche. Ciò nonostante i risultati di questo studio dimostrano chiaramente che la presenza di installazioni di stoccaggio e il modo con cui sono state concepite rispondono a dei bisogni precisi che si inscrivono generalmente in modi di pensiero e di organizzazione globali. Questa riflessione ci spinge dunque a considerare con maggior profondità gli aspetti fondamentali della vita quotidiana e più specialmente a prendere in considerazione le sistemazioni di stoccaggio, comprese le semplici fosse talvolta trascurate. Bisogna imparare a considerare questi dispositivi non solo come semplici installazioni tecniche ma anche da un punto di vista interdisciplinare. Infatti il loro studio permette di stabilire i fondamenti di une conoscenza molto più vicina alla realtà antica in domini tanto diversi quanto la storia delle tecniche, l’urbanistica o ancora l’organizzazione amministrativa dell’Anatolia durante il II millennio avanti Cristo. Questo é vero per lo stoccaggio ma ugualmente per altri domini della vita quotidiana ancora troppo poco evocati.

La présente thèse vise à apporter des éclaircissements sur la réapparition du souci défensif, sa matérialisation et son évolution en Anatolie occidentale et centrale au début du premier millénaire av. J.-C. (Xe-VIe s.). Le territoire soumis à l'examen comprend la Phrygie, la boucle de l'Halys, la Carie, la Lydie, l'Ionie, l'Eolide et la Troade. Cette étude s'intéresse en premier lieu aux différentes méthodes de fortification utilisées au cours de cette période. Par l'examen des principales caractéristiques architecturales des murs de défense (techniques de construction, dispositifs défensifs), cette étude cherche à déterminer de quelle manière ces nouvelles constructions s'inscrivent dans la tradition architecturale anatolienne et dans quelle mesure leurs concepteurs contribuèrent à l'évolution de celle-ci en adoptant et en transformant les méthodes de fortification qui en sont issues. La construction d'un rempart, parce qu'elle impliquait de nombreux acteurs, était un fait de société majeur. Par leur conception, les techniques utilisées pour leur construction, leur emprise dans le paysage, les murailles sont des monuments chargés de symboles et des témoins privilégiés de l'histoire des sociétés qui les ont construites et perfectionnées. Au-delà des considérations archéologiques, cette étude s'attache donc aussi à replacer la construction de fortifications dans le contexte militaire mouvementé de l'Anatolie préclassique et tente également d'évaluer l'impact d'un tel projet de construction dans l'histoire politique et sociale des populations anatoliennes de l'âge du fer.

Concentrations of elements and ions measured in samples collected between February 1993 and December 2000 at a rural site in central Anatolia were investigated to evaluate the chemical composition of atmosphere at central Anatolia, to determine pollution level of the region, to study temporal variability of the pollutants and to investigate the sources and source regions of air pollutants in the region. Level of pollution at central Anatolia was found to be lower than the pollution level at other European countries and Mediterranean and Black Sea regions of Turkey. Enrichment factor calculations revealed that SO42-, Pb and Ca are highly enriched in the aerosol
whereas, soil component has dominating contribution on observed concentrations of V, Mg, Ca and K. SO42-/(SO2+SO42-) ratio observed in Ç
ubuk station indicates that contribution of distant sources is more important than the contribution of local sources on observed SO42- levels. SO42-/NO3- ratio calculations showed that Central Anatolia is receipt of SO42- from Eastern European countries. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis revealed 6 source groups, namely motor vehicle source, mixed urban factor, long range transport factor, soil factor, NO3- factor and Cd factor. Distribution of Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) values showed that main source areas of SO42-, NH4+ and Cd are western parts of Turkey, Balkan countries, central and western Europe, central Russian Federation and north of Sweden and Finland
NO3- are the regions located around the Mediterranean Sea
and there is no very strong potential source area observed for NH3 and Pb.

Ç
iç
ekdagi basin developed on the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) is a foreland basin developed as the southern integral part of the Ç
ankiri Basin during the Late Paleocene to middle Oligocene. The basin has two compartments separated by the Ç
iç
ekdagi High comprises two sedimentary cycles. The oldest cycle comprises Barakli, Kocaç
ay and Bogazkö
y formationsa and is exposed both in the northern and the southern sectors. They were deposited in marine conditions. The second cycle comprises incik and Gü
vendik formations and was deposited in continental settings. The first cycle comprises uniformly south-directed paleocurrent directions in both the northern and southern sectors whereas the second cycle deposits are represented by south-directed directions in the southern sector, and bimodal directions in the northern sector. In addition, the second cycle formations contain progressive unconformities and coarsening upwards sequences indicative of thrusting. Internal structures of the units and paleostress data indicate that the basin experienced over-all compression and local extension due to flexural bending. This gave way to inversion of some of the normal faults and uplift of the Ç
iç
ekdagi High during the deposition of second cycle in the Late Eocene to middle Oligocene time which subsequently resulted in compartmentalization of the basin.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate systematic fairy chimney development within Cappadocian ignimbrites. The first step in the sudy is to identify fairy chimney producing ignimbrites. Accordingly the fairy chimneys are formed within Kavak ignimbrite, at Kavak-Zelve transition, and within Zelve and Cemilkö
y ignimbrites. Field measurements are taken from the fairy chimneys to quantify the shape and the size. Slope of the selected areas are identified to investigate the most suitable topography. Analysis have shown that fairy chimneys have basal diameters ranging from 9.7 to 13.7 m, with heights in the range from 8.41 to 21.73 m. The slopes of fairy chimneys are 60 to 70 degrees with a slight asymmetry towards the upslope. The chimneys are sligthy rounded due to the erosion in the slope direction. Distances between the fairy chimneys change from a minimum of 5.45 m for Zelve and 42.72 m for Kavak chimneys. Fairy chimneys are developed in two stages. The first stage is the generation of topography suitable for the formation of fairy chimneys. Three main factors in this stage are degree of welding, thickness of ignimbrite and topographic slope. In the second stage, several local features contribute for the final shaping of the chimneys.

In this revisional study based on the the genus Vicia in Central Anatolia large quantities of data have been compilled from specimens representing the group of the taxa being studied. These data were then synthesized to make taxon descriptions, keys, geographical distributions and ecological preferences. Since 2009, about 700 specimens have been collected from Central Anatolia and examined as the research materials. In addition, a large number of specimens have also been studied in the following herbaria ANK, GAZI, MUG, HUB and E. According to the Flora of Turkey (Davis 1985), there were 16 species found in Central Anatolia. But this study has shown that genus Vicia covers 22 species (V. noeana, V. anatolica, V. pannonica, V. hybrida, V. sericocarpa, V. narbonensis, V. galilaea, V. ervilia, V. caesarea, V. cracca, V. villosa, V. monantha, V. canescens, V. cappadocica, V. articulata, V. cassubica, V.peregrina, V. truncatula, V. grandiflora, V. lathyroides, V. cuspidata, V sativa) in this region. v Some morphological characters were used to understand whether they have a diagnostic value or not. These characters, which include habit, leaf, stem, inflorescence, calyx, corolla and style properties, were compared at infrageneric level and species level. Systematic value of pollen micromorphology, trichome micromorphology and petal epidermal micromorphology of Vicia in Central Anatolia were observed. Pollen grains equatorial view, polar view and exine ornamentations, trichome types of calyces and leaves can be useful for separating the species in sectional level. Geographical and ecological distributions maps were updated. In addition to this, the conservation status of the genus Vicia in Cental Anatolia was reassessed at regional level. The threat categories include 2 taxa DD, 1 taxon CR, 7 taxa EN, 1 taxon VU, 1 taxon NT and 14 taxa LC. The main threat categories for this genus are identified as overgrazing, constructions, land clearing and urbanizations. The infrageneric delimitations were performed by the use of multivariate analysis. Identification keys for sections and species were also given. Synonym, species updated descriptions, phenology, habitat, distribution in Central Anatolia, distribution in Turkey and general distribution, phytogeograpy, endemism, specimen citations photographs of species and distribution maps were also indicated.

Central Anatolia exhibits good examples of calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatism of similar age in a collision-related tectonic setting (continent-island arc collision). In the Central Anatolia region, post-collisional plutonic rocks (around 79.5 to 66.6 Ma) intrude Palaeozoic-Mesozoic metamorphic rocks overthrust by Upper Cretaceous ophiolitic units to make up the Central Anatolian Massif. In the Massif, three different intrusive rock types are recognised based on their geochemical characteristics: (i) calc-alkaline (Behrekdag, Cefalikdag, Celebi-BCC); (ii) transitional (Baranadag-B); and (ii) alkaline (Hamit-H). The BCC and B plutonic rocks are metaluminous, I-Type ranging from monzodiorite to granite. The H plutonic rocks are metaluminous to peralkaline, predominandy A-Type ranging from nepheline monzosyenite to quartz syenite. Two types of igneous enclave have been recognised in the BCC plutonic rocks; (i) fine-grained (Type-I); and (ii) medium-grained to porphyritic with feldspar megacrysts (Type-II). Field, petrographic and geochemical evidence suggest that the Type-I enclaves originated from injection of mafic magma into more silicic magma. Field, petrographic and mineralogical evidence together with major and trace element geochemistry suggest that the Type-II enclaves formed as cumulates of early-crystallised minerals (e.g. clinopyroxene, plagioclase, amphibole and biotite) from the granitoid magmas. All intrusive rocks show enrichment in LILE and LREE relative to HFSE and have high (^87)Sr/(^86)Sr and low (^143)Nd/(^144)Nd ratios. These characteristics indicate an enriched mantle source region(s) carrying a subduction component inherited from pre-collision subduction events. Rb, Nb, Y versus SiO(_2) diagrams and the tectonic discrimination diagram of Rb and the (Y+Nb) suggest that the BCC, B and H plutonic rocks have been affected by crustal assimilation combined with fractional crystallisation processes. Coexistence of calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatism in the Central Anatolian Massif has been attributed to mantle source heterogeneity before collision. Either thermal perturbation of the metasomatised lithosphere by delamination of the thermal boundary layer (TBL) or removal of a subducted plate (slab breakoff) are the likely mechanisms for the initiation of the post-collisional magmatism in the Massif.

A ordem Characiformes compreende cerca de 1700 espécies formalmente descritas que habitam a região Neotropical e com três famílias exclusivas da região da Etiópica subsaariana. Possui formas herbívoras, carnívoras e detritívoras, sendo uma ordem com hábitos ecológicos diversos. A classificação formal das famílias da ordem é baseada quase que estritamente em caracteres osteológicos e poucos caracteres de outras naturezas são utilizados para estabelecer hipóteses filogenéticas no grupo. Dessa maneira, o estudo do complexo morfológico encefálico preencheu essa lacuna representada pela ausência de novos caracteres de outra natureza morfológica que contribuam para o melhor entendimento das relações de parentesco entre os Characiformes. O presente estudo teve como objetivos principais a descrição e ilustração da macro morfologia encefálica de representantes das famílias de Characiformes e o levantamento de caracteres filogeneticamente informativos relacionados a esse complexo morfológico. Foram examinados 52 táxons terminais e 42 caracteres encefálicos. Adicionalmente a matriz de dados encefálicos, foram incoporados 126 caracteres osteológicos que definem os principais agrupamentos de Characiformes. O comportamento dos caracteres encefálicos foi mapeado através de uma análise de parcimônia, dessa maneira auxiliando a sustentar vários arranjos filogenéticos. Alguns arranjos filogenéticos novos foram obtidos, tais como, a relação de grupo-irmão entre Hemiodontidae + Chalceidae; Cynodontidae + Acestrorhynchidae como clado-irmão de Erythrinoidea; Gasteropelecidae + Triportheidae + Bryconidae sendo mais relacionados entre si; Crenuchidae como grupo-irmão de Characidae. Além dessas relações, corroborramos a elevação de algumas subfamílias de Characidae para o status de família, como Acestrorhynchidae, Bryconidae, Cynodontidae, Iguanodectidae e Triportheidae. A família Characidae tendo Heterocharacinae como ramo basal e sustentada principalmente por caracteres osteológicos tendo adicionalmente, um caráter exclusivo encefálico. Aphyoditeinae + Aphyocharacinae + Cheirodontinae mais relacionados e a subfamília Characinae como um grupo monofilético.
Characiformes comprises about 1.700 formally described species inhabiting the Neotropical region and three exclusives families of sub-Saharan Etiopic. The species of the order have herbivorous, carnivorous and detritivores feeding habits, being an order of several ecological habits. The formal classification of the families of the order is based almost exclusively on osteological characters and very few of characters of other types are used to establish phylogenetic hypotheses in the group. Thus, the present study of brain morphological complex aims to fill this gap represented by the absence of new morphological characters of another nature that might contribute to a better understanding of the relationships among the Characiformes. Thus, the present study had as main objectives the description and illustration of external brain morphology of representatives of all the families of Characiformes and the searching for phylogenetically informative encephalic morphological characters. For this, 52 terminal taxa and 42 brain characters were examined, in addition of brain data set, have been examined 126 osteological characters that define the main groups of Characiformes. The behavior of brain characters was mapped through a parsimony analysis, thus helping to sustain several phylogenetic arrangements of Characiformes. Some new phylogenetic arrangements were obtained, such as: the sister-group relationship between Hemiodontidae + Chalceidae; Cynodontidae + Acestrorhynchidae as clade-sisters of Erythrinoidea; Gasteropelecidae + Triportheidae + Bryconidae forming a monophyletic group; Crenuchidae as sister group of Characidae. In addition to these relationships, we corroboratethe elevation of some subfamilies of Characidae to family status, such as Acestrorhynchidae, Bryconidae, Cynodontidae, Iguanodectidae and Triportheidae. The Characidae family having Heterocharacinae as the most basal clade and sustained mainly by osteological characters, plus an exclusive character of brain nature. Aphyoditeinae + Aphyocharacinae related to Cheirodontinae and, Characinae subfamily as a monophyletic group.

Questo nuovo volume della serie «Eurasiatica. Quaderni di Studi su Balcani, Anatolia, Iran, Caucaso e Asia Centrale» delle Edizioni Ca’ Foscari di Venezia raccoglie diversi articoli dedicati all’Armenia, al Caucaso e all’Asia Centrale. Il volume rispecchia alcune delle principali linee di ricerca portate avanti in questi ultimi anni dagli studiosi italiani e internazionali. Ne fanno pertanto parte articoli di carattere filologico, storico, economico e politico che affrontano numerosi temi di rilievo per la conoscenza di queste regioni, caratterizzate tanto da una tradizione culturale di grande ricchezza quanto da una crescente rilevanza nello scenario politico contemporaneo.

Questo nuovo volume della serie Eurasiatica. Quaderni di Studi su Balcani, Anatolia, Iran, Caucaso e Asia Centrale delle Edizioni Ca’ Foscari di Venezia raccoglie diversi articoli dedicati all’Armenia, al Caucaso e all’Asia Centrale. Gli articoli del volume vanno dall’archeologia alla letteratura, dal folclore alla storia, dalla storia del cristianesimo orientale all’arte, dalla narrazione di viaggio all’urbanistica. Un’intera sezione è dedicata agli studi osseti, di grande interesse non solo nell’ambito caucasico e in quello iranistico, ma anche per quel che riguarda la storia e la cultura russe.

Questo nuovo volume della serie «Eurasiatica. Quaderni di Studi su Balcani, Anatolia, Iran, Caucaso e Asia Centrale» delle Edizioni Ca’ Foscari di Venezia raccoglie diversi articoli dedicati all’Armenia, al Caucaso e all’Asia Centrale. Il volume rispecchia alcune delle principali linee di ricerca portate avanti in questi ultimi anni dagli studiosi italiani e internazionali. Ne fanno pertanto parte articoli di carattere filologico, storico, economico e politico che affrontano numerosi temi di rilievo per la conoscenza di queste regioni, caratterizzate tanto da una tradizione culturale di grande ricchezza quanto da una crescente rilevanza nello scenario politico contemporaneo.

Il presente volume della serie «Eurasiatica. Quaderni di Studi su Balcani, Anatolia, Iran, Caucaso e Asia Centrale» è interamente dedicato all’area centro-asiatica e caspica. Scopo del volume è di catturare e restituire al lettore una parte delle rilevanti trasformazioni istituzionali, politiche ed economiche che stanno interessando l’area centro-asiatica. Lungi dal rivolgersi ai soli studiosi d’area, il volume muove dal presupposto che guardare all’Asia centrale aiuti a comprendere dinamiche che trascendono i confini della regione, a inquadrare cioè processi e tendenze che caratterizzano il sistema internazionale post-bipolare e la più ampia convivenza nello spazio eurasiatico. Intercettare e rappresentare queste dinamiche e questi temi è lo scopo del presente volume, che – sullo sfondo del crescente interesse istituzionale e imprenditoriale italiano verso l’area – mira non secondariamente a delineare gli interessi e le priorità di azione del Sistema Paese nei rapporti con gli interlocutori centro-asiatici e caspici.

This book contains studies on the symbolic significance of the landscape for the communities inhabiting the central Anatolian plateau and the Upper Euphrates and Tigris valleys in the 2nd-1st millennia BC. Some of the scholars who attended to the international conference Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians held in Florence in February 2014, present here contributions on the religious, symbolic and social landscapes of Anatolia between the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age. Archaeologists, hittitologists and historians highlight how the ancient populations perceived many elements of the environment, like mountains, rivers and rocks, but also atmospheric agents, and natural phenomena as essential part of their religious and ideological world. Analysing landscapes, architectures and topographies built by the Anatolian communities in the second and first millennia BC, the framework of a symbolic construction intended for specific actions and practices clearly emerges.

This paper aims to demonstrate that cults and cultic institutions are a crucial element for understanding the processes producing different regional outcomes after the fall of the Hittite empire. In this paper, cults are understood as normative cosmic forces defining tempo and worldview of ancient societies. Cultic institutions can be identified as physical spaces defined by purity, charged with real and symbolic value, and led by specialists whose competence is recognised by the community. Instead of being a by-product of political complexity, they are a driving force behind the power dynamics because they are perceived as such in a bottom-up perspective, but also often by main political actors in search of legitimation of their power. This paper examines the interconnections between cultic and political institutions in the territory under the Hittite empire and in the same space after the empire’s demise. We aim to distinguish between processes of resilience, reorganisation, and transformation as they occurred in particular micro-regions previously controlled by the empire, including the Upper Euphrates, South-Central Anatolia, North-Central Anatolia, Cilicia, and the Northern Levant; this will demonstrate both the importance of such a micro-regionally defined study, as well as the shared coincidence of cultic and political institutional change. It will become evident that cultic continuity coincided with the resilience of political institutions, and changes in the cultic landscape corresponded to political reorganisations or transformations in post-Hittite Anatolia and north Syria.

El hueso es un tejido conectivo duro, muy especializado que compone el esqueleto humano, aunque en el recién nacido son blandos y flexibles por su componente principal, los cartílagos. Según el tipo de tejido, se clasifican como compacto y esponjoso; y de acuerdo con su forma se denominan: largos, cortos, planos, irregulares y sesamoideos. Funcionalmente, el esqueleto se divide en axial, ubicado en la línea media del cuerpo humano y Apendicular, localizado por fuera del eje central del cuerpo. Sus funciones destacan el movimiento del cuerpo humano, protección de órganos internos, mantenimiento de la postura, almacén metabólico, sostenimiento del cuerpo humano y productor de células sanguíneas. Con esta guía se pretende que el estudiante del curso sistema músculo esquelético y tegumentario de la Facultad de Medicina identifique y realice la armazón del esqueleto en el laboratorio de morfología y refuerce el estudio anatómico del sistema óseo.

Objectives. This systematic review evaluates breast reconstruction options for women after mastectomy for breast cancer (or breast cancer prophylaxis). We addressed six Key Questions (KQs): (1) implant-based reconstruction (IBR) versus autologous reconstruction (AR), (2) timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, (3) comparisons of implant materials, (4) comparisons of anatomic planes for IBR, (5) use versus nonuse of human acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) during IBR, and (6) comparisons of AR flap types. Data sources and review methods. We searched Medline®, Embase®, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL®, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to March 23, 2021, to identify comparative and single group studies. We extracted study data into the Systematic Review Data Repository Plus (SRDR+). We assessed the risk of bias and evaluated the strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020193183). Results. We found 8 randomized controlled trials, 83 nonrandomized comparative studies, and 69 single group studies. Risk of bias was moderate to high for most studies. KQ1: Compared with IBR, AR is probably associated with clinically better patient satisfaction with breasts and sexual well-being but comparable general quality of life and psychosocial well-being (moderate SoE, all outcomes). AR probably poses a greater risk of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (moderate SoE), but IBR probably poses a greater risk of reconstructive failure in the long term (1.5 to 4 years) (moderate SoE) and may pose a greater risk of breast seroma (low SoE). KQ 2: Conducting IBR either before or after radiation therapy may result in comparable physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and patient satisfaction with breasts (all low SoE), and probably results in comparable risks of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE). We found no evidence addressing timing of IBR or AR in relation to chemotherapy or timing of AR in relation to radiation therapy. KQ 3: Silicone and saline implants may result in clinically comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence regarding double lumen implants. KQ 4: Whether the implant is placed in the prepectoral or total submuscular plane may not be associated with risk of infections that are not explicitly implant related (low SoE). There is insufficient evidence addressing the comparisons between prepectoral and partial submuscular and between partial and total submuscular planes. KQ 5: The evidence is inconsistent regarding whether human ADM use during IBR impacts physical well-being, psychosocial well-being, or satisfaction with breasts. However, ADM use probably increases the risk of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE) and may increase the risk of infections not explicitly implant related (low SoE). Whether or not ADM is used probably is associated with comparable risks of seroma and unplanned repeat surgeries for revision (moderate SoE for both), and possibly necrosis (low SoE). KQ 6: AR with either transverse rectus abdominis (TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but TRAM flaps probably increase the risk of harms to the area of flap harvest (moderate SoE). AR with either DIEP or latissimus dorsi flaps may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts (low SoE), but there is insufficient evidence regarding thromboembolic events and no evidence regarding other surgical complications. Conclusion. Evidence regarding surgical breast reconstruction options is largely insufficient or of only low or moderate SoE. New high-quality research is needed, especially for timing of IBR and AR in relation to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, for comparisons of implant materials, and for comparisons of anatomic planes of implant placement.