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Статті в журналах з теми "America coloniale"
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Donghi, Tulio Halperin, and Antonio Annino. "America Latina: Dallo stato coloniale allo stato nazione." Hispanic American Historical Review 69, no. 1 (February 1989): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2516173.
Повний текст джерела
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Donghi, Tulio Halperin. "America Latina: Dallo stato coloniale allo stato nazione." Hispanic American Historical Review 69, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-69.1.130.
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Cooley, Marianne. "Emerging Standard and Subdialectal Variation in Early American English." Diachronica 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.9.2.02coo.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARY In spite of later clearly delineated American dialects, many visitors as well as inhabitants in colonial and early federal America commented upon the uniformity of American English, although others pointed out differences. Taken together, the usual evidence sources such as orthoepistic and grammatical description, naive spellings, contemporary journalistic commentary, or literary dialect representation provide indecisive evidence. However, a principle of perceptual recognition of language variation in relation to both an external standard (British English) and a developing internal standard (American English) may account for the uniformity comments while diversity simultaneously existed. RÉSUMÉ Malgré l'existence d'un certain nombre de dialectes déjà bien délimités, de nombreux voyageurs et habitants d'Amérique coloniale remarquèrent et commentèrent sur l'uniformité de l'anglais américain, alors que d'autres relevèrent des différences significatives. En gros, les documents habituels, tels que les descriptions orthopéistes et grammaticales, les orthographes naïves, les commentaires journalistiques de l'époque et les dialectales littéraires offrent des témoignages contradictoires. Toutefois une perception de la variation linguistique par rapport à un standard externe (l'anglais britannique) et un standard interne (l'anglais américain) peut expliquer l'uniformité des commentaires en regard d'une diversité persistante. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Trotz deutlich erkennbarer amerikanischer Dialekte, sprachen viele Besu-cher sowie die Einwohner des kolonialen und frühen foderativen Amerika von der Ausgewogenheit des amerikanischen Englisch, während andere auf Unter-schiede hinwiesen. Insgesamt gesehen, bieten die ublichen Beweisquellen wie orthoepische Schriften, grammatische Abhandlungen, phonetische Schreibun-gen, zeitgenössische journalistische Kommentare und literarische Dialekte, kei-ne entsprechenden Unterlagen. Ein Prinzip etwa der 'auffassungsfähigen Er-kennung' von Sprachvariationen im Verhältnis zu einem 'externen Standard' (i.e., dem britischen Englisch) und einem sich in der Entwicklung befindenden 'internen Standard' (dem amerikanischen Englisch) dürfte jedoch die Einfor-migkeit der Kommentare und Beobachtungen erklären, trotz der dialektalen Unterschiede, die zur damaligen Zeit wohl existierten.
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Fredrick, Sharonah. "Mayan and Andean Medicine and Urban Space in the Spanish Americas." Renaissance and Reformation 44, no. 2 (October 5, 2021): 147–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v44i2.37524.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mayan and Andean medicine included empirical perspectives and botanical cures that were transmitted in the urban spaces of colonial Spanish America, spaces themselves built over former Amerindian cities. Mayan and Andean peoples, whose histories included development of both urban and rural aspects of civilization, brought their medical knowledge to the Hispanic cities of the colonial Americas. In these cities, despite the disapproval and persecution of the Inquisition, Native American medicine gradually became part of the dominant culture. As this article will demonstrate, Mayan and Andean medical knowledge was absorbed by the “new cities” that Imperial Spain constructed in the colonial Americas, church disapproval notwithstanding. Cities and urban space became prime conduits for the circulation and incorporation of Native American medical knowledge among the newer Hispanic and mestizo population in the colonial Americas.
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Fredrick, Sharonah. "Mayan and Andean Medicine and Urban Space in the Spanish Americas." Renaissance and Reformation 44, no. 2 (October 5, 2021): 147–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v44i2.37524.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mayan and Andean medicine included empirical perspectives and botanical cures that were transmitted in the urban spaces of colonial Spanish America, spaces themselves built over former Amerindian cities. Mayan and Andean peoples, whose histories included development of both urban and rural aspects of civilization, brought their medical knowledge to the Hispanic cities of the colonial Americas. In these cities, despite the disapproval and persecution of the Inquisition, Native American medicine gradually became part of the dominant culture. As this article will demonstrate, Mayan and Andean medical knowledge was absorbed by the “new cities” that Imperial Spain constructed in the colonial Americas, church disapproval notwithstanding. Cities and urban space became prime conduits for the circulation and incorporation of Native American medical knowledge among the newer Hispanic and mestizo population in the colonial Americas.
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Longmore, Paul K. "“Good English without Idiom or Tone”: The Colonial Origins of American Speech." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 37, no. 4 (April 2007): 513–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interplay between modes of speech and the demographical, geographical, social, and political history of Britain's North American colonies of settlement influenced the linguistic evolution of colonial English speech. By the early to mid-eighteenth century, regional varieties of English emerged that were not only regionally comprehensible but perceived by many observers as homogeneous in contrast to the deep dialectical differences in Britain. Many commentators also declared that Anglophone colonial speech matched metropolitan standard English. As a result, British colonials in North America possessed a national language well before they became “Americans.” This shared manner of speech inadvertently helped to prepare them for independent American nation-hood.
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Allen, Robert C., Tommy E. Murphy, and Eric B. Schneider. "The Colonial Origins of the Divergence in the Americas: A Labor Market Approach." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 863–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000629.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article introduces the Americas in the Great Divergence debate by measuring real wages in various North and South American cities between colonization and independence, and comparing them to Europe and Asia. We find that for much of the period, North America was the most prosperous region of the world, while Latin America was much poorer. We then discuss a series of hypotheses that can explain these results, including migration, the demography of the American Indian populations, and the various labor systems implemented in the continent.
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Lane, Kris. "HISPANISM AND THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA: NORTH AMERICAN TRENDS." Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha 9 (2020): 92–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2020.09.05.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
El hispanismo o la fascinación por todo lo “español” tienen una larga tradición en los Estados Unidos. El fenómeno ha tenido tanto manifestaciones populares como académicas, y por lo tanto debe tratarse de una manera amplia cuando se tiene en cuenta la historiografía de la América Latina colonial producida por académicos anglófonos, tanto dentro como fuera de los EE. UU. Los apologistas, críticos y todos los demás han tenido que lidiar con el legado hispano en las Américas, tanto en lo cultural como en lo religioso, económico, ambiental y de otro tipo. Este ensayo rastrea las principales preocupaciones o preguntas “hispanas” que generaron subcampos académicos y escuelas durante el último cuarto de siglo más o menos entre los anglófonos que investigan sobre América Latina colonial. La pregunta sigue siendo: ¿En qué medida el hispanismo o la preocupación por los múltiples legados coloniales de España han impulsado estas tendencias historiográficas? ¿Se ha desvanecido el hispanismo o simplemente ha tomado nuevas formas?
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Rebok, Sandra. "A New Approach: Alexander von Humboldt's Perception of Colonial Spanish America as Reflected in his Travel Diaries." Itinerario 31, no. 1 (March 2007): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300000073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis study presents an in-depth analysis of Alexander von Humboldt's description and criticism of the various colonial societies of Spanish America which he visited during his well-known expedition through the Americas (1799–1804). His criticism of colonialism in general, deeply rooted in his personal convictions, has already been the focal point of several scholarly studies; however, during his American expedition Humboldt offered a more differentiated assessment of specific colonial societies, namely by comparing various regional and local traditions and developments. This differentiated assessment of Spanish American colonial societies has yet to be analysed. This essay focuses on Humboldt's little known personal diaries, which offer a wealth of interesting comments on colonial societies, but which have been scarcely used in international Humboldt research, since they have not yet been translated entirely.
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Rolim, Leonardo. "Os sertões do norte da américa portugesa nos escritos dos agentes da igreja (1690 – 1780)." Temas Americanistas, no. 47 (2021): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/temas-americanistas.2021.i47.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Analisa os escritos de agentes eclesiásticos para os Sertões do Norte entre fins do século XVII e as últimas décadas do século XVIII. Entendemos que os agentes eclesiásticos contribuíram na escrita de projetos coloniais tanto quanto naturalistas e funcionários da administração colonial. Para o caso específico das duas capitanias (Ceará e Piauí), formadoras da região colonial dos Sertões do Norte, serão investigadas as percepções desses agentes da Igreja acerca das alternativas de colonizar esses sertões a partir da exploração das potencialidades do território. Analisamos a produção de relatos e memórias, que tiveram significativo aumento ao longo dos setecentos, e se caracterizaram pelo conteúdo que pautava as possibilidades de intervenção da estrutura político-administrativa na racionalização e melhor exploração dos territórios coloniais. É importante ressaltar que alguns desses escritos foram produzidos sob encomenda de superiores e/ou órgãos no reino ou por interesse no reconhecimento dos serviços prestados. Esses “papéis” são hoje encontrados na documentação avulsa depositada no Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, se caracterizando como uma correspondência formal, e em documentos depositados em acervos da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro ou no Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo.
Дисертації з теми "America coloniale"
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Lobo, Lemes Fernando. "Pouvoir politique et réseau urbain dans Amérique coloniale : mines et capitainerie du Goáis aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030111/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en lumière l'histoire coloniale de l'Empire portugais à partir de l'étude des rapports de pouvoir dans les mines et la Capitainerie du Goiás, pendant le XVIIIe et le XIXe siècle. Dans un monde basé sur l´économie d´exploitation de l´or et la traite des noirs africains, dont les diversités rendent difficiles l'imposition de l'autorité fondée dans des modèles européens, le Senado da Camara, en tant qu´extrémité tentaculaire de l´État colonial et fil conducteur du projet politique de Lisbonne, constitue le point central de notre analyse. En fonction du rôle des élites locales vis-à-vis de l´administration des structures urbaines, c´est la géographie politique de la ville qui sera mise en perspective. Dans l´espace urbain colonial, l´exemple de Goiás met en relief les liens entre le politique et la ville et dévoile la ville comme espace de prédilection du politique. Dans ce contexte, l'histoire politique devient une histoire du pouvoir. Il s´agit de savoir, au niveau de la ville coloniale, comment se constitua, se manifesta et s´exerça le pouvoir de la Couronne, mais aussi quelles sont leurs bases de légitimation. Une attention particulière sera portée à une approche dynamique des différentes temporalités perçues comme le produit des constructions sociales confortant le pouvoir des uns sur les autres, révélant ainsi les faiblesses et les antagonismes dans le champ disputé du politique. Cette étude portera donc sur la reconstitution de certains des éléments qui donnent du sens à l´expansion de l'Empire portugais et à la construction d'un réseau de pouvoir politique dans la région centrale du BrésilThe aim of this thesis is to highlight the colonial history of the Portuguese Empire by the analysis of the force´s and power´s relationships in the mines and captaincy of Goiás during the 18th and 19th centuries. In a world based on gold exploring economies and in African slave’s trades, where the diversity makes difficult to impose authority as it was in European models, the Senado da Camara, as an arm´s extremity of the colonial´s state and the guiding principal of the Lisbon´s political project, is the main point of our analysis. Based on the role of the local elites related to the administration of urban´s structures, we will put in perspective the geography politics. In the vast colonial urban space, Goiás history can explain the links between politics and the city and it can reveals the city as a major space for the politics. In this context, political history becomes a history of power. We want to know, in the level of the Colonial city, how power is constituted, manifested and how it uses the power of the Crown and also what are their bases of legitimation. We will give particular attention to a dynamic approach of different temporalities seen as a product of social constructions which provides power from ones to anothers, revealing the weaknesses and antagonisms in the disputed field of politics. This study proposes to reconstruct some elements that give sense to the expansion of the Portuguese empire and to the building of political power network in the central of Brazil
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Perrey, Laura. "L'esclavage noir dans l'Amérique espagnole coloniale des XVIe et XVIIe siècles à travers les documents juridiques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCC003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’esclavage noir en Amérique espagnole des XVIe et XVIIe siècles à travers les documents juridiques. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons traité dans un premier temps la question des différentes justifications de l’esclavage depuis l’Antiquité jusqu’à l’Époque moderne par les théories aristotéliciennes de l’esclavage par nature, les écrits bibliques ainsi que la question raciale telle qu'elle pouvait être perçue à l'époque. La condamnation officielle de l'esclavage des autochtones américains finalement prononcée par les autorités espagnoles va laisser toutes la place au trafic des esclaves d'origine africaine même si le gros des transactions sera laissé aux marchands portugais qui se lancent dans un commerce à grande échelle qui va durer plus de trois siècles. Dans ce contexte, on analyse comment l’homme noir devient « l’autre » depuis le moment de sa capture et de sa vente en Afrique puis durant sa captivité et durant la traversée avant sa revente en Amérique, comment la personnalité ainsi que le droit naturel à la liberté et se gouverner lui-même lui sont ôtées et niées. Il subit une privation générale de ses droits qu’ils soient naturels ou positifs. Par conséquent, l’esclavage commence par un processus de plusieurs phases de transitions brutales jusqu’à son arrivée en Amérique espagnole.Les traductions et transcriptions de documents authentiques et inédits glanés dans les différents dépôts d'archives nous ont permis de composer un corpus de lois de l’esclavage noir le plus exhaustif possible. Son étude approfondie nous permet de dégager des tendances et observer la complexité du monde colonial. En effet, l’Amérique espagnole des XVIe et XVIIe siècle est un monde violent où la personnalité de l’homme noir est saisie presque uniquement à travers la brutalité, notamment le port d’arme, l’ivresse, les vols, les regroupements dans la rue de jour ou de nuit et les fuites qui le mènent à créer des palenques durablement installés dans les montagnes, ce qui provoque l’inquiétude grandissante chez les Espagnols, en peine pour canaliser cette caste noir et mulâtre toujours plus nombreuse en particulier dans les pôles urbains. Ainsi, il est intéressant de montrer quelles sont les relations qu’entretiennent les différents groupes en présence. Les relations sociales en particulier entre Indiens et Noirs sont d’une dureté inattendue même si parfois des élans de solidarités contre l’ennemi commun apparaissent. Grâce au rôle d’intermédiaires entre leur maître et les Indiens, les Noirs dans un sentiment nouveau de supériorité numérique, s’assimilent aux Espagnols et commettent de nombreux abus et mauvais traitements à l’égard des natifs par mimétisme et phénomène compensatoire. Ainsi que nous proposons à travers l’étude de différents documents juridiques, on ne peut lire ce monde de manière manichéenne où la place de chacun n’est pas figée mais plutôt en perpétuel mouvement est composé d’Espagnols oisifs, de Noirs qui s’enfuient pour échapper à leur maître, d’Espagnols qui les aident en leur fournissant des denrées alimentaires pour survivre, d’autres Noirs qui essaient d’occuper des postes assez haut placés réservés aux Blancs, d’autres encore qui devenus affranchis sont faits soldats par les autorités pour assurer la protection des villes portuaires de l’empire, des relations entre Noirs et Indiens tour à tour conflictuelles et solidaires, des mulâtres de plus en plus nombreux. On notera que dans de rares cas, esclaves ou maîtres font preuve de solidarité, d’empathie et de compassion envers autruiIn this work, we first dealt with the question of the different justifications of slavery from Antiquity to the Early Modern Age through Aristotelian theories of slavery by nature, biblical writings and the racial question as it could be perceived at the time. The processes that lead to the use of Blacks as labour and leading to large-scale slave trade and the different areas of work in which they are employed have been described. In this context, we analyse how the black man becomes "the other" from the moment of his capture and sale in Africa, then during his captivity and the crossing before his resale in America, how the personality as well as the natural right to freedom and to govern himself are taken away and denied. He is subjected to a general deprivation of his rights, whether natural or positive. Therefore, slavery begins with a process of several phases of brutal transitions until it arrives in Spanish Colonial America.The translations and transcriptions of authentic and unpublished documents gleaned from the various archives have enabled us to compile a body of laws on black slavery that is as exhaustive as possible. Its in-depth study allows us to identify trends and observe the complexity of the colonial world. Indeed, Spanish America of the 16th and 17th centuries was a violent world where the personality of the black man was seized almost exclusively through brutality, including the carrying of weapons, drunkenness, robberies, street gatherings during the day or at night and the fleeing that led him to create palenques permanently installed in the mountains, which caused growing concern among the Spanish, struggling to channel this black and mulatto caste ever more numerous, especially in urban centres. Thus, it is interesting to show the relationships between the different groups involved. Social relations, particularly between Indians and Blacks, were unexpectedly harsh, even if sometimes there were surges of solidarity against the common enemy. Thanks to the role of intermediaries between their master and the Indians, Blacks, in a new sense of numerical superiority, assimilated to the Spanish and committed numerous abuses and illtreatment of the natives by mimicry and compensatory phenomena. As we propose through the study of different legal documents, we cannot read this world in a Manichean way where everyone's place is not fixed but rather in perpetual movement is composed of idle Spaniards, Blacks who flee to escape their master, Spaniards who help them by providing them with food to survive, other blacks who tried to occupy fairly high-ranking positions reserved for whites, others who became liberated were made soldiers by the authorities to ensure the protection of the empire's port cities, relations between blacks and Indians, alternating between conflict and solidarity, and an ever-increasing number of mulattoes. It should be noted that in rare cases, slaves or masters show solidarity, empathy and compassion towards others
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Coughlin, Michael G. "Colonial Catholicism in British North America: American and Canadian Catholic Identities in the Age of Revolution." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108063.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis advisor: André BrouilletteThesis advisor: Maura Jane Farrelly
The purpose of this thesis is to better understand American colonial Catholicism through a comparative study of it with Catholicism in colonial Canada, both before and after the British defeat of the French in 1759, in the period of the American Revolution. Despite a shared faith, ecclesiastical leaders in Canada were wary of the revolutionary spirit and movement in the American colonies, participated in by American Catholics, and urged loyalty to the British crown. The central question of the study is as follows: why did the two groups, American Catholics (the Maryland Tradition) and Canadian Catholics (the Quebec Tradition), react so differently to British colonial rule in the mid eighteenth-century? Developing an understanding of the religious identities of American and Canadian Catholics and their interaction during the period will help shed light on their different approaches to political ideals of the Enlightenment and their Catholic faith
Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry
Discipline: Sacred Theology
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Berens, Loann. "Juan de Betanzos et la Suma y narración de los Incas : médiation, écriture de l’histoire et construction de la société coloniale (Pérou, XVIe siècle)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le « cas » Juan de Betanzos (1519-1576) est en apparence extrêmement simple et peut se résumer en quelques mots : en 1551, à Cuzco, un Espagnol, marié à une princesse indigène, écrit une histoire des Incas à la demande du vice-roi de l’époque, don Antonio de Mendoza. Cette simplicité explique sans doute, pourquoi ce « cas » n’a pas suscité davantage d’intérêt. Si la Suma y narración de los Incas, depuis la découverte d’une version complète en 1987, est unanimement considérée comme une source fondamentale pour la connaissance du Tahuantinsuyo et un passage obligé pour tout spécialiste du Monde andin, son contexte d’élaboration, ses sources et même son auteur n’ont reçu qu’une attention fort limitée. Ce dernier a été relégué à l’arrière-plan au sein de son propre ouvrage et cantonné à un second rôle au sein de la société de son époque. Abordé comme un « passeur culturel » et un « expert » de la langue quechua et du monde inca, Betanzos acquiert un tout autre relief : il n’apparaît plus comme un personnage secondaire, mais comme un acteur du processus de transition entre monde préhispanique et monde hispanique et de la construction de la société coloniale péruvienneThe “case” of Juan de Betanzos (1519-1576), apparently simple, can be summed up in a few words: in 1551, in Cuzco, a Spaniard, married to an indigenous princess, writes a history of the Incas, commissioned by the viceroy at the time, don Antonio de Mendoza. This simplicity undoubtedly explains why this "case" did not raise more interest. Although the Suma y narración de los Incas, since the discovery of a complete version in 1987, has been considered unanimously as a fundamental source for understanding the Tahuantinsuyo, as well as required reading for any specialist of the Andean world, the context of its production, its sources, and even its author have only received very limited attention. The author has been pushed to the background of his own work and confined to a secondary role in his own society. Approached, however, as a “passeur culturel” and an "expert" of the Quechua language and Inca world, Betanzos acquires an altogether different depth: he no longer appears as a secondary character, but as an agent in the process of transition between pre-Hispanic and Hispanic worlds and in the construction of colonial Peruvian society
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Ribas, Nicolas de. "Juan Pablo Viscardo y Guzmán (1784-1798) : esquisse d'un projet des lumières pour la libération du Pérou." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030136.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Juan Pablo Viscardo y Guzmán, précurseur idéologique des Indépendances ibéro-américaines, est une des personnalités les plus intéressantes du XVIIIème siècle. Si les écrits de cet homme prennent tour à tour une orientation politique, économique ou morale, ils présentent, tous, le même intérêt pour la libération de l’Amérique ibérique et, certes, une attention particulière pour le Pérou, terre patrie de ce personnage historique. Eduqué selon les canons rigides du collège jésuite du Cusco, le créole Viscardo est témoin des tensions permanentes entre les secteurs de pouvoir. Débarqué en Ligurie et exilé en Toscane à la suite de la suppression de la Compagnie de Jésus en 1767, le jeune jésuite, qui rejette sans conteste sa condition de vassal espagnol, passe alors l’essentiel de sa vie d’adulte à voyager en Italie et en Grande-Bretagne. Il a une curiosité qui le pousse à comprendre les autres façons de penser et à analyser les révolutions politiques qui annoncent l’arrivée du monde contemporain. Par ses réflexions et grâce à sa brillante culture, il devient un conspirateur militaire et un théoricien politique et économique. Ainsi, il est le premier à réunir fermement sa volonté d’indépendance et à tenir un discours identitaire hispano-américain, et cela, par le biais d’un projet libérateur des colonies espagnoles qui tenait compte du fait que seul l’appui de la Grande-Bretagne permettrait la réalisation des objectifs proposés. Le jésuite, marqué par cet ostracisme involontaire, se veut citoyen du Pérou et de l’Amérique hispanique dans son ensemble. Il s’agit d’une seule patrie qui doit être libérée dans sa totalité territoriale : il veut l’indépendance absolue. Grâce à lui, à l’aube des révolutions indépendantistes, l’Amérique commence à se détacher de l’Espagne et à établir les fondements de son identitéJuan Pablo Viscardo Y Guzman, a precursor of Latin American Independence ideas, was one of the most interesting personalities of the 18th century. The man’s writings may have had a military, political, economic or moral orientation but they all had the same interest in the Liberation of Latin America and particularly in Peru, Viscardo’s homeland. Educated at Cuzco Jesuitical college according to rigid canons, Creole Viscardo witnessed permanent tensions between the spheres of Power. After the Society of Jesus was expelled out of Spanish dominions in 1767, the young Jesuit landed in Tuscany and, while he strongly rejected his condition as a Spanish vassal, he spent most of his adult life travelling in Italy and Great Britain. His curiosity led him to understand different ways of thinking and analysing the political revolutions which heralded the advent of the contemporary world. His thoughts and outstanding knowledge made him a conspirator as well as a political and economic theorist. He was the first thinker to assert a strong wish for independence and a clearly Latin American identity through a liberation project for the Spanish colonies which stated that only the support of Great Britain would make the designed prospects become reality. The Jesuit, unintentionally ostracized, saw himself as a citizen of Peru and of Latin America as a whole. He considered the Hispanic provinces one fatherland which had to be liberated in its territorial completeness - he demanded absolute independence. Thanks to Viscardo, in the eve of wars of independence, Latin America started to cut itself off from Spain and build the foundation of its identity
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Thomas, David. "THE ANXIOUS ATLANTIC: WAR, MURDER, AND A “MONSTER OF A MAN” IN REVOLUTIONARY NEW ENGLAND." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/538853.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
HistoryPh.D.
On December 11, 1782 in Wethersfield, Connecticut, a fifty-two year old English immigrant named William Beadle murdered his wife and four children and took his own life. Beadle’s erstwhile friends were aghast. William was no drunk. He was not abusive, foul-tempered, or manifestly unstable. Since arriving in 1772, Beadle had been a respected merchant in Wethersfield good society. Newspapers, pamphlets, and sermons carried the story up and down the coast. Writers quoted from a packet of letters Beadle left at the scene. Those letters disclosed Beadle’s secret allegiance to deism and the fact that the War for Independence had ruined Beadle financially, in his mind because he had acted like a patriot not a profiteer. Authors were especially unnerved with Beadle’s mysterious past. In a widely published pamphlet, Stephen Mix Mitchell, Wethersfield luminary and Beadle’s one-time closest friend, sought answers in Beadle’s youth only to admit that in ten years he had learned almost nothing about the man print dubbed a “monster.” This macabre story of family murder, and the fretful writing that carried the tale up and down the coast, is the heart of my dissertation. A microhistory, the project uses the transatlantic life, death, and print “afterlife” of William Beadle to explore alienation, anonymity, and unease in Britain’s Atlantic empire. The very characteristics that made the Atlantic world a vibrant, dynamic space—migration, commercial expansion, intellectual exchange, and revolutionary politics, to name a few—also made anxiety and failure ubiquitous in that world. Atlantic historians have described a world where white migrants crisscrossed the ocean to improve their lives, merchants created new wealth that eroded the power of landed gentry, and ideas fueled Enlightenment and engendered revolutions. The Atlantic world was indeed such a place. Aside from conquest and slavery, however, Atlantic historians have tended to elide the uglier sides of that early modern Atlantic world. William Beadle crossed the ocean three times and recreated himself in Barbados and New England, but migrations also left him rootless—unknown and perhaps unknowable. Transatlantic commerce brought exotic goods to provincial Connecticut and extended promises of social climbing, but amid imperial turmoil, the same Atlantic economy rapidly left such individuals financially bereft. Innovative ideas like deism crossed oceans in the minds of migrants, but these ideas were not always welcome. Beadle joined the cause of the American Revolution, but amid civil war, it was easy to run afoul of neighboring patriots always on the lookout for Loyalists. Beadle was far from the only person to suffer these anxieties. In the aftermath of the tragedy, commentators strained to make sense of the incident and Beadle’s writings in light of similar Atlantic fears. The story resonated precisely because it raised worries that had long bubbled beneath the surface: the anonymous neighbor from afar, the economic crash out of nowhere, modern ideas that some found exhilarating but others found distressing, and violent conflict between American and English. In his print afterlife, William Beadle became a specter of the Atlantic world. As independence was won, he haunted Americans as well, as commentators worried he was a sign that the American project was doomed to fail.
Temple University--Theses
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Del, Barco Valeria. "Diálogos Transoceánicos Coloniales: Poética Criolla en Negociación." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22672.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
My dissertation focuses on the poetic production of three criollas —the offspring of Spaniards in the Americas— in dialogic relation with prominent male writers across the Atlantic. The works studied, Clarinda’s Discurso en loor de la Poesía (1608); Epístola a Belardo (1621) by Amarilis; and Sor Juana’s Primero sueño (1692) and La Respuesta (1691), span the entirety of the 17th century, in both the Viceroyalty of Perú and New Spain. Important interventions in Latin American colonial culture have noted criollos’ ambivalence towards the culture inherited from Spain as well as the need to assert their cultural agency through writing. The poets at the center of my study participate in this preoccupation with the added complication of being women, whose works are habitually read in isolation, as exceptions. My dissertation defines a feminine criolla poetics dialogically negotiated with western tradition, be it Spanish gongorismo or Italian humanism, while highlighting the tension between inserting themselves in the canon and critiquing it. In place of readings that emphasize the transfer of discourse and knowledge from the center to the periphery, from the metropole to the colonies, I demonstrate that the writings of these women challenge, or even reverse, this logic.
My study analyzes rhetorical and intertextual strategies by which criollas, twice removed from power due to their birthplace and gender, negotiated a space in the canon. My analysis reveals the acute consciousness of gender that informs each woman’s writing; however, I also participate in recent movements in criticism and theory that interrogate conventional notions of power, space and the directionality of colonial exchange. This dissertation examines the processes of cultural appropriation as it defines a feminine criolla poetics dialogically negotiated with western tradition, one that also opens up a space to critique this tradition through parody, irony and textual transformation.
This dissertation is written in Spanish.
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Schmidt, Hannah. "Surviving Plymouth: Causes of Change in Wampanoag Culture in Colonial New England." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Hannah J. Schmidt, for the Master of Arts degree in History, presented on May 23, 2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. (Do not use abbreviations.) TITLE: Surviving Plymouth: Causes of Change in Wampanoag Culture in Colonial New England MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Kay J. Carr The following research investigates the relationship between the Wampanoag tribe and English colonists of Southeastern Massachusetts throughout the seventeenth century. The Wampanoags, under the leadership of grand sachem Massasoit, were the first people to befriend members of the Plymouth Colony upon their landing in Massachusetts Bay in November 1620. The relationship that was built between the two groups was instrumental in establishing English colonial rule throughout the region that would later expand beyond Massachusetts. The dynamics of this relationship and the subsequent political, economic, and cultural dominance of the English throughout New England led to massive changes in Wampanoag culture and practices. Because of the early timing and unique closeness of their friendship, it is necessary to examine the Wampanoag tribe’s interactions with the colonists as a distinct experience that is, in many ways, specific to their tribe and cannot wholly be a depiction of larger relations between the English colonists and Native American groups of the period. The distinctive nature of the Wampanoag-English relationship is also particularly enlightening to the conflicting dynamic between native perspectives and practices and that which the English colonists brought with them and later imposed. The ideas of each group informed how they interacted with each other throughout the seventeenth century. Upon the establishment of English dominance throughout the region, the ideological frameworks within English settler-colonialism, in conjunction with environmental and other economic influences, threatened traditional Wampanoag culture and practices and led to an immense transformation in Wampanoag ways of living that was both willingly and unwillingly adopted.
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Corlett, David Michael. "Warfare in Colonial America: Prelude and Promise." W&M ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626274.
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Moreshead, Ashley Elizabeth. "The Salzburgers' "City on a Hill": The Failure of a Pietist Vision in Ebenezer, Georgia, 1734-1774." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3858.
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A group of Protestant refugees from Salzburg founded the town of Ebenezer, Georgia, in 1734. The Pietists at the Francke Foundation in Halle sent two pastors, Johann Martin Boltzius and Israel Christian Gronau, to lead the religious immigrants in their new settlement. As other historians have shown, the Halle sponsors wanted Ebenezer to fulfill their own purposes: establish social and religious autonomy under British colonial rule, reproduce the economic structure and institutions of social and religious reform of the Francke Foundation, and establish a successful Pietist ministry in North America. This study examines journals and correspondence from Ebenezer's pastors, British colonial authorities, and the German religious sponsors to reveal how different aspects of the Pietist vision were compromised until Ebenezer resembled a typical German-American settlement rather than a model Pietist community. Georgia's economic conditions, political pressures, and Ebenezer's internal demographic changes forced the pastors to sacrifice their goals for an orphanage, a free labor economy, and a closely structured community of persecuted Protestants. They ensured Ebenezer's economic success and social autonomy, but they were unable to replicate their sponsors' most distinctly Pietist economic, social and religious enterprises.M.A.
Department of History
Arts and Sciences
History
Книги з теми "America coloniale"
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1945-, Marx Murillo, ed. History of South American colonial art and architecture: Spanish South America and Brazil. Barcelona, Spain: Polígrafa, 1992.
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Moreau, Anne-Claire. Peuples, guerres et religions dans l'Amérique du Nord coloniale. Paris: Harmattan, 2014.
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Wilbur, C. Keith. Home building and woodworking in Colonial America. Old Saybrook, Conn: Globe Pequot Press, 1992.
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Wilbur, C. Keith. Home building and woodworking in colonial America. Philadelphia, Pa: Chelsea House, 1997.
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1924-, Cooke Jacob Ernest, and Klein Milton M. 1917-, eds. North America in colonial times: An encyclopedia for students. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998.
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Antonio, Annino, and Asociación de Historiadores Latinoamericanistas Europeos. Congreso, eds. America Latina--dallo stato coloniale allo stato nazione, 1750-1940 =: América Latina--del estado colonial al estado nación, 1750-1940. Milano, Italy: F. Angeli, 1987.
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La fondazione religiosa di un impero coloniale: Manuel da Nóbrega (1517-1570). Roma: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 2009.
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Architecture, men, women and money in America, 1600-1860. New York: Random House, 1985.
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Dawson, Nelson-Martin. Feu, fourrures, fléaux et foi foudroyèrent les Montagnais: Histoire et destin de ces tribus nomades d'après les archives de l'époque coloniale. Sillery, Québec: Septentrion, 2005.
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Religion in colonial America: Life in colonial Ameriica. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, 2015.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "America coloniale"
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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "Colonial America." In Handbook of Cliometrics, 1–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40458-0_60-1.
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Rury, John L. "Colonial America." In Education and Social Change, 19–48. Sixth edition. | New York: Routledge, 2020. | “First edition published by Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc 2002”— T.p. verso. | “Fifth edition published by Routledge 2015”—T.p. verso.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429281617-2.
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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "Colonial America." In Handbook of Cliometrics, 785–810. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00181-0_60.
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Archetti, Eduardo P., Paul Cammack, and Bryan Roberts. "Colonial Politics." In Latin America, 55–70. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18629-7_4.
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Warner, Michael. "What's Colonial About Colonial America?" In Possible Pasts, edited by Robert Blair St. George, 49–70. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501717864-004.
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Nesvig, Martin Austin. "Colonial Latin America." In Queer Masculinities, 1550–1800, 166–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230524156_10.
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McKinney, Scott. "Colonial Latin America." In An Introduction to Latin American Economics, 31–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76617-7_3.
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Geiter, Mary K., and W. A. Speck. "Introduction." In Colonial America, 1–6. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-1376-0_1.
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Geiter, Mary K., and W. A. Speck. "The Glorious Revolution in England and America." In Colonial America, 121–36. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-1376-0_10.
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Geiter, Mary K., and W. A. Speck. "King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War." In Colonial America, 137–45. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-1376-0_11.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "America coloniale"
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Clark, Kenneth, Elisa Del Bono, and Antonio Luna Garcia. "The Geography of Power in South America: Divergent Patterns of Domination in Spanish and Porteguese Colonies." In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.21.
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The authors of this paper explore the geography of power in South America as expressed by Spain and Portugal in their different patterns of development in colonial America. The paper outlines the political position of each country during the Age of Discovery, the political attitudes of each and the resultant urban morphologies and spatial organizations developed by each colonial power. A close examination of two South American colonial cities one Spanish, one Portuguese-reveals that the Spanish urban pattern promoted a hierarchy of interconnected cities of gridded layout, with key state and religious functions strategically located in relationship to the plaza. Portugal, in contrast, created a series of isolated commercial-military towns, of informal morphology with key state and religious functions distributed according to topography. Two case studies of Spanish and Portuguese colonial cities clearly illustrate the divergent policies and patterns of spatial control of these two important colonizing powers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
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Pérez Gallego, Francisco, and Rosa María Giusto. "La influencia de Pedro Luis Escrivá en el sistema defensivo colonial de América." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11340.
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The influence of Pedro Luis Escrivá in the American colonial defense systemThe architect and military engineer Pedro Luis Escrivá (1490 ca. - sixteenth century), at the service of Charles V of Habsburg and the Viceroyal Court of Naples, built two bastioned fortifications designed to considerably influence the subject of territorial defense structures: The quadrangular Spanish Fort of L'Aquila (1534-1567) and the reconstruction of the Sant’Elmo Castle in Naples (1537), with an elongated six-pointed stellar plan, served as a reference point for the European and American fortifications of the period. Due to its size and versatility, the model adopted in L’Aquila was widely used in the Latin American context between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. It is found in countries that were Hispanic colonies such as Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay; as well as in the Hispanic domains of the United States and in some of the dependent territories of the Portuguese crown, in Brazil. Based on a historical-architectural and contextual analysis of these structures, the effects of the “cultural transfer” between Europe and America will be investigated with respect to the model devised by Escrivá to promote its cultural valorization.
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Tapia Uriona, Roxana. "Contribuciones para la construcción de la teoría sobre la ciudad latinoamericana." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Maestría en Planeación Urbana y Regional. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6037.
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Los estudios realizados sobre la ciudad latinoamericana siempre han estado ligados a modelos teóricoconceptuales
europeos dada la herencia colonial o a patrones de influencia norteamericana principalmente,
el presente trabajo, defiende la idea de que la ciudad latinoamericana tiene códigos propios, si bien
innegablemente se desarrolló bajo el soporte físico de la ciudad colonial y en su desarrollo tuvo diversas
influencias, fue la ciudadanía quien la transformó a partir de sus usos y costumbres, de igual forma que hizo
con el arte colonial, desarrolló un “sincretismo urbano”.
Para entender las lógicas de la ciudad actual latinoamericana, debemos estudiar su código genético,
apoyándonos en la arqueología como herramienta de trabajo para extraer las señas de identidad que se
transmitieron en el tiempo desde aquellas sociedades precolombinas e ir superponiendo los diferentes
periodos históricos que transformaron morfológicamente las ciudades, extrayendo elementos singulares que
puestos en relación con los demás, crearon nuevas estructuras. Studies Latin American city have always been linked to theoretical and conceptual European models given
the colonial legacy or patterns of American influence mainly the present study supports the idea that Latin
American city has its own codes, although undeniably was developed under the physical support of the
colonial city and its development had different influences, citizenship who was transformed from their
customs, just as he did with the colonial art, he developed an "urban syncretism " .
To understand the logic of the current Latin American city, we must study its genetic code, relying on
archeology as a tool to extract the hallmarks that were transmitted in time from those pre-Columbian
societies and go superimposing different historical periods morphologically transformed cities, extracting
unique elements brought into relation with others, created new structures.
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Redmann, Christopher P. "Incorporating animation technologies into tools for colonial American education." In ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2008 educators programme. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1507713.1507735.
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Viotti, Ana. "The utopia of a healthy land: Leprosy reports in Portuguese colonial America." In The 2nd International Multidisciplinary Congress Phi 2016 – Utopia(S) – Worlds and Frontiers of the Imaginary. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315265322-55.
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Pizzi, M. "Fortification system in Valdivia, Chile: relevant Spanish colonial urban settlement expressions transferred to America." In DEFENCE HERITAGE 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/dshf140301.
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Макаров, Е. П. "PROBLEMS OF RELATIONSHIP OF LOCAL ELITES AND COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION OF VIRGINIA ON THE EVE OF THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.21.32.011.
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В работе анализируются особенности политической и экономической обстановки, сложив-шейся в Виргинии к началу 1760-х гг. Отдельного внимания заслуживает проблема формирования самосознания торгово-финансовой элиты Виргинии, заметного на фоне международных полити-ческих процессов данного периода. Обратившись к вопросу неоднородности виргинской колони-альной элиты, а также выделив участников колониального политического процесса, можно про-следить становление и эволюцию виргинской аристократии в период обострения противоречий между колониальным обществом и властью метрополии. The paper analyzes the features of the political and economic situation that had developed in Virginia by the beginning of the 1760s. Special attention should be paid to the problem of the formation of self-awareness of the commercial and financial elite of Virginia, noticeable against the background of the international political processes of this period. Turning to the issue of the heterogeneity of the Virginian colonial elite, as well as highlighting the participants in the colonial political process, one can trace the process of the formation and evolution of the Virginian aristocracy during the period of aggravation of the contradictions between colonial society and the power of the metropolis.
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Pan, Wen. "Brave Eves: an Evaluation of American Womenrs Marital Life in the Colonial Period." In 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.311.
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Nava, Fernando Pérez, Isabel Sánchez Berriel, Alejandro González González, Cecile Meier, Jesús Pérez Morera, and Carmen Rosa Hernández Alberto. "AN INTERACTIVE 3D APPLICATION OF A HOUSE FROM THE XVI CENTURY IN SAN CRISTÓBAL DE LAGUNA AS A CASE STUDY FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia: Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12061.
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At the end of the XVI century, the historic centre of San Cristóbal de La Laguna was definitively configured as we know it today, as can be seen in the first preserved map of the city, drawn in 1588 by the engineer Leonardo Torriani. It is the first non-fortified Spanish colonial city and its plan has provided a model for the colonial cities of America, making it a UNESCO World Heritage site. The dissemination of this legacy is a task of great importance. A tool of increasing importance for the dissemination and preservation of history and cultural heritage are reconstructions and virtual recreations in 3D. This paper presents a case of the use of these tools for the dissemination of the city's heritage. The 3D modelling of one of the most characteristic types of housing in San Cristóbal de La Laguna in the 16th century is carried out along with the 3D modelling of human virtual characters all based on the historical documentation of that time. With these elements a WebGL application has been implemented in which a user can visit the virtually reconstructed house and receive information on the construction systems and architecture in the city on the XVI century.
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Нестеров, Д. А. "FEATURES OF THE RAND CORPORATION'S INTERACTION WITH BRITISH COLONIAL SERVICE OFFICERS DURING THE VIETNAM WAR." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.15.92.024.
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Во время войны во Вьетнаме корпорация РЭНД стала играть существенную роль в полити-ческой экспертизе США, занимаясь разработкой стратегии действий американского правительства в данном вооруженном конфликте. При этом в рамках данного процесса «фабрика мысли» актив-но сотрудничала с британскими офицерами колониальной службы. Это было связано с тем, что Великобритания обладала знаниями и опытом антиповстанческой деятельности. Поэтому экспер-тов РЭНД интересовало, какую выгоду они могут получить из этих колониальных знаний и опыта в сценариях войны во Вьетнаме. В рамках данной статьи будут определены и проанализированы особенности данного взаимодействия. During the Vietnam War, the RAND Corporation began to play a significant role in the political expertise of the United States, developing a strategy for the actions of the American government in this armed conflict. At the same time, within the framework of this process, the “thought factory” actively cooperated with British officers of the colonial service. This was due to the fact that the UK had the knowledge and experience of counterinsurgency activities. Therefore, RAND experts were interested in how they can benefit from this colonial knowledge and experience in scenarios of the Vietnam War. Within the framework of this article, the features of this interaction will be determined and analyzed.
Звіти організацій з теми "America coloniale"
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Lindert, Peter, and Jeffrey Williamson. American Colonial Incomes, 1650-1774. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19861.
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McCallum, Bennett. Money and Prices in Colonial America: A New Test of Competing Theories. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3383.
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Grubb, Farley. Colonial American Paper Money and the Quantity Theory of Money: An Extension. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22192.
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Graubart, Karen. Imperial Conviviality: What Medieval Spanish Legal Practice Can Teach Us about Colonial Latin America. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/graubart.2018.08.
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Williamson, Jeffrey. Latin American Inequality: Colonial Origins, Commodity Booms, or a Missed 20th Century Leveling? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20915.
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Grubb, Farley. Chronic Specie Scarcity and Efficient Barter: The Problem of Maintaining an Outside Money Supply in British Colonial America. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18099.
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Chriscoe, Mackenzie, Rowan Lockwood, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colonial National Historical Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2291851.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colonial National Historical Park (COLO) in eastern Virginia was established for its historical significance, but significant paleontological resources are also found within its boundaries. The bluffs around Yorktown are composed of sedimentary rocks and deposits of the Yorktown Formation, a marine unit deposited approximately 4.9 to 2.8 million years ago. When the Yorktown Formation was being deposited, the shallow seas were populated by many species of invertebrates, vertebrates, and micro-organisms which have left body fossils and trace fossils behind. Corals, bryozoans, bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, worms, crabs, ostracodes, echinoids, sharks, bony fishes, whales, and others were abundant. People have long known about the fossils of the Yorktown area. Beginning in the British colonial era, fossiliferous deposits were used to make lime and construct roads, while more consolidated intervals furnished building stone. Large shells were used as plates and dippers. Collection of specimens for study began in the late 17th century, before they were even recognized as fossils. The oldest image of a fossil from North America is of a typical Yorktown Formation shell now known as Chesapecten jeffersonius, probably collected from the Yorktown area and very likely from within what is now COLO. Fossil shells were observed by participants of the 1781 siege of Yorktown, and the landmark known as “Cornwallis Cave” is carved into rock made of shell fragments. Scientific description of Yorktown Formation fossils began in the early 19th century. At least 25 fossil species have been named from specimens known to have been discovered within COLO boundaries, and at least another 96 have been named from specimens potentially discovered within COLO, but with insufficient locality information to be certain. At least a dozen external repositories and probably many more have fossils collected from lands now within COLO, but again limited locality information makes it difficult to be sure. This paleontological resource inventory is the first of its kind for Colonial National Historical Park (COLO). Although COLO fossils have been studied as part of the Northeast Coastal Barrier Network (NCBN; Tweet et al. 2014) and, to a lesser extent, as part of a thematic inventory of caves (Santucci et al. 2001), the park had not received a comprehensive paleontological inventory before this report. This inventory allows for a deeper understanding of the park’s paleontological resources and compiles information from historical papers as well as recently completed field work. In summer 2020, researchers went into the field and collected eight bulk samples from three different localities within COLO. These samples will be added to COLO’s museum collections, making their overall collection more robust. In the future, these samples may be used for educational purposes, both for the general public and for employees of the park.
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Gutiérrez Rodríguez, Encarnación. Entangled Migrations The Coloniality of Migration and Creolizing Conviviality. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/rodriguez.2021.35.
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This Working Paper discusses entangled migrations as territorially and temporally entangled onto-epistemological phenomena. As a theoretical-analytical framework, it addresses the material, epistemological and ethical premises of spatial-temporal entanglements and relationality in the understanding of migration as a modern colonial phenomenon. Entangled migrations acknowledges that local migratory movements mirror global migrations in complex ways, engaging with the analysis of historical connections, territorial entrenchments, cultural confluences, and overlapping antagonistic relations across nations and continents. Drawing on European immigration to the American continent and specifically to Brazil in the 19th century, this argument is tentatively developed by discussing two opposite moments of entangled migrations, the coloniality of migration and creolizing conviviality. To do this, the paper engages first with the theoretical framework of spatial-temporal entanglements. Second, it approaches the coloniality of migration. Finally, it briefly discusses creolizing conviviality.
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Rodrigues-Moura, Enrique, and Christina Märzhauser. Renegotiating the subaltern : Female voices in Peixoto’s «Obra Nova de Língua Geral de Mina» (Brazil, 1731/1741). Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-57507.
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Out of ~11.000.000 enslaved Africans disembarked in the Americas, ~ 46% were taken to Brazil, where transatlantic slave trade only ended in 1850 (official abolition of slavery in 1888). In the Brazilian inland «capitania» Minas Gerais, slave numbers exploded due to gold mining in the first half of 18th century from 30.000 to nearly 300.000 black inhabitants out of a total ~350.000 in 1786. Due to gender demographics, intimate relations between African women and European men were frequent during Antonio da Costa Peixoto’s lifetime. In 1731/1741, this country clerk in Minas Gerais’ colonial administration, originally from Northern Portugal, completed his 42-page manuscript «Obra Nova de Língua Geral de Mina» («New work on the general language of Mina») documenting a variety of Gbe (sub-group of Kwa), one of the many African languages thought to have quickly disappeared in oversea slaveholder colonies. Some of Peixoto’s dialogues show African women who – despite being black and female and therefore usually associated with double subaltern status (see Spivak 1994 «The subaltern cannot speak») – successfully renegotiate their power position in trade. Although Peixoto’s efforts to acquire, describe and promote the «Língua Geral de Mina» can be interpreted as a «white» colonist’s strategy to secure his position through successful control, his dialogues also stress the importance of winning trust and cultivating good relations with members of the local black community. Several dialogues testify a degree of agency by Africans that undermines conventional representations of colonial relations, including a woman who enforces her «no credit» policy for her services, as shown above. Historical research on African and Afro-descendant women in Minas Gerais documents that some did not only manage to free themselves from slavery but even acquired considerable wealth.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/5jchdy.
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Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.