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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Amazon River region"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 29 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Amazon River region"

Oliveira-da-Costa, Marcelo, Miriam Marmontel, Daiane S. X. da-Rosa, André Coelho, Serge Wich, Federico Mosquera-Guerra, and Fernando Trujillo. "Effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles to detect Amazon dolphins." Oryx 54, no. 5 (October 23, 2019): 696–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000279.

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AbstractQuantifying the abundance of species is essential for their management and conservation. Much effort has been invested in surveys of freshwater dolphins in the Amazon basin but river dimensions and complex logistics limit replication of such studies across the region. We evaluated the effectiveness of using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for surveying two Amazon dolphin species, the tucuxi Sotalia fluviatilis and pink river dolphin Inia geoffrensis, in tropical rivers. In 2016 we conducted drone and visual surveys over 80 km of the Juruá River in Brazil. The aerial surveys provided higher accuracy than human observers in counting individuals detected in groups. Compared to estimates derived from visual surveys, the use of UAVs could provide a more feasible, economical and accurate estimate of Amazon river dolphin populations. The method could potentially be replicated in other important areas for the conservation of these species, to generate an improved index of river dolphin populations in the Amazon.

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Rocha da Silva, Maria do Socorro, Eduardo Antonio Ríos-Villamizar, Hillândia Brandão da Cunha, Sebastião Átila Fonseca Miranda, Sávio José Filgueiras Ferreira, Sergio R. Bulcão Bringel, Núbia Abrantes Gomes, Domitila Pascoaloto, and Luana Monteiro Silva. "A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HYDROCHEMISTRY AND WATER TYPOLOGY OF THE AMAZON RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES." Caminhos de Geografia 20, no. 72 (December 23, 2019): 360–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/rcg207246295.

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The geological diversity of the Amazon Basin, as well as the pluvial regime, influences the characteristics of the waters. To know the water types of the rivers of the Amazon basin, 288 superficial water samples were collected, 94 of them along the Amazon River and 194 in their tributaries, from March 2009 to September 2012. The physical, chemical, and physicochemical properties were analyzed. Rivers with pH between 6.5 and 7.6 and electrical conductivity (40.00 - 80.00 μS cm-1) are water bodies that are influenced by the Andean region (e.g., the Amazon River and some of its right bank tributaries). On the other hand, the rivers with pH in the range of 3.5 to 5.5 and conductivity <30.00 μS cm-1, which are Amazon River’s left bank tributaries, reflect the characteristics of the Guiana Shield. The rivers with pH (6.0 to 7.0), low ionic charge, and conductivity <40.0 μS cm-1, such as the lower Amazon River’s right bank tributaries (Tapajos and Xingu) which are influenced by the Central Brazilian Shield, and also the middle/upper Amazon River’s right bank tributaries (Tefé, Coari and Jutaí).

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KANE, R. P. "Inter-annual variability of rainfalls in the Amazon basin and its vicinity." MAUSAM 58, no. 3 (November 26, 2021): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i3.1330.

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An analysis of the rainfall series (12-month running means) of the 5° × 5° gridded data in the Amazon river basin and its vicinity (15° N – 20° S, 30° - 80° W) indicated that the rainfalls were highly variable both from year to year and from region to region. Correlations with even nearby regions hardly exceeded 0.50, though correlations were better (up to 0.70) in the regions near the eastern coast of Brazil. Moderate relationship with ENSO indices was obtained for the Amazon river basin and the regions to its north, and for NE Brazil, while moderate relationship with South Atlantic SST was obtained for NE Brazil and the region immediately to its west. All other relationships (with 30 hPa wind, North Atlantic Oscillation Index, etc.) were obscure.

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Nittrouer, Charles A., David J. DeMaster, Steven A. Kuehl, Alberto G. Figueiredo, Richard W. Sternberg, L. Ercilio C. Faria, Odete M. Silveira, et al. "Amazon Sediment Transport and Accumulation Along the Continuum of Mixed Fluvial and Marine Processes." Annual Review of Marine Science 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 501–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060457.

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Sediment transfer from land to ocean begins in coastal settings and, for large rivers such as the Amazon, has dramatic impacts over thousands of kilometers covering diverse environmental conditions. In the relatively natural Amazon tidal river, combinations of fluvial and marine processes transition toward the ocean, affecting the transport and accumulation of sediment in floodplains and tributary mouths. The enormous discharge of Amazon fresh water causes estuarine processes to occur on the continental shelf, where much sediment accumulation creates a large clinoform structure and where additional sediment accumulates along its shoreward boundary in tidal flats and mangrove forests. Some remaining Amazon sediment is transported beyond the region near the river mouth, and fluvial forces on it diminish. Numerous perturbations to Amazon sediment transport and accumulation occur naturally, but human actions will likely dominate future change, and now is the time to document, understand, and mitigate their impacts.

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Cohen, Julia Clarinda Paiva, David Roy Fitzjarrald, Flávio Augusto Farias D'Oliveira, Ivan Saraiva, Illelson Rafael da Silva Barbosa, Adilson Wagner Gandu, and Paulo Afonso Kuhn. "Radar-observed spatial and temporal rainfall variability near the Tapajós-Amazon confluence." Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 29, spe (December 2014): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-778620130058.

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Standard Amazonian rainfall climatologies rely on stations preferentially located near river margins. River breeze circulations that tend to suppress afternoon rainfall near the river and enhance it inland are not typically considered when reporting results. Previous studies found surprising nocturnal rainfall maxima near the rivers in some locations. We examine spatial and temporal rainfall variability in the Santarém region of the Tapajós-Amazon confluence, seeking to describe the importance of breeze effects on afternoon precipitation and defining the areal extent of nocturnal rainfall maxima.We used three years of mean S band radar reflectivity from Santarém airport with a Z-R relationship appropriate for tropical convective conditions. These data were complemented by TRMM satellite rainfall estimates. Nocturnal rainfall was enhanced along the Amazon River, consistent with the hypothesis that these are associated with the passage of instability lines, perhaps enhanced by local channeling and by land breeze convergence. In the daytime, two rainfall bands appear in mean results, along the east bank of the Tapajós River and to the south of the Amazon River, respectively.

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Maslin, Mark A., and Stephen J. Burns. "Reconstruction of the Amazon Basin Effective Moisture Availability over the Past 14,000 Years." Science 290, no. 5500 (December 22, 2000): 2285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5500.2285.

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Quantifying the moisture history of the Amazon Basin is essential for understanding the cause of rain forest diversity and its potential as a methane source. We reconstructed the Amazon River outflow history for the past 14,000 years to provide a moisture budget for the river drainage basin. The oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera recovered from a marine sediment core in a region of Amazon River discharge shows that the Amazon Basin was extremely dry during the Younger Dryas, with the discharge reduced by at least 40% as compared with that of today. After the Younger Dryas, a meltwater-driven discharge event was followed by a steady increase in the Amazon Basin effective moisture throughout the Holocene.

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L., Maria Doris Escobar, Izeni P. Farias, Donald C. Taphorn B., Miguel Landines, and Tomas Hrbek. "Molecular diagnosis of the arowanas Osteoglossum ferreirai Kanazawa, 1966 and O. bicirrhossum (Cuvier, 1829) from the Orinoco and Amazon River basins." Neotropical Ichthyology 11, no. 2 (June 2013): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252013000200011.

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The arowanas, fishes of Gondwanan origin, are represented in South America by the genus Osteoglossum. All species were initially reported as being exclusive to the Amazon region, with O. ferreirai restricted to the Negro River basin and O. bicirrhosum to the Amazon and Essequibo Rivers basin. Starting in the mid 1970's it was reported that O. ferreirai also occurs in the Orinoco River basin. In all regions the arowanas assumed significant socio-economic importance due to their popularity in the international ornamental fish trade, leading to over-exploitation of both species in some areas. The Orinoco populations are particularly heavily exploited, and thus conservation and management measures are needed. Both depend on the clarification of taxonomic status, and phylogenetic distinctness of the Orinoco populations. With the goal of molecularly characterizing the two species of Osteoglossum, and comparing populations of Osteoglossum from the Orinoco and Amazon basins, we characterized individuals sampled from eight localities, one in the Orinoco River basin and seven in the Amazon River basin. We sampled 39 individuals, obtaining 1004 base pairs, of which 79 were synapomorphies. Genetic distance between the two species calculated using the HKY + G model of molecular evolution was 8.94%. Intraspecific distances ranged from 0.42% in O. bicirrhosum to 0.10% in O. ferreirai. The genetic characterization confirmed the taxonomic status of O. ferreirai in the Orinoco basin, and suggested that its distribution in the Orinoco basin is unlikely to be the result of vicariance or natural dispersal, but rather an anthropic introduction.

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Yu, Di, Shidong Liu, Guangxue Li, Yi Zhong, Jun Liang, Jinghao Shi, Xue Liu, and Xiangdong Wang. "The River–Sea Interaction off the Amazon Estuary." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (February 20, 2022): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14041022.

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The Amazon River has the highest discharge in the world. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of the research on the interaction between river-diluted water and the ocean. This study used the remote sensing data (2008–2017) of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Aqua satellite, and data of the currents, wind fields, sea surface temperature, and water depth. The river–sea interaction off the Amazon estuary was studied by analyzing the diffusion of river-diluted water and the distribution of surface suspended particulate matter (SPM). The results revealed that the Amazon estuary has a “filter effect,” whereby the distribution of the surface SPM exhibited significant spatial characteristics of being high in the nearshore area and low in the offshore area. Most of the SPM accumulated within the estuary in a fan shape, although some was distributed in the shallow water region of the continental shelf along the coasts on both sides of the estuary. The currents were found to limit the diffusion range of SPM. The flow direction and velocity of the North Brazil Current and the North Equatorial Countercurrent, which are largely driven by the magnitude of the trade wind stress, are the main forces controlling the long-distance diffusion of diluted water, thus forming unique river–sea interaction patterns in the Amazon estuary. This research provides a supplement and reference for the study of the diffusion process of SPM and river-diluted water, and on the estuarine river–sea interactions of other large rivers worldwide.

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Pereira, Fabiana da Silva, and Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira. "Anthropic transformation in the Gurupi river basin, eastern Amazon." Sustentabilidade em Debate 10, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 212–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.23799.

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The objective of this paper was to evaluate the degree of anthropic transformation of a river basin in the Amazon region. We used the digital data of the TerraClass Project to calculate the Anthropic Transformation Index - ATI. In order to verify spatial and temporal changes along a decade in the Gurupi river basin, we used the database of the years 2004 and 2014. The results showed an increase of anthropic changes in the basin over a decade, as a result of forest cover conversion into agricultural and pastures areas. Although the Gurupi river basin remains at a regular level of degradation after a decade, the intensification of land use and land cover change is a threat to the few rainforest remnants of the river basin, which can lead the region to the next level of degradation, if effective forest protection, conservation and restoration actions are not implemented in the region.

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de Sousa, Rodrigo Silva, Gilmar Clemente Silva, Thiago Bazzan, Fernando de la Torre, Caroline Nebo, Diógenes Henrique Siqueira-Silva, Sheila Cardoso-Silva, et al. "Connections among Land Use, Water Quality, Biodiversity of Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish Behavior in Amazon Rivers." Toxics 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040182.

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Rivers in the Amazon have among the greatest biodiversity in the world. The Xingu River, one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, has a length of 1640 km, draining 510,000 km2 in one of the most protected regions on the planet. The Middle Xingu region in Brazil has been highly impacted by mining and livestock farming, leading to habitat fragmentation due to altered water quality. Therefore, comparing two rivers (the preserved Xingu River and the impacted Fresco River) and their confluence, the aims of the present study were to (1) assess the land uses in the hydrographic basin; (2) determine the water quality by measurements of turbidity, total solids, and metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Hg); (3) compare the zooplankton biodiversity; and (4) to evaluate the avoidance behavior of fish (Astyanax bimaculatus) when exposed to waters from the Xingu and Fresco Rivers. Zooplankton were grouped and counted down to the family level. For the analysis of fish avoidance, a multi-compartment system was used. The forest class predominated at the study locations, accounting for 57.6%, 60.8%, and 63.9% of the total area at P1XR, P2FR, and P3XFR, respectively, although since 1985, at the same points, the forest had been reduced by 31.3%, 25.7%, and 27.9%. The Xingu River presented almost 300% more invertebrate families than the Fresco River, and the fish population preferred its waters (>50%). The inputs from the Fresco River impacted the water quality of the Xingu River, leading to reductions in local invertebrate biodiversity and potential habitats for fish in a typical case of habitat fragmentation due to anthropic factors.

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Дисертації з теми "Amazon River region"

Kjüllerstrüm, Mónica Isabel Bento De Braga. "Reservation income and the decision to borrow : an empirical analysis of interlinked informal credit contracts in the Peruvian Amazon." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29446.

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This thesis examines factors that determine household reliance on interlinked informal credit contracts for fish in the Peruvian Amazon, and the degree to which implicit interest rates in these contracts are explained by transaction costs, administrative costs and lender risk.
A probit model was used to determine household likelihood to borrow, using survey data collected in the region. This likelihood is found to depend on access to alternative activities to generate income, household resilience to income volatility, and demographics: age, education and mobility.
High implicit interest rates (112%) are not explained by the average costs (67%) incurred by local lenders. Market access and household demand elasticity seem to be the main factors determining the degree to which forest peasants are exploited. Local lenders are found to receive credit at rates below the cost to non-resident lenders who use the credit relationship to secure a supply of fish.

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Perrault-Archambault, Mathilde. "Who manages home garden agrobiodiversity? : patterns of species distribution, planting material flow and knowledge transmission along the Corrientes River of the Peruvian Amazon." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83198.

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Agrobiodiversity constitutes an essential resource for traditional rural populations. Home gardens are "hotspots" of agrobiodiversity and important loci of in situ conservation efforts. This study seeks to understand the factors affecting gardeners' choices and to assess the accessibility of planting material in rural communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Household surveys and garden inventories conducted in 15 villages of the Corrientes river (n = 300), and case studies in three of these villages (n = 89), allowed to describe the local and regional patterns of garden agrobiodiversity and the structure of planting material exchange networks. Analyses reveal a strong link between species diversity and both household cultural and socioeconomic characteristics, and village ethnicity and size. Planting material flows primarily through matrilineal bonds, from advice-givers to advice-seekers, from old to young and from rich to poor. Farmers with exceptional species diversity, propensity to give and/or expertise are identified and their role in the conservation of cultivated plants is assessed. Expertise is not found to be as closely related to high species diversity as expected, but knowledge and planting stock dissemination go hand-in-hand.

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Lerch, Natalie Corinna. "Home gardens, cultivated plant diversity, and exchange of planting material in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve area, northeastern Peruvian Amazon." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0019/MQ54998.pdf.

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Ioris, Edviges Marta. "A forest of disputes struggles over spaces, resources, and social identities in Amazonia /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0012680.

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Zhang, Yan. "Influence of biomass burning aerosol on land-atmosphere interactions over Amazonia." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07122005-120105/.

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Manzi, Maya. "Peasant adaptation to environmental change in the Peruvian Amazon : livelihood responses in an Amerindian and a non-Amerindian community." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83193.

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One of the primary challenges facing researchers and practitioners in their efforts to address issues of poverty and environment is the need to deepen our understanding of the logic that guides local people's decisions over resource use, particularly among the rural poor whose livelihoods depend on fragile and dynamic environments. This study seeks to identify the set of factors that influences how rainforest people respond to abrupt natural disturbances and resource scarcity through changes in livelihood and resource management practices in two rural poor communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Data were gathered through in-depth survey interviews (n=95 households) between June and December 2003 in the Amerindian community of Arica Viejo (Ucayali River) and the mestizo (ribereno) community of Roca Fuerte (Maranon River). The results reveal that socioeconomic characteristics such as forest experience and knowledge, and access to agricultural land explain striking differences among households in livelihood responses to environmental change, particularly concerning resource use behavior, resilience to disturbance, and the propensity to adopt sustainable resource management strategies.

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Cohalan, Jean-Michel. "River trading in the Peruvian Amazon : market access and rural livelihoods among rainforest peoples." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111508.

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Access to markets is increasingly regarded in development circles as a critical factor in determining livelihood choices in peasant economies. In the northeastern Peruvian Amazon, a multitude of river transporters and market intermediaries based in the central city of Iquitos provide essential services and market opportunities for remote peasant producers across the region. Using a multi-scalar, multi-method approach involving extensive fieldwork in the Peruvian Amazon, this research (re)assesses the meanings and implications of "remoteness" and "connectedness" for rural peasants. At the regional scale, I examine the functional heterogeneity of river trading networks and marketing agents. Given the high-risk/high-transaction-cost environment, river trading is found to be expensive for producers and traders alike. High costs are exacerbated by the low gross returns of rural production (mainly food and natural building materials). Thin or missing markets for credit, labour, land and insurance increase the hardships associated with limited access to product markets. Regional findings are complemented with a comparative livelihoods analysis in two remote communities of the Alto Tigre River that benefit from differential access to oil-labour. My study reveals that differential access to labour has significant impacts on the livelihood strategies of working households. However, given limited access to external markets, cash-income from oil-labour is found to offer limited opportunities for growth. In sum, the research proposes insights for advancing the debate on livelihoods and poverty in the Peruvian Amazon.

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Araujo, Lima Carlos A. R. M. "Larval development and reproductive strategies of Central Amazon fishes." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22855.

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Larval development and reproduction of 19 species of Central Amazonian fish (five cichlids, two siluriforms, one osteoglossiform and 11 characiforms) were studied over two years. Most species spawn during the flooding season. The cichlids, the siluriforms and two species of characiform are nest spawners, reproducing in the littoral areas of the floodplain. The osteoglossiform is a mouth-brooder. The remaining characiforms spawn in the river channels and show no parental care. Two main strategies explain 90% of the variability of reproductive traits found among the 19 species. The first strategy is used by riverine spawners (characiforms). They have high fecundity , high to very high reproductive expenditure (calories per spawn per wet weight of female) and spawn once a year during a short season. Their eggs vary in size from 0.06 to 0.3 mg and have intermediate to high calorific value. The second strategy is used by the cichlids and two species of characiforms. They have low fecundity, low reproductive expenditure, long spawning season, multiple spawnings per season and some of them show parental care. Their eggs vary in size from 0.4 to 1.2 mg and have an intermediate calorific content. The other three species show distinct combinations of reproductive traits, but have as common feature a high reproductive expenditure, a short annual spawning season and parental care. Patterns of larval development are correlated with egg size and adult spawning sites. Egg size explained most of variability of larval body size at hatching, pectoral fin bud, eye pigmentation, jaw formation, swim bladder inflation, onset of swimming, first feeding and maximum size attained with exclusively endogenous feeding. The pattern of blood circulation of the larvae was correlated with the spawning sites. Larvae of riverine spawners are small, utilize yolk efficiently and are relatively resistant to starvation. Newly hatched larvae of riverine spawners seem to be very sensitive to physico-chemical conditions of the floodplain lakes, but by the first feeding stage they develop some resistance to the low availability of oxygen. Larvae of littoral spawners are large, utilize yolk less efficiently, and seem to be resistant to low concentrations of oxygen. The resistance of larvae to oxygen deficiency is correlated with the development of the larval respiratory system. It is suggested that egg size of riverine spawners was selected to optimize the distance of the dispersal of the larvae in a range of floodplain lakes. Conversely, egg size of floodplain spawners seemed to be selected to optimize larval survival in the spawning lake. The results are further discussed in relation to life history models.

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Luizao, Flavio J. "Ecological studies in contrasting forest types in central Amazonia." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2160.

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Most of the Amazonia is covered by the lowland evergreen rain forest (LERF) formation. A small proportion of the region (5-6% in total) is covered by heath forest, which is particularly common in the Rio Negro basin on Spodosols - white sand soils with a layer of mor humus. The smaller facies of heath forest (SHF) is called 'Camping' in Brazil and often lacks the mor humus; the taller facies (TBF) is called 'Campinarana'. The present study was made in central Amazonia, on a gradient from SHF through THF to well developed LERF. Soil, vegetation, and nutrient dynamics were studied in three 50 m x 50m plots in each type of forest. Litterfall was measured during one year and litter standing crop was measured three times a year. Three decomposition experiments, using bagged leaf litter, were made using leaves of two common species from the heath forests and one from the LERF. Fertiliser addition experiments in the field and in the laboratory were carried out to determine the potential nutrient limitations for plants in the three forest types. Annual litterfall was highest in the dry season and was 3.8 t ha-1 yr-1 in the SHF, 6.3 t ha-1 yr-1 in the THF and 7.8 t ha-1 yr-1 in the LERF. The rates of weight loss of the enclosed leaf litter were most rapid in the LERF and slowest in the SHF. The leaves of the LERF species Clitoria racemosa decomposed faster than those of the heath forest species. Fine roots penetrating litter-bags differed significantly among forest types and leaf species, and increased the decay rates. There were no significant differences in decomposition rates between the wet and dry season experiments. Significant differences in the release of chemical elements were observed: higher immobilization of iron and aluminium in the LERF; higher potassium and copper release in THF; and lower calcium, but higher boron release rates in SHF. Significantly higher immobilization of iron and aluminium (mainly in LERF) was found in bags penetrated by fine roots, while release of magnesium, calcium, manganese and zinc was significantly increased by fine roots, particularly in the TI-IF. Leaf mass loss and nutrient release were mostly controlled by abiotic factors in the SHF, but organisms were more active in the THF and LERF. Diplopoda were the dominant decomposers, particularly in the THF. Fertiliser addition showed an overall positive effect of liming, especially in heath forest soils. Nitrogen and phosphorus additions did not induce higher biomass production, while calcium chloride addition invariably induced a high mortality. 11÷ ion toxicity, together with a higher concentration of soil phenolics are suggested as causes of the poor growth in the heath forests, but in the SHF, where it lacks mor humus, limitation by nutrients, especially basic cations, may occur.

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Brisson, Stéphanie. "Labor access and unequal land holdings among peasant farmers in a lowland and upland community of the Peruvian Amazon." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19549.

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Researchers recognize the need to better understand the factors influencing indigenous land use in order to design sustainable tropical forest management programs. A key relationship that has been long overlooked in peasant societies is the one between communal labor access through social networks and land acquisition/accumulation. This study examines land distribution and labor patterns in traditional agriculture of a lowland and a upland community on the Maranon River near Iquitos, Peru. Data were gathered through household interviews (n=76) and field visits (n=396) between June and November 2001. Results reveal marked variations in access to land and communal labor between and within communities. Household age, initial land wealth and initial inputs of labor are crucial in explaining land and labor inequalities within villages. This research contributes to a better understanding of the factors that give rise to local heterogeneity in wealth holdings and livelihood strategies, necessary tools to promote conservation throughout the region and beyond.

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Книги з теми "Amazon River region"

Development, International Bank for Reconstruction and. Government policies and deforestation in Brazil's Amazon region. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1989.

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Alves, Amil. Espaço violento. Rio de Janeiro: Livrarias Taurus-Timbre Editores, 1991.

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Ranciaro, Maria Magela Mafra de Andrade. Andirá: Memórias do cotidiano e representações sociais. Manaus: EDUA, 2004.

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Ranciaro, Maria Magela Mafra de Andrade. Andirá: Memórias do cotidiano e representações sociais. Manaus: EDUA, 2004.

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Sharp, Anne Wallace. The Amazon. San Diego: Lucent Books, 2004.

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Don, Best. Moonlight on the Amazon: Truth-telling & laughter from a missionary life. Waltham, MA: PKI Press, 2009.

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Chapman, Simon. Explorers wanted! in the jungle. New York: Scholastic Inc., 2006.

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Alain, Landy, ed. Fables d'Amazonie. Matoury, Guyane: Ibis rouge, 2009.

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Cunha, José Carlos C. da. and Colóquio Internacional Ecologia, Desenvolvimento e Cooperação na Amazônia (1989 : Belém, Brazil), eds. Ecologia, desenvolvimento e cooperação na Amazônia. Belém, Pará, Brasil: Universidade Federal do Pará, 1992.

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Kussmaul, Wes. Own your privacy. Waltham, MA: PKI Press, 2013.

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Частини книг з теми "Amazon River region"

Jia, Shaofeng, Aifeng Lyu, Wenbin Zhu, and Boris Gojenko. "Integrated River Basin Management." In Water Resources in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin: Impact of Climate Change and Human Interventions, 283–325. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0759-1_8.

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AbstractIntegrated River Basin Management (IRBM) involves the integration of the multiple uses of water, the integration of multiple properties of water: water disaster, water resources, waterways, water environment, water ecology, water landscape and water culture, and the integration of water by space: upstream vs downstream, left bank vs right bank. The main problems of IRBM within the Lancang-Mekong River Basin includes flood disaster, navigation and its impact to basin cooperation, contradiction between development and protection, and public security in a framework of cooperation and integration. It has been a general concern for Mekong countries to manage water conservancy engineering and coordinate water supply, navigation, fishery, power generation, and water disaster management. All stakeholders put great emphasis on water conservancy engineering management in terms of basin planning, domestic and cross-border project construction, and cooperation mechanisms. In order to ensure the sustainable use of water resources, a series of continuously updated plans were proposed. Those plans set goals and provided measures for the rational and sustainable development of the resources in the basin, and meanwhile, it also put forward a mechanism to offset the adverse effects. The development of international navigation has deepened win-win cooperation, strengthened regional economic exchanges and tourism development, promoted regional prosperity among China, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand. The basin has abundant fishery resources and has the world’s third most diverse fish population, with 1,148 fish species, after the Amazon and Congo River Basins. Mekong countries have different needs for the development of fishery resources due to their different geographical locations and economic development, and thus very little cooperation in fisheries has been carried out among Mekong countries. The basin’s ecohydrological management involves environmental flow, water quality, soil erosion and sedimentation, aquatic organism and underground water protection. The current measures include enhancing monitoring, scientific assessment, rational regulation of water system, the establishment of natural reserves, and international cooperation. Climate change and construction of dams are both critical challenges faced by the basin in terms of ecohydrological management in the 21st century.

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Henderson, Andrew. "Introduction to the Amazon." In The Palms The Amazon, 3–20. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195083118.003.0001.

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Abstract There are various ways to define and delimit the Amazon in order to convey it as a natural, biogeographic region. Within Brazil it is sometimes defined as Amazonia Legal (Legal Amazon; see Mahar, 1989), but this is a political and economic entity that not only excludes the Amazon regions of adjacent countries, but also includes large areas of non-Amazon vegetation in the south. The watershed of the Amazon river and its tributaries is a better definition, but this excludes large areas of Amazon rain forest in the Guianas and Venezuela that are drained by other rivers, and again includes non-Amazon vegetation in the south. I have therefore followed the floristic criteria of Daly and Prance (1989) and defined the area, henceforth referred to as the Amazon region, as the extent of the lowland rain forest, roughly corresponding to Humboldt’s hylaea(a term that has come to mean the lowland rain forest, adapted by Humboldt from the Greek word hyle,meaning “forest”). This is a phytogeographic definition, and in the distribution maps used here the area is delimited by the dotted line. The western margin is the 500 m contour of the Andes, and the eastern margin is the Atlantic Ocean. As pointed out by Daly and Prance, however, the northern and southern limits of the lowland rain forest are difficult to define, for several reasons. All along the periphery of the region there are transitions to other vegetation types, and the boundaries between these are not always clear. In Colombia, I use the Rio Meta as northern boundary rather than the Rio Guaviare, in order to include the gallery forests of Vichada. Ducke and Black (1953) noted: “The only natural limits of Amazonia are the Atlantic and the Andes; on the north and south extremes the rain forest is gradually replaced by the flora of the neighboring countries.” The Amazon region thus includes, from the northeast, all of French Guiana, Surinam, and Guyana; southern Venezuela; southeastern Colombia; eastern Ecuador; eastern Peru; northeastern Bolivia; and all of northern Brazil (Figure 1.1). This is an enormous area of over 6.5 million km

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Marengo, Jose A., and Carlos A. Nobre. "General Characteristics and Variability of Climate in the Amazon Basin and its Links to the Global Climate System." In The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.003.0005.

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The Amazon region is of particular interest because it represents a large source of heat in the tropics and has been shown to have a significant impact on extratropical circulation, and it is Earth’s largest and most intense land-based convective center. During the Southern Hemisphere summer when convection is best developed, the Amazon basin is one of the wettest regions on Earth. Amazonia is of course not isolated from the rest of the world, and a global perspective is needed to understand the nature and causes of climatological anomalies in Amazonia and how they feed back to influence the global climate system. The Amazon River system is the single, largest source of freshwater on Earth. The flow regime of this river system is relatively unimpacted by humans (Vörösmarty et al. 1997 a, b) and is subject to interannual variability in tropical precipitation that ultimately is translated into large variations in downstream hydrographs (Marengo et al. 1998a, Vörösmarty et al. 1996, Richey et al. 1989a, b). The recycling of local evaporation and precipitation by the forest accounts for a sizable portion of the regional water budget (Nobre et al. 1991, Eltahir 1996), and as large areas of the basin are subject to active deforestation there is grave concern about how such land surface disruptions may affect the water cycle in the tropics (see reviews in Lean et al. 1996). Previous studies have emphasized either how large-scale atmospheric circulation or land surface conditions can directly control the seasonal changes in rainfall producing mechanisms. Studies invoking controls of convection and rainfall by large-scale circulation emphasize the relationship between the establishment of upper-tropospheric circulation over Bolivia and moisture transport from the Atlantic ocean for initiation of the wet season and its intensity (see reviews in Marengo et al. 1999). On the other hand, Eltahir and Pal (1996) have shown that Amazon convection is closely related to land surface humidity and temperature, while Fu et al. (1999) indicate that the wet season in the Amazon basin is controlled by both changes in land surface temperature and the sea surface temperature (SST) in the adjacent oceans, depending if the region is north-equatorial or southern Amazonia.

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Marengo, José A., Jhan-Carlo Espinoza, Rong Fu, Juan Carlos Jimenez Muñoz, Lincoln Muniz Alves, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, and Jochen Schongart. "Chapter 22: Long-term variability, extremes, and changes in temperature and hydro meteorology." In Amazon Assessment Report 2021. UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55161/zgjg8060.

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This chapter describes the observed and projected changes in temperature, river discharge, and precipitation patterns and extremes in the Amazon region, as well as their impacts and possible thresholds. The emphasis is on the effect of climactic extremes on biodiversity and ecological processes.

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Clasby, Ryan, and Jason Nesbitt. "Introduction." In The Archaeology of the Upper Amazon, 1–22. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066905.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the archaeology and history of the Upper Amazon. Although little studied in comparison to Andean archaeology in the neighbouring highlands, the Upper Amazon (a region including waterways such as the Amazon River and Marañon River) has long thought to have been an important region to the development of social complexity in western South America. Through an overview of the volume, this chapter highlights major issues and themes that have been the focus of Upper Amazonian archaeology, including exchange and trade, frontiers and borderlands, and interregional interaction. It finishes by suggesting future directions for the field.

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Seyler, Patrick T., and Gerald R. Boaventura. "Trace Elements in the Mainstem Amazon River." In The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.003.0019.

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Measurements of trace metals in rivers are of substantial interest for researchers examining basic scientific questions related to geochemical weathering and transport and to scientists involved in pollution control evaluation. Trace metals in natural waters include essential elements such as cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, molybdenum, nickel, which may also be toxic at higher concentrations, and nonessential elements, which are toxic, such as cadmium, mercury and lead. Recent findings indicate that iron and, to a lesser extent, zinc and manganese play an important role in regulating the growth and ecology of phytoplankton (Martin et al. 1991), while in contrast, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury have long been recognized as poisonous to living organisms (see Pfeiffer et al. 1993, for a description of mercury problem in the Amazon basin). The release of potentially large quantities of these toxic metals, particularly in the river systems of industrialized countries, but also in tropical rivers, is an acute problem of great environmental concern. An understanding of the weathering and transport processes controlling the fate and flux of trace metals in pristine environments is important in evaluating the capacity of receiving waters to accommodate wastes without detrimental effects. The Amazon River system, which is relatively free of industrial and agricultural interference, represents an ideal case for the investigation of the origin and transport of trace metals. This understanding may also provide a scientific basis for the anticipated development of the Amazon basin. With regard to trace metals, Amazon River is still poorly documented. Martin and Meybeck (1979) and Martin and Gordeev (1986) presented a global tabulation of trace metal concentrations in particulate matter of major rivers including the Amazon, and Palmer and Edmond (1992) measured dissolved Fe, Al, and Sr concentrations in the Amazon mainstream and a number of its tributaries. Boyle et al. (1982) and Gordeev et al. (1990) published some data on Cu, Ni, Cd, and Ag dissolved concentrations at the mouth of the Amazon River and in its oceanic plume. Konhauser et al. (1994) reported the trace and rare earth elemental composition of sediments, soils and waters, mainly in the region of Manaus.

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Accorsi, Osmar José, Carolina de Lima Accorsi Montefusco, and Wilians Montefusco da Cruz. "Comparison between granulometric analysis of the sand from the Acre river and normal sand from the Tietê river." In THE BEST ARTICLES OF THE II SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/thebestiimulti2022-001.

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The emergence of the main cities of the Amazon, including the State of Acre, occurred on the banks of rivers. In the region, the sand used in the buildings has always been, and continues to be, until today, removed directly from the river beds, from the dredging process, without any control, of both the places of withdrawal and the places of sand deposits, let alone with the quality of the sand.

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Smith, Amanda M. "Sensing Like a Shaman, Seeing Like a State: Guayana According to Rómulo Gallegos." In Mapping the Amazon, 61–100. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800348417.003.0003.

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Rómulo Gallegos’s 1935 novel, Canaima, which takes place in the region known as Guayana where the Orinoco and Amazon river basins overlap, became the name for Venezuela’s largest national park in 1962. Chapter 2 explores how Gallegos manipulated the pan-Indigenous shamanic concept of “kanaima” to construct Venezuelan Guayana as a special place capable of resisting the economic and epistemological homogenization happening nationwide. The chapter describes Canaima as a response to both Venezuela’s incipient oil economy as well as the standardization of the country’s geographic curriculum. The unexpected result of the alternative geography that Gallegos constructs has been the state’s appropriation of “Canaima” as a metonym for Venezuelan autochthony in the national park and beyond. This chapter draws connections among literary geography, cultural appropriation, and Indigenous deterritorialization.

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Nesbitt, Jason, Rachel Johnson, and Bebel Ibarra Asencios. "Connections between the Chavín Heartland and the Ceja de Selva in the Late Initial Period." In The Archaeology of the Upper Amazon, 106–28. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066905.003.0006.

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This chapter presents the results of recent archaeological research at the late Initial Period (ca. 1100–800 B.C.) site of Canchas Uckro. Located along the Puccha Valley, Canchas Uckro is positioned in a strategic locality to access the upper Marañon River, an important route to the ceja de selva. Analysis of the pottery assemblage from Canchas Uckro suggest strong parallels with the pottery assemblages of the north-central highlands. However, a considerable proportion of the decorated pottery also exhibits formal and decorative attributes, such as zone-hatching, which are characteristic of the Waira-jirca style of the ceja de selva of the upper Huallaga River. Pottery from this region suggest that the inhabitants of Canchas Uckro were involved in a widespread interaction sphere with cultural groups in different parts of the Upper Amazon. The findings from Canchas Uckro have implications for reconsidering long-standing debates about the role of the ceja de selva during the formative stages of Chavín de Huántar and surrounding regions.

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Melack, John M., and Bruce R. Forsberg. "Biogeochemistry of Amazon Floodplain Lakes and Associated Wetlands." In The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.003.0017.

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Floodplains and associated lakes are important components of the biogeochemistry, ecology, and hydrology of the Amazon basin. Amazon floodplains contain thousands of lakes and associated wetlands linked to each other and to the many rivers of the immense basin. These floodplain lakes modify the passage of flood waves (Richey et al. 1989a), increase nutrient retention and recycling (Melack and Fisher 1990), and influence the chemistry of the rivers (Devol et al. 1995). The mosaic of flooded forests, open water, and floating macrophytes in the central Amazon floodplain makes a significant contribution of methane to the troposphere (Bartlett et al. 1988, Devol et al. 1990). The fishery potential of the large river systems is closely tied to the area of floodplain and the magnitude and duration of inundation (Welcomme 1979, Bayley and Petrere 1989). The majority of fishes harvested in the Amazon basin obtain nutrition in flooded forests (Goulding 1980) or from organic matter derived from floodplain algae (Araujo-Lima et al. 1986, Forsberg et al. 1993). Much progress has been made during the last fifty years toward understanding the lakes of the Amazon floodplain. Still, the vast size of the Amazon basin poses challenges to limnologists working in the region. Recent research has been enhanced by the maintenance of functional floating laboratories in several areas, use of modern ships capable of regional surveys and equipped for hydrographic studies, and applications of remote sensing. Our objective in this chapter is to examine the role of lakes in the hydrology of the floodplain and in the biogeochemistry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous within the central Amazon basin. Particular emphasis is placed on how inundation patterns interplay with carbon balance and nutrient limitation. By combining numerous measurements of primary productivity with recent results from studies using isotopes of carbon, we will examine the contribution of the major plant groups to aquatic foodwebs, and offer a new paradigm for the processing of organic carbon on the Amazon floodplain. The interplay between the Amazon River and local catchments as sources of nutrients to the floodplain indicates the potential sensitivity of the lakes to basin-wide and local disturbances.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Amazon River region"

da Silva, Thiago, Alaim Costa, Diego da Silva, Leslye Castro, Jasmine Araujo, and Gervasio Cavalcante. "Radio propagation for the Amazon Region considering the river level." In 2019 Workshop on Communication Networks and Power Systems (WCNPS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcnps.2019.8896281.

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Accorsi, Osmar José, Carolina de Lima Accorsi Montefusco, and Wilians Montefusco da Cruz. "Comparison between granulometric analysis of the sand from the acre river and normal sand from the Tietê river." In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-006.

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Abstract The emergence of the main cities of the Amazon, including the State of Acre, occurred on the banks of rivers. In the region, the sand used in the buildings has always been, and continues to be, until today, removed directly from the river beds, from the dredging process, without any control, of both the places of withdrawal and the places of sand deposits, let alone with the quality of the sand.

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Maciel Júnior, Robson de Souza, Mateus Ferreira de Oliveira, and Joecila Santos da Silva. "Characterization of the hydrological regime of the Rio Negro with altimetry data provided by the Sentinel-3A satellite." In V Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvmulti2024-162.

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The Amazon Basin, the largest in the world, covers an extensive area of around six million km² and extends across seven countries. The Amazon Hydrographic Region, within Brazilian territory, covers around 45% of the country and includes seven states. One of the main rivers is the Rio Negro, the second largest tributary of the Amazon River, with black water characteristics and an extensive drainage area. The climate in the region is humid tropical, with average precipitation of 2500 mm/year and average temperatures ranging from 26°C to 33°C. The El Niño and La Niña phenomena affect the global climate and cause extreme events in the Amazon basin, such as droughts and floods. El Niño causes droughts and forest fires, while La Niña increases rainfall, resulting in major floods. Droughts and floods are critical phenomena that cause hydrological imbalances and impact inhabited areas and ecosystems.

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Coelho, Clívia Dias, Demetrius David da Silva, Naziano Pantoja Filizola, Silvio Bueno Pereira, and Michel Castro Moreira. "<i>Identification of hydrologically homogeneous regions in the Solimões river basin in the Amazon region</i>." In 2018 Detroit, Michigan July 29 - August 1, 2018. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201800257.

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T. Pimentel, Elizabeth, and Valiya M. Hamza. "Subsurface Ramifications of the Paraiba River System - Similarities with the Deep Groundwater Flow Systems of the Amazon Region." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Geofísica. Sociedade Brasileira de Geofísica, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/5simbgf2012.112.

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de Castro, Felipe Santos, Eduardo Tadashi Katsuno, Gustavo Roque da Silva Assi, and Joao Lucas Dozzi Dantas. "Structural Investigation of the Log Accumulation Effect in a Debris Containment Grid Through Towing Tank Experiments." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78097.

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The large-scale presence of debris is a recurrent issue in the Madeira River, located on Amazon rainforest, North of Brazil, and it is a major concern for the Santo Antonio hydropower plant, located at this region. In order to avoid the abundant amount of debris, floating structures called log booms are installed across the river to retain and deflect them. This paper aims to present the methods used to investigate the structural characteristics of a truncated scale model of a log boom line, through water proof strain-gauges and load cells in hydrodynamic experiments. For that, the model was towed along the model basin of the Institute for Technological Research and wooden scale logs were included to simulate the log jam phenomenon. The paper covers experiment methods, from model design to setting of data acquisition devices and system, characteristics of the experimental runs, and further data analysis. The influence of the scale debris on the structural elements are presented, which can leads to develop a correlation model to scale the fluid-structure interactions in the real prototype.

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Bittencourt Machado, Christiano. "Flight Simulation In Geography Teaching: Experience Reports In Two Scenarios." In Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET-AI 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004561.

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There is an increasingly innovative range of resources in education, seeking to create a motivating environment for learning. The aim of this work was to present experience reports on the use of a flight simulator in Brazilian and biblical geography classes in an elementary school and a reformed Christian theology church, respectively. Microsoft® Flight Simulator was used for this purpose. Two educational scenarios are presented here: (1) teaching of geographical aspects of Brazil for 10-years old students; and (2) teaching of biblical aspects for 8 to 10-years old children from a reformed Christian theology church. The classroom was prepared to simulate an internal airplane environment. First, in the elementary school scenario, students could learn about Rio de Janeiro, Niterói (school city), the Amazon rainforest, Brasília (Brazilian capital), Pantanal and the southern region of the country. On the other hand, in the church scenario, children were able to have a bigger picture about Egypt, Sinai desert, Dead Sea, Jordan river, the Sea of Galilee, and other important biblical sites in Palestine, providing a rich opportunity to learn the main stories of the Old and New Testaments. Children approved the use of technology to assimilate the content, and further projects are intended to present this application for adults.

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Lins de Carvalho, Márcio. "Lines that draw ideas." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.103.

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The essay in question brings images that were created during the development process of this author's thesis, made to compose the electronic game from the doctoral/PhD research in Arts. It is the result of readings and exercises on Aby Warburg's reflections on the survival of images through their anachrony and their intuitive interrelationships (pathosformeln), strongly influenced by his Atlas Mnemosine project, where he collects several and different images of various eras and organizes them on Boards, in them Warburg assumes them as elements that talk about some themes (in this case, his Boards spoke of the Renaissance, a constant theme in his research), this "talking about" capability is considered by the historian/theorist similar to a text, rather than words, images, Instead of grammar, aesthetics, the requirements for interpreting the Boards should be another, deeper, it demands more boldness and context. So, understanding Warburg's reflections as a method of reading and interpreting images in their contexts, I started to organize images that I photograph from my daily life, or that I encounter with different media, and which, intuitively, I realized have a common essence: my (Amazonian) region, I started to redraw them using an hatch technique, sometimes putting them on maps or reinforcing some feature that could refer to old cartographic drawings with the intention of, as a kind of cartographer of a contemporary Amazon, reframing stereotypes, paying attention to the local-global relations to which the region ends up being subjected by its inhabitants and other individuals around the world. Those drawings are build in a aesthetic-intuitive interrelationship with each other, based on the Amazon region in a collection of improbable images in the face of the forest-and-river stereotype, without ignoring such, being just a starting point for reflection on a proposed conversation by the images. Can an urban image be related to the Forest? Was it a good or bad relationship? Whatever is the relationship, would it be good or bad for whom? What do we have from the forest in the urban and vice versa? Where is the conflict and where is the symbiosis? Images, unlike texts, are better at instigating questions; where some may see confusion before the "freedom of interpretation" which the images propose to us, others, better equipped (or simply audacious), see in this freedom the opportunity for construction of deep knowledge, more linked to feeling (pathos) it’s not just “read” something from the image, but “feel it” instead. The process of capturing, curating, drawing and presenting the images carries a large number of reflections for the author of this work and hopes that other reflections may emerge from those who face such images, allowing not only the free interpretation of the individual works, but also the order in which they present themselves, thus exploring a greater potential of questions, feelings and interpretations. Thus, the author hopes that this experiment will be an exercise in interpretation similar to what he expects to see in the game he develops in his research.

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Faertes, Denise, and Joaquim Domingues. "Petrobras Amazonia Gas Pipeline: Repair Logistics Evaluation Study." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31308.

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The purpose of this paper is to present the study concerning the evaluation of the repair logistics of gas pipeline Urucu-Coari-Manaus (extension of 600 km), that was constructed to operate in the Amazon Brazilian region. Repair logistics is a challenge, regarding specific operation conditions in the jungle, environment and flood variations, difficulty on accessing pipeline right-of-way, difficulty on transportation, etc. Workshops were held, gathering most experienced company personnel from different PETROBRAS sectors (engineering, operation, repair centre, integrity area, Brazilian Army, offshore sector, etc.), in order to evaluate and establish strategies for each identified failure scenario, considering type of repair, logistics, resources and costs. The first step of the study was to incorporate the experience obtained from the engineering team, responsible for the construction of Urucu-Coari-Manaus gas pipeline as they had to face unexpected and adverse conditions. Based on their experience, different pipeline sections were defined, considering specific features, like isolation, flooded areas, river crossings, access limitations, etc. The second step was brain-storming workshops with the purpose of providing the best PETROBRAS evaluation of pipeline sections repair strategies, logistics and resources. Failure frequencies were raised and addressed, as well as variables like: - time for failure detection, for digging, for repair, for resources arrival, considering different logistics and transportation modes (using specific boats, helicopters with special characteristics, such as suitable for long line operations (load line greater than one rotor diameter in length), capable of transporting heavy equipment, etc.). Innovative ways of repair were conceived and proposed to be used. Supply contract conditions for thermo plants, industrial and residential consumers were considered. Finally, a cost/benefit analysis was performed, considering expenses on logistics and resources and benefits associated with avoided losses for each specific failure scenario, in order to provide support for decision making process.

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Renno´ Gomes, Marcelo Rosa, Elinaldo de Albuquerque Vasconcelos, and Luiz de Carvalho Dias Correia. "Pipeline Construction in Extremely Sensitive Environmental Areas." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27217.

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As a result of increased energy demand in recent years, PETROBRAS has experienced a continuous growth in the number of pipeline construction projects. To rise to this challenge, it was necessary to construct pipelines in extremely sensitive environmental areas, as well as areas with severe constraints for construction. As a result, alternative construction methods had to be evaluated and implemented. The purpose of this paper is to present PETROBRAS’ design and construction methods in three different regions of Brazil: Pantanal, the Amazon rain forest, and the Aparados mountains. Construction practices are described along with the environmental and engineering criteria that were considered. Each of the three regions have special characteristics that required different construction methods: Pantanal — Located in the western part of Brazil, this region of 140,000 km2 is primarily swampland. The Brazil-Bolivia Gas Pipeline crossed nearly 70 km of this region using the push method. Amazon Rain Forest — This region covers an area of approximately 3.3 million km2 and has unique environmental importance to the world. PETROBRAS owns the Urucu Oil and Gas Field in this region. Over the past years almost 600 km of pipelines have been built in this area. Construction logistics, which had to take into account the hydrologic phases of rivers, was the key to successful projects. Aparados Mountains — Located in the south part of Brazil, this region is characterized by the presence of canyons. Horizontal and vertical tunneling were used to cross an escarpment while avoiding disturbance to unstable slopes. Special methods were implemented in these regions to allow successful installation of the pipeline while maintaining the highest possible level of environmental protection.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Amazon River region"

Martin, Torge. Runoff remapping for ocean model forcing. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/sw_2_2021.

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A Pyhton-based toolbox to remap daily runoff fields of the JRA55-do reanalysis (Tsujino et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.07.002) onto any ocean model grid. Runoff from the original global JRA grid is collected and redistributed to a given model coastline. A particular feature is the optional treatment of river mouths: runoff from grid nodes, which is of exceptionally large magnitude after the basic remapping, can be radially spread to ocean nodes farther offshore. The scripts were tested successfully for NEMO ocean model configurations of various resolution (global grids ORCA025 and ORC05 as well as regional nests VIKING10, ORION10, VIKING20X and INALT20X) at GEOMAR, Kiel (see Biastoch et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2021-37 for an application). General instructions are provided for how to process the original JRA runoff files and also for the optional river mouth treatment. The technique is illustrated by examples of the fragmented coast of Greenland and the Amazon river mouth. While the code is versatile, examples are given for an application with the NEMO ocean model.

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Fact sheet of the international experiences on the formulation and implementation of transboundary climate change adaptation strategies. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Mekong River Commission Secretariat, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.52107/mrc.ajg7v3.

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The fact sheet provides an overview of international experiences on the formulation and implementation of transboundary climate change adaptation strategies, including for the Amazon region, ASEAN, Danube River Basin, Neman River Basin, Nile Basin Initiative, and Rhine River Basin.

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