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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Alternating Device"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 листопада 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Alternating Device"

Inganäs, Olle, Fengling Zhang, and Mats R. Andersson. "Alternating Copolymers and Alternative Device Geometries for Organic Photovoltaics." AMBIO 41, S2 (March 2012): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0276-3.

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Yen, Hsi-Hsuan, Wen-Yung Yeh, and Hao-Chung Kuo. "GaN alternating current light-emitting device." physica status solidi (a) 204, no. 6 (June 2007): 2077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200674766.

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Loginov, N. "MANIFUNCTIONAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC DEVICE." PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. SERIES: NUCLEAR AND REACTOR CONSTANTS 2021, no. 2 (June 26, 2021): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55176/2414-1038-2021-2-116-126.

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Three types of magnetohydrodynamic devices using in liquid metal circulating loops are known. These are electromagnetic pumps, flow meters, and throttles. Electromagnetic pumps and throttles are induction type, as a rule, using alternating current and alternating magnetic field. Electromagnetic flowmeters for liquid metals, as a rule, are conduction type using direct current and permanent magnetic field. Every of each device serves one function only. Operating principle and some designs of universal conduction magnetohydrodynamic devices, which are possible provide simultaneously two of three functions, (pump and flow meter, or throttle and flow meter) are described at the paper. They are called pump-flow meter and throttle-flow meter. These devices are proposed for small experimental facilities with flow rate of liquid metal 1-500 l/h and for auxiliary circulating loops of big facilities. Theoretical basis of fulfilment of two function simultaneously and needed mathematical formulas presented at the paper. Three variants of pump-flow meters tested and corresponding results are described.

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Clarke, K. L., D. M. Sainato, and M. E. Ward. "Travel Performance of Preschoolers: The Effects of Mobility Training with a Long Cane versus a Precane." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 88, no. 1 (January 1994): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x9408800105.

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Using a single-subject alternating treatments design, this study compared the effectiveness of a long cane and a precane device as an initial protective device for preschool children. The authors found that the precane device was the easier of the two devices for the young children to use appropriately, and it protected the children from body contact with travel obstacles to a greater extent than did the long cane.

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Mary Shamala L., Zayaraz G., Vivekanandan K., and Vijayalakshmi V. "A Tweakable Key Alternating Lightweight Cipher for Internet of Things." International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 14, no. 4 (October 2020): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisp.2020100107.

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Internet of things (IoT) is a global network of uniquely addressable interconnected things, based on standard communication protocols. As the number of devices connected to the IoT escalates, they are becoming a likely target for hackers. Also, the limited resources of IoT devices makes the security on top of the actual functionality of the device. Therefore, the cryptographic algorithm for such devices has to be devised as small as possible. To tackle the resource constrained nature of IoT devices, this article presents a lightweight cryptography algorithm based on a single permutation and iterated Even-Mansour construction. The proposed algorithm is implemented in low cost microcontrollers, thus making it suitable for a wide range of IoT nodes.

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SHEVLYUGIN, Maksim V., and Daria V. SEMENOVA. "Improving the Efficiency of High-Speed AC Contact Suspension." Elektrichestvo 5, no. 5 (2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2021-5-39-43.

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When developing a high-speed contact suspension for railways electrified with alternating current, it is important to ensure that the electric rolling stock passes the neutral insert without turning off the current and without reducing the speed of movement. The article provides an analysis of previously developed devices in the field of power supply of electrified railways of single-phase alternating current, in which an attempt was made to pass an electric rolling stock of a neutral insert without disconnecting the load. The device of isolating coupling of a catenary and a neutral insert for high-speed railway lines electrified on alternating current is described. In this case, the passage of the neutral insert is carried out under current and braking of the electric rolling stock will not occur. Among other things, to improve the efficiency of high-speed contact suspension for railways electrified with alternating current, it is proposed to use new materials and new technologies that can be used in the device of insulating coupling of the catenary

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Danilatos, Gerasimos D. "Radiofrequency Gaseous Detection Device." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, no. 1 (January 2000): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600000027.

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A radiofrequency gaseous detection device is proposed for use with instruments employing charged particle beams, such as electron microscopes and ion beam technologies, as well as for detection of ionizing radiations as in proportional counters. An alternating (oscillating) electromagnetic field in the radiofrequency range is applied in a gaseous environment of the instrument. Both the frequency and amplitude of oscillation are adjustable. The electron or ion beam interacts with a specimen and releases free electrons in the gas. Similarly, an ionizing radiation source releases free electrons in the gas. The free electrons are acted upon by the alternating electromagnetic field and undergo an oscillatory motion resulting in multiple collisions with the gas molecules, or atoms. At sufficiently low pressures, the oscillating electrons also collide with surrounding walls. These processes result in an amplified electron signal and an amplified photon signal in a controlled discharge. The amplified signals, which are proportional to the initial number of free electrons, are collected by suitable means for further processing and analysis.

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Kozak, Yulia A. "The way of air environment decontamination in departments for poultry meat ready-to-cook products production." Poultry and Chicken Products 26, no. 2 (2024): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30975/2073-4999-2024-26-2-44-46.

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Devices for air decontamination usage in departments for poultry meat cutting up and ready-to-cook products making gives the possibility to reduce the department air environment and carcasses surfaces microbial insemination. These devices doesn’t influence on poultry meat sensory and physic-chemical properties but increases shelf-life by one day. This device works at the base of repeated exposure of constant electrical fields with alternating polarity on microorganisms. One device is counted on 60 m3 of air in the room.

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Danilatos, Gerasimos D. "Radiofrequency Gaseous Detection Device." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, no. 1 (January 2000): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100059910001.

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Abstract A radiofrequency gaseous detection device is proposed for use with instruments employing charged particle beams, such as electron microscopes and ion beam technologies, as well as for detection of ionizing radiations as in proportional counters. An alternating (oscillating) electromagnetic field in the radiofrequency range is applied in a gaseous environment of the instrument. Both the frequency and amplitude of oscillation are adjustable. The electron or ion beam interacts with a specimen and releases free electrons in the gas. Similarly, an ionizing radiation source releases free electrons in the gas. The free electrons are acted upon by the alternating electromagnetic field and undergo an oscillatory motion resulting in multiple collisions with the gas molecules, or atoms. At sufficiently low pressures, the oscillating electrons also collide with surrounding walls. These processes result in an amplified electron signal and an amplified photon signal in a controlled discharge. The amplified signals, which are proportional to the initial number of free electrons, are collected by suitable means for further processing and analysis.

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Chen, Shi-Rui, and Wing-Kit Choi. "P‐264: Fast‐Response FFS LC Device with Multi‐rubbing Angle for VR Applications." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 55, no. 1 (June 2024): 2075–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.18011.

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In this paper, we propose new fast response FFS LC devices with virtual walls by using alternating (or multi) rubbing directions, which can be generated by using photo‐alignment. These new devices can offer much‐enhanced response‐speed compared to the conventional FFS LC device. By choosing different types of “local” LC molecular arrangements or designs (easily achievable by using photo‐alignment), we may be able to alter the virtual wall pitch length, and hence also alter the response speed and transmission of these fast response LC devices. These new designs can provide a new and alternative approach to generating virtual walls by “locally” varying the rubbing angle using photo‐alignment. These devices are attractive for VR applications where high speed operation of liquid crystal devices is required.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Alternating Device"

Ahmed, Mustafa M. Abdalla. "Alternating-Current Thin-Film Electroluminescent Device Characterization." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233432.

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Jádrem této disertační práce bylo studovat optické a elektrické charakteristiky tenkovrstvých elektroluminiscenčních součástek řízených střídavým proudem (ACTFEL) a zejména vliv procesu stárnutí luminiforů na jejich optické a elektrické vlastnosti. Cílem této studie měl být příspěvek ke zvýšení celkové účinnosti luminoforů, vyjádřené pomocí jasu, účinnosti a stability. Vzhledem k tomu, že současnou dominantní technologií plochých obrazovek je LCD, musí se další alternativní technologie plošných displejů porovnávat s LCD. Výhodou ACTFEL displejů proti LCD je lepší rozlišení, větší teplotní rozsah činnosti, větší čtecí úhel, či možnost čtení při mnohem vyšší intenzitě pozadí. Na druhou stranu je jejich nevýhodou vyšší energetická náročnost, problém s odpovídající barevností tří základních barev a podstatně vyšší napětí nutné pro činnost displeje. K dosažení tohoto cíle jsme provedli optická, elektrická a optoelektrická měření ACTFEL struktur a ZnS:Mn luminoforů. Navíc jsme studovali vliv dotování vrstvy pomocí KCl na chování mikrostruktury a na elektroluminiscenční vlastnosti (zejména na jas a světelnou účinnost) ZnS:Mn luminoforů. Provedli jsme i některá, ne zcela obvyklá, měření ACTFEL součástek. Vypočítali jsme i rozptylový poměr nabitých barevných center a simulovali transportní charakteristiky v ACTFEL součástkách. Studovali jsme vliv stárnutí dvou typů ZnS:Mn luminoforů (s vrstvou napařenou či získanou pomocí epitaxe atomových vrstev) monitorováním závislostí svítivost-napětí (L-V), velikost vnitřního náboje - elektrické pole luminoforu (Q-Fp) a kapacitance-napětí (C-V) ve zvolených časových intervalech v průběhu stárnutí. Provedli jsme krátkodobá i dlouhodobá měření a pokusili jsme se i o vizualizaci struktury luminoforu se subvlnovým rozlišením pomocí optického rastrovacího mikroskopu pracujícího v blízkém poli (SNOM). Na praktickém případu zeleného Zn2GeO4:Mn (2% Mn) ACTFEL displeje, pracujícího při 50 Hz, jsme také studovali stabilitu svítivosti pomocí měření závislosti svítivosti na napětí (L-V) a světelné účinnosti na napětí (eta-V). Přitom byl zhodnocen význam těchto charakteristik. Nezanedbatelnou a neoddělitelnou součástí této práce je i její pedagogický aspekt. Předložený text by mohl být využit i jako učebnice pro studenty na mé univerzitě v Lybii.

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Lamanda, Ariana Corinne. "Alternating Current Electrokinetic Manipulation and Concentration of Free Circulating DNA from Blood Samples." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/332828.

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Molecular analysis of free circulating (fc)DNA has the potential to change the face of medicine, specifically in cancer diagnostics and in monitoring the efficacy of cancer treatments. In this study, a microfluidic device using AC electrokinetics is developed for rapid concentration and detection of fcDNA from blood. The device concentrates fcDNA using a combination of AC electrothermal flow and dielectrophoresis. The electrothermal fluid motion drives fcDNA towards the center of the electrode where dielectrophoretic trapping occurs. Once fcDNA is collected at the center, the concentration in the sample can be determined by fluorescent analysis using an intercalating dye binding to the double-stranded DNA. Effects of operating parameters are investigated to optimize the device's design. The electrokinetic device isolates high molecular weight DNA and can distinguish from low molecular weight DNA. Quantitative detection of fcDNA in physiologically relevant concentrations is demonstrated toward rapid diagnostics of cancer and monitoring of treatment efficacy.

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Ngu, Sze Song. "Design and control of a direct drive slotless permanent magnet alternating current generator for low speed Bristol cylinder wave device." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4746/.

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Global demand for renewable energy is at an all-time high. Renewable energy can be extracted from naturally available resources such solar, wind, tides, geothermal heat, sea waves and the others. The percentage of renewable energy in the energy resources is increasing at an ever increasing rate. While much renewable energy is large scale, it is also suitable for rural and remote areas. The challenges facing today’s renewable energy supply industry are many, especially in the wave energy field which is still underdeveloped. The number of commercialised wave energy devices is very limited and the concepts implemented for harnessing wave energy are very different between the different devices and often struggle to be effective or survive ocean-going conditions. Thus, major research is required to find new and effective methods for harnessing wave energy which are able to supply power to the grid with high conversion rate and good reliability. The proposed Bristol cylinder device, in theory, should be able to harness sea wave energy and to convert it into useful electricity, and this device is studied in detail here. This device is still new in terms of practical application in ocean conditions. It needs power electronics and effective controllers for high-efficiency power extraction and to be successfully integrated into the power grid. When the device was first investigated in the 1970s, power electronics and variable-speed brushless permanent-magnet machinery was simply not developed to the level it is today, hence the revisiting of this device several decades later. A successful Bristol cylinder wave device which can extract renewable energy may well impact on the renewable energy sector. The wave characteristics were studied and simulated using Airy Linear Wave Theory and Stoke’s Second Order Theory. The dynamic characteristics of the Bristol cylinder are investigated when interacting with waves, together with the control necessary to make it a functioning device. A lab scale wave tank suitable to test the Bristol cylinder is designed. A surface magnet permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) design is considered in this research project. This generator configuration shows its suitability in producing high conversion-rate power when working in a low speed environment. The sizing exercise is performed to determine the size of the lab scale PMSG. Analytical analysis and finite element analysis is performed to study the performance of the designed PMSG. A study of the effect of the armature length with the corresponding incident wave is done. Field oriented control (FOC) is applied to control the speed of the generator. FOC is shown to be suitable for stable control of the generator speed. Simulations using MATLAB are utilized and Simulink is used to construct the model and evaluate the potential performance of the control system design. In this thesis, theoretical analyses and simulations of the generator performances are carried out for several generator topologies and sizes. The grid side converter controller technique is also simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and the performance evaluated.

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Kovchar, Jean. "Design, modeling, fabrication and characterization of a micro-device for the study of alternating flow - Application to energy harvesting and conversion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCD009.

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Cette thèse porte sur l'étude d'écoulements alternés au sein de canaux de dimensions milli- et sub-millimétriques. Ces travaux visent à contribuer à l'optimisation d'une machine miniature (dimensions sub-millimétriques) de récupération et de conversion d'énergie basse température (T < 200 °C) basée sur le principe du cycle de Stirling. Ceci s'inscrit dans le contexte de valorisation de la chaleur fatale encore non exploitée dans de nombreux milieux industriels. Dans les machines de type Stirling, les écoulements du fluide de travail sont alternés. Bien que ces écoulements soient assez bien connus à l’échelle macroscopique, ils le sont très peu à échelle milli et sub-millimétrique. Or une bonne compréhension de ce type d’écoulement à ces échelles est primordiale lors des phases de dimensionnement et design des machines. Afin de contribuer à la caractérisation des écoulement alternés à ces petites échelles, des canaux dont les dimensions sont proches de celles de la machine miniature ont été réalisés par des moyens technologiques de microfabrication au sein de la centrale technologique MIMENTO de l'Institut FEMTO-ST. Les canaux réalisés ont un diamètre hydraulique variant entre 200 µm et 1 mm, un rapport d'aspect compris entre 0.1 et 1 et deux longueurs de canal différentes (25 mm et 50 mm). Des canaux avec des coudes ont également été réalisés afin d'étudier leur influence sur les caractéristiques de l'écoulement. Ces canaux ont ensuite été implémentés sur le banc expérimental. Dans un premier temps, l'étude a porté sur la caractérisation des écoulements permanents, dans la gamme de Reynolds de 15 à 510, dont les résultats, en accord avec ceux issus de la littérature, ont servi de référence pour l'étude d'écoulements alternés, menée par la suite dans une gamme de nombres de Womersley allant de 0.02 à 0.67.La caractérisation des écoulements alternés a permis de déterminer que le rapport d'aspect et le diamètre hydraulique des canaux affectent significativement l'écoulement. En revanche, les travaux issus de cette thèse ont montré que l'influence de la longueur du canal ainsi que la présence de singularités (coudes) sur les caractéristiques de l'écoulement ne semblent pas être aussi déterminantes qu'attendu.Parmi les paramètres testés au cours de cette thèse, il a été montré que le rapport d'aspect et le diamètre hydraulique des canaux sont des paramètres importants à prendre en compte dans le design de micro machines de Stirling, notamment afin de ne pas impacter considérablement son efficacité
This thesis focuses on the study of alternating flows within milli- and sub-millimeter-sized channels. The aim is to contribute to the optimization of a miniature (sub-millimeter dimensions) low-temperature (T < 200 °C) energy recovery and conversion machine based on the Stirling cycle principle. This is in line with the recovery of waste heat which is still not exploited in many industrial environments. In Stirling-type engines, the working fluid flows in alternating directions. Although these flows are fairly well understood on a macroscopic scale, very little is known about them on milli and sub-millimeter scales. However, a good understanding of this type of flow at these scales is essential for engine dimensioning and design. In order to contribute to the characterization of alternating flows at these small scales, channels with dimensions close to those of the miniature machine were produced using microfabrication technology. The channels produced have a hydraulic diameter ranging from 200 µm to 1 mm, an aspect ratio between 0.1 and 1, and two different channel lengths (25 mm and 50 mm). Channels with bends were also built to study their influence on flow characteristics. These channels were then implemented on the experimental bench. Initially, the study focused on the characterization of permanent flows, in the Reynolds range from 15 to 510, whose results, in agreement with those from the literature, served as a reference for the study of alternating flows, carried out in a second step with a Womersley number ranging from 0.02 to 0.67. The characterization of alternating flows has shown that the aspect ratio and the hydraulic diameter of the channels affect the flow significantly. On the other hand, this thesis has shown that the influence of channel length and the presence of singularities (bends) on the flow characteristics do not appear to be as decisive as expected. Consequently, among the parameters tested in this thesis, the aspect ratio and hydraulic diameter of the channels are important parameters to take into account for the design of the micro Stirling machine, especially to avoid impacting considerably its efficiency

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Hrabal, Michal. "Development of Light Emitting Electroluminescent Device by Means of Material Printing." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402111.

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Cílem této práce je vývoj světelného zdroje založeného na technologii tlustostěnného elektroluminiscenčního panelu napájeného střídavým napětím (ACPEL). V současné době se jedná se o jedinou technologii založenou na metodách materiálového tisku vhodnou pro přípravu velkoplošných, flexibilních a vzorovaných zdrojů světla. Důraz je v této práci kladen na představení, prozkoumání a odstranění typických problémů, které jsou spojovány s touto technologií. Tyto problémy jsou omezený odstín barvy emitovaného světla a dlouhodobá stabilita elektroluminiscenčního prvku, který je vystaven vlivům prostředí. Rešeršní část dizertační práce je zaměřena na představení a identifikaci depozičních technik, vhodných pro reprodukovatelnou přípravu ACPEL panelů. Dalším cílem je identifikace fyzikálních parametrů, vhodných pro charakterizaci velkoplošných zdrojů světla. Praktickým cílem práce je nalezení vhodné metodologie pro popis a charakterizaci panelů, jakožto plošných světelných zdrojů. Fotometrická veličina jas L a spotřeba elektrické energie P byly vyhodnoceny jako vhodné parametry, určující aplikaci ACPEL panelů. Na modrém panelu bylo dosaženo maximální hodnoty jasu L = 133 cd•m2 při napětí Upp = 500 V a frekvenci f = 1000 Hz. Hodnoty spotřeby elektrické energie, vztažené na jednotkovou plochu panelů zkoumaných v této práci, jsou (7±3) mW. Tyto dosažené hodnoty dělají ze světelných zdrojů založených na ACPEL technologii zajímavé kandidáty pro různé aplikace. Vlivu rostoucí amplitudy a frekvence budícího napětí na dlouhodobou stabilitu panelů je důležitým cílem této práce. Pro popis stability byly zavedeny parametry L50 and L75. Bylo zjištěno, že rostoucí frekvence budícího napětí zkracuje životnost panelů. Laminovaný panel napájený napětím s přibližně trojnásobně vyšší frekvencí vykazoval přibližně třetinové hodnoty parametrů L50 a L75. Nejvyšších hodnot stabilitních parametrů dosahoval panel enkapsulován mezi skleněné pláty – přibližně sedminásobnou hodnotu oproti laminovanému panelu s trojnásobnou frekvencí. Optimální stability panelů lze dosáhnout při nastavení frekvence v rozmezí 400–800 Hz a zapouzdřením mezi sklo. Úzká paleta odstínů barev emitovaného světla je jeden z typických problémů, který dále zkoumán v dizertační práci. Tato práce zkoumá nadějnou metodu, přídavek vhodného materiálu pro konverzi barvy (CCM). Nový derivát diketopyrrolopyrrolu (DPP), absorbující v modré oblasti, byl přidán k modrému fosforu a byl pozorován sedminásobný narůst hodnot absolutního spektrálního ozáření v oblasti vlnových délek odpovídajících maximální emisi CCM materiálu. Jednoduchost přípravy vyvinutých zdrojů světla spolu s velmi nízkou spotřebou a vysokou dobou života dělají z ACPEL panelů zajímavé kandidáty pro podsvícení prvků například v automobilovém průmyslu, pro dekorativní osvětlení, pro „branding“ – zvýraznění reklamních značek.

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Denmark, Daniel Jonwal. "Photopolymerization Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticle Embedded Nanogels for Targeted Biotherapeutic Delivery." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6827.

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Conventional therapeutic techniques treat the patient by delivering a biotherapeutic to the entire body rather than the target tissue. In the case of chemotherapy, the biotherapeutic is a drug that kills healthy and diseased cells indiscriminately which can lead to undesirable side effects. With targeted delivery, biotherapeutics can be delivered directly to the diseased tissue significantly reducing exposure to otherwise healthy tissue. Typical composite delivery devices are minimally composed of a stimuli responsive polymer, such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), allowing for triggered release when heated beyond approximately 32 °C, and magnetic nanoparticles which enable targeting as well as provide a mechanism for stimulus upon alternating magnetic field heating. Although more traditional methods, such as emulsion polymerization, have been used to realize these composite devices, the synthesis is problematic. Poisonous surfactants that are necessary to prevent agglomeration must be removed from the finished polymer, increasing the time and cost of the process. This study seeks to further explore non-toxic, biocompatible, non-residual, photochemical methods of creating stimuli responsive nanogels to advance the targeted biotherapeutic delivery field. Ultraviolet photopolymerization promises to be more efficient, while ensuring safety by using only biocompatible substances. The reactants selected for nanogel fabrication were N-isopropylacrylamide as monomer, methylene bisacrylamide as cross-linker, and Irgacure 2959 as ultraviolet photo-initiator. The superparamagnetic nanoparticles for encapsulation were approximately 10 nm in diameter and composed of magnetite to enable remote delivery and enhanced triggered release properties. Early investigations into the interactions of the polymer and nanoparticles employ a pioneering experimental setup, which allows for coincident turbidimetry and alternating magnetic field heating of an aqueous solution containing both materials. Herein, a low-cost, scalable, and rapid, custom ultraviolet photo-reactor with in-situ, spectroscopic monitoring system is used to observe the synthesis as the sample undergoes photopolymerization. This method also allows in-situ encapsulation of the magnetic nanoparticles simplifying the process. Size characterization of the resulting nanogels was performed by Transmission Electron Microscopy revealing size-tunable nanogel spheres between 50 and 800 nm by varying the ratio and concentration of the reactants. Nano-Tracking Analysis indicates that the nanogels exhibit minimal agglomeration as well as provides a temperature-dependent particle size distribution. Optical characterization utilized Fourier Transform Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy to confirm successful polymerization. When samples of the nanogels encapsulating magnetic nanoparticles were subjected to an alternating magnetic field a temperature increase was observed indicating that triggered release is possible. Furthermore, a model, based on linear response theory that innovatively utilizes size distribution data, is presented to explain alternating magnetic field heating results. The results presented here will advance targeted biotherapeutic delivery and have a wide range of applications in medical sciences like oncology, gene delivery, cardiology and endocrinology.

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Jakupovic, Edin. "Alternative Information Gathering on Mobile Devices." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210712.

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Searching and gathering information about specific topics is a time wasting, but vital practise. With the continuous growth and surpassing of desktop devices, the mobile market is becoming a more important area to consider. Due to the portability of mobile devices, certain tasks are more difficult to perform, compared to on a desktop device. Searching for information online is generally slower on mobile devices than on desktop devices, even though the majority of searches are performed on mobile devices. The largest challenges with searching for information online using mobile devices, are the smaller screen sizes, and the time spent jumping between sources and search results in a browser. These challenges could be solved by using an application that focuses on the relevancy of search results, summarizes the content of them, and presents them on a single screen. The aim of this study was to find an alternative data gathering method with a faster and simpler searching experience. This data gathering method was able to quickly find and gather data requested through a search term by a user. The data was then analyzed and presented to the user in a summarized form, to eliminate the need to visit the source of the content. A survey was performed by having a smaller target group of users answer a questionnaire. The results showed that the method was quick, results were often relevant, and the summaries reduced the need to visit the source page. But while the method had potential for future development, it is hindered by ethical issues related to the use of web scrapers.
Sökning och insamling av information om specifika ämnen är en tidskrävande, men nödvändig praxis. Med den kontinuerliga tillväxten som gått förbi stationära enheters andel, blir mobilmarknaden ett viktigt område att överväga. Med tanke på rörligheten av bärbara enheter, så blir vissa uppgifter svårare att utföra, jämfört med på stationära enheter. Att söka efter information på Internet är generellt långsammare på mobila enheter än på stationära. De största utmaningarna med att söka efter information på Internet med mobila enheter, är de mindre skärmstorlekarna, och tiden spenderad på att ta sig mellan källor och sökresultat i en webbläsare. Dessa utmaningar kan lösas genom att använda en applikation som fokuserar på relevanta sökresultat och sammanfattar innehållet av dem, samt presenterar dem på en enda vy. Syftet med denna studie är att hitta en alternativ datainsamlingsmetod för attskapa en snabbare och enklare sökupplevelse. Denna datainsamlingsmetod kommer snabbt att kunna hitta och samla in data som begärts via en sökterm av en användare. Därefter analyseras och presenteras data för användaren i en sammanfattad form för att eliminera behovet av att besöka innehållets källa. En undersökning utfördes genom att en mindre målgrupp av användare svarade på ett formulär av frågor. Resultaten visade att metoden var snabb, resultaten var ofta relevanta och sammanfattningarna minskade behovet av att besöka källsidan. Men medan metoden hade potential för framtida utveckling, hindras det av de etiska problemen som associeras med användningen av web scrapers.

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Kim, Yong Hyun. "Alternative Electrodes for Organic Optoelectronic Devices." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-113279.

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This work demonstrates an approach to develop low-cost, semi-transparent, long-term stable, and efficient organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using various alternative electrodes such as conductive polymers, doped ZnO, and carbon nanotubes. Such electrodes are regarded as good candidates to replace the conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, which is expensive, brittle, and limiting the manufacturing of low-cost, flexible organic devices. First, we report long-term stable, efficient ITO-free OPV cells and transparent OLEDs based on poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes by using a solvent post-treatment or a structure optimization. In addition, a high performance internal light out-coupling system for white OLEDs based on PEDOT:PSS-coated metal oxide nanostructures is developed. Next, we demonstrate highly efficient ITO-free OPV cells and OLEDs with optimized ZnO electrodes doped with alternative non-metallic elements. The organic devices based on the optimized ZnO electrodes show significantly improved efficiencies compared to devices with standard ITO. Finally, we report semi-transparent OPV cells with free-standing carbon nanotube sheets as transparent top electrodes. The resulting OPV cells exhibit very low leakage currents with good long-term stability. In addition, the combination of various kinds of bottom and top electrodes for semi-transparent and ITO-free OPV cells is investigated. These results demonstrate that alternative electrodes-based OPV cells and OLEDs have a promising future for practical applications in efficient, low-cost, flexible and semi-transparent device manufacturing
Die vorliegende Arbeit demonstriert einen Ansatz zur Verwirklichung von kostengünstigen, semi-transparenten, langzeitstabilen und effizienten Organischen Photovoltaik Zellen (OPV) und Organischen Leuchtdioden (OLEDs) durch die Nutzung innovativer Elektrodensysteme. Dazu werden leitfähige Polymere, dotiertes ZnO und Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen eingesetzt. Diese alternativen Elektrodensysteme sind vielversprechende Kandidaten, um das konventionell genutzte Indium-Zinn-Oxid (ITO), welches aufgrund seines hohen Preises und spröden Materialverhaltens einen stark begrenz Faktor bei der Herstellung von kostengünstigen, flexiblen, organischen Bauelementen darstellt, zu ersetzten. Zunächst werden langzeitstabile, effiziente, ITO-freie Solarzellen und transparente OLEDs auf der Basis von Poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) Elektroden beschrieben, welche mit Hilfe einer Lösungsmittel-Nachprozessierung und einer Optimierung der Bauelementstruktur hergestellt wurden. Zusätzlich wurde ein leistungsfähiges, internes Lichtauskopplungs-System für weiße OLEDs, basierend auf PEDOT:PSS-beschichteten Metalloxid-Nanostrukturen, entwickelt. Weiterhin werden hoch effiziente, ITO-freie OPV Zellen und OLEDs vorgestellt, bei denen mit verschiedenen nicht-metallischen Elementen dotierte ZnO Elektroden zur Anwendung kamen. Die optimierten ZnO Elektroden bieten im Vergleich zu unserem Laborstandard ITO eine signifikant verbesserte Effizienz. Abschließend werden semi-transparente OPV Zellen mit freistehenden Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen als transparente Top-Elektrode vorgestellt. Die daraus resultierenden Zellen zeigen sehr niedrige Leckströme und eine zufriedenstellende Stabilität. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde auch verschiedene Kombinationen von Elektrodenmaterialen als Top- und Bottom-Elektrode für semi-transparente, ITO-freie OPV Zellen untersucht. Zusammengefasst bestätigen die Resultate, dass OPV und OLEDs basierend auf alternativen Elektroden vielversprechende Eigenschaften für die praktische Anwendung in der Herstellung von effizienten, kostengünstigen, flexiblen und semi-transparenten Bauelement besitzen

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Wang, Xian. "Enabling low cost test and tuning of difficult-to-measure device specifications: application to DC-DC converters and high speed devices." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53521.

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Low-cost test and tuning methods for difficult-to-measure specifications are presented in this research from the following perspectives: 1)"Safe" test and self-tuning for power converters: To avoid the risk of device under test (DUT) damage during conventional load/line regulation measurement on power converter, a "safe" alternate test structure is developed where the power converter (boost/buck converter) is placed in a different mode of operation during alternative test (light switching load) as opposed to standard test (heavy switching load) to prevent damage to the DUT during manufacturing test. Based on the alternative test structure, self-tuning methods for both boost and buck converters are also developed in this thesis. In addition, to make these test structures suitable for on-chip built-in self-test (BIST) application, a special sensing circuit has been designed and implemented. Stability analysis filters and appropriate models are also implemented to predict the DUT’s electrical stability condition during test and to further predict the values of tuning knobs needed for the tuning process. 2) High bandwidth RF signal generation: Up-convertion has been widely used in high frequency RF signal generation but mixer nonlinearity results in signal distortion that is difficult to eliminate with such methods. To address this problem, a framework for low-cost high-fidelity wideband RF signal generation is developed in this thesis. Depending on the band-limited target waveform, the input data for two interleaved DACs (digital-to-analog converters) system is optimized by a matrix-model-based algorithm in such a way that it minimizes the distortion between one of its image replicas in the frequency domain and the target RF waveform within a specified signal bandwidth. The approach is used to demonstrate how interferers with specified frequency characteristics can be synthesized at low cost for interference testing of RF communications systems. The frameworks presented in this thesis have a significant impact in enabling low-cost test and tuning of difficult-to-measure device specifications for power converter and high-speed devices.

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Fröbel, Markus. "Novel Concepts For Alternating Current Operated Organic Light-Emitting Devices." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-221652.

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Inorganic alternating current electroluminescent devices (AC-ELs) are known for their ruggedness and extreme long-term reliability, which is why they can often been found in industrial and medical equipment as well as in applications in the military sector. In contrast to the inorganic phosphors used in AC-ELs, organic materials oﬀer a number of advantages, in particular a signiﬁcantly higher eﬃciency, easier processibility, and a wide selection of emitter materials spanning the entire visible spectrum. Several eﬀorts towards alternating current driven organic light-emitting devices have recently been made, however, important operating mechanism are still not well understood. In the ﬁrst part of this theses, alternating current driven, capacitively coupled, pin-based organic light-emitting devices are investigated with respect to the inﬂuence of the thickness of the insulating layer and the intrinsic organic layer on the driving voltage. A three-capacitor model is employed to predict the basic behavior of the devices and good agreement with the experimental values is found. The proposed charge regeneration mechanism based on Zener tunneling is studied in terms of ﬁeld strength across the intrinsic organic layers. A remarkable consistency between the measured ﬁeld strength at the onset point of light emission (3–3.1 MV/cm) and the theoretically predicted breakdown ﬁeld strength of around 3 MV/cm is obtained. The latter value represents the ﬁeld required for Zener tunneling in wide band gap organic materials according to Fowler-Nordheim theory. In a second step, asymmetric driving of capacitively coupled OLEDs is investigated. It is found that diﬀerent voltages and/or pulse lengths for positive and negative half-cycle lead to signiﬁcant improvements in terms of brightness and device eﬃciency. Part two of this work demonstrates a device concept for highly eﬃcient organic light-emitting devices whose emission color can be easily adjusted from, e.g., deep-blue through cold-white and warm-white to saturated yellow. The presented approach exploits the diﬀerent polarities of the positive and negative half-cycles of an alternating current driving signal to independently address a ﬂuorescent blue emission unit and a phosphorescent yellow emission unit vertically stacked on top of each other. The electrode design is optimized for simple fabrication and driving and allows for two-terminal operation by a single source. The presented approach for color-tunable OLEDs is versatile in terms of emitter combinations and meets application requirements by providing a high device eﬃciency of 36.2 lm/W, a color rendering index of 82 at application relevant brightness levels of 1000 cd/m², and warm-white emission color coordinates. The ﬁnal part demonstrates an approach for full-color OLED pixels that are fabricated by vertical stacking of a red-, green-, and blue-emitting unit. Each unit can be addressed separately which allows to eﬃciently generate every color that is a superposition of spectra of the individual emission units. The device is built in a top-emission geometrywhich is highly desirable for display fabrication as the pixel can be directly deposited onto the back-plane electronics. Furthermore, the presented device design requires only three independently addressable electrodes which simpliﬁes fabrication and electrical driving. The electrical performance of each individual unit is on par with standard pin single emission unit OLEDs, showing very low leakage currents and achieving high brightness levels at moderate voltages of around 3–4 V.

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Книги з теми "Alternating Device"

Joshua, Hannah. Controlling Alternating Current Devices with Arduino. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6423-2.

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Kubala, Thomas S. Electricity 2: Devices, circuits, and materials. 7th ed. Albany: Delmar Thomson Learning, 2001.

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Kubala, Thomas S. Electricity 2: Devices, circuits, and materials. 4th ed. Albany, N.Y: Delmar Publishers, 1986.

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Kubala, Thomas S. Electricity 2: Devices, circuits, and materials. 5th ed. Albany, N.Y: Delmar Publishers, 1991.

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Mitarai, Osamu. Alternating current plasma operation in the STOR-M tokamak. Saskatoon, Sask: Plasma Physics Laboratory, University of Saskatchewan, 1995.

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Mitarai, Osamu. Experiments on the current rampdown phase in the STOR-M tokamak for AC operation. Saskatoon, Sask: University of Saskatchewan, Plasma Physics Laboratory, 1992.

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Mitarai, Osamu. Alternating current tokamak reactor with Ohmic ignition and bootstrap current. Saskatoon, Sask: University of Saskatchewan, Plasma Physics Laboratory, 1991.

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Bare, James E. Resonant frequency therapy: Building the Rife Beam Ray Device. [Albuquerque, NM]: The Author, 1999.

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H, Lucy M., and Langley Research Center, eds. Report on alternative devices to pyrotechnics on spacecraft. Hampton, VA: NASA Langley Research Center, 1996.

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Mitarai, Osamu. Plasma density scaling at the current reversal in the STOR-1M tokamak with AC operation. Saskatoon, Sask: University of Saskatchewan, Plasma Physics Laboratory, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "Alternating Device"

Martini, I., M. Kamp, and A. Forchel. "Combined Approaches for Nanoelectronic Device Fabrication." In Alternative Lithography, 235–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9204-8_12.

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Solanki, Mayank, Prantik Chatterjee, Akash Lal, and Subhajit Roy. "Accelerated Bounded Model Checking Using Interpolation Based Summaries." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 155–74. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57249-4_8.

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AbstractWe propose a novel lazy bounded model checking (BMC) algorithm, Trace Inlining, that identifies relevant behaviors of the program to compute partial proofs as procedural summaries. Whenever procedures are reused in other contexts, Trace Inlining attempts to construct safety proofs using these summaries. If the current summaries are sufficient to complete the proof, it gains both in solving times and smaller encodings. If the summaries are found to be insufficient, they are automatically refined for future use. The partial proofs are enabled by a sequence of alternating underapproximation and overapproximation rounds until the program verification condition is found to be unsatisfiable. We evaluate our Trace Inlining algorithm on real-world benchmarks consisting of Windows and Linux device drivers. Our results show that the proposed algorithm is able to solve 12% additional benchmarks that were unsolved by state-of-the-art lazy BMC solvers Corral and Legion. Further, Trace Inlining is 6$$\times $$ × faster than Corral and 3$$\times $$ × faster than Legion in terms of verification time. The virtual best of all three verifiers is 4$$\times $$ × faster than the virtual best of Corral and Legion, implying that our technique significantly improves on what is possible today.

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Moglestue, C. "Alternating Current, Microwaves." In Monte Carlo Simulation of Semiconductor Devices, 202–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8133-2_9.

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Petersen, H. "Alternation in simple devices." In Automata, Languages and Programming, 315–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60084-1_84.

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Golinker, Lewis. "Speech-Generating Device Funding." In Principles and Practices in Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 293–349. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003525905-22.

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Fang, Yan, Steven P. Levitan, Donald M. Chiarulli, and Denver H. Dash. "Alternative Architectures for NonBoolean Information Processing Systems." In Emerging Nanoelectronic Devices, 467–97. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118958254.ch24.

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Kull, Hans. "Alternative Factory Floor Interface Devices." In Mass Customization, 55–58. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-1007-9_6.

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Ferreira, Helder Lopes, Angelo L’Abbate, Gianluca Fulli, and Ulf Häger. "Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) Devices." In Power Systems, 119–56. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4549-3_4.

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Giudici, Michael C. "Alternative Site Pacing." In How-to Manual for Pacemaker and ICD Devices, 45–53. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118820674.ch7.

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Kuebler, Scott H., and Ronald C. Kuebler. "Chatting with an AAC(Augmentative/Alternative Communication Device)." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 368–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73283-9_41.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Alternating Device"

Zhong, Yutong, Hanyuan Ma, Qian Lv, Yongzhuo Li, Jiabin Feng, Chen Li, Jialu Xu, Chenxin Yu, Ruitao Lv, and Cun-Zheng Ning. "Low-voltage Injection-free Electroluminescence Device based on a Monolayer MoSe2/WSe2 Lateral Heterostructure." In CLEO: Science and Innovations, SF2R.5. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_si.2024.sf2r.5.

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We demonstrate an injection-free electroluminescence device fabricated with a CVD-grown monolayer MoSe2/WSe2 lateral heterostructure. The device is based on impact generation of excitons through an alternating voltage as low as ±1 V at room temperature.

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Kim, Sunggi, Sang-Gyun Woo, Woo-Sung Han, Young-Bum Koh, and Moon-Yong Lee. "Application of alternating phase shift mask to device fabrication." In SPIE's 1995 Symposium on Microlithography, edited by Timothy A. Brunner. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.209281.

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Ganapathi, Lasya, Krushitha Reddy Thumukuntla, R. K. Mishra, V. sudarsan, and Satya Kamal Chirauri. "Alternating Current Electroluminescence Device Guided for Lowering the Blood Pressure." In 2020 International Conference on Recent Trends on Electronics, Information, Communication & Technology (RTEICT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rteict49044.2020.9315636.

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Jianan Wu, Dongyang Cai, Xinrong Cao, and Jintian Tang. "A novel alternating magnetic field measuring device for magnetic induction hyperthermia." In 2013 ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering (CME 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccme.2013.6548243.

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Liu, Rui Ting, Zi Han Zhuo, Yue Yu, Yu Fang, Jie Qiong Tong, Hong Guo, and Jin Tian Tang. "Intermediate alternating electric fields device for enhancing chemotherapy of cancer: Device development and the biological effects." In 2011 4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2011.6098402.

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Polyakov, Vladimir, Dmitrii Sherbakov, and Iurii Plotnikov. "Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Digital Control System of Energy Storage Device for Frequency-Controlled Electric Drives." In 2023 XIX International Scientific Technical Conference Alternating Current Electric Drives (ACED). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aced57798.2023.10143446.

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Li, Hanchao, Daisuke Harada, Naohiko Hanajima, Hidekazu Kajiwara, Kentaro Kurashige, Yoshinori Fujihira, and Masato Mizukami. "Application and performance evaluation of a lifting device with alternating rotation hoist." In 2016 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sii.2016.7844029.

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Zeller, J. W., and F. C. Jain. "Compact demultiplexers with narrow spectral width channels using alternating-defect coupled-cavity waveguides (AD-CCWs)." In 2007 International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdrs.2007.4422533.

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Watanabe, Ryo, Taku Hachisu, Michi Sato, Shogo Fukushima, Hiroyuki Kajimoto, Naoki Saito, and Yuichiro Mori. "Development of roller-type itch-relief device employing alternating hot and cold stimuli." In the 4th Augmented Human International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2459236.2459244.

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Song, Seongkyu, and Soon Moon Jeong. "White light-emitting, alternating-current electroluminescent device driven by in-plane electric field." In Organic and Hybrid Light Emitting Materials and Devices XXIV, edited by Franky So, Chihaya Adachi, and Jang-Joo Kim. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2567009.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Alternating Device"

Wager, J. F., and S. M. Goodnick. Hot Electron Physics of Alternating-Current Thin-Film Electroluminescent Devices. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada290528.

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Paredes, Juan Roberto, María Clara Ramos, Marina Robles, and Emma Näslund-Hadley. Energy Savings, Efficient Use, and Alternative Technologies. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006241.

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How much energy do you think is needed to light and mobilize all the machines and devices operating on the planet? Have you ever thought that by turning on a light in your house or school you are impacting the environment and emitting gases into the atmosphere?

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Borland, M. A low-emittance APS lattice with alternating horizontal beta functions at insertion devices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/965254.

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Ogunniyi, Aderinto, Gail Koebke, Heather O'Brien, and Oladimeji Ibitayo. Alternative Solder Bond Packaging Approach for High-Voltage (HV) Pulsed Power Devices. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1017567.

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Doucet, Glenn. Evaluation of an Alternative Rotorcraft Cargo Lowering Device for the Delivery of 500-lb Ammunition Loads. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada230995.

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Hirlinger, John M., and Gartung Cheng. Investigation of Alternative Energetic Compositions for Small Electro-Explosive Devices for Medium Caliber Ammunition. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada480817.

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Phillips, Laurence R., Bankim Tejani, Jonathan Margulies, Jason L. Hills, Bryan T. Richardson, Micheal J. Baca, and Laura Weiland. Analysis of operations and cyber security policies for a system of cooperating Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/882347.

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Bunn, Sarah. Mass testing for COVID-19 using lateral flow tests. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr52.

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The COVID-19 Winter Plan, published 23 November, relies on three factors to provide the UK with a "route back to normality": vaccines, treatments and testing. In addition to PCR testing, lateral flow devices are now being rolled out across England and Wales for the rapid testing of certain occupational groups, community testing and as an alternative to self-isolation following exposure to the virus. How well validated have these tests been? Are they accurate enough for their proposed purposes? And how have they performed to date in mass testing trials?

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Wright, Louise, and Louise Crocker. PR-670-183826-R03 Extended Evaluation of LSM-Magnetostrictive Pipe Models. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012097.

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Integrity assessment of pipelines is vital to ensure that oil and gas pipes have adequate strength to prevent leaks and ruptures. Regular inspections are conducted to confirm safe operation conditions of pipelines. The industry's principal method for assessing pipelines is in-line inspection (ILI), involving the passing of a device along the inside of a pipe to assess the condition of the pipeline. ILI devices can be fitted with a number of sensors allowing various measurement parameters to be obtained simultaneously. Not all pipelines are suited to ILI for reasons such as small diameter, obstructions within the pipe, or insufficient access to deploy or retrieve the ILI tools. These pipelines are sometimes referred to as 'difficult to inspect'. Alternative methods for examining pipeline condition are required with a range of technologies collectively known as Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) offering a promising solution for detection of pipe defects from a distance, reducing the need for excavation. LSM utilizes coupling between defects and changes in the magnetic properties of the pipeline material as a method for evaluation of pipe walls to identify the location of areas that require repair or further monitoring. Trials of existing commercial instruments by the pipeline industry have shown sufficient promise to investigate these technologies further. However, the vendors have supplied limited information on the underpinning physics of both the materials being tested and the instrument technology, meaning that further study is required in order to build confidence in the technique. The purpose of the project is to establish the ability of LSM to detect corrosion in API 5L pipe grades B to X70. The aim of the modelling work has been to use quantitative physics-based modelling techniques to predict the performance of LSM as a defect detection technique in situations that cannot easily be recreated in a laboratory environment, after validating the modelling approach by comparing measurements made in the laboratory to model results.

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Finch, Graeme, and Stuart Harmon. PR-670-183826-R01 Assessment of Science Behind LSM for Pipeline Integrity. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011803.

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Integrity assessment of pipelines is vital to ensure that oil and gas pipes have adequate strength to prevent leaks and ruptures. Regular inspections are conducted to confirm safe operation conditions of pipelines. The industry's principle method for assessing pipelines is in-line inspection (ILI), involving the passing of a device along the inside of a pipe to assess the condition of the pipeline. ILI devices can be fitted with a number of sensors allowing various measurement parameters to be obtained simultaneously. Not all pipelines are suited to ILI for reasons such as small diameter, obstructions within the pipe, or insufficient access to deploy or retrieve the ILI tools. These pipelines are sometimes referred to as 'difficult to inspect'. Alternative methods for examining pipeline condition are required, with a range of technologies collectively known as Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) offering a promising solution for detection of pipe defects from a distance, reducing the need for excavation. LSM utilises the coupling between defects and changes in the magnetic properties of the pipeline material as a method for evaluation of pipe walls to identify the location of areas that require repair or further monitoring. Trials of existing commercial instruments by the pipeline industry have shown sufficient promise to investigate the technologies further. However, vendors have supplied limited information on the underpinning physics of both the materials being tested and the instrument technology. The purpose of the project is to establish the ability of LSM to detect corrosion in API 5L pipe grades B to X70. The aim of Work Package 02 is to review the physics of the agreed pipeline defects and fluxgate type magnetic sensors. The properties of pipeline-specific soft magnetic materials are investigated to understand corrosion, how this alters the material properties and how this can affect the associated magnetic fields surrounding the material. The physics of fluxgate magnetometers and gradiometers are also reviewed to assess the ability of LSM to detect these two features.

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