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Статті в журналах з теми "Already made"
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De Keere, Kobe. "From a self-made to an already-made man." Acta Sociologica 57, no. 4 (October 6, 2014): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699314552737.
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Shannon-Dorcy, Kathleen, and Denise J. Drevdahl. ""I Had Already Made Up My Mind"." Cancer Nursing 34, no. 6 (November 2011): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0b013e318207cb03.
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Gill, Alison, and Abby Mellick Lopes. "On Wearing: A Critical Framework for Valuing Design's Already Made." Design and Culture 3, no. 3 (November 2011): 307–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175470811x13071166525234.
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Schmidt, Klaudia. "When knowledge matters: job change made easier? unpacking the black box." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(2).2018.07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Knowing where to find inside information can mean the difference between getting a job from a suitable company or following the wrong direction and wasting precious time, happiness or health in the wrong job and job environment. This article investigates the influence of electronic online word of mouth in the form of job reviews during the process of changing jobs and finding the right job. Job review sites are becoming more and more popular in the process of job search. While the professional world has already started to acknowledge job review sites as useful tools in the process of job search, so far, the academic scene has not paid much attention to this dynamic. The intention of this article is to change this. Based on a literature review, this article shows that job review sites already play a central and valuable role in job change processes by giving inside information through employees who already have experience with employers.
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Noble, D. "The heart is already working." Biochemical Society Transactions 33, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0330539.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Understanding the logic of living systems requires knowledge of the mechanisms involved at the levels at which functionality is expressed. This information resides neither in the genome, nor even in the individual proteins that genes code for. No functionality is expressed at these levels. It emerges as the result of interactions between many proteins relating to each other in multiple cascades and in interaction with the cellular environment. There is therefore no alternative to copying nature and computing these interactions to determine the logic of healthy and diseased states. The rapid growth in biological databases, models of cells, tissues and organs and the development of powerful computing hardware and algorithms have made it possible to explore functionality in a quantitative manner all the way from the level of genes to the physiological function of whole organs and regulatory systems. I use models of the heart to demonstrate that we can now go all the way from individual genetic information (on mutations, for example) to exploring the consequences at a whole-organ level.
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Pirzer, Tobias, and Friedrich C. Simmel. "Tiny robots made from biomolecules." Europhysics News 53, no. 3 (2022): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2022304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Can we scale down robots to small scales and realize them with self-organizing molecules? As biological cells already act a little like robots – they sense, compute, move, and respond to their environment – the answer is probably “yes”. But a wide range of interesting physical challenges have to be tackled.
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Liao, Ping-hui. ""Of Writing Words for Music Which Is Already Made": "Madama Butterfly, Turandot", and Orientalism." Cultural Critique, no. 16 (1990): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1354344.
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Hakio, Kirsi. "The New Paradigm Is Already Here." Journal of Awareness-Based Systems Change 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47061/jabsc.v1i2.939.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper explores how abstract concepts of alignment, such as moving between different levels of attention, were made visible and concrete in a case study carried out in the context of nature tourism. The alignment practices were mapped from a design research project, where the aim was to construct and explore a prototype of future culture based on care and awareness-based co-creation. The paper combines literature form care ethics and ontology of becoming to support the alignment concepts form awareness-based systems change approach, Theory U. In addition, the collaborative and dialogical tradition of constructive design research is being introduced as a potential sense-making approach to explore the deeper meanings of experiences and events in the development process together with local stakeholders. Later, the research findings are discussed in the light of the individual and collective capacity building needs, which aim to change our inner mindset and posture of being and becoming with the world. Finally, the paper argues that the potential for change and the choice to bring about that change can be found within us as a willingness and readiness to re-invent ourselves in every moment, every encounter, and interaction.
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Calder, Alison. "Carl J. Tracie, Shaping a World Already Made: Landscape and Poetry of the Canadian Prairies." Commonwealth Essays and Studies 39, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ces.4803.
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Lange-Küttner, Christiane. "Ready-Made and Self-Made Facilitation Effects of Arrays." Swiss Journal of Psychology 69, no. 4 (January 2010): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study investigates the relationship between array priming and the self-generated conceptualization of arrays in spatial memory. Nursery and primary school age children and adults (N = 70) were tested with an object and place memory reaction-time/accuracy task, once first using a frame (containment and figurative thought) and (in another session) using a grid (explicit boundaries around places). They were also given the Common Region Test (CRT) with which drawing of object-place vs. object-region binding was tested. Object memory was better than place memory in 5-year-olds, but place memory had caught up in older children. Ten-year-olds showed already an accuracy comparable to young adults, and they also remembered places somewhat better and faster than object shapes. Experiencing the explicitly denoted places in the grid in the first session improved place memory in the second session with the frame, but not vice versa. Object-place binding in the CRT predicted better object than place memory, while object-region binding predicted place memory equal to or better than object memory. These binding strategies statistically eliminated the array priming effects of the grid, showing a trade-off between “self-made” spatial encoding strategy and priming with a “ready-made” spatial array structure.
Дисертації з теми "Already made"
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Bonnet, Vincent. "La photographie contre le monochrome." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0295.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse interroge en acte les relations entre photographie et monochrome. Si au XIXe et XXe siècle, la photographie a participé à une redéfinition de l’art, notamment en le « libérant » d’une nécessité de faire image, le monochrome pictural peut être considéré comme un des aboutissements de cette « libération ». Mais qu’en est-il de la possibilité d’un monochrome photographique ? La photographie ayant complètement bousculé les « réalismes », l’idée et la mise en forme d’un monochrome spécifiquement photographique semble assez problématique…Si ces deux pratiques ont longtemps semblé antagonistes, l’enjeu sera d’évaluer leurs proximités et de réfléchir à certaines questions fondamentales comme : qu’est-ce qu’un monochrome photographique ? Quels en sont les nécessités et les enjeux ? Une première partie décline chronologiquement de 1929 à 2015 un corpus inédit et une analyse approfondie de pièces qui sont vraisemblablement des monochromes photographiques. Une deuxième partie s’attache à expliciter les problématiques plastiques et théoriques communes à ces monochromes photographiques, notamment autour d’une redéfinition critique de ce qu’est une image — à travers son processus de fabrication, ses relations à la réalité, au langage et à l’abstraction etc. Dans cette approche, trois pistes de réflexion sont développées théoriquement, historiquement et plastiquement : l’une aborde l’œuvre en tant qu'invention d’une couleur, la seconde traite de la littéralité de l’image et la troisième d’une photographie qui serait déjà faite. Cette recherche s’achève avec la création de pièces plastiques liées à ces trois approches spéculativesThis thesis questions the relations between photography and monochrome. If photography is considered to have taken part in a redefinition of art in the nineteenth and twentieth century, most notably «releasing» it from the necessity to produce images, the pictorial monochrome can hence be considered as one of the outcomes of this «liberation». But what about the possibility of a photographic monochrome? Photography having completely upset «realisms», the idea and framing of a specifically photographic monochrome seems rather problematic…If these two plastic practices have long seemed antagonistic, the challenge will be to evaluate their proximities and try to think about some fundamental questions such as: what is a photographic monochrome? What are its necessities and challenges?A first part chronologically displays a hitherto unpublished corpus and in-depth analysis of pieces going from 1929 to 2015, that are presumably photographic monochromes. A second part focusses on explaining the plastic and theoretical problems common to these photographic monochromes, particularly around a critical redefinition of what an image is—through its manufacturing process, its relations to reality, to language and abstraction etc. In this approach, three avenues of reflection are put to the test, developed theoretically, historically and plastically: the first approaches the artwork as invention of a color, the second deals with the literality of the image and the third with a photograph that would be already made. This research leads to the creation of pieces related to these three speculative approaches
Книги з теми "Already made"
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Council, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to enable municipal corporation[s in] Upper Canada to invest their surp[lus] Clergy Reserve money for educatio[nal] purposes in certain securities, and to [le]galize such investments already made, a[nd] for other purposes. Quebec: Hunter, Rose & Lemieux, 2003.
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Youre Already Amazing & Youre Made for a God-Sized Dream 2in1. Revell, 2015.
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Shaping a World Already Made: Landscape and Poetry of the Canadian Prairies. University of Regina, 2016.
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Willis, Simon, and Lesley Harle. Painting Ceramics: How to Paint and Stencil Already Made Ceramics Pieces-12 Projects. Owl Books, 1993.
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Presbyterian Church of Canada in Connection with the Church of Scotland. Temporalities' Board., ed. [Letter]: In accordance with the intimation already made to you, the Board at its last meeting unanimously resolved to pay the "non-privileged" beneficiaries, and their representatives, the arrears that have become due to them .. [Montreal?: s.n., 1987.
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Plastics in Automotive Engineering 2017. VDI Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783182443483.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Foreword Engineering plastics, fiber-reinforced composites and multifunctional plastic composites provide ongoing support to the modern automotive industry today. In many cases multi-functional tools and automated processes make particularly economic system solutions possible. Additive manufacturing in combination with plastics already has a great potential today for producing individual, tailor-made component concepts, above all for small production runs. Lightweight construction, an attractive look and feel for the interior, and active and passive safety stand right at the forefront of new automotive developments today. Innovations in plastics technology have a direct influence on tomorrow’s vehicle concepts. Mixed construction with plastic composites, natural fiber applications, overmolded and inmold film laminated parts, LED- and OLED-based lighting technologies, and also optically and haptically optimized display and operating concepts make tailored system solutions possible...
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The Man You Always Wanted Is the One You Already Have. Multnomah, 2007.
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Whitehead, Anna Martine. Expressing Life Through Loss. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199377329.003.0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the relationship between blackness, queer vulnerability, and the mechanics of movement and dance. It uses anecdotes to make an argument for downward movement and concaveness as movement techniques, responses to the physical threats intrinsic to black ontology. It examines the relationship between those movements and shapes in the black body to an emergent style of performance called “queer dance.” This relationship might be identified as a type of “freak technique”—and always already othered practice. The chapter also considers a more familiar relationship to gravity in terms of making interventions into dominant narrative arcs in dance as well as capitalist America. It argues that these interventions are made complete by their pairing with recovery—it is not only the get-down that steals movement away into blackness and potential queerness, but its coupling with the get-back-up.
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Boltz, Dirk-Mario, Manfred Bruhn, Andrea Gröppel-Klein, and Kai-Uwe Hellmann, eds. Marke, Nachhaltigkeit und Verbraucherpolitik. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748912712.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The certification mark, which was introduced in response to an EU initiative in 2017, has been available in Germany since 2019. Its main features are neutrality, monitoring/control and transparency for certain material or service promises for which the legal protection of a certification mark is claimed. This anthology explores the questions of how exactly the effect of this instrument is to be assessed, what experiences have already been made with it, and how warranty marks are to be evaluated in terms of brand technology, customer orientation, and consumer policy.
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Wada-Marciano, Mitsuyo. A Dialogue with “Memory” in Hou Hsiao-hsien’s Café Lumière(2003). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190254971.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The chapter analyzes the sense of “Japanese” in the film Café Lumière, in other words, the fact that many of the Japanese audience felt that it was a “Japanese film.” The “Japaneseness” of course did not simply occur at the site of reception but was also embedded as a strategic commodity, produced by multiple Japanese companies: Shôchiku, Asahi Newspaper, Sumitomo Corp., Satellite Theater, and IMAGICA. Hou states in an interview, “The theme of the film had already been decided from the beginning, and I was requested to make a Japanese film.” The chapter views the film as a success in creating a “common sense [kyôtsû-kankaku],” and its oxymoronic aspect—a Taiwan filmmaker’s Japanese film—is one of the film’s attractions. By adapting philosopher Ôhashi Ryôsuke’s concept of “systemic sense,” originated from Aristotle’s “common sense,” the chapter analyzes how the filmmaker made the oxymoron possible.
Частини книг з теми "Already made"
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Finkel, Alain, Serge Haddad, and Igor Khmelnitsky. "Minimal Coverability Tree Construction Made Complete and Efficient." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 237–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45231-5_13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractDownward closures of Petri net reachability sets can be finitely represented by their set of maximal elements called the minimal coverability set or Clover. Many properties (coverability, boundedness, ...) can be decided using Clover, in a time proportional to the size of Clover. So it is crucial to design algorithms that compute it efficiently. We present a simple modification of the original but incomplete Minimal Coverability Tree algorithm (MCT), computing Clover, which makes it complete: it memorizes accelerations and fires them as ordinary transitions. Contrary to the other alternative algorithms for which no bound on the size of the required additional memory is known, we establish that the additional space of our algorithm is at most doubly exponential. Furthermore we have implemented a prototype which is already very competitive: on benchmarks it uses less space than all the other tools and its execution time is close to the one of the fastest tool.
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Kranebitter, Klara, and Natascia Ralli. "Piccola guida per sviluppare strumenti terminologici." In Proceedings e report, 113–23. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-364-2.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Developing terminology products as tools for organizing and transferring specialized knowledge requires careful considerations already during the planning stage. The main content of this paper is a checklist, which is the result of reflections gathered during the reprogramming and restyling of the Information System for Legal Terminology bistro (http://bistro.eurac.edu). bistro is an application used to publish the data contained in a multilingual terminological data base. The checklist is designed as a starting point and reference for the conception and structuring of terminology tools, e. g. online terminology reference tools. Its aim is to help identify needs and, at the same time, to guide developers in the basic choices to be made already in the planning stage.
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Kranebitter, Klara, and Natascia Ralli. "Piccola guida per sviluppare strumenti terminologici." In Proceedings e report, 113–23. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-364-2.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Developing terminology products as tools for organizing and transferring specialized knowledge requires careful considerations already during the planning stage. The main content of this paper is a checklist, which is the result of reflections gathered during the reprogramming and restyling of the Information System for Legal Terminology bistro (http://bistro.eurac.edu). bistro is an application used to publish the data contained in a multilingual terminological data base. The checklist is designed as a starting point and reference for the conception and structuring of terminology tools, e. g. online terminology reference tools. Its aim is to help identify needs and, at the same time, to guide developers in the basic choices to be made already in the planning stage.
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Fenwick, Alan, Wendie Norris, and Becky McCall. "Building partnerships - high stakes for high rewards." In A tale of a man, a worm and a snail: the schistosomiasis control initiative, 182–98. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392558.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This book chapter focuses on GNNTDC support for the cause of integrated disease control. GNNTDC is made up of eight well-established and based at the Sabin Vaccine Institute in Washington, DC. Communication members are George Washington University, Earth Institute at Columbia University, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Helen Keller International, the International Trachoma Initiative, Schistosomiasis Child Survival and Development Working Group and Control Initiative. Collectively, they have already put in place a plan to implement integrated drug management programs across sub-Saharan Africa.
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Ogg, Jim, and Michal Myck. "Introduction: Framing Economic Exclusion." In International Perspectives on Aging, 25–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractEconomic exclusion is a multidimensional concept that has particular relevance in the context of ageing populations and globalised economies. Sustaining adequate incomes in old age and protecting older citizens from poverty are major challenges for governments and policy makers and they have been amplified in the face of the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the past few decades most countries have made adjustments to their pension systems and other welfare related policies that concern older citizens, and these reforms have already had and will continue to have a differential impact on economic exclusion. For some, extending the working life and pushing back the legal age of retirement can be a safeguard against inadequate incomes in old age, while for others who are excluded from the labour market, or who are working in low paid jobs, economic exclusion remains a reality. The labour market implications of the pandemic are likely to exacerbate this risk for those whose situation was already fragile before the crisis.
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Ward, Harriet, Lynne Moggach, Susan Tregeagle, and Helen Trivedi. "Issues Facing the Birth Parents and Their Implications for Open Adoption." In Outcomes of Open Adoption from Care, 41–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76429-6_2.
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AbstractThe 210 children in the full cohort came from 142 families. Their birth parents’ circumstances provide a context for evaluating adoption outcomes. The chapter explores data collected from the children’s case files and records presented to the court at the time the order was made. Parents demonstrated a high incidence of factors known to be associated with recurrent child abuse: 31% of mothers had experienced abuse in their own childhoods; 45% were known to statutory child welfare services before their child’s birth, and 29% had already experienced the permanent removal of a child. Almost all parents struggled with complex factors including mental health problems, substance misuse, unstable relationships and domestic abuse that placed their children at risk of harm; for some parents, cognitive impairment was an exacerbating factor. About 10% of birth parents had died, and 23% of mothers and 60% of fathers had already lost contact with children before the adoption placement.
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Marchisio, Marina, Carla Marello, and Marta Pulvirenti. "Parole 'difficili' con un sistema di valutazione automatica. Risposte di italofoni e di non italofoni." In Competenza lessicale e apprendimento dell’Italiano L2, 65–81. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-403-8.06.
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This paper is concerned with lexical competence in the study of Italian for academic purposes, notably learned words formed with Greek/Latin elements. To improve and check receptive knowledge of such “difficult” vocabulary both by native and by L2 learners, a number of exercises are made available, and can be actually done and evaluated, at https://esploradizionari.i-learn.unito.it/. This is a technology enhanced learning environment integrating Moodle with the Automatic Assessment System Maple®, a software of Canadian origin already successfully used for teaching STEM disciplines. The specific features of the exercises are discussed, along with early results by Italophone and non-Italophone learners.
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"Always Already Men." In Self-Made Men, 143–74. Vanderbilt University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17vf6c0.9.
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"Useful publications of evidence already available." In Clinical Effectiveness and Clinical Governance Made Easy, 121–24. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315378756-12.
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Helgen, Erika. "The Battle Has Already Begun." In Religious Conflict in Brazil, 1–28. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300243352.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter provides a background on Catholic–Protestant relations in the Brazilian Northeast. It talks about how the Brazilian Northeast became famous as a place of economic backwardness, political feuds, crippling droughts, popular unrest, and, religious fanaticism following the publication of Euclides da Cunha's Os sertões in 1902. It also looks into da Cunha's account of the Brazilian military's confrontation and eventual destruction of the allegedly fanatical millenarian community of Canudos, which made regional and national elites continuously fearful of the violent potential of northeastern religiosity. The chapter suggests a new religious history of modern Latin America that puts religious pluralism at the center rather than at the margins of historical analysis. It seeks to understand the ways in which religious competition and conflict redefined traditional relationships between church and state, lay and clergy, popular and official religion, and local and national interests.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Already made"
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Coquenet, Denis, Yann Soullard, Clement Chatelain, and Thierry Paquet. "Have Convolutions Already Made Recurrence Obsolete for Unconstrained Handwritten Text Recognition?" In 2019 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition Workshops (ICDARW). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdarw.2019.40083.
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Chen, Yijian. "Maskless EUV lithography: an already difficult technology made even more complicated?" In SPIE Advanced Lithography, edited by William M. Tong. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.899967.
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Maurer, M., and E. Lugscheider. "Composites Made of Metal Foams with Thermally Sprayed Coatings." In ITSC2001, edited by Christopher C. Berndt, Khiam A. Khor, and Erich F. Lugscheider. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2001p0231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Scientist and engineers show an increasing interest in metal foams. Recent activities are not only limited to the different techniques which already exist to produce and characterise metal foams, but also focus on further steps that these fairly new materials have to pass before entering mass production. Metal foams do not possess a high strength; to increase their mechanical properties and to improve the surface finish, thermally sprayed coatings can be applied. A metal foam is mainly characterised by its alloy composition, its density and the size and shape of the cells and pores. The quality of the coating depends on the coating material, the chosen process, the preparation of the surface, spraying parameters and the adhesion of the coating. The main focus of this paper is to reveal the necessary requirements to realise a sound composite made of a thermally sprayed coating onto metal foam. Basic investigations are carried out and during a later stage of the project parameters are to be identified which allow to describe the properties of the new composite material. The priority within this project will be on aluminium foams.
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Schaarschmidt, David, and Holger Flederer. "Fatigue-resistant design of modular bridges made of precast concrete elements." In IABSE Symposium, Prague 2022: Challenges for Existing and Oncoming Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/prague.2022.1382.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>Modular construction with precast concrete has been becoming increasingly important for years. While the advantages of conventional precast construction have already been used for decades, modular structures go one step further due to the fact that no in-situ concrete or mortar is required. One way of transferring forces is to activate surface friction by post-tensioning. While shear bearing capacity is largely dependent on static friction, flexural capacity is linked to the decompression of dry joints. Two primary fields of application are bridge structures and wind turbines. Both groups of structures are stressed by non-static loads. In order to design them fatigue-resistant, an in-depth knowledge of this discontinuity zone is required. For this reason, experimental investigations, finite element analysis and probabilistic calculations were coupled in this study. The goal is a design proposal that allows the fatigue-proof design of dry joints.</p>
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Nitama, Farsia, and Aad Rusyad Nurdin. "Consumer’s Legal Protection Due to the Cancelling of Condommonium Construction Whole Sale and Purchase Agreement Already Made Before the Notary (Case Study on Condommonium Units in Palembang City)." In 3rd International Conference on Law and Governance (ICLAVE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200321.001.
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Sharma, P., P. N. N. Khanapurkar, and A. Thakar. "Leveraging the Power of Historical Data and Already Emerged Technologies to Unlock the Unconventional Resources Potential in MENA Region." In SPE Middle East Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-172932-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract With worldwide increases in the demand for hydrocarbons, finding and developing unconventional resources has become a global necessity. Outside North America, shale gas discoveries have been made in recent years; however, significant commercial production has been limited to North America. Finding and developing unconventional resources outside North America is the next big challenge for the oil and gas industry. Although the reported potential of unconventional gas resource volumes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is almost similar in size to that in the US, exploration and development of such resources is currently limited. Unconventional reservoirs have very different and distinct requirements from conventional reservoirs. The more “unconventional” a targeted resource, the more difficult it is to develop. Furthermore, for these difficult resources, highly specialized technologies have to be applied because of the unique requirements. Key challenges specific to the MENA region include the following: Limited exposure to unconventional sources leads to lack of infrastructure and high cost.Reservoir characteristics (rock and fluid properties) and geomechanics.Implementation of directional/horizontal drilling and completion technologies suited for the region. The most challenging aspect is using hydraulic fracturing (fluid availability and management, fracturing fluid and proppant selection, fracturing design, equipment) as it incurs the highest cost and deploys the maximum technological efforts. This paper highlights these associated challenges in developing unconventional resources and offers a potential approach to evaluate unconventional resources. Additionally, public data are reviewed and emerged technologies are used to unlock the potential of unconventional resources in MENA. A major service company has exhaustive and varied data from different geographies and resource types captured in its MENA state-of-the-art data center. A potential approach is included that extrapolates historically available data relevant to directional drilling, fracture treatment design and analysis, and fluid management to MENA conditions to facilitate understanding and overcome challenges associated with unconventional resources.
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Wang, Zelong, Atsushi Endo, Tetsushi Koshino, Toru Tsuji, and Ken-ichi Tsuji. "Evaluation of Metal Wire Network ‘Kana-ami’ Structure Between Expert and Non-Expert." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63456.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As well known, Kyoto was a capital city of Japan with one thousand years history. The long ancient culture brings out a serious of traditional craft products, such as ‘Kana-ami’ — a kind of metal wire network. ‘Kana-ami’ was all made by hand work, for this reason there was no industrial pollution produced during the manufacturing process. In other words, ‘Kana-ami’ is a kind of green manufacturing product, whose processing motion and working experience make a big effect on final products’ quality. Product’s quality was judged by the standard structure of ‘Kana-ami’, which was established and developed in the long course of history and culture. That aesthetical standard has already been consistently rooted into Japanese peoples’ heart deeply. Dated back to around 50 years before, there were about 30 handmade wire net shops in Kyoto. However, it has decreased dramatic until 7 shops now. Therefore, it is urgent time to pay attention to this severe reality and try to do something to keep this traditional culture wealth and continue green manufacturing technique, skill to the next generation. In this research, cooperating with ‘Kanaami Tsuji’ workshop, the excellent products of Mr.Tsuji and his son were chosen as the investigation subjects for Kana-ami’s structure comparison. As well known, ‘Kana-ami’ product made by Mr.Tsuji have already been widely accepted and preferred among Japanese people, even his son’s finish also has beautiful looking. Therefore, the main target of this study was to clarify the difference in shape and hexagon structure of ‘Kana-ami’ products made by Mr.Tsuji and his son through mathematical measurement. Based on this structure evaluation system, hexagon angles and length were discussed and analyzed in order to help his son and other beginners to inherit this Japanese traditional craft technology.
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Johansson, Sofia Boigues, Julia Boberg, and Jenny Lindholm. "Fanfiction Phenomenon." In SLM Online: Att publicera i den medierade offentligheten – Bloggprojekt vt 2022. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/wcc29/fanfiction.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Fanfiction Phenomenon is an introductory blog to fanfiction. This blog, run by Jenny, Julia and Sofia, is a project for the SLM program at Linköping University. Fanfiction is in short, the word most often used to describe a literary work – usually published on the internet – made by fans for a specific creative work that already exists i.e a fanfiction could be a creative work building on the characters and world from a tv-show, a literary work, a movie among many other creative formats. Fanfiction is made by fans, for fans.
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Seregin, N., S. Matrenin та S. Svyatko. "РАДИОУГЛЕРОДНАЯ ХРОНОЛОГИЯ ПАМЯТНИКОВ АЛТАЯ ЭПОХИ ВЕЛИКОГО ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНИЯ НАРОДОВ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ". У Радиоуглерод в археологии и палеоэкологии: прошлое, настоящее, будущее. Материалы международной конференции, посвященной 80-летию старшего научного сотрудника ИИМК РАН, кандидата химических наук Ганны Ивановны Зайцевой. Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-91867-213-6-84-85.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the results and prospects of the radiocarbon analysis of the Great Migration period sites in Altai. The generalization of the available data (more than 40 dates) made it possible to set a number of questions that determine the directions of further research. Preliminary conclusions about the upper boundary of the existence of the Bulan-Koby culture are made, the possibility of distinguishing two stages within the Belo-Bom and Verkh-Uimon phases of this community is demonstrated, the importance of a systematic study of large necropolises, as well as clarification of the extent of the reservoir effect, already identified from the materials of individual complexes, is indicated.
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Hookk, D. "Web Analytics as a tool for analyzing a network resource with a variety of sources on the archaeological research materials." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1837.978-5-317-06529-4/384-390.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite the already introduced concept of Webometrics, the visitors counter has considered as a main indicator of the effectiveness of the museum open sources. The article presents the statistical data and observations made during the work on the start-up project “Digital Encyclopedia of the Hermitage. Vol. 1. Archaeology”, as well as during the COVID-19 quarantine period, when communication with virtual visitors became a priority in museums.
Звіти організацій з теми "Already made"
1
Wierup, Martin, Helene Wahlström, and Björn Bengtsson. How disease control and animal health services can impact antimicrobial resistance. A retrospective country case study of Sweden. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2021.nf.3167.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Data and experiences in Sweden show that it is possible to combine high productivity in animal production with the restricted use of antibiotics. The major key factors that explain Sweden’s success in preventing AMR are: Swedish veterinary practitioners were aware of the risk of AMR as early as the 1950s, and the need for prudent use of antibiotics was already being discussed in the 1960s. Early establishment of health services and health controls to prevent, control and, when possible, eradicate endemic diseases reduced the need for antibiotics. Access to data on antibiotic sales and AMR made it possible to focus on areas of concern. State veterinary leadership provided legal structures and strategies for cooperation between stakeholders and facilitated the establishment of coordinated animal health services that are industry-led, but supported by the State.
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Tyshchenko, Yelyzaveta Yu, та Andrii M. Striuk. Актуальність розробки моделі адаптивного навчання. [б. в.], грудень 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/2889.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The learning process can be made most effective by transferring the educational process to the electronic environment. Thanks to adaptive testing, the accuracy, quality, reliability of training and student interest are enhanced, which allows him to be more motivated. This is a new approach for the student to master most of the information. The introduction of an adaptive testing system ensures the improvement of student learning performance. From the proper organization of the control of knowledge depends on the effectiveness of the educational process. Adaptive testing involves changing the sequence of tasks in the testing process itself, taking into account the answers to the tasks already received. In the process of passing the test, a personality model is built that learns for later use in selecting the following testing tasks, depending on the level of knowledge of the student and his individual characteristics. When calculating the assessment, the adaptive testing system takes into account the probability that the student can guess the answer, the number of attempts to pass the test and the average result achieved during all attempts. The complex of tasks for adaptive testing can be developed taking into account a separate type of perception of information by each student, that is, the student is offered tasks that he is able to cope with and which are interesting for him, which means he is more confident in his abilities and aims at successful completion of the course.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Examples of 'Systems Thinking' Projects in International Development. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A “systems thinking” (ST) approach generally recognises that international development processes are complex, inter-related, non-linear, and constantly changing. They involve many different types of actors, all with different levels of power. ST change methods try to mirror these qualities, and move away from more conventional project design and implementation that use simple linear input-output-impact project logic. Thus, this rapid literature review seeks to find out what are some examples of ‘systems thinking’ projects in international development. The aim of this rapid review is to provide concrete examples of how ST shows up in the project design and management processes that are typically used by people working in the international development sector. These include project management arrangements, evaluation indicators, results frameworks, budget allocations and procurement, country diagnostics, and the foundational analysis that informs project design. The examples found were mostly extracted from donor project documents. Different definitions of ST may emphasise different elements. An attempt was made to find a range of projects from different sectors, and to go beyond projects that exemplified “Market Systems Development” and “Adaptive Management,” for which there are already repositories of project examples (see Further Resources).The inclusion of the projects in this review does not imply that they were successful, only that they contain some evidence of ST in them. Most of the projects identified have a further library of documents, including evaluations, that give more detailed information about their successes and failures.
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Coelho Resende, Noelle, Renata Weber, Jardel Fischer Loeck, Mathias Vaiano Glens, Carolina Gomes, Priscila Farfan Barroso, Janine Targino, Emerson Elias Merhy, Leandro Dominguez Barretto, and Carly Machado. Working Paper Series: Therapeutic Communities in Brazil. Edited by Taniele Rui and Fiore Mauricio. Drugs, Security and Democracy Program, Social Science Research Council, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/ssrc.2081.d.2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Spread across Brazil and attaining an unparalleled political force, therapeutic communities are as inescapable in the debate on drug policy as they are complex to define. Although they are not a Brazilian creation, they have been operating in that country for decades, and their dissemination intensified in the 1990s. In 2011, they were officially incorporated into Brazil's Psychosocial Care Network (Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, or RAPS). Since then, therapeutic communities have been at the center of public debates about their regulation; about how they should—or even if they should—be a part of the healthcare system; about the level of supervision to which they should be submitted; about their sources of funding, particularly whether or not they should have access to public funding; and, most importantly, about the quality of the services they offer and the many reports of rights violation that have been made public. However, a well-informed public debate can only flourish if the available information is based on sound evidence. The SSRC’s Drugs, Security and Democracy Program is concerned with the policy relevance of the research projects it supports, and the debate around therapeutic communities in Brazil points to a clear need for impartial research that addresses different cross-cutting aspects of this topic in its various dimensions: legal, regulatory, health, and observance of human rights, among others. It is in this context that we publish this working paper series on therapeutic communities in Brazil. The eight articles that compose this series offer a multidisciplinary view of the topic, expanding and deepening the existing literature and offering powerful contributions to a substantive analysis of therapeutic communities as instruments of public policy. Although they can be read separately, it is as a whole that the strength of the eight articles that make up this series becomes more evident. Even though they offer different perspectives, they are complementary works in—and already essential for—delineating and understanding the phenomenon of therapeutic communities in Brazil.
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Reynolds, Christian, Libby Oakden, Sarah West, Rachel Pateman, and Chris Elliott. Citizen Science and Food: A Review. Food Standards Agency, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.nao903.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Citizen science and food is part of a new programme of work to explore how we can involve the communities we serve when building the evidence-base on which policy decisions are made. Citizen science is an approach that can provide high volumes of data with a wide geographic spread. It is relatively quick to deploy and allows access to evidence we would ordinarily have difficulty collating. This methodology has been endorsed by the European Commission for Research, Science and Innovation. There is no one size fits all definition, but citizen science projects involves engaging with communities and asking them to be part of the project, either through engaging them in data collection or through other ways of co-creation. For participants, citizen science offers learning opportunities, the satisfaction of contributing to scientific evidence and the potential to influence policy. It can also give us data which is high in volume, has wide geographical spread, is relatively quick to deploy and that we couldn’t access any other way. Projects using these methods often involve engaging with communities and asking them to be part of the project. This can be either through working with them in data collection, or through co-creation. This report demonstrates that the research community are already undertaking numerous pieces of research that align with FSA’s evidence needs. This includes examples from the UK and other global communities. Participants in such research have collected data on topics ranging from food preparation in the home to levels of chemical contaminant in foods. The findings of this report outline that citizen science could allow the FSA to target and facilitate more systematic engagement with UK and global research communities, to help address key research priorities of the FSA.
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Butler, Nadia, and Soha Karam. Key Considerations for Integrating COVID-19 Vaccination Services: Insights from Iraq and Syria for the MENA Region. SSHAP, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the COVID-19 pandemic well into its third year, governments and response partners are recognising that it no longer makes sense for COVID-19 services, including vaccination, to exist in isolation. There is growing recognition of the potential for integration with other services as the way forward for COVID-19 vaccination. This has recently begun to occur in various countries, but until now, there has been little evidence available as to the success of these initiatives. Service delivery integration occurs where “managerial or operational changes to health systems bring together inputs, delivery, management, and organisation of particular service functions in ways that are contextually appropriate and person-centred with the aim of improving coverage, access, quality, acceptability, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness” (Haldane et al. 2022) This brief draws on evidence from academic and grey literature and consultations with partners working in the COVID-19 response to review current integration efforts (as of August 2022) and explore potentially effective ways to integrate COVID-19 vaccination into other services in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Recent guidance on integration from WHO has also been cross-referenced where relevant. Iraq is taken as a detailed case study due to the efforts already made there on integration of COVID-19 and routine immunisation (RI) services. Global integration experiences and a brief discussion of integration efforts in Syria are also included. The brief is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on social science considerations relating to COVID-19 vaccines and was written for SSHAP by Nadia Butler supported by Soha Karam (Anthrologica). Verbal consultations and reviews of the draft were provided from response partners in Iraq and other locations within the region (IFRC MENARO, Iraq MoH, UNICEF Iraq, UNICEF MENARO, UNICEF Syria, WHO EMRO). The brief was requested by the UNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Office (MENARO) and is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Amirav, Aviv, and Steven Lehotay. Fast Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695851.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The overall theme of this project was to increase the speed of analysis for monitoring pesticide residues in food. Traditionally, analytical methods for multiple pesticides are time-consuming, expensive, laborious, wasteful, and ineffective to meet critical needs related to food safety. Faster and better methods were needed to provide more cost-effective detection of chemical contaminants, and thus provide a variety of benefits to agriculture. This overarching goal to speed and improve pesticide analysis was successfully accomplished even beyond what was originally proposed by the investigators in 1998. At that time, the main objectives of this project were: 1) to further develop a direct sample introduction (DSI) device that enables fast sampling and introduction of blended-only agricultural products for analysis by gas chromatography (GC); 2) to evaluate, establish, and further develop the method of simultaneous pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for enhanced pesticide identification capabilities; and 3) to develop a new and novel MS pesticide analysis method, based on the use of supersonic molecular beams (SMB) for sampling and ionization. The first and third objectives were successfully accomplished as proposed, and the feasibility of the second objective was already demonstrated. The capabilities of the GC/SMB-MS approach alone were so useful for pesticide analysis that the simultaneous use of a PFPD was considered superfluous. Instead, the PFPD was investigated in combination with an electron-capture detector for low-cost, simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods. Three important, novel research projects not originally described in the proposal were also accomplished: 1) development of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticides in foods; 2) development and optimization of a method using low-pressure (LP) GC/MS to speed pesticide residue analysis; and 3) innovative application of analyte protectants to improve the GC analysis of important problematic pesticides. All of the accomplishments from this project are expected to have strong impact to the analytical community and implications to agriculture and food safety. For one, an automated DSI approach has become commercially available in combination with GC/MS for the analysis of pesticide residues. Meanwhile, the PFPD has become the selective detector of choice for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Great strides were made in SMB-MS through the manufacture of a prototype "Supersonic GC/MS" instrument, which displayed many advantages over commercial GC/MS instruments. Most notably, the QuEChERS method is already being disseminated to routine monitoring labs and has shown great promise to improve pesticide analytical capabilities and increase lab productivity. The implications of these developments to agriculture will be to increase the percentage of food monitored and the scope of residues detected in the food, which will serve to improve food safety. Developed and developing countries alike will be able to use these methods to lower costs and improve results, thus imported/exported food products will have better quality without affecting price or availability. This will help increase trade between nations and mitigate certain disputes over residue levels in imported foods. The improved enforcement of permissible residue levels provided by these methods will have the effect to promote good agricultural practices among previously obstinate farmers who felt no repercussions from illegal or harmful practices. Furthermore, the methods developed can be used in the field to analyze samples quickly and effectively, or to screen for high levels of dangerous chemicals that may intentionally or accidentally appear in the food supply.
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Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its host. The first objective was to examine the interface where small molecule peptide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms overlap. The second objective was to determine if the molecular explanation for common function is common signal transduction pathways. These pathways, built around sensor kinases, response regulators, and transcription factors may link sequestering of iron, production of antioxidants, resistance to oxidative stress, and virulence. We tested these hypotheses by genetic manipulation of the pathogen, virulence assays on the host plant, and by following the expression of key fungal genes. An addition to the original program, made in the first year, was to develop, for fungi, a genetically encoded indicator of redox state based on the commercially available Gfp-based probe pHyper, designed for animal cell biology. We implemented several tools including a genetically encoded indicator of redox state, a procedure to grow iron-depleted plants, and constructed a number of new mutants in regulatory genes. Lack of the major Fe acquisition pathways results in an almost completely avirulent phenotype, showing how critical Fe acquisition is for the pathogen to cause disease. Mutants in conserved signaling pathways have normal ability to regulate NPS6 in response to Fe levels, as do mutants in Lae1 and Vel1, two master regulators of gene expression. Vel1 mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and the reason may be underexpression of a catalase gene. In nps6 mutants, CAT3 is also underexpressed, perhaps explaining the sensitivity to oxidative stress. We constructed a deletion mutant for the Fe sensor-regulator SreA and found that it is required for down regulation of NPS6 under Fe-replete conditions. Lack of SreA, though, did not make the fungus over-sensitive to ROS, though the mutant had a slow growth rate. This suggests that overproduction of siderophore under Fe-replete conditions is not very damaging. On the other hand, increasing Fe levels protected nps6 mutants from inhibition by ROS, implying that Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions are not the main factor in its sensitivity to ROS. We have made some progress in understanding why siderophore mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and in doing so, defined some novel regulatory relationships. Catalase genes, which are not directly related to siderophore biosynthesis, are underexpressed in nps6 mutants, suggesting that the siderophore product (with or without bound Fe) may act as a signal. Siderophores, therefore, could be a target for intervention in the field, either by supplying an incorrect signal or blocking a signal normally provided during infection. We already know that nps6 mutants cause smaller lesions and have difficulty establishing invasive growth in the host. Lae1 and Vel1 are the first factors shown to regulate both super virulence conferred by T-toxin, and basic pathogenicity, due to unknown factors. The mutants are also altered in oxidative stress responses, key to success in the infection court, asexual and sexual development, essential for fungal dissemination in the field, aerial hyphal growth, and pigment biosynthesis, essential for survival in the field. Mutants in genes encoding NADPH oxidase (Nox) are compromised in development and virulence. Indeed the triple mutant, which should lack all Nox activity, was nearly avirulent. Again, gene expression experiments provided us with initial evidence that superoxide produced by the fungus may be most important as a signal. Blocking oxidant production by the pathogen may be a way to protect the plant host, in interactions with necrotrophs such as C. heterostrophus which seem to thrive in an oxidant environment.
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Rowe, Randall C., Jaacov Katan, Talma Katan, and Leah Tsror. Sub-Specific Populations of Verticillium dahliae and their Roles in Vascular Wilt Pathogsystems. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7574343.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Verticillium dahliae is an economically important pathogen causing vascular wilt on over 160 plant species. In North America, potato early dying is a significant disease of potato, especially in the midwest and Pacific northwest states. This disease is caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae and in some cases involves a synergistic interaction with root-lesion nematodes, primarily Pratylenchus penetrans. In Israel, Verticillium wilt occurs in many regions and inflicts serious losses in potato, cotton, and other crops. Objectives of this project were to establish a large collection of isolates of Verticillium dahliae from potato (USA) and several host plants (Israel) and to characterize and compare the isolates with regard to morphology, vegetative compatibility group (VCG), and pathogenic capabilities on several hosts. Isolations were made from 224 commercial lots of certified potato seed tubers from across N. America and 87 potato fields located in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington. A large collection of isolates from central U.S. states already existed. In Israel, 47 field sites were sampled and isolates of Verticillium dahliae were recovered from 13 host plant species and from soil. Potato isolates from N. America were tested for vegetative compatibility and all found to be in VCG 4 with about 2/3 in VCG 4A and the rest in VCG 4B. VCG 4A isolates were significantly more aggressive on potato than VCG 4B isolates and were more likely to interact synergistically with P. penetrans. The Israeli isolates fell into three vegetative compatibility groups. Nearly all (> 90%) VCG2B and VCG 4B isolates were recovered from the northern and southern parts of Israel, respectively, with some overlap in central areas. Several pathotypes were defined in cotton, using cotton and eggplant together as differentials. All VCG 2B isolates from cotton caused severe disease in cotton, while VCG 2A and VCG 4B isolates from several crops were much less aggressive to cotton. When Israeli isolates of VCGs 2A, 2B and 4B were inoculated to potato and tomato, VCG 4B isolates caused much more severe disease on potato and VCG 2A isolates caused much more severe disease in tomato. Differential patterns of pathogenicity and aggressiveness of these VCGs on potato and tomato were consistent regardless of the host plant of origin. Isolates of the same VCG resembled one another more than isolates from different VCGs based on colony and microsclerotial morphology, temperature responses and, partially, in pathogenicity. Vegetative compatibility grouping of V. dahliae in Israel appears closely associated with specific pathogenicity and other phenotypic traits. The absence of VCG 4A in Israel is significant. VCG patterns among Verficillium populations are useful to predict relatedness and pathogenic potential in both countries.
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Lers, Amnon, E. Lomaniec, S. Burd, A. Khalchitski, L. Canetti, and Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Senescence Inducible Ribonuclease in Tomato: Gene Regulation and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570563.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural leaf senescence has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. Senescence is regulated by differential gene expression yet, functional characterization of the genes specifically induced and study of their expression control, is still in its infancy. Study of senescence-specific genes is required to allow identification of regulatory elements participating in senescence-induced expression and thus provide insights into the genetic regulation of senescence. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as RNases and proteases. This study was aimed a analysis of senescence-inducible RNases in tomato with the following objectives: Isolation of senescence-inducible RNase cDNA clones; Expression analyses of RNase genes during senescence; Identification of sequences required for senescence-induced gene expression; Functional analyses of senescence-inducible RNases. We narrowed our aims somewhat to focus on the first three objectives because the budget we were awarded was reduced from that requested. We have expanded our research for identification senescence-related RNase/nuclease activities as we thought it will direct us to new RNase/nuclease genes. We have also carried out research in Arabidopsis and parsley, which enabled us to draw mire general conclusions. We completed the first and second objectives and have made considerable progress on the remaining two. We have defined growth conditions suitable for this research and defined the physiological and biochemical parameters characteristic to the advance of leaf senescence. In tomato and arabidopsis we have focused on natural leaf senescence. Parsley was used mainly for study of postharvest senescence in detached leaves. We have identified a 41-kD a tomato nuclease, LeNUCI, specifically induced during senescence which can degrade both RNA and DNA. This activity could be induced by ethylene in young leaves and was subjected to detailed analysis, which enabled its classification as Nuclease I enzyme. LeNUCI may be involved in nucleic acid metabolism during tomato leaf senescence. In parsley senescing leaves we identified 2 main senescence-related nuclease activities of 41 and 39-kDa. These activities were induced in both naturally or artificially senescing leaves, could degrade both DNA and RNA and were very similar in their characteristics to the LeNUCI. Two senescence-induced RNase cDNAs were cloned from tomato. One RNase cDNA was identical to the tomato LX RNase while the second corresponded to the LE RNase. Both were demonstrated before to be induced following phosphate starvation of tomato cell culture but nothing was known about their expression or function in plants. LX gene expression was much more senescence specific and ethylene could activate it in detached young leaves. LE gene expression, which could be transiently induced by wounding, appeared to be activated by abscisic acid. We suggest that the LX RNase has a role in RNA catabolism in the final stage of senescence, and LE may be a defense-related protein. Transgenic plants were generated for altering LX gene expression. No major visible alterations in the phenotype were observed so far. Detailed analysis of senescence in these plants is performed currently. The LX promoter was cloned and its analysis is performed currently for identification of senescence-specific regulatory elements. In Arabidopsis we have identified and characterized a senescence-associated nuclease 1 gene, BFN1, which is highly expressed during leaf and stem senescence. BFN1, is the first example of a senescence- associated gene encoding a nuclease I enzyme as well as the first nuclease I cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Our progress should provide excellent tools for the continued analysis of regulation and function of senescence-inducible ribonucleases and nucleases in plants. The cloned genes can be used in reverse genetic approaches, already initiated, which can yield a more direct evidence for the function of these enzymes. Another contribution of this research will be in respect to the molecular mechanism, which controls senescence. We had already initiated in this project and will continue to identify and characterize regulatory elements involved in senescence-specific expression of the genes isolated in this work.