Готові списки джерел за темами / Alloy layer

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Alloy layer"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Alloy layer"

1

Chen, Chang Jun, Qin Cao, Min Zhang, Qing Ming Chang, and Shi Chang Zhang. "Laser Repair Cladding of Ni-Base Alloy on TC2 Ti Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2191.

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Анотація:
An attempt has been made to fabricate Ni-base alloy layer on the surface of TC2 titanium alloy substrate by laser repair cladding technology for repairing the worn surface of TC2 alloy after in service. Laser cladding is carried out by melting the preplaced Ni-base alloy powder using a continuous wave CO2 laser and using Ar as shielding gas. Microstructure and chemical composition of the cladding coating was revealed by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), together with the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS). A clad layer with low dilution and metallurgically bonding coating to the substrate could be obtained. A significant improvement in microhardness is achieved in the cladding layer and at the interfacial region. The results showed that laser repair cladding is highly promising technology to restore damaged Ti alloy parts.
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2

He, Qing Kun, Hong Zhi Cui, Shao Hua Huang, Jin Quan Sun, Hong Guang Yang, and Yong Feng Li. "Laser Cladding of Ni-Based Alloy on Mg Alloy with Brass Transition." Materials Science Forum 686 (June 2011): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.686.197.

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Анотація:
Laser cladding of Ni-based alloy on Mg-alloy was achieved by using brass as transition layer on substrate. The Ni-based alloy layer free of cracks and porosities was bonded metallurgically with the Mg substrate using brass as the transitional layer. The Ni-based cladding layer was mainly composed of Cr2Ni3, FeNi3, AlNi3 while the content of Mg, Al, Cu and Zn is very low in the cladding layer. Microhardness and the wear resistance of the sample were tested, whose results indicated that microhardness and wear resistance increased 12.8 times and 13.3 times, respectively compared with the substrate. In addition, the corrosion potential (Ecorr) of the sample was much higher than that of untreated materials.
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3

Zeng, Yan, Xiao Yang Huang, Wei Dong Zhou, and Sheng Kai Yu. "A Numerical Study on Heat Transfer and Lubricant Depletion on an Anisotropic Multilayer Hard Disk." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.770.

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Анотація:
This paper presents a numerical investigation on the effect of thermal anisotropy of the top layer alloy on heat transfer and lubricant depletion on the disk surface in a heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) system. The disk consists of multilayer structures and a thin layer of lubricant on the top surface. Cases under different laser powers and initial lubricant film thicknesses are examined. The top-layer alloy thermal anisotropy does show non-negligible effect on the heat transfer and lubricant depletion. With the top-layer alloy being more anisotropic, higher temperature increase and lager lubricant depletion can be observed on the disk surface. The results also show that the thermal anisotropy effect is more significant under a lower laser power but nearly keeps no much difference under different initial lubricant film thicknesses. Thus it is of importance to include the thermal anisotropy effect of the top-layer Co-alloy when simulating the heat transfer and lubricant depletion in practical multilayer HMAR systems, especially for the cases under the condition of lower laser power, as the effect cannot be neglected under such conditions.
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4

Svéda, Mária, and András Roósz. "Development of Amorphous and Microstructured Surface Layer by Laser Surface Treatment." Materials Science Forum 752 (March 2013): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.752.175.

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Анотація:
The aim of the research was to develop an amorphous and microstructured layer on non-amorphous alloys by laser surface treatment. The as-prepared Cu based master alloy ingots were imbedded in a metallic sinking with Wood metal to assure the good thermal conductivity during the laser treatment. The laser remelting, alloying and coating techniques were applied from the laser surface treatment techniques. The surface layer production and a subsequent rapid cooling were performed using CO2 laser and pulse and continuous modes of Nd:YAG laser. The characterization of the microstructure of the resulting surface layer was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Actual remelting on substrates showed that the process of laser remelting is a suitable technique for production of metallic glasses as surface layers. The amorphous layer up to 250 m in depth can be produced by laser surface remelting on Cu46Zr42Al7Y5 alloy.
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5

Zhang, Yuan Bin, Huai Xue Li, and Kai Zhang. "Investigation of the Laser Melting Deposited TiAl Intermetallic Alloy on Titanium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1638.

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Анотація:
To improve the wear resistance of Titanium alloy, TiAl intermetallic claddings were fabricated on TC4 substrate using laser melting deposition technology. Optical microscope, scan electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction meter were applied to investigate the deposited TiAl layer and their interface with substrate. Using hardness tester and M-2000 wear testing machine, hardness, frictional coefficient and wear resistance of the TiAl layers and TC4 alloy were tested. It was indicated that the deposited TiAl layers were well integrated with TC4 substrate, γ-TiAl and Ti3Al dual phase microstructure was formed in the deposited layer. With higher hardness and lower friction coefficient, the deposited TiAl layer improved the wear resistance obviously comparing to TC4 titanium alloy substrate.
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6

Ohno, H., Y. Araki, and K. Endo. "ESCA Study on Dental Alloy Surfaces Modified by Ga-Sn Alloy." Journal of Dental Research 71, no. 6 (June 1992): 1332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345920710061101.

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Анотація:
A new, simple surface modification method for adherend metals has been developed. It gives high bond strength and superior water durability to dental precious-metal alloys bonded with 4-META/ MMA-TBB resin. However, there was no effect on the bonding of Ag-In-Zn alloy and base-metal alloys. In the present study, the alloy surfaces modified by the new method were analyzed by ESCA and SEM for determination of details of the modification effect. A new alloying layer containing Ga and Sn was formed on the precious-metal alloys. The main factor for excellent adhesion to be achieved was the formation of a very thin layer of Ga 2O3 and SnO2, less than 1-2 nm thick, on the alloy surface. A thicker modified layer, as formed on the Ag-In-Zn and Ni-Cr alloys, led to low bonding ability.
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7

Yan Ruifeng, 颜瑞峰, 郭亮 Guo Liang, 张庆茂 Zhang Qingmao, 周永恒 Zhou Yongheng, and 张健 Zhang Jian. "Laser Cladding Co-Based Alloy Layer on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy and Properties." APPLIED LASER 32, no. 3 (2012): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/al20123203.175.

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8

Grigoryev, Alexey, Igor Polozov, Anatoliy Popovich, and Vadim Sufiyarov. "Application of additive technologies for synthesis of titanium alloys of Ti-Al, Ti-Al-Nb systems of elemental powders." SHS Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184400037.

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Анотація:
Additive technologies are one of the drivers for development of new industrial revolution. For developing additive production it is necessary to expand the nomenclature of materials used in the form of powders. One of the ways for synthesizing new alloys in additive technologies is applying a mixture of powders as primary components; the powders correspond in their composition to the given alloy. The technology of selective laser melting enables synthesizing the necessary alloy by means of layer by layer melting of a powder mixture. A study of the process of Ti-5Al and Ti-6Al-7Nb titanium alloys synthesis of elemental powders by means of selective laser melting was undertaken in this work. Microstructure, chemical composition, mechanical properties of the synthesized alloys were studied and also the influence of thermal processing on the microstructure of the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy obtained of elemental powders was explored.
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9

Svéda, Mária, Dóra Janovszky, K. Tomolya, J. Sólyom, G. Buza, and A. Roósz. "Nanostructure Layer Formation on Cu-Zr-Al Alloy during Laser Remelting." Materials Science Forum 729 (November 2012): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.729.272.

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Анотація:
This paper reports laser remelting of crystalline Cu based alloys in order to produce amorphous layer on the surface. The as prepared Cu based master alloy ingots were imbedded in a metallic sinking with Wood metal to assure the good thermal conductivity during the laser treatment. The laser remelting of a thin surface layer and a subsequent rapid cooling of it was performed using impulse and continuous mode of Nd:YAG laser. In respectively the impulse mode the laser power and the interaction time were 1.5; 2 kW and 20÷100 ms. In the continuous mode the laser power was 2 kW, and the laser scan speed was 80÷120 mm/s. The characterization of the microstructure of surface layer was performed by XRD, scanning electron microscopy and microhardness measurements.
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10

Cai, Xun, Xiaoyu Yang, Tao Zhao, Liuhe Li, and Qiu Long Chen. "Laser Surface Cladding of Al-Si Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2813.

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Анотація:
The mixture of Ni based alloy powder and WC particles were used as a feeding material to modify the surface properties of cast Al-Si alloy using a CO2 continuous transverse flow laser beam with maximum power of 10 kW. Microstructures and chemical components of the laser surface cladding (LSC) layers were studied using SEM, XRD, TEM and EDS. It is shown that the LSC layers were composed of γ-（ Ni, Cr, Fe, W）matrix phase and many enhancing phases, such as Ni2Al3, Ni3Al, WC, W2C, Cr2B, etc.. The microstructure of the LSC layers was greatly affected by the scanning rate b V and the powder of feeding rate p m under the same laser power. With the increasing of b V and p m , the dissolution phenomenon of WC particles was improved; the length, the diameter and the amount of the acicular constituent were markedly reduced. Microhardness and wear resistance tests were also performed: the average microhardness of the LSC layers was around 5.1 to 5.9GPa, which was five times higher than that of the Al-Si substrate. The wear resistance of the layer was about 20 times as big as that of cast Al-Si alloy when P=6kW, b V =13.3mm s-1, p m =100mg s-1, L=500N. The results showed that the mechanical properties of LSC layers on cast Al-Si alloy can be markedly enhanced with proper processing parameters. However, due to the sudden change of physical and mechanical properties between laser modified layer and substrate, some defects, especially crack, actually occur in the surface modified layer and the interface zone. And finally Ni/WC surface gradient layer was obtained on cast Al-Si alloy through thrice laser scanning technique. The microhardness of the laser gradient layer gradually changed from surface to substrate, so that it can reduce stress concentration in the whole laser surface layer, especially in the interface zone.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Alloy layer"

1

Taylor, Matthew Logan. "Hydrogen permeation of Alloy-22 considering the passive layer." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1446439.

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2

SOUTO, MARCELO BELMIRO GOMES DE. "CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OXIDIZED LAYER OF ALLOY ASTM F15 OBTAINED UNDER DIFFERENT SURFACE CONDITIONS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25671@1.

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Анотація:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
A liga ASTM F15 é usada para o encapsulamento de componentes ou dispositivos eletrônicos em virtude de seu baixo coeficiente de expansão térmica que é similar à de vidros duros. Na construção de juntas vitro metálicas com características de hermeticidade a formação de uma camada de óxido na superfície metálica é necessária para que ocorra o molhamento adequado desta superfície pelo sealing glass. Neste trabalho foram utilizados dois tipos de superfícies, subdivididos em grupos, de modo a avaliar a sua influência na formação da camada oxidada. As superfícies foram oxidadas à temperatura de 800 graus C, em atmosfera ambiente, variando o tempo de oxidação em 5, 10, 20 e 40 minutos, seguido de resfriamento ao ar. As camadas de óxido foram caracterizadas quanto a sua morfologia e composição química, utilizando Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Microscopia Ótica (MO), Difração de Raio X (DRX) e Espectroscopia de emissão e fótons de raio X (XPS) e Rugosimetria. As camadas de óxido foram avaliadas em função do ganho de massa superficial, espessura, composição química e rugosidade da superfície metálica. Os principais produtos de oxidação, nas condições estudadas foram Hematita (Fe2O3), Magnetita (Fe3O4) e Taenita (FeNi). Foi observado que e as condições superficiais de rugosidade não influenciaram o tipo de produtos de oxidação obtido, porém se obteve maiores ganhos de massa para as superfícies polidas mecanicamente.
The alloy ASTM F15 is used for the encapsulation of components or electronic devices because of its low coefficient of thermal expansion that is similar to hard glasses. In construction joints glass-to-metal tightness with characteristics forming an oxide layer on the metallic surface is required so that adequate wetting takes place at the surface of this sealing glass. This study looked at two types of surfaces, subdivided into groups in order to assess their influence on the oxide layer. One group was subjected to mechanical polishing and the other group subjected to chemical polishing. The surfaces were oxidized at a temperature of 800 degrees C in the ambient atmosphere by varying the oxidation time at 5, 10, 20 and 40 minutes, followed by cooling to air. As oxide layers were characterized for their morphology and chemical composition, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Optic Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Emission spectroscopy and X-ray photons (XPS) and Rugosimeter.The oxide layer was evaluated in terms of surface mass, thickness, chemical composition and surface roughness of the metal surface. The main oxidation products under the conditions studied were Hematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4) and Taenita (FeNi). It was observed that, surface roughness conditions did not influence the type of oxidation products obtained, but it had greater mass gains for the mechanically polished surfaces.
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3

Zhao, Zhijun. "Role of surface active layers on localized breakdown of aluminum alloy 7075." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1160670830.

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4

Hazlehurst, Kevin Brian. "The adoption of laser melting technology for the manufacture of functionally graded cobalt chrome alloy femoral stems." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/332114.

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Анотація:
Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is an orthopaedic procedure that is performed to reduce pain and restore the functionality of hip joints that are affected by degenerative diseases. The outcomes of THA are generally good. However, the stress shielding of the periprosthetic femur is a factor that can contribute towards the premature loosening of the femoral stem. In order to improve the stress shielding characteristics of metallic femoral stems, stiffness configurations that offer more flexibility should be considered. This research has investigated the potential of more flexible and lightweight cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo) femoral stems that can be manufactured using Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Square pore cellular structures with compressive properties that are similar to human bone have been presented and incorporated into femoral stems by utilising fully porous and functionally graded designs. A three dimensional finite element model has been developed to investigate and compare the load transfer to the periprosthetic femur when implanted with femoral stems offering different stiffness configurations. It was shown that the load transfer was improved when the properties of the square pore cellular structures were incorporated into the femoral stem designs. Factors affecting the manufacturability and production of laser melted femoral stems have been investigated. A femoral stem design has been proposed for cemented or cementless fixation. Physical testing has shown that a functionally graded stem can be repeatedly manufactured using SLM, which was 48% lighter and 60% more flexible than a traditional CoCrMo prosthesis. The research presented in this thesis has provided an early indication of utilising SLM to manufacture lightweight CoCrMo femoral stems with levels of flexibility that have the potential to reduce stress shielding in the periprosthetic femur.
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5

Domfang, Ngnekou Julius-Noël. "Étude expérimentale de la tenue en fatigue de l’alliage AlSi10Mg élaboré par fusion laser de lit de poudre Influence of as-built surface and heat treatment on the fatigue resistance of Additively Layer Manufacturing (ALM) AlSi10Mg alloy Fatigue resistance of selectively laser melted aluminum alloy under T6 heat treatment Fatigue properties of AlSi10Mg produced by Additive Layer Manufacturing." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ESMA0015.

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Ce travail montre l'impact des défauts et de la microstructure sur la limite de fatigue de l’AlSi10Mg de fabrication additive (FA). Les échantillons d’étude sont fabriqués suivant trois orientations (0 °, 45 ° et 90 °) ; les surfaces d’étude sont usinées ou brutes de fabrication. Les éprouvettes sont étudiées avec ou sans traitement thermique T6. Avant toute chose, le matériau est d’abord caractérisé en lien avec les paramètres du procédé à l’aide de plusieurs moyens (microscopie, microtomographie). Du point de la fatigue, les courbes S-N sont établies avant et après T6, principalement à R = -1 en sollicitation uniaxiale. Pour toutes les éprouvettes d’étude, l’analyse des faciès montre que ce sont toujours les défauts qui sont à l’origine de la rupture par fatigue. Ainsi, un critère est appliqué pour définir ces défauts critiques (type, taille morphologie et position) et la limite de fatigue est systématiquement analysée via les diagrammes de Kitagawa. Le rôle de la direction de construction sur la tenue en fatigue est étudié, avant et après traitement thermique T6, tant pour les surfaces usinées que brutes de fabrication. À cet effet, un scénario basé sur la taille caractéristique des grains est proposé pour expliquer les effets d’orientation post-T6. La contribution de la structure de précipitation est également étudiée ; ainsi que le rôle des défauts (type, taille, morphologie et position) sur la limite de fatigue à différents états microstructuraux : avant et après T6. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes d’endommagement par fatigue en surface, la méthode des répliques est déployée sur une éprouvette polie. Dans ce cadre, une loi de propagation des fissures naturelles, c'est-à-dire qu'elles sont dues à un défaut hérité du procédé, est identifiée. Elle permet de séparer les phases d’amorçage et de propagation, alimentant ainsi les discussions sur les phénomènes d’amorçage en présence de défauts. Par ailleurs, quelques critères de fatigue sont également discutés et l’approche Defect Stress Gradient (DSG) est adaptée au matériau d’étude en tenant compte de la taille des grains cristallographiques. Pour les sections utiles brutes de fabrication, le rôle du mode de suppression des supports fabrication sur l’amorçage des fissures de fatigue est étudié ; la définition de la notion de taille de défauts en présence de la rugosité, à l’échelle de l’ondulation de surface, est abordée. Sachant que l’amorçage peut avoir lieu sur une ondulation de surface ou sur un défaut isolé (porosité ou défaut de fusion), une méthode expérimentale est proposée pour analyser la compétition entre ces facteurs. Dans un contexte de développement industriel, l’influence sur la limite de fatigue des paramètres de procédé relatifs au laser (vitesse de balayage, puissance et distance de hachure), au lit de poudre (composition chimique, taille des particules, épaisseur du lit) est étudiée, en vue d’alimenter les discussions vers l’optimisation du procédé du point de vue de la tenue en fatigue
This work shows the impact of defects and microstructure on the fatigue limit of AlSi10Mg produced by Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM). Samples are produced according to three orientations with respect to the construction plate (0 °, 45 ° and 90 °); the studied surfaces are machined or left as-built (AB) in the gauge section. The specimens are studied with or without T6 heat treatment. The study surfaces are machined or as built. Some specimens are subjected to T6 heat treatment. Before any others study, the material is characterized in connection with the process parameters through several techniques (microscopes and 3D X-ray microtomography). Regarding the fatigue, the S-N curves are established before and after T6, mainly at R = -1 under uniaxial loading. For all the fatigue test specimens, fracture surfaces analysis shows that it is always a defect that cause fatigue failure. Thus, a criterion is applied to define these critical defects (type, size morphology and position) and the fatigue limit is analyzed through the Kitagawa type diagrams. The role of the building direction on the fatigue strength is studied, before and after T6 heat treatment, for both machined and as-built surfaces. For this purpose, a sketch based on the characteristic grain size is proposed to explain post-T6 orientation effects. The contribution of the precipitation structure is also studied; as well as the role of defects (type, size, morphology and position) on the fatigue limit at different microstructural states: before and after T6. In order to understand the surface fatigue damage mechanisms, the replica method is used on a polished specimen. In this context, a propagation law of natural cracks, that is to say due to a defect inherited from the process, is identified. It makes it possible to separate the initiation and propagation phases, thus feeding the discussions on the phenomena of priming in the presence of defects. In addition, some fatigue criteria are also discussed and the Defect Stress Gradient (DSG) approach is adapted to the studied material, by taking into account the size of the crystallographic grains. In the specific case of specimens with as-built useful sections, the role of the process of suppression of the building supports on the initiation of fatigue cracks is studied; the definition of the concept of defect size in the presence of roughness, at the scale of the surface undulation, is discussed. Knowing that initiation can occurs on a surface undulation or on an isolated defect (porosity or lack-of-fusion), an experimental method is proposed to analyze the competition between these factors. In a context of industrial development, the influence on the fatigue limit of the process parameters, related to the laser (scanning speed, power and hatching distance), or powder bed (chemical composition, particle size, bed thickness) is studied, in order to feed the discussions towards the process optimization regarding the fatigue strength
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6

Li, Kai. "Origins and evolution of near-surface microstructures and their influence on the optical property of AA3104 aluminium alloy." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/origins-and-evolution-of-nearsurface-microstructures-and-their-influence-on-the-optical-property-of-aa3104-aluminium-alloy(69670a59-c416-40a1-920f-a246959791a4).html.

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Анотація:
The microstructures of the near-surface layers on AA3104 aluminium alloys and their evolution through rolling and deep drawing processes have been investigated. The effect of the near-surface layers on the optical property of AA3104 aluminium alloy has also been assessed. It was revealed that two types of near-surface deformed layers, both with different microstructures different from the underlying bulk alloy, were generated on the surface of AA3104 aluminium alloy during rolling. Both of them are characterized by ultrafine, equiaxed grains, with diameters <100 nm for type A near-surface deformed layer and <200 nm for type B near-surface deformed layer. A high population density of nano-sized, oxygen-rich particles is present along grain boundaries within type A deformed layer. But type B deformed layer is free of oxygen-rich particles. Type A deformed layer was generated through two mechanisms, i.e. geometric dynamic recrystallization and mechanical alloying. Rolling introduced plastic strain in the surface/near-surface region of aluminium sheet was of sufficient magnitude to cause geometric dynamic recrystallization and thus microstructure refinement. In addition, the incorporation of oxides into the near-surface region was also involved in the formation of type A deformed layer. However, the formation of type B deformed layer was only attributed to severe strain induced geometric dynamic recrystallization. Type A deformed layer was mainly formed at the early stages of hot rolling. The subsequent rolling and deep drawing reduced the thickness of type A deformed layer by distributing it over a larger surface area. During cold rolling, type A deformed layer broke into patches with the extension of alloy surface. Type B deformed layer may be generated on the nascent surface if the strain is sufficiently severe to cause geometric dynamic recrystallization. For the hot rolled alloy sheets, the surface/near-surface region is mainly covered by type A deformed layer. However, for the alloys after cold rolling, only limited area is covered with type A deformed layer. The thicknesses of the near-surface deformed layers are not uniform across the surface of AA3104 aluminium alloy. The maximum thickness of type A deformed layer on transfer slab is approximately 4 µm, while that on re-roll gauge sheet is ~1 µm, and ~0.8 µm on the final gauge sheet, ~400 nm on formed cup and ~100 nm on formed can. Type A deformed layer is randomly distributed as patches on the cold rolled aluminium sheet. The reflectivity of oxygen-rich particles is lower compared with the reflectivity of aluminium. As a result, the type A deformed layer patches absorb more incident light than the area without type A deformed layer. Further, there are plenty of micro-scale mini-cracks present on type A deformed layer, their opening sizes are in the equivalent scale of the wavelength of visible light. The incident light may not able to be reflected out if they go into these mini-cracks. It is more prone to happen for short wavelength light since it is easier for them to go into the mini-cracks than long wavelength light. As a result, less short wavelength visible light is reflected from the type A deformed layer patches. Thus, such patches exhibit a yellow appearance while the surrounding area appears the original silver white aluminium appearance. The aluminium sheet with a high coverage of type A deformed layer exhibits a low total reflectance. Further, its total reflectance is with a significant “red shift”. Neither the macro-scale surface roughness nor the ultrafine grain size affects the total reflectance of aluminium alloys. The total reflectance of aluminium alloys is primarily dependent on the presence of type A deformed layer.
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7

Яременко, Денис Олегович. "Формування функціональних покриттів на сталі 40Х електроіскровим легуванням хромом та ніобієм". Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/43127.

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Об’єкт дослідження – поверхневі шари сталі 40Х, отримані електроіскровим легуванням анодами хромом та ніобієм на повітрі. Мета роботи – встановити вплив послідовності ЕІЛ хромом і ніобієм на мікроструктуру, фазовий склад і мікротвердість поверхневих шарів сталі 40Х. Методи дослідження – гравіметричний, мікроструктурний, мікродюрометричний та рентгенофазовий. Показана можливість формування зміцнених покриттів (мікротвердістю 9,5 ГПа – 14,5 ГПа і товщиною 20 мкм – 35 мкм) електроіскровим легуванням Cr та Nb сталі 40Х при різній послідовності нанесення матеріалів анодів. Встановлено вплив нанесення хрому та ніобію під час електроіскрового легування сталі 40Х на поверхневу мікротвердість, фазовий склад та мікроструктуру модифікованого шару. Виявлено, що найбільшу мікротвердість (14,5 ГПа) має легований шар після ЕІЛ сталі Nb, а найбільшу товщину (35 мкм) – при пошаровому ЕІЛ у послідовності Cr- Nb. Практичне значення: одержані в роботі результати та з’ясовані закономірності формування структури та характеристик модифікованих шарів під час електроіскрового легування можуть бути застосовані для подовження строку експлуатації деталей машин та механізмів.
The object of the study is the surface layers of 40X steel, obtained by electrospark doping with chromium and niobium anodes in air. The aim of the work is to establish the influence of EIL chromium and niobium sequences on the microstructure, phase composition and microhardness of 40X steel surface layers. Research methods - gravimetric, microstructural, microdyurometric and X-ray phase. The possibility of forming reinforced coatings (microhardness 9.5 GPa – 14.5 GPa and thickness 20 μm – 35 μm) by electrospark alloying of Cr and Nb steel 40X with different sequence of anode materials application is shown. The influence of chromium and niobium deposition during electrospark alloying of 40X steel on the surface microhardness, phase composition and microstructure of the modified layer was established. It was found that the alloyed layer has the highest microhardness (14.5 GPa) after the EIL of Nb steel, and the greatest thickness (35 μm) - with layered EIL in the Cr-Nb sequence. Practical significance: the results obtained in the work and the regularities of the formation of the structure and characteristics of the modified layers during electrospark alloying can be used to extend the service life of machine parts and mechanisms.
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8

Kumar, Pawan. "Studies of wire-matrix interaction in some tungsten wire reinforced stainless steels." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8980.

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There is potential for improving creep properties of stainless steels by reinforcing them with tungsten (W) wires. Past studies have shown that a detrimental factor that impairs the mechanical properties of tungsten wire reinforced superalloy composites is the formation of brittle intermetallic phases due to the interaction between W wire and constituents of the alloy matrices. Formation and growth of the intermetallic phases strongly depends on the matrix chemistry and for the retention of creep strength, matrix compositions that do not form intermetallic phases with tungsten are desirable for fabricating W wire reinforced composites for high temperature applications. This research investigated the formation and growth of reaction phases in W wire reinforced 316L (W/316L) stainless steel and HP alloy steel (W/HP) that were fabricated by casting method. Additionally, the effect of composition on the evolution and kinetics of reaction phases was studied in some W wire reinforced experimental alloys based on Fe-Ni-Cr only (W/Fe-Ni-Cr). The fabricated composites were diffusion annealed in the temperature range 1000-1200°C for 25-500 hours. Microstructure and chemistry of the reaction phases in the as-cast and diffusion annealed composites were studied using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscattered diffraction techniques. Growth kinetics of the reaction layers and average effective interdiffusion coefficients in the layers were determined for the composites. Results showed that an intermetallic phase isostructural with µ-phase formed in the as-cast W/316L and W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites with 1 and 2 Fe:Ni matrix ratios. In W/HP a phase M12C with crystal structure similar to η-carbide was formed. These phases developed and formed brittle reaction layers around the W wires during diffusion annealing. A parabolic relationship between the µ-phase and η-carbide growth and diffusion annealing time indicated that the growth of reaction layers was diffusion controlled. In the W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites, formation of intermetallic phases did not occur in the matrices with 0.5Fe:Ni ratio, instead some isolated tungsten particles were observed in the matrix adjacent to the wires after diffusion annealing. In W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites with 1 and 2 Fe:Ni matrix ratio, the growth of µ-phase reaction layers during annealing was observed to be dependent on the matrix composition. It was found that with an increase in the Ni content in the matrix, growth of µ-phase reaction layer decreased. The study presented in this thesis gives first-hand information on phase formation and growth kinetics of the reaction layers in W/316L and W/HP composites. It revealed that the interaction of W with 316L and HP alloy matrices leads to formation of cracked intermetallic and carbide reaction layers which are not desirable in the composites designed for high temperature applications. It has also been shown in this study that in W/Fe-Ni-Cr composites, intermetallic phase formation can be suppressed by increasing Ni content in the matrix. In the composite with high Ni contents in the matrix (0.5Fe:Ni ratio) intermetallic phases do not form even after diffusion annealing at 1200°C. This intermetallic free W/Fe-Ni-Cr composite can further be studied for its creep strength.
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9

Jagtap, Rohit. "The Effects of Ultrasonic Nano-crystal Surface Modification on Residual Stress, Microstructure and Fatigue Behavior of Low-Modulus Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta-0.3O Alloy." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479823317088871.

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10

Seong, Jinwook. "Inhibition of Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized AA5083." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429701294.

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Книги з теми "Alloy layer"

1

Sexton, Cornelius L. Rapid alloy scanning by laser cladding. Aachen: Shaker, 1995.

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2

Sharman, Robert John. Direct laser fabrication of a burn resistant titanium alloy. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2003.

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3

Betz, Juergen. Laser and plasma nitriding of titanium alloys. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1988.

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4

Sing, Swee Leong. Selective Laser Melting of Novel Titanium-Tantalum Alloy as Orthopaedic Biomaterial. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2724-7.

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5

Siddique, Shafaqat. Reliability of Selective Laser Melted AlSi12 Alloy for Quasistatic and Fatigue Applications. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-23425-6.

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6

Finney, J. M. Cold expansion and interference for extending the fatigue life of multi-layer metal joints. Melbourne, Australia: Aeronautical Research Laboratory, 1993.

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7

Lehner, Christof. Beschreibung des Nd: YAG-Laserstrahlschweissprozesses von Magnesiumdruckguss. München: Utz, 2001.

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8

Darwish, Saied Muhammed Hassan, Naveed Ahmed, and Abdulrahman M. Al-Ahmari, eds. Laser Beam Micro-milling of Micro-channels in Aerospace Alloys. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3602-6.

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9

Mahamood, Rasheedat Modupe. Laser Metal Deposition Process of Metals, Alloys, and Composite Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64985-6.

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10

That lawyer girl: The unauthorized guide to Ally's world. Los Angeles, CA: Renaissance Books, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "Alloy layer"

1

Jiang, Yongfeng, Yefeng Bao, and Ke Yang. "Composite Coatings Combining PEO layer and EPD Layer on Magnesium Alloy." In Magnesium Technology 2011, 543–46. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118062029.ch100.

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2

Jiang, Yongfeng, Yefeng Bao, and Ke Yang. "Composite Coatings Combining PEO Layer and EPD Layer on Magnesium Alloy." In Magnesium Technology 2011, 543–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48223-1_100.

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3

Takimoto, K., K. Suzuki, K. Nishizaka, and T. Ohtsubo. "SIMS Analysis of Zn-Fe Alloy Galvanized Layer." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 415–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82724-2_112.

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4

Fujikami, Jun, Takahiro Taneda, Yuichi Yamada, Kazuya Ohmatsu, Kazuhiko Hayashi, Ken-ichi Sato, Shoichi Honjo, Natsuro Hobara, and Yoshihiro Iwata. "Spiral Pitch Adjusted Multi-layer Conductor with Alloy-sheathed Wire." In Advances in Superconductivity XI, 903–6. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66874-9_210.

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5

Basiaga, Marcin, Janusz Szewczenko, Witold Walke, Zbigniew Paszenda, Magdalena Antonowicz, and Agnieszka Hyla. "Electrochemical Properties of $$TiO_{2}$$ Oxide Layer Deposited on Ti6Al7Nb Alloy." In Innovations in Biomedical Engineering, 3–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47154-9_1.

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6

Forn, Antonio, Josep A. Picas, Maite T. Baile, Sergi Menargues, and V. G. García. "Anodic Oxide Layer Formation on A357 Aluminium Alloy Produced by Thixocasting." In Solid State Phenomena, 80–83. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-26-4.80.

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7

Yanze, Wang, Chen Chen, and Hong Xin. "Experimental Study on Iron-Based Alloy as Cladding Layer—Improving High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Furnace Alloy." In 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 173–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48093-0_22.

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8

Yanze, Wang, Chen Chen, and Hong Xin. "Experimental Study on Iron-Based Alloy as Cladding Layer- Improving High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Furnace Alloy." In 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 173–80. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274643.ch22.

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9

Ovcharenko, Vladimir E., Konstantin V. Ivanov, and Bao Hai Yu. "Formation of a Nanostructured Hardened Surface Layer on the TiC-(Ni-Cr) Metal-Ceramic Alloy by Pulsed Electron-Beam Irradiation." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 421–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_18.

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AbstractThe efficiency and service life of products made from metal-ceramic tool alloys and used as cutting tools and friction units are determined by a combination of physical and strength properties of their surface layers with a thickness of up to 200 μm. Therefore, much attention is paid to their improvement at the present time. An effective way to increase the operational properties of the metal-ceramic alloy products is to modify the structure and the phase composition of the surface layers by forming multi-scale internal structures with a high proportion of low-dimensional (submicro and nano) components. For this purpose, surfaces are treated with concentrated energy fluxes. Pulse electron-beam irradiation (PEBI) in an inert gas plasma is one of the most effective methods. This chapter presents results of theoretical and experimental studies of this process. An example is the nanostructured hardened surface layer on the TiC-(Ni-Cr) metal-ceramic alloy (ratio of components 50:50) formed by PEBI in the plasma of argon, krypton, and xenon. Its multi-level structure, phase composition, as well as tribological and strength properties are shown.
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10

Sheng, Dongping, Fengxia Lu, and Hongshen Wan. "Dynamic and Experimental Study of Lathe Tool with High Damping Alloy Layer." In Advances in Mechanical Design, 17–29. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7381-8_2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Alloy layer"

1

Kurata, Yuji, Hitoshi Yokota, and Tetsuya Suzuki. "Development of Aluminum Alloy Coating for Advanced Nuclear Systems Using Lead Alloys." In ASME 2011 Small Modular Reactors Symposium. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smr2011-6545.

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Small and medium reactors using lead alloys as coolant are one of the promising reactor concepts with improved safety because of their thermal-physical and chemical properties. This paper focuses on development of Al-alloy coating for nuclear systems using liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). Since corrosion attack becomes severe against structural steels at high temperatures in liquid LBE, it is necessary to improve corrosion resistance of steels. An Al-alloy coating method using Al, Ti and Fe powders, and laser beam heating has been developed. Main defects formed in an Al-powder-alloy coating process are surface defects and cracks. Conditions required to avoid these defects are employment of the laser beam scanning rate of 20 mm/min and adjustment of the Al concentration in the coating layer. According to results of the corrosion tests at 550°C in liquid LBE, the Al-alloy coating layers on 316SS protect severe corrosion attack such as grain boundary corrosion and LBE penetration observed in 316SS without coating. The good corrosion resistance of the Al-alloy coating is based on the thin Al-oxide film which can be regenerated in liquid LBE. From the viewpoints of the soundness of produced Al-powder-alloy coating layers and preservation of their corrosion resistance, it is estimated that the range of the adequate Al concentration in the coating layer is from 4 to 12 wt%.
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2

Iwatani, Shingo, Yasuhito Ogata, Keisuke Uenishi, Kojiro F. Kobayashi, and Akihiko Tsuboi. "Diode Laser Cladding on A5052 Aluminium Alloy for Wear Resistance." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72442.

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In order to improve a wear resistance of aluminium alloy, we proposed a diode laser cladding on the surface of a A5052 aluminium alloy. Firstly, an applicability of diode laser to laser cladding was evaluated. In this result, application of diode laser made it possible to obtain stable beads in low heat input compared with CO2 laser. According to the increase in aluminium content in the obtained clad layer, the microstructure of the clad layer changed as γ (8∼20%) → γ + α (10∼30%) → Fe3Al (30%∼). At the interface between the clad layer and the aluminium alloy substrate, the reaction layer consisting of Fe2Al5 and FeAl3 formed. In the abrasion wear the obtained clad layers exhibited a higher wear resistance compared with the aluminium alloy.
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3

Pang, W., H. C. Man, and T. M. Yue. "Laser Surface Coating of Metal Matrix Composite on Ti6Al4V Alloy." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47221.

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Laser surface coating of Mo, WC and Mo-WC powders on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloys using a 2kW Nd-YAG laser was performed. The dilution effect, microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of the fabricated MMC coating were investigated. With a constant thickness of pre-placed powder, the dilution levels of the alloyed layers were found to be increased with the incident laser power. The fabricated MMC layer was metallurgically bonded to the Ti6Al4V substrate. The microhardness of the fabricated surface layer was found to be inversely proportional to the dilution level. The EDAX and XRD spectra results show that new intermetallic compounds and alloy phases were formed in the laser fabricated layer. With increasing weight percentage content of WC particles in the Mo-WC pre-pasted powder, the microhardness and sliding wear resistance of the laser surface coating were increased by 87% and 150 times respectively as compared with the Ti6Al4V alloy.
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4

Chen, Kai, and Yi-en Jia. "Laser coating of multi layer Hydroxyapatite on titanium alloy." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2010.5639743.

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5

Radziszewska, Agnieszka E., and Sławomir Z. Kąc. "Modification of Al-Si alloy surface layer using Nd:YAG laser." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Wieslaw Wolinski, Zdzislaw Jankiewicz, and Ryszard S. Romaniuk. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.726543.

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6

Schoeffel, Kevin C., and Yung C. Shin. "Laser Cladding of Two Hardfacing Alloys Onto Cylindrical Low Alloy Steel Substrates With a High Power Direct Diode Laser." In ASME 2007 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2007-31112.

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Blown-powder laser cladding is an efficient method for enhancing the surface properties of engineering components while preserving the properties of the base material. High power direct diode lasers (HPDDLs) offer wide beams with nearly uniform intensity distribution, allowing the deposition of wide clad tracks with flatter profiles than those produced with a Gaussian beam. In this work, a 4.0 kW HPDDL is used to perform blown-powder cladding on AISI 4140 and AISI 5150 steel shafts. The first part of the experiments concerns two-layer circumferential tracks created from two commonly used hardfacing alloys: Stellite 6 (Co-Cr alloy) and Nistelle 625 (Ni-Cr alloy). The effects of laser power and powder feed rate on the clad geometry are assessed. Increasing the powder feed rate and holding constant all other parameters decreases the track width-to-thickness aspect ratio. All tracks exhibit dendrite microstructures that are characteristic of powder-based clad tracks. The tracks exhibit no cracks or porosity. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis reveals dilution of five percent or less between the clad and substrate materials. The second part of the experiments concerns overlapping of single-layer clad tracks in a continuous helical pattern on the substrate to form a layer that covers a large area. Clad layer thickness and inter-track porosity are measured to determine the optimum degree of overlap for producing a high-quality clad layer. The thickness of the resulting Stellite 6 and Nistelle 625 clad layers decreases as the overlap percentage decreases. No inter-track, interfacial, or bulk pores are present for any tests, comprising overlap percentages of 50% and lower.
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7

Bartkowiak, K., J. Borowski, A. Wołyński, and L. Foltynowicz. "Surface layer modification of AlSi6Cu4 aluminium alloy via CO2 laser treatment." In ICALEO® 2006: 25th International Congress on Laser Materials Processing and Laser Microfabrication. Laser Institute of America, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5060782.

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8

Krammer, Oliver, Tamas Hurtony, and Aron Hadarits. "Investigating intermetallic layer growth in Innolot solder alloy." In 2017 40th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse.2017.8000920.

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9

Hu, Yongxiang, Mengqi Lai, and Zhenqiang Yao. "Experimental Investigation on Laser Peening of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2731.

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Abstract Laser additive manufacturing is widely utilized to fabricate Ti6Al4V alloy, but post-processing is necessary to improve its performance for fatigue resistance of some critical components. This paper proposes laser peening (LP) as an effective way to improve the surface integrity of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by direct laser deposition (DLD). After laser peening, little difference of surface roughness is observed. Compressive residual stresses are induced on the top surface layer. The maximum value of compressive residual stress is about −520 MPa and the compressive state extends to the depth of 0.60 mm. In addition, the relative densities of specimen are measured using the Archimedes method. The average porosity is observed to decrease due to plastic deformation at the surface layer. Results of fatigue test show that the service cycle can be improved about three times.
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10

Cao, Luowei, Guoshan Xie, Zhiyuan Han, and Fakun Zhuang. "Effect of Carburization on Creep Performance of Cr35Ni45Nb Heat Resistant Alloy." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84226.

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The purpose of this paper is to describe the changes of the structure and the creep performance for Cr35Ni45Nb alloy after varying carburization. Carburizing layers with different thickness were produced in Cr35Ni45Nb alloy directly by vacuum carburizing experiment. The surface microstructure of Cr35Ni45Nb alloy was essentially changed after varying carburization. Creep performance of carburized only and carburization-creep treatment alloys were compared to study the effect of the carburization on creep for Cr35Ni45Nb heat resistant alloy. Mechanical properties of carburizing layer, carburizing transition layer and base alloy were characterized by micro-hardness, respectively. Results of creep rupture testing for the carburized and non-carburized specimens showed that carburization can influence the rupture time, failure strain and creep rate. Carburization also been proved to affect the constant of CMG and CMMG for different stress or carburizing level.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Alloy layer"

1

Williamson, M., J. Mickalonis, D. Fisher, and R. Sindelar. PASSIVATION LAYER STABILITY OF A METALLIC ALLOY WASTE FORM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/986352.

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2

D. Zagidulin, P. Jakupi, J.J. Noel, and D.W. Shoesmith. Evaluation of an Oxide Layer on NI-CR-MO-W Alloy Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Surface Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/899320.

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3

Stevens, D. W., L. A. Hackel, and A. C. Lingenfelter. Laser Peening of Alloy 22 Welds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15004905.

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4

Stackhouse, N. T. Tungsten Alloy Laser Track Cracking Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1562378.

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5

Im, Seongil. Ion beam synthesis of SiGe alloy layers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10165796.

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6

Simpson, T. W., D. Love, E. Endisch, R. D. Goldberg, I. V. Mitchell, T. E. Haynes, and J. M. Baribeau. Amorphization threshold in Si-implanted strained SiGe alloy layers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/41378.

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7

Fuerschbach, P. W. Laser assisted arc welding for aluminum alloys. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/750165.

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8

Chen, H. L., K. J. Evans, L. A. Hackel, J. E. Rankin, R. M. Yamamoto, A. G. Demma, A. T. Dewald, M. J. Lee, and M. R. Hill. Mitigation of Tensile Weld Stresses in Alloy 22 Using Laser Peening. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15003132.

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9

Strain, R. V., K. H. Leong, and D. L. Smith. Development of laser welding techniques for vanadium alloys. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/415824.

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10

Strain, R. V., K. H. Leong, and D. L. Smith. Development of laser welding techniques for vanadium alloys. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/270414.

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