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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Alfalfa plant"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Alfalfa plant"

1

Li, Fang, and Yanzhong Li. "Evaluation of pathogenicity, systemic colonisation, and host range of Verticillium alfalfae in a greenhouse." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 5 (2021): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20449.

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Анотація:
Verticillium wilt of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a widespread and destructive disease caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium alfalfae (formerly V. albo-atrum before 2011). Owing to an inadequate understanding of the pathogenicity, systemic colonisation, and host range of V. alfalfae, it has been challenging to develop an effective control measure against this disease. In the present study, seven inoculation methods, including seed inoculation, leaf spraying (LS), fungal plugs placed on leaves (FP), stem injection (SI), root dipping (RD), root injuring and dipping (RI), and watering conidia suspension into soil (WI) were used to analyse the pathogenicity and systemic colonisation of V. alfalfae on alfalfa. The typical verticillium wilt symptoms including V-shaped necrosis of leaves and leaf wilting were observed in alfalfa plants with all inoculation methods. The shortest incubation period (9 days) was observed with stem injection and the longest (40 days) with root dipping. Alfalfa plants inoculated by stem injection showed the highest disease incidence (91%), disease index (65%), and percentage of infected plants (80%), which resulted in the highest shoot biomass loss rate (34%). However, the plants inoculated by fungal plugs showed the lowest disease index (4%), percentage of infected plants (10%), and root biomass loss rate (2%). Further, the stem injection method was used to assess the host range of V. alfalfae on seven non-alfalfa plant species including erect milkvetch, sainfoin, common vetch, sunflower, potato, cotton, and bluish dogbane. The artificial inoculation of V. alfalfae by stem injection successfully infected these plants, with disease incidence ranged from 13 to 100% and disease index ranged from 10 to 69. This indicates that host range of V. alfalfae is not only alfalfa, but also other plant species.
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2

Bhattarai, Surendra, Dilip Biswas, Yong-Bi Fu, and Bill Biligetu. "Morphological, Physiological, and Genetic Responses to Salt Stress in Alfalfa: A Review." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040577.

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Анотація:
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important legume forage crop. However, its genetic improvement for salt tolerance is challenging, as alfalfa’s response to salt stress is genetically and physiologically complex. A review was made to update the knowledge of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic responses of alfalfa plants to salt stress, and to discuss the potential of applying modern plant technologies to enhance alfalfa salt-resistant breeding, including genomic selection, RNA-Seq analysis, and cutting-edge Synchrotron beamlines. It is clear that alfalfa salt tolerance can be better characterized, genes conditioning salt tolerance be identified, and new marker-based tools be developed to accelerate alfalfa breeding for salt tolerance.
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3

Manglitz, G. R., and Michael Rethwisch. "Alfalfa Weevil and Plant Bug Control in Alfalfa, 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.181.

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Abstract This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska Field Laboratory, Mead, NE in a fourth-year stand of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa. Plots were 9 X 15 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. A single application of 10 insecticides, at various rates, was made on 26 May ’84. Insecticides were applied with a CO2, activated pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 12.5 gal/acre at 20 psi and equipped with a 5.5-ft boom. Each plot was sampled twice, 6 and 12 days posttreatment, by taking 5 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam insect net.
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4

Xu, Shan, Michael J. Christensen, Rebecca Creamer, and Yan Zhong Li. "Identification, Characterization, Pathogenicity, and Distribution of Verticillium alfalfae in Alfalfa Plants in China." Plant Disease 103, no. 7 (July 2019): 1565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-18-1272-re.

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Анотація:
Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium alfalfae results in severe production losses in alfalfa crops and is a Class A quarantined disease in China. During 2015 to 2017, 365 alfalfa fields from 21 locations in six provinces were surveyed, and 45 fields from three closely located sites in Gansu, China were found to have alfalfa plants with symptoms typical of Verticillium wilt, with disease incidence of 12.6 to 53.6%. Isolates were identified to species using morphological characteristics and a maximum likelihood phylogeny of the concatenated partial sequences of actin, elongation factor, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and tryptophan synthase gene regions of Verticillium isolates. Isolation incidence was 93.9% from roots, 71.7% from stems, 66.1% from petioles, and 32.2% from leaves of field-infected plants, indicative of systemic disease and sporadic distribution of this pathogen. In greenhouse tests, the pathogen infected seedlings and colonized vascular tissues when inoculated on seeds, on root tips, in soil, or in injured, but not uninjured, aerial tissues, causing systemic symptoms like those in the field and significant losses. Pathogenicity testing also revealed that five locally grown perennial legumes (stylo, milkvetch, sainfoin, white clover, and red clover) could host V. alfalfae, with a high virulence to milkvetch, sainfoin, and stylo. This study confirmed that V. alfalfae has become established in some regions of Gansu, China and that is a risk to the alfalfa industry in China.
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5

Juan, N. A., C. C. Sheaffer, and D. K. Barnes. "Root and crown characteristics of alfalfas varying in fall dormancy." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-022.

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Анотація:
We compared root and crown characteristics of five alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) entries which differed in fall dormancy. Alfalfas were subjected to bud or mid-bloom harvests. The most consistent entry effect occurred for root and crown dry weight and root total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations. Root TNC concentration was highest and root and crown weight were greatest for the nondormant and least in the most dormant entries. Entries did not consistently differ in crown bud numbers, shoot number, or shoot origin. In October, the number of elongated crown buds were greater for a non-fall dormant alfalfa Nitro than for the most fall dormant alfalfa. Key words: Alfalfa, root and crown morphology, fall dormancy, root carbohydrates
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6

Hendrickson, John R., Mark A. Liebig, and John D. Berdahl. "Responses of Medicago sativa and M. falcata type alfalfas to different defoliation times and grass competition." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps06012.

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Анотація:
Incorporating alfalfa into rangelands can enhance the quantity and quality of forage production. We evaluated the impact of clipping timing and selective clipping on two M. falcata (Anik and Yellowhead) and one M. sativa type alfalfas (Vernal) near Mandan, North Dakota, USA. Cultivars were space-planted into an existing mixed grass prairie and clipped at the mid-bud, flower or flower and subsequent vegetative stages. In each clipping treatment, half of the plots had only the alfalfa clipped and half had both the alfalfa and the associated native vegetation clipped. Plots without alfalfa were also included to evaluate the impact of alfalfa on grass and forb biomass. Including Yellowhead increased total productivity by 38 to 185% without lowering the productivity of the grass or forb biomass components. Plots with Yellowhead produced 17 to 26% more total biomass than the next highest entry every year. In 2003 and 2005, alfalfa biomass was increased 1.5 to 2.7 times by clipping only alfalfa in the flower and regrowth stages compared with a mid-bud clipping of only alfalfa. Vernal and Yellowhead generally produced more total biomass when clipping was deferred to the flower stage, but clipping Anik in the mid-bud stage produced as much or more total biomass than did the later clipping treatments. Selective clipping of the alfalfa did not have a consistent impact on yield. Yellowhead appeared to be a good choice for incorporating into rangelands. Producers with Yellowhead or Vernal should consider delaying defoliation until flowering to maximize productivity. Key words: Grazing-type alfalfa, hay-type alfalfa, defoliation timing, biomass productivity
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7

Li, Shuo, Zhongnan Nie, Juan Sun, Xianglin Li, and Guofeng Yang. "The Physiological Role of Abscisic Acid in Regulating Root System Architecture of Alfalfa in Its Adaptation to Water Deficit." Agronomy 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081882.

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Анотація:
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a perennial leguminous plant, with a strong tap root system that plays an important role in alfalfa’s adaptation to drought stress. However, a better understanding of root functional traits and how these root traits are related to whole plant responses in order to improve pasture productivity under water deficit. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted: Experiment 1 used three alfalfa cultivars and four levels of soil water content treatments to investigate herbage productivity, growth point density, residual shoot weight, and root weight. Experiment 2 assessed relationships among root-sourced abscisic acid (ABA), root system architecture and plant biomass in response to water deficit. The results demonstrated that root system was used as a useful tool to improve tolerant and adaptation when alfalfa copied with lower levels of soil water content. On average, maintaining 60–65% soil water-holding capacity alfalfa had the highest herbage accumulation (6.7 g DM pot-1), growing point density (46.5 pot-1), and residual shoot biomass (1.8 g DM pot-1). At the level of water stress, Medicago sativa L. cv Zhaodong (ZD) and cv Aohan (AH) tended to exhibit a herringbone branching pattern with less root tips, root forks, altitude, and magnitude than cv Golden empress (GE). Principal component analysis and structural equation modeling revealed that root-sourced ABA positively regulated the altitude and magnitude of root system architecture, root tips and root forks, and was closely associated with plant root biomass and herbage biomass. It was concluded that these findings can contribute to developing optimum irrigation strategies and help alfalfa breeders in the development of new cultivars with improved drought tolerance based on root system architecture, plant hormone, and plant growth.
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8

Wang, Yajie, Yingde Li, Zhen Tian, and Tingyu Duan. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Alters Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Defense Enzyme Activities and Volatile Organic Compound Contents in Response to Pea Aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) Infestation." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8121308.

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Анотація:
Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) infestation leads to withering, reduced yield, and lower quality of the host plant. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been found to enhance their host plants’ nutrient uptake, growth, and resistance to biotic stresses, including pathogen infection and insect pest infestation. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of AM fungus Rhizophagus intraradices on alfalfa defense responses to pea aphid infestation. Aphid infestation did not affect the colonization of AM fungus. The inoculation of AM fungus, on average, enhanced alfalfa catalase and the contents of salicylic acid and trypsin inhibitor by 101, 9.05, and 7.89% compared with non-mycorrhizal alfalfa, respectively. In addition, polyphenol oxidase activities significantly increased by six-fold after aphid infestation in mycorrhizal alfalfa. Moreover, the fungus significantly (p < 0.05) improved alfalfa shoot N content, net photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and shoot dry weight in aphid infected treatment. The aphid infestation changed the total volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in alfalfa, while AM fungus enhanced the contents of methyl salicylate (MeSA). The co-expression network analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed VOCs analysis showed that three DEGs, namely MS.gene23894, MS.gene003889, and MS.gene012415, positively correlated with MeSA both in aphid and AM fungus groups. In conclusion, AM fungus increased alfalfa’s growth, defense enzyme activities, hormones, and VOCs content and up-regulated VOC-related genes to enhance the alfalfa’s resistance following aphid infestation.
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9

Soroka, Juliana J., and Dorothy C. Murrell. "THE EFFECTS OF ALFALFA PLANT BUG (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) FEEDING LATE IN THE SEASON ON ALFALFA SEED YIELD IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Entomologist 125, no. 5 (October 1993): 815–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125815-5.

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AbstractA 4-year field cage study was conducted to determine what effects feeding of alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), late in the season had on alfalfa seed yields. When zero, one, two, or four alfalfa plant bugs were placed in sleeve cages containing stems of alfalfa at the green pod stage of growth, there was a significant decrease in the number of pods per cage and per raceme, the number of healthy seeds, and the weight of seeds with two or four bugs per cage. Increasing the duration of infestation resulted in significant increases in the number of damaged seeds per cage. An insecticide field trial was conducted in north central Saskatchewan in 1988 to determine what effects the occurrence of plant bugs had on seed yields of alfalfa. Alfalfa plant bug, lygus bug (Lygus spp.), pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)], and beneficial arthropod populations were monitored from 23 June to 1 September 1988. Seed yields were significantly greater in plots that were treated with trichlorfon in June and in June and August than in plots that were treated in August alone. The implications of a large alfalfa plant bug population late in the season to alfalfa seed production in the area are discussed.
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10

Monteiro, Mariza, Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória, Maria José Valarini, Carlos Alberto de Oliveira, and Maria Lucia Carneiro Vieira. "Plant regeneration from proroplasts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) via somatic embryogenesis." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 4 (December 2003): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000400012.

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Alfalfa is one of the most frequently studied species from the production of tissue culture-derived embryos point of view. In this study, five alfalfa cultivars were analyzed with reference to their ability to regenerate plants from protoplast cultures via somatic embryogenesis. Plant regeneration from leaf-derived protoplasts isolated from the cultivar Rangelander was achieved using a protocol defined for alfalfa cell suspension-derived embryogenesis. Because of its high efficiency, this procedure is recommended for protoplast electroporation-mediated genetic transformation of alfalfa.
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Дисертації з теми "Alfalfa plant"

1

Madhusudhan, Vaadiyar V. "Interaction of the spotted alfalfa aphid and its food plant." Title page, contents and summary only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm1812.pdf.

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2

Wissuwa, Matthias 1964. "Improvement of tolerance to summer irrigation termination in alfalfa." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282135.

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Анотація:
Withholding irrigation to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) during summer, a management strategy referred to as summer irrigation termination (SIT), has been suggested as a way to conserve water in desert environments. SIT may decrease productivity of alfalfa stands, although such negative effects may be reduced if cultivars with improved tolerance to SIT could be developed. This research was undertaken to determine how improved tolerance to SIT could be achieved through plant breeding. Single spaced plants of an extremely nondormant alfalfa population were grown in a field trial in Tucson, AZ and exposed to SIT in 1994 and 1995. These plants were used to identify traits associated with tolerance to SIT and represented parental material in a selection experiment. Direct selection for minimal reduction of forage yield following SIT was conducted under two stress intensities (lengths of SIT) and compared to indirect selection for characteristics potentially associated with dehydration avoidance. None of these selection criteria improved post-SIT forage yield relative to a random sample of plants from the parental population. This lack of response from selection was attributed to stress intensities that were not sufficiently high to fully expose genetic variation for yield following SIT. Physiological studies showed that high concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in crown tissue are positively associated with tolerance to SIT. Using TNC concentrations as an indirect selection criterion may therefore represent a more promising approach in improving tolerance to SIT than direct selection for post-SIT yield. Crown tissue was shown to die if the tissue moisture content fell below about 42%. This threshold value was used to predict whole-plant mortality of alfalfa grown in solid-seeded plots comparable to commercial fields. Crown samples were taken at five locations within the field along a soil gradient that caused whole-plant mortality to vary from 0.5 ± 0.5 to 48.7 ± 4.1%. Predicted values closely followed this change in observed mortality rates (r² = 0.97*) but tended to overestimate actual mortality on average by 4.2%. Alfalfa growers may be able to minimize mortality using this simple method to predict mortality during SIT and to reschedule irrigation accordingly.
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3

Venter, Annari. "Comparing plant yield and composition with soil properties using classical and geostatistical techniques." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23916.

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Plant nutrient management plays a vital role in the success or failure of modern Lucerne production. In South Africa, Lucerne is produced under a wide range of climatic conditions, under dryland and irrigation and in some areas throughout the year. This means that there is a continuous demand for nutrients under a wide range of environmental conditions. The most important factors affecting the nutrient requirement of Lucerne is yield, the cutting schedule, climate and management practices. To enable site-specific crop requirements, the spatial variation of soil and plant properties within a field can be managed with the use of geostatistical techniques. Some work has also been done to evaluate the use of geostatistics in the design of agricultural field experiments to provide better field characterization and improve plot layout. The aim of this study was to compare plant yield and composition with soil properties using both classical and geostatistical techniques. The study was conducted from June 2001 to February 2002 on an 18ha Lucerne stand in the Brits district in the North West Province. A rectangular area of 160m X140m was demarcated as the study area and comprised of two soil units (Hutton and Shortlands forms). Seventy-two sampling points (nodes) were laid out on a 20m square grid, with an additional 90 sampling points laid out on a 2.5m square grid at six randomly selected node points. Soil (0-300 mm) and plant samples were taken within a 0.6m square at each of the sampling points for chemical analysis. Starting in June 2001, yield sampling was done on six occasions, at approximate intervals of 5 weeks. A randomized complete block design trail layout was superimposed on the geostatistical grid design and consisted of seven pseudo treatments, replicated four times. Basic statistical analysis were performed and spatial presentations of the variation of the plant and soil properties and Lucerne yield were made using geostatistical analyses. Analyses of variance were used to test for differences between pseudo treatments for all plant and soil properties. The two soils on the stud site, exhibited differences in certain properties, which caused a bi-modal population in the data. Poor correlations were found between plant nutrient uptake and soil properties as well as yield, with little or no resemblance when comparing their spatial distribution. This emphasizes the fact that the uptake of elements is not solely dependant on the concentrations thereof in the soil solution, but on other factors. Temporal variations in Lucerne yield were also observed. Although there were large differences in spatial variation of Lucerne yields across harvesting events, similar spatial patterns were evident. From an analysis of variance of the RCB design it was concluded that the experimental field was homogeneous enough to lay out a standard block design experiment. However, scrutiny of the structure of spatial variability of pH(H2O) revealed that the standard RCB designs did not provide homogeneous blocks with respect to soil variability. The consequent redesign of the experiment whereby all plots were randomly allocated to treatments and replications, led to dramatically different results: significant differences were obtained for plant and soil properties as a function of the pseudo treatments. From this study it is clear that spatial variability of soil and plant properties can jeopardize the results of a standard block design field experiment and it is therefore recommended that the layout of field experiments should be designed to the cognizance of the spatial variation of a soil property that correlated highly with a chosen response variate.
Dissertation (MSc (Soil Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted
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4

Jeffries, Alex Craig. "The study at the molecular level of the New Zealand isolate of Lucerne transient streak sobemovirus and its satellite RNA." Title page, contents and summary only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj47.pdf.

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5

Dolling, P. J. "Lucerne (Medicago sativa) productivity and its effect on the water balance in southern Western Australia /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0108.

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6

Stadler, H. Scott. "Response of alfalfa to foliar applications of long-chain fatty acids or seed treatments with Chevron XE-1019." Thesis, This resource online, 1987. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04272010-020308/.

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7

Frank, Scott 1971. "Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and cold acclimation of alfalfa." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27318.

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Анотація:
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was examined during cold acclimation of seedlings of the freezing-tolerant cultivar (Medicago sativa ssp falcata cv Anik) and the relatively freezing-sensitive cultivar (Medicago sativa cv Trek) of alfalfa. With four days of cold acclimation, PEPC activity increased to 3.5-fold and 2-fold the control levels in Anik and Trek, respectively. This was associated with an increase in the level of a 110 kD PEPC protein and a decrease in the amount of a 120 kD PEPC polypeptide in both cultivars. The role of reversible phosphorylation in regulating PEPC activity was demonstrated by in vitro phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, which caused partial activation and deactivation of PEPC, respectively. In vivo phosphorylation experiments revealed that the 110 kD PEPC subunit is phosphorylated on serine residue(s) during cold acclimation in Anik but not in Trek. Increased PEPC activity could account for the 70% increase in the non-autotrophic or dark fixation of carbon observed in cold acclimated Anik seedlings. A possible role for dark carbon fixation in the cold-induced development of freezing tolerance is through the production of NADPH. Such a source of reducing power may be required for the repair of cold-induced damage and restoration of normal cellular functions.
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8

Wolfraim, Lawrence A. (Lawrence Allen). "Cloning, characterization and regulation of expression of a cold-acclimation-specific gene, cas18, in a freezing tolerant cultivar of alfalfa." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39485.

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Анотація:
Cold-acclimation-specific (CAS) gene expression was examined by screening a cDNA library prepared from poly(A)$ sp+$ RNA of cold-acclimated seedlings of a freezing-tolerant variety of alfalfa (Medicago falcata cv Anik). Three distinct CAS cDNA clones, pSM784, pSM2201, and pSM2358 were isolated. The genes corresponding to all three clones are coordinately induced by cold. Expression of these genes is not triggered by other stress treatments such as heat shock, water stress, wounding, or treatment with exogenous ABA. A positive correlation was observed between the level of expression of each gene and the degree of freezing tolerance of four alfalfa cultivars.
A full-length cDNA clone for the most abundantly-expressed gene, cas18 was isolated and sequenced. The deduced polypeptide, CAS18, is relatively small (167 amino acids), is highly hydrophillic, rich in glycine and threonine, and contains two distinctive repeat elements. It exhibits homology with members of the LEA/RAB/Dehydrin gene family--proteins which accumulate in response to water stress or abscisic acid (ABA). The cas18 cDNA hybridizes to three transcripts of 1.6, 1.4 and 1.0 kb in cold acclimated seedlings and cell cultures. The clone described here, Acs784, corresponds to the 1.0 kb transcript.
Expression of this gene is 30-fold greater in cold-acclimated cells than in nonacclimated cells after one week of low temperature treatment. Return to room temperature (deacclimation) results in the rapid disappearance of the three transcripts within just 5 hours. Studies of nuclear "run-on" transcription and transcript stability show that low temperature regulates the expression of cas18 at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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9

Rethwisch, Michael D., Rigo Perez, Bradley J. Griffin, A. Bradley, and Mark Reay. "Alfalfa yield and quality responses to applications of three types of plant growth regulators." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/205397.

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Three plant growth regulators (two for growth enhancement, one for growth inhibition) were applied to several consecutive cuttings of alfalfa during the period of May-August in the Blythe, CA, area. All treatments resulted in reduced tonnage compared to the untreated check, although application of prohexadione calcium (active ingredient in the growth inhibition plant growth regulator) did result in increase in alfalfa quality when applied in May. Subsequent applications during the summer of this material did not result in a quality class increase for alfalfa hay production. Treatments of growth enhancement chemistries did result in less tonnage, however, data indicate that this reduction may be due to nutritional needs of alfalfa not being supplied during periods of increased growth. Supplemental nutrition along with the growth enhancement chemistries has not been tested to determine resulting alfalfa yields.
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10

Morita, Tateo 1958. "Effect of inbreeding on germination salt tolerance in alfalfa." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276644.

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Анотація:
The performance of an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) population has been improved by recurrent selection for germination salt tolerance. However, recurrent selection may lead to increased inbreeding. Since alfalfa is subject to severe inbreeding depression, accumulation of inbreeding during the selection process may negatively affect performance. This experiment was designed to determine the effects of inbreeding on germination performance in alfalfa under saline and non-saline conditions. The germination performance of seed having three different levels of inbreeding as examined. No adverse effects of inbreeding were observed in non-saline conditions. Consistent (but nonsignificant) declining trends were observed in germination percentage in saline conditions as the level of inbreeding increased. Proportionately larger declines were observed between generations in germination speed and early seedling vigor. These results suggest heterozygosity in alfalfa may be maintained simultaneously while recurrent selection for germination salt tolerance is conducted. Moreover, reducing inbreeding during recurrent selection for germination salt tolerance may be more successful if germination speed index or early seeding vigor are used for the measurement.
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Книги з теми "Alfalfa plant"

1

Dirksen, C. Interaction of alfalfa with transient water and salt transport in the rootzone. Riverside, Calif: U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1994.

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Fodder crops and amenity grasses. New York: Springer, 2010.

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3

Nordkvist, Erik. Composition and degradation of cell walls in red clover, lucerne and cereal straw. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1987.

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Brummer, Joe E. Colorado forage research 2003: Alfalfa, irrigated pastures, and mountain meadows. [Fort Collins, Colo.]: Colorado State University, Cooperative Extension Service, 2004.

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5

Canada. Industry, Science and Technology Canada. Processed forage. Ottawa, Ont: Industry, Science and Technology Canada, 1988.

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Canada. Industry, Science and Technology Canada. Processed forage. Ottawa, Ont: Industry, Science and Technology Canada, 1991.

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7

Wasser, Clinton H. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa): Section 7.3.1, US Army Corps of Engineers wildlife resources management manual. Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1986.

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Betts, Carolyn. An economic evaluation of alternative forage programs for western Washington dairy herds. Pullman, Wash: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, Washington State University, 1986.

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9

Golob, Charles T. Effects of mefluidide on forage yield and quality of a mixed stand of smooth bromegrass and alfalfa. 1986.

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10

Boller, Beat, Ulrich K. Posselt, and Fabio Veronesi. Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses. Springer, 2012.

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Частини книг з теми "Alfalfa plant"

1

Griffin, Gerald D. "Alfalfa." In Plant and Nematode Interactions, 381–97. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr36.c18.

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Bingham, E. T., and T. J. McCoy. "Somaclonal Variation in Alfalfa." In Plant Breeding Reviews, 123–52. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118061015.ch4.

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3

Azimova, Shakhnoza S., and Anna I. Glushenkova. "Lucerne (alfalfa)." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources, 585. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_1908.

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Sastry, K. Subramanya, Bikash Mandal, John Hammond, S. W. Scott, and R. W. Briddon. "Medicago sativa (Alfalfa/Lucerne)." In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids, 1508–22. New Delhi: Springer India, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_579.

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5

Phillips, D. A., C. A. Maxwell, U. A. Hartwig, C. M. Joseph, and J. Wery. "Rhizosphere flavonoids released by alfalfa." In The Rhizosphere and Plant Growth, 149–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3336-4_30.

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6

Jones, J. S., and E. T. Bingham. "Inbreeding Depression in Alfalfa and Cross-Pollinated Crops." In Plant Breeding Reviews, 209–33. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470650059.ch6.

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7

Sullivan, Michael, Sharon Thoma, Deborah Samac, and Ronald Hatfield. "Cloning of Red Clover and Alfalfa Polyphenol Oxidase Genes and Expression of Active Enzymes in Transgenic Alfalfa." In Developments in Plant Breeding, 189–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2591-2_17.

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8

Bingham, E. T., R. W. Groose, and I. M. Ray. "Activation of a Mutable Allele in Alfalfa Tissue Culture." In Plant Transposable Elements, 325–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5550-2_25.

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9

Dhindsa, Rajinder S., Antonio F. Monroy, Veena Sangwan, Wojciech Kawczynski, and Etienne Labbé. "Low Temperature Signal Transduction During Cold Acclimation of Alfalfa." In Plant Cold Hardiness, 15–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0277-1_2.

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10

Castonguay, Yves, Paul Nadeau, and Réal Michaud. "Differential Accumulation of Oligosaccharides and Freezing Tolerance of Alfalfa." In Plant Cold Hardiness, 293–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0277-1_26.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Alfalfa plant"

1

Poudel, Hari. "Potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to Alter Lipid Metabolism in Alfalfa." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1053458.

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2

Subedi, Udaya. "RNAi mediated down-regulation of various genes enhances abiotic stress tolerance in alfalfa." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1052945.

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3

Solozhentseva, Lyudmila. "Fungal diseases of alfalfa in the non-chernozem zone of Russia and plant resistance to them." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2021-25-73-31-35.

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The article shows the importance of alfalfa for agriculture, presents the results of long-term observations (phytomonitoring) of the development of fungal diseases on the herbage of alfalfa variable, yellow (in breeding, control nurseries, competitive variety testing).
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4

Brushwood, John S., Ken Campbell, C. V. Hanson, Andras Horvath, and Thomas Vivenzio. "A Combined Cycle Power Generation/Alfalfa Processing System: Part 1 — Development and Testing." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-335.

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The Minnesota Valley Alfalfa Producers (MnVAP), a farmer owned cooperative, is developing a 75 MW combined cycle power plant integrated with alfalfa processiag facilities in southwestern Minnesota. The Minnesota Agri-Power (MAP) project is supported by the U. S. Department of Energy and a project development team that includes Stone & Webster, the University of Minnesota, United Power Association, Carbona Corporation/Kvaerner Pulping Inc. and Westinghouse. Alfalfa processing facilities separate the fibrous stem material from the protein-rich leaf fraction. The resulting alfalfa leaf meal (ALM) is further processed into a variety of valuable livestock feed products. Alfalfa stem material is gasified using air-blown fluidized bed technology to produce a hot, clean, fuel gas. The fuel gas is fired in a combustion turbine and the exhaust heat is used to produce steam to power a steam turbine. At base load, the electric power plant will consume 1000 tons per day of biomass fuel. This paper briefly describes the project development activities of the alfalfa feed trials and the combined cycle power plant. This commercial scale demonstration represents an important milestone on a continuing pathway towards environmentally and economically sustainable energy systems.
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"Key directions of breeding and seed production of alfalfa in European Russia." In Current Challenges in Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/icg-plantgen2019-73.

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6

Lomov, Mikhail, Yuri Piskovatsky, and Lyudmila Solozhentseva. "SEED PRODUCTIVITY OF ALFALFA IN NON-CHERNOZEM REGION." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production 26 (74). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2021-26-74-83-89.

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The results of selection studies conducted at the Central Experimental Base of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology in the Non-Chernozem Zone of the Russian Federation are presented. Brief data on promising samples and hybrids of alfalfa created in the department of alfalfa breeding for seed productivity are presented. For a long time, alfalfa breeding was mainly in the direction of obtaining new varieties with high yields of fodder mass and little attention was paid to seed yields, which led to the creation of good varieties for collecting green mass and medium or even poor seed productivity. Therefore, the creation of varieties with high feed and seed productivity is the primary task of alfalfa breeding. For this purpose, the main methods of selection are used — polycross, interspecific and intervariety hybridization and selection. In the obtained populations, a careful selection for early ripeness, pollen fertility, plant flowering friendliness is carried out, the power of hybrids, their foliage and other useful indicators are taken into account. By the nature of flowering and pollination, alfalfa refers to cross-pollinating plants. For agricultural production, it is necessary to have alfalfa varieties not only with high, but also stable seed productivity, which does not depend on the conditions of the growing environment and the presence of pollinators.
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Zhang, Wuping, Guofang Wang, Jiwan Han, Fuzhong Li, Qian Zhang, and John Doonan. "A functional-structural model for alfalfa that accurately integrates shoot and root growth and development." In 2018 6th International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2018.8611587.

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8

Koszel, Milan, Artur Przywara, Francesco Santoro, and Alexandros Sotirios Anifantis. "Evaluation of use of biogas plant digestate as fertilizer in alfalfa and winter wheat." In 17th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2018.17.n184.

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Stepanova, Galina, and Alexandra Vorsheva. "FORMATION OF BICARPIC POPULATIONS OF BLACK MEDIC." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2021-25-73-9-20.

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15 populations of black medic (Medicago lupulina L.) of various ecological and geo-graphical origin were studied by the type of ontogenesis. It was found that 1 population is represented entirely by monocarp forms of plants, 7 populations have 20–60% of mono-carps. Wild alfalfa from the Moscow region and mutant forms created on its basis consist of 100% bicarpic plants. Bicarpic plants of varieties Georgia, Nordol, Rinata and selection number LH19-3, whose average dry matter productivity was 40.8–48.0 g/plant, are valuable as a source material for breeding of black medic. As sources of high seed prod-uctivity (10.0 and 10.3 g/plant), you can use bicarpic plants of the selection number VIK 256 and Georgia varieties, and high leafed (52.4 and 55.3%) — selection numbers DS-1 and VIK 61/94.
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Lazarev, Nikolay, and Sergey Avdeev. "Long-term use of sown meadows." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production 29 (77). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-29-77-39-45.

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Long-term studies over 24 years have shown that variable alfalfa of the Pastbishchnaya 88 variety on well-cultivated soddy-podzolic soil can form stable agrophytocenoses, providing for the 12–15th years life with two- and three-fold mowing, the yield is 5,71 and 3,92 t/ha of dry matter, respectively. White clover varieties VIK 70 and Nanuk formed unstable herbage. Herbage with its participation was the least productive and in old-growth herbage its share varied from 2,5 to 7,1%. The productive longevity of the red clover variety Mars was 3 years. When oversown in the sod, red clover rooted better in old sown herbage than alfalfa. The following year, after sowing into a legume-grass grass mixture with the participation of alfalfa Vega 87, the share of red clover with three-time mowing reached 45,0%. Brome grass occupied the largest share in the composition of plant communities when nitrogen fertilizers were applied — in the 12–14th years life 62,3–83,9% and for the 24th year — 27,6–31,8%.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Alfalfa plant"

1

Phillips, Donald, and Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.

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Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions
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Sengupta-Gopalan, Champa, Shmuel Galili, and Rachel Amir. Improving Methionine Content in Transgenic Forage Legumes. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580671.bard.

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Leguminous forage crops are high in proteins but deficient in S- amino acids. It has been shown that both wool quality and milk production can be limited by the post-ruminal supply of sulfur-containing amino acids. Efforts to use conventional plant breeding and cell selection techniques to increase the S-amino acid content of alfalfa have met with little success. With the objective to increase the S-amino acid content of forage legumes, the goal of this project was to co- express the methionine rich zein genes from corn along with a gene for a key enzyme in methionine biosynthesis, aspartate kinase(AK). The zeins are seed storage proteins from corn and are groupec into four distinct classes based on their amino acid sequence homologies. The b-zein (15kd) and the 6zein (10kD and 18kD) have proportionately high levels of methionine (10%, 22% and 28%, respectively). Initial studies from our lab had shown that while the 15kD zein accumulated to high levels in vegetative tissues of transgenic tobacco the l0kD zein did not. However, co-expression of the 10kD zein with the 15kD zein genes in tobacco showed stabilization of the 10kD zein and the co-localization of the 10kD and 15kD zein proteins in unique ER derived protein bodies. AK is the key enzyme for producing carbon skeletons for all amino acids of the aspartate family including methionine. It is, however, regulated by end-product feedback inhibition. The specific objectives of this proposal were: i. to co-express the 15kD zein with the 10/18kD zein genes in alfalfa in order to enhance the level of accumulation of the 10/18kD zein; ii. to increase methionine pools by expressing a feedback insensitive AK gene in transformants co-expressing the 15kD and 10/18kD zein genes. The Israeli partners were successful in expressing the AK gene in alfalfa which resulted in an increase in free and bound threonine but not in methionine (Galili et al., 2000). Since our target was to increase methionine pools, we changed our second objective to replace the AK gene with the gene for cystathionine gamma synthase (CGS) in the co-expression studies. The first methionine specific reaction is catalyzed by CGS. An additional objective was to develop a transformation system for Berseem clover, and to introduce the appropriate gene constructs into it with the goal of improving their methionine content. Genes for the 15kD zein along with the genes for either the 10kD or 18kD zein have been introduced into the same alfalfa plant both by sexual crosses and by re-transformation. Analysis of these zein co-expressors have shown that both the IOkD and 18kD zein levels go up 5 to 10 fold when co-expressed with the 15kD zein (Bagga et al., MS in preparation). Incubation of the leaves of transgenic alfalfa co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes, in the rumen of cows have shown that the zein proteins are stable in the rumen. To increase the level of zein accumulation in transgenic alfalfa different promoters have been used to drive the zein genes in alfalfa and we have concluded that the CaMV 35S promoter is superior to the other strong leaf -specific promoters. By feeding callus tissue of alfalfa plants co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes with methionine and its precursors, we have shown that the zein levels could be significantly enhanced by increasing the methionine pools. We have now introduced the CGS gene (from Arabidopsis; kindly provided to us by Dr. Leustek), into the 15kD zein transformants and experiments are in progress to check if the expression of the CGS gene indeed increases the level of zein accumulation in alfalfa. We were not successful in developing a transformation protocol for Berseem clover.
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3

Kapulnik, Yoram, and Donald A. Phillips. Isoflavonoid Regulation of Root Bacteria. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7570561.bard.

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The overall objective of this project was to develop a conceptual framework for enhancing root colonization by beneficial bacteria. To accomplish this aim we tested the hypothesis that production and excretion of the plant phytoalexin medicarpin can be used for creation of a special niche along the legume roots, where beneficial microorganism, such as rhizobium, will have a selective advantage. On the Israeli side it was shown that higher medicarpin levels are exuded following the application of Rhizobium meliloti to the rhizosphere but the specific biochemical pathway governing medicarpin production was not induced significantly enough to support a constant production and excretion of this molecule to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, pathogenic bacteria and chemical elicitors were found to induce higher levels of this phytoalexin and it became important to test its natural abundance in field grown plants. On the US side, the occurrence of flavonoids and nucleosides in agricultural soils has been evaluated and biologically significant quantities of these molecules were identified. A more virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain was isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which forms tumors on a wide range of plant species. This isolate contains genes that increase competitive colonization abilities on roots by reducing the accumulation of alfalfa isoflavonoids in the bacterial cells. Following gene tagging efforts the US lab found that mutation in the bacterial efflux pump operons of this isolate reduced its competitive abilities. This results support our original hypothesis that detoxification activity of isoflavenoids molecules, based on bacterial gene(s), is an important selection mechanism in the rhizosphere. In addition, we focused on biotin as a regulatory element in the rhizosphere to support growth of some rhizosphere microorganisms and designed a bacterial gene construct carrying the biotin-binding protein, streptavidin. Expressing this gene in tobacco roots did not affect the biotin level but its expression in alfalfa was lethal. In conclusion, the collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward the understanding of rhizosphere activity yielded new knowledge related to the colonization of roots by beneficial microorganisms in the presence of biological active molecules exuded from the plant roots.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Pathogenicity and Sclerotial Development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Involvement of Oxalic Acid and Chitin Synthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571357.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the nearly 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S. sclerotiorum in colonizing host plants and their linkage to fungal development may provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants. This proposal involved experiments which were successful in generating genetically-engineered plants harboring resistance to S. sclerotiorum, the establishment and improvement of molecular tools for the study of this pathogen and the analysis of the linkage between pathogenicity, sclerotial morphogenesis and two biosynthetic pathways: oxalic acid production and chitin synthesis. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of S. sclerotiorum pathogenicity, established reliable molecular techniques to facilitate experimental manipilation and generated transgenic plants which are resistant to this econimically important fungus.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Phosphorylative Transduction of Developmental and Pathogenicity-Related Cues in Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586472.bard.

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Анотація:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the more than 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean, and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. This proposal involved experiments that examined the involvement of protein phosphorylation during morphogenesis (hyphal elongation and sclerotia formation) and pathogenesis (oxalic acid). Data obtained from our laboratories during the course of this project substantiates the fact that kinases and phosphatases are involved and important for these processes. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S . sclerotiorum in infecting and proliferating in host plants and this linkage to fungal development will provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants including interference with fungal pathogenic development. The original objectives of this grant included: I. Clone the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit gene from S.sclerotiorum and determine its role in fungal pathogenicity, OA production (OA) and/or morphogenesis (sclerotia formation). II. Clone and characterize the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the protein phosphatase PP2A holoenzyme complex and determine their role in fungal pathogenicity and/or morphogenesis as well as linkage with PKA-regulation of OA production and sclerotia formation. III. Clone and characterize the adenylate cyclase-encoding gene from S . sclerotiorum and detennine its relationship to the PKA/PP2A-regulated pathway. IV. Analyze the expression patterns of the above-mentioned genes and their products during pathogenesis and determine their linkage with infection and fungal growth.
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