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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Air taxes"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 8 лютого 2025

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Статті в журналах з теми "Air taxes"

1

Summers, Lawrence H. "Taxes for health: evidence clears the air." Lancet 391, no. 10134 (May 2018): 1974–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30629-9.

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2

Chuang, Shih-Hsien. "Behavioral optimization of US air travel taxes." Research in Transportation Economics 105 (July 2024): 101443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2024.101443.

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3

Hedegaard, Troels Fage. "Danes’ attitudes towards climate taxes on air travel and beef." Politica 54, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/politica.v54i1.130603.

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Анотація:
Climate taxes are among the most important political tools in the green transition. In Denmark, debates about this often focus on air travel and beef. The study is based on a survey collected after the 2019 national election and shows that there is great support for a climate tax on air travel but not on beef. Moreover, the study shows that support varies across age groups, income, education, and political trust. The effect of these explanations varies between climate taxes on air travel and beef.
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4

Tsvetanova, Ema, and Neelu Seetaram. "CONSUMERS’ ATTITUDE TO THE AIR PASSENGER DUTY IN THE UK – AN EXPLORATORY STUDY." Journal of Air Transport Studies 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.38008/jats.v9i2.24.

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This paper explores British consumers’ knowledge, awareness, attitude and reaction to changes in the air passenger duty imposed on outbound air travel from the UK. Survey data were collected using an online survey. The key findings of this paper are that firstly, consumers are not aware of the amount of taxes they pay on air tickets and therefore, this may be limiting the ability for the taxes to influence behaviour. Secondly, increases in this tax will not discourage consumers to travel abroad but rather affect consumers’ intention to finance such an increase by either reducing their consumption on tourism related products at the destination or by reducing their consumption of other products in the UK. Thirdly, there is an asymmetry in the response of consumers’ reaction to increases in taxes as compared to reduction in taxes. These findings can form the basis for an in-depth study on consumer behaviour in the UK travel industry.
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5

Zhuk, Petro V. "The tax regulation in atmospheric air protection from harmful emissions." Regional Economy, no. 2(100) (2021): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2021-2-13.

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Анотація:
The paper provides a comparative research of European and domestic tools of tax regulation in atmospheric air protection from pollution and other harmful impacts that can cause climate change. The structure and place of environmental taxes related to atmospheric air protection in the tax system of the EU countries and Ukraine are outlined. Special attention is paid to differences in the composition of environmental taxes related to atmospheric air protection in EU countries and Ukraine. The conclusions are made regarding the need to improve the level of environmentalization of the domestic tax system with the orientation on the EU experience of increasing the share of environmental taxes in the total tax revenues up to 5-6%. Meanwhile, taking into account the problem nature of increasing tax burden on economic entities, the increase of environmental taxes is suggested to be carried out at the respective reduction of taxes related to the results of producers’ economic activity, namely the income tax. The author also suggests the proportions of distributing the environmental tax revenues between general and specific budget funds and targeted nature protection-related use of revenues. The problems of distributing the environmental tax revenues between the budgets of various territorial levels due to long-distance atmospheric air pollution from the emission sources are emphasized, and their distribution between the public and local budgets is proposed to be carried out based on the subsidiarity principle.
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Qibthiyyah, Riatu Mariatul, and Fauziah Zen. "The Effect of Environmental Tax - Spending Mix on Province Air Quality." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 12, no. 2 (October 22, 2023): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v12i2.32395.

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The provincial government in Indonesia has been mandated to collect environmental-related taxes in recurrent vehicle taxes, vehicle transfer taxes, and gasoline taxes. These vehicle-related taxes have been the dominant type for the provincial government. Yet, the environment-related spending has been relatively low, within 1-3% of total expenditures. This study examines to what extent such environmental tax–spending mix affects the environmental outcomes measured by the air quality index. The novelty of this study comes in using detailed environmental-related tax revenues at the sub-national level and providing a context of the large developing country in a decentralized economy – Indonesia – as a case study. Our study finds the link between environmental tax in the case of the vehicle recurrent tax and gasoline tax in improving air quality and environmental quality index, respectively. But on the spending side, there is no evidence that provincial environmental spending may improve the air or environmental quality index. Nonetheless, we found a correlation between the vehicle transfer tax revenues and the share of province environmental spending, implying that environmental tax revenues, to some extent, correspond to the related provincial expenditures on environmental protection. This study signals the need also to expand environmental spending to complement existing environmental tax policy at the provincial level.JEL Classification: H71, H76, Q53How to Cite:Qibthiyyah, R. M., & Zen, F. (2023). The Effect of Environmental Tax Spending Mix on Province Air Quality Index. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 12(2), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v12i2.32395.
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7

MORRIS, GLENN E., TAMÁS RÉVÉSZ, ERNÖ ZALAI, and JÓZSEF FUCSKÓ. "Integrating environmental taxes on local air pollutants with fiscal reform in Hungary: Simulations with a computable general equilibrium model." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 4 (October 1999): 537–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000327.

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Анотація:
This paper describes the Fiscal Environmental Integration Model (FEIM) and its use to examine the merits of introducing a set of air pollutant emission taxes and stringent abatement requirements based on best commonly available control technology. These environmental protection strategies are examined both independently and in combination. In addition, Hungary has very high VAT, employment, and income tax rates and therefore might receive more than the usual advantage from using environmental tax revenues to reduce other taxes. We therefore also examine the economic and environmental implications of different uses of the revenues generated by the air pollutant emission taxes. FEIM is a CGE model of the Hungarian economy that includes sectoral air pollution control costs functions and execution options that allow examination of the key policy choices involved. We developed and ran a baseline and seven scenarios with FEIM. The scenarios centered on introduction of environmental load fees (ELF) on emissions of SO2, NOx, and particulates and emission abatement requirements (EAR) for these pollutants.
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Sobieralski, Joseph B., and Sarah M. Hubbard. "The Effect of Jet Fuel Tax Changes on Air Transport, Employment, and the Environment in the US." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 3352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083352.

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Анотація:
This paper presents an analysis of the effects of jet fuel taxes on air traffic, employment and emissions using a difference-in-difference design. These findings are relevant, as US airports identify how to respond to revenue shortfalls and support local employment in the recovery after Covid-19. Jet fuel tax cuts are considered pro-growth by airlines and stakeholders, however, limited research documents the impacts on airline operations, employment, and emissions, which is an increasing issue given growing societal concerns about aviation sustainability. This study provides an analysis of the effects of changes in jet fuel taxes on air travel, employment, and the environment, using a difference-in-differences design based on data from major US airlines at several US hubs. Results suggest that a jet fuel tax cut increases air traffic by 0.2% on average but fades within a year. The direct effect on air transportation employment is insignificant, as is the effect on total employment. The estimated effect on pollution is an increase of over 1% in CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions. These findings illustrate the precarious balance between air transport growth, local employment, and environmental concerns, and may aid policymakers as they consider potential changes to jet fuel taxes.
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Szymczak, Magdalena. "Environmental Taxes in Poland and South Korea – Sharing Experiences." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 67, no. 3 (2023): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2023.3.08.

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Анотація:
The article aimed to identify, to assess the environmental taxes in Poland and South Korea, and to indicate a potential area of cooperation – an exchange of experience on environmental taxes. The analysis covered data from the period 2000-2020. However, in some parts, due to the availability of data, the investigation was completed in 2014 or 2019. The research methods employed were a critical analysis of domestic and foreign literature, an analysis of Polish and Korean legal acts underpinning environmental taxes in a comparative approach, and an analysis of OECD data using simple statistical methods and benchmarking elements. Four environmental taxes were identified in Poland: an excise tax on types of products deemed harmful to the environment, a Vehicle Tax, a Forest Tax and an Agricultural Tax. In South Korea, three taxes were included: Individual Consumption Tax, Automobile Tax and Transportation, Energy, Environmental Tax. Environmental taxes in Poland and South Korea were evaluated positively, taking the fiscal and informative functions as criteria. However, it was shown that an exchange of experience would be desirable, particularly in the area of improving the implementation of the stimulating function of taxes that related to air pollution.
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Bradley, Sebastien, and Naomi E. Feldman. "Hidden Baggage: Behavioral Responses to Changes in Airline Ticket Tax Disclosure." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 12, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 58–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190200.

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Анотація:
We examine the impact of a January 2012 enforcement action by the US Department of Transportation that required US air carriers and online travel agents to modify their web interfaces to incorporate all ticket taxes in up-front, advertised fares. We show that the more prominent display of tax-inclusive prices is associated with significant reductions in consumer tax incidence, demand, and ticket revenues along more heavily taxed itineraries. In particular, the fraction of unit taxes that airlines passed onto consumers fell by roughly 75 cents for every dollar of tax. These results present evidence of consumer inattention in a novel institutional setting featuring quasi-experimental variation in tax salience, economically significant tax amounts, and endogenous price responses. (JEL D91, H22, H25, H31, L84, L93)
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Air taxes"

1

Collet, Charles. "Economic instruments to reduce air transport emissions : prices, framing effects and social norms." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0170.

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Анотація:
Cette thèse examine des outils économiques et comportementaux pour réduire les émissions de CO2 du transport aérien. Elle est structurée en trois chapitres, chacun traitant d’un aspect spécifique : l’impact des taxes sur les billets d’avion, l’effet du cadrage des émissions de CO2 et l’influence des signaux sociaux sur les choix entre l’avion et le train. Le premier chapitre analyse l’effet des taxes passager sur les billets d’avion en Europe entre 2001 et 2019, tout en prenant en compte l’impact des lignes à grande vitesse (LGV). En utilisant une méthode de doubles différences appliquée aux routes aériennes entre villes, l’étude estime l’effet de ces taxes sur le trafic aérien. Les résultats montrent qu’une augmentation d’un euro des taxes entraîne une baisse de 1 % du trafic aérien, tandis que chaque kilomètre de LGV réduit le trafic aérien concurrent de 0,24 %. Sur la période étudiée, les taxes passager ont permis une réduction de 3 % des émissions de CO2 liées à l’aviation, tandis que les LGV ont contribué à une réduction de 0,4 %. Cette analyse met en lumière l’effet combiné des taxes et des investissements dans les infrastructures ferroviaires pour réduire les émissions du trafic aérien. Le deuxième chapitre explore comment un cadrage des émissions de CO2 peut encourager informations environnementales peuvent orienter les comportements vers des choix moins émetteurs. Le troisième chapitre étudie l’impact de deux incitations : une information descriptive sur les émissions de CO2 des avions et un signal social sur la part d’utilisateurs du train par rapport à l’avion. Une expérience de choix discrets permet d’analyser comment ces outils influencent le choix entre avion et train. Le signal social avec une part modale élevée d’utilisateurs de train a un impact significatif, équivalant à une réduction de 20 % du prix du train. L’information sur les émissions de CO2 a un effet équivalant à une réduction de 5 % du prix du train. Combinés, ces signaux montrent un effet global supérieur à leurs impacts individuels. Ce travail souligne l’efficacité des signaux sociaux dans l’orientation des comportements de transport. Il offre des implications concrètes pour les politiques publiques, suggérant l’utilisation conjointe d’incitations pour maximiser leur efficacité sans effet d’éviction. Cette thèse fournit donc des preuves empiriques sur l’impact des politiques de réduction des émissions de CO2 pour le secteur du transport aérien. Elle montre que les taxes passager, les investissements dans les infrastructures ferroviaires, le cadrage en perte des informations sur les émissions de CO2 et les signaux sociaux peuvent contribuer à des changements comportementaux significatifs, offrant des pistes pour des interventions politiques efficaces combinant des instruments complémentaires
This thesis examines economic and behavioral tools to reduce CO2 emissions from air transport. It is structured into three chapters, each addressing a specific aspect: the impact of taxes on airline tickets, the effect of framing CO2 emissions, and the influence of social signals on the choice between air and rail travel. The first chapter analyzes the effect of passenger taxes on airline tickets in Europe between 2001 and 2019, while accounting for the impact of high-speed rail (HSR). Using a difference-in-differences method applied to air routes between cities, the study estimates the effect of these taxes on air traffic. The results show that a one-euro increase in taxes leads to a 1% decrease in air traffic, while each kilometer of HSR reduces competing air traffic by 0.24%. Over the studied period, passenger taxes contributed to a 3% reduction in aviation-related CO2 emissions, while HSR contributed to a 0.4% reduction. This analysis highlights the combined effect of taxes and investments in rail infrastructure in reducing air traffic emissions. The second chapter explores how framing CO2 emissions can encourage more environmentally friendly transportation choices. A discrete choice experiment evaluates whether a gain-framed message (highlighting the positive impact of reducing emissions) or a loss framed information can steer behaviors toward lower-emissionchoices. The third chapter examines the impact of two incentives: descriptive information on the CO2 emissions of airplanes and a social signal regarding the share of train users compared to air travel. A discrete choice experiment analyzes how these tools influence the choice between flying and taking the train. The social signal, showing a high modal share of train users, has a significant impact, equivalent to a 20% reduction in the price of train tickets. Information on CO2 emissions has an effect equivalent to a 5% price reduction. When combined, these signals show a greater overall effect than their individual impacts. This work underlines the effectiveness of social signals in guiding transport behaviors. It offers concrete policy implications, suggesting the combined use of incentives to maximize their effectiveness without diminishing returns. Thus, this thesis provides empirical evidence on the impact of CO2 emission reduction policies in the air transport sector. It demonstrates that passenger taxes, investments in rail infrastructure, loss-framed information on CO2 emissions, and social signals can contribute to significant behavioral changes, offering insights for effective policy interventions that combine complementary instruments
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2

Segú, Mariona. "Three essays on local housing markets The impact of taxing vacancy on housing markets Do short-term rentalplatforms affect housingmarkets? evidence from airbnb in barcelona." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASI001.

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Анотація:
Cette thèse étudie les marchés du logement en France et en Espagne et leur interaction avec différents phénomènes. Le chapitre 1 évalue l'impact théorique et empirique d'une taxe sur les logements vacants. J'exploite la variation quasi-expérimentale occasionnée par l'instauration d’une taxe sur les logements vacants en France pour identifier son effet causal sur les taux de vacance via une approche par les doubles différences, combinée avec un appariement sur les scores de propension. Je constate que la taxe a réduit les taux de vacance de 13 %, entraîné la remise sur le marché locatif de résidences principales et réduit l’inoccupation de long terme. Le chapitre 2 étudie l’impact d'Airbnb sur le marché du logement de Barcelone. Nous exploitons la date d’apparition d'Airbnb et la géographie des offres pour estimer l’effet causal d’Airbnb sur les loyers et les prix immobiliers à Barcelone. La stratégie empirique combine des modèles de panel à effets fixes avec des tendances temporelles spécifiques à chaque quartier, une variable instrumentale de type « shift-share », et un « event-study ». Nos résultats indiquent qu’Airbnb a occasionné une hausse des loyers de 1,9%, et une hausse des prix immobiliers de 3,7-5,3%. Le chapitre 3 évalue l’impact du transport aérien sur les marchés du logement en France. Nous exploitons la variation exogène du trafic engendrée par la libéralisation du marché européen de l'aviation sur les petits et grands aéroports français pour estimer l’effet du transport aérien sur les prix immobiliers des communes situées au voisinage des aéroports. Nos résultats indiquent un effet inflationniste significatif, bien que relativement modeste du trafic, tiré par la fréquence des vols, l’arrivée de compagnies low-cost, ainsi que l’achat de résidences secondaires par des visiteurs étrangers ou des seniors
This thesis studies housing markets in France and Spain and their interaction with different phenomena. Chapter 1 assesses, both theoretically and empirically, the impact of a tax on vacant housing. I exploit the quasi-experimental variation provided by the French policy to causally identify the impact of a tax on vacancy rates in a difference-in-differences setting. I combine this strategy with a propensity score matching and I find that the tax reduced vacancy rates by 13%. The tax is responsible for the reintroduction of primary residences in the rental market and the reduction of long-term vacancy. Chapter 2 looks at the effects of Airbnb penetration in Barcelona’s housing market. We use several econometric approaches that exploit the exact timing and geography of Airbnb activity in the city. These include the use of neighborhood-specific trends, an instrumental shift-share strategy, and an event study. Our results imply that rents have increased by 1.9%, while transaction (posted) prices have increased by 5.3% (3.7%). The estimated impact in neighborhoods with high Airbnb activity is substantial. Chapter 3 investigates whether air traffic exerts a pro-inflationary effect on housing markets. We exploit the variation in air traffic between small and large French airports caused by the liberalization of the European aviation market in the 1990s to evaluate the air transport impact on housing prices in French municipalities. Our results show a small but significant inflationary effect of air traffic, which is essentially due to the higher frequency of flights, the arrival of low-cost airlines, and the buying strategy of international and senior visitors
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3

Brohe, Arnaud. "Réalisations et limites des marchés du carbone: évaluation et perspectives." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209301.

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Анотація:
L'objectif de notre thèse vise à évaluer les résultats engrangés par les marchés du carbone. Afin de pouvoir explorer différents aspects des marchés du carbone à un niveau mondial et en raison de la diversité des instruments qui se cachent derrière ce vocable, nous avons choisi de réaliser une thèse par article. Sur base de nos analyses empiriques nous avons pu vérifier dans quelle mesure les avantages et les limites théoriques des marchés du carbone se sont réalisés en pratique.

Une hypothèse forte des marchés du carbone dotés d’un système de plafonnement est qu’ils permettraient de garantir le respect des objectifs climatiques. Cette hypothèse ne s’est pas révélée exacte. En générant plus d’un milliard de crédits, dont un nombre important de crédits issus de projets, et en ne parvenant pas à empêcher des défections, le système mis en place par le Protocole de Kyoto n’est pas parvenu à garantir le plafonnement des émissions dans les pays développés. Il en va de même pour les systèmes liés à Kyoto comme le système communautaire d'échange de quotas d'émissions (SCEQE).

Dans la plupart des configurations des règles ad hoc et peu transparentes ont nui à l’objectif environnemental. La comptabilité commune de différents gaz à effet de serre, malgré des incertitudes importantes sur les pouvoirs de réchauffement globaux a également été néfaste à l'intégrité du système.

Le lien à des mécanismes de projets trouvant leur légitimité dans une preuve de l’additionnalité souvent floue demeure problématique. Notre analyse a ainsi mis en avant la problématique de l'enregistrement de projets hydrauliques dont la décision de construction est antérieure aux marchés du carbone.

En théorie, le mécanisme d’échange a pour conséquence que les acteurs confrontés à des coûts de réduction faibles soient encouragés à réduire leurs émissions. Dans la pratique, notre analyse montre que peu d’acteurs connaissent leur coût de réduction marginal, empêchant dès lors la concrétisation de cet idéal d’une réduction au moindre coût. Nous avons aussi mis en avant le fait qu’un prix identique par tonne de CO2 réduite n’est pas adapté au soutien de technologies nouvelles, souvent plus onéreuses au début de leur cycle de développement.

Finalement, un des principaux mérites des marchés du carbone a peut-être été leur acceptabilité auprès des décideurs politiques et économiques. Il est manifeste que les marchés permettent d'internaliser le carbone à un niveau international sans passer par une difficile harmonisation des politiques fiscales. C'est clairement une des raisons de leur adoption rapide et dans de nombreux pays.

Les marchés du carbone ont aussi joué un rôle important en matière de sensibilisation aux changements climatiques. Ils ont permis de faire progresser la comptabilité carbone et la compréhension des technologies sobres en carbone.

L’effondrement récent du prix du carbone montre que ce nouvel instrument qui, en théorie, est efficace pour atteindre un objectif de réduction prédéfini, ne permet pas, dans la pratique, par manque d’ambition ou en raison d’erreurs dans la conception, de financer la transition vers une nouvelle économie sobre en carbone. Il apparaît dès lors nécessaire de réformer cet instrument mais aussi de développer progressivement des alternatives afin de ne pas uniquement faire reposer la réussite de l’atteinte des objectifs climatiques sur les seuls marchés du carbone et ainsi augmenter la résilience des politiques climatiques aux aléas de marchés financiers, par ailleurs eux-mêmes soumis à de nombreux tourments depuis 2008.


Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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4

Rohlik, Lucas, and Sebastian Stasch. "Analyzing the acceptance of Air Taxis from a potential user perspective : Extending the Technology Acceptance Model towards an Urban Air Mobility Acceptance Model (UAMAM)." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43927.

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Анотація:
Background: A continuously growing urban population leads to congested urban areas. As a result, people are wasting time being stuck in traffic. One way of solving this problem is to use the air for moving people. Thus, companies all over the globe are working extensively on approaches for Urban Air Mobility such as air taxis. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is the identification of key determinants influencing the acceptance of air taxis from a potential user perspective. Thereby, the thesis develops the Urban Air Mobility Acceptance Model (UAMAM) as an extension of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Method: An explanatory online survey was conducted to test the hypotheses in the proposed UAMAM. Data from 321 respondents living in cities larger than one million inhabitants representing the potential target group was collected. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS SEM) was used to assess the measurement model in terms of validity and reliability and the structural model in terms of hypotheses testing and strength of relationships between proposed variables. Further, a multigroup analysis has been examined to identify significant differences among groups. Conclusion: The results show that the attitude, which is strongly influenced by the perceived usefulness, as well as subjective norm, travel cost and the personal innovativeness are key determinants affecting the users’ behavioral intention to use air taxis. Further, moderating effects of age on the relation between time saving and behavioral intention as well as on the relation between personal innovativeness and behavioral intention were identified. Additionally, moderating effects of occupational status on the relation between travel cost and behavioral intention were found.
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5

BAGNARA, LUCA. "Assetto strutturale-funzionale e capacità di rinnovazione del tasso (Taxus baccata L.) nella macchia delle tassinete." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/241962.

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I boschi con tasso hanno subito nei secoli una progressiva regressione a causa dei cambiamenti climatici e dell’azione dell’uomo. In Europa le popolazioni di Taxus baccata L., sono oggi in misura sempre maggiore oggetto di tutela e soggette a misureattive per la loro conservazione e valorizzazione. L’elevata longevità, il lento accrescimento e la tolleranza all’ombra rendono il tasso una specie con enormi capacità di adattamento ai diversi stress ambientali. Peraltro la differenziazione dei sessi, le esigenze climatiche di tipo oceanico e la sensitività alla brucatura accrescono le problematiche di sopravvivenza delle popolazioni spesso già numericamente ridotte. L’obiettivo principale di questa ricerca è quello di verificare le condizioni di vitalità di una delle popolazione di tasso più importanti del centro Italia attraverso la sua caratterizzazione strutturale e funzionale. L’area di studio è rappresentata dal complesso forestale della “Macchia delle Tassinete” (MC), area floristica e sito di importanza comunitaria (SIC) proprio per la significativa presenza del tasso. Lo studio ha analizzato la popolazione di tasso esistente su più livelli d’indagine: (a) assetto dendrometrico-strutturale, sex ratio, condizioni vegetative e distribuzione spaziale degli individui adulti (aventi diametro del fusto ≥ 15cm); (b) consistenza, distribuzione, condizioni vegetative e danni da brucatura della rinnovazione; (c) relazioni fra soprassuolo tipo di copertura e popolazione di tasso (adulti e rinnovazione); (d) relazioni fra rinnovazione e caratteristiche del suolo; (e) dinamica di accrescimento e sensitività climatica. La popolazione adulta costituita da più di 1000 esemplari si trova in buone condizioni di salute anche se costretta a vegetare sotto copertura di soprassuoli generalmente a copertura colma. Il 90% dei tassi adulti si distribuisce su una superficie limitata dell’area protetta(circa 20 ha) dove si osserva un’elevatissima densità di rinnovazione (> 4000 individui ad ettaro). Peraltro l’affermazione delle giovani piantine è condizionata dalla ridotta disponibilità di luce e dalla pressione da brucamento esercitata da ungulati selvatici (in particolare il capriolo). Si evidenzia la necessità di attivare nell’area in oggetto, mediante un’efficace monitoraggio, una gestione integrata, forestale e faunistica, finalizzata al raggiungimento di un equilibrio dinamico fra popolazioni animali e capacità di rinnovazione del tasso, che di questo bosco è il simbolo millenario.
During the last centuries forests with yew trees have continuously shrunk due both to climate change and human activity. In Europe the populations of Taxus baccata L. are nowadays increasingly protected and subject to active conservation strategies. Its longevity, slow growth and shadow tolerance make yew a species with an enormous capacity to resist environmental stress. At the same time though, the fact that the species is dioecious, its climatic needs and its vulnerability to grazing increase the survival problems of populations that are often already very reduced. The main goal of this study is to ascertain the vitality conditions of one of the main yew populations in central Italy through its structural and functional characterization. The object of this research is the “Macchia delle Tassinete” (Macerata), a forest that has been designed protected regional biotope and Site of Community Importance precisely because of the abundance of yew trees. The analysis of the population of yew trees has been conducted on several levels: (a) forest structure, sex ratio, vegetative conditions and spatial distribution of the specimens defined as adults (stem dbh ≥ 15cm); (b) population size, distribution, vegetative conditions and browsing damage to saplings; (c) relation between the different forest structures and population size of yew trees (adults and saplings); (d) ) relation between saplings density and distribution and the soil characteristics; (e) age structure, tree-ring growth and climate sensitivity of yew. The adult population consisting of more than 1000 individuals is in good health conditions , even though it is forced to vegetate under a generally dense and closed forest. Ninety percent of the adult yews is distributed on an area of about 20ha which leads to an extremely high density of saplings – more than 4000 individuals pro hectare – in this area. However the growth of the young plants is negatively influenced by the scarce availability of light and by the pressure through browsing by wild ungulates (roe dear in particular). We point out the need for an integrated, forest and game management of the Tassinete area, with the goal of find an equilibrium between the animal populations and the regeneration capacity of the yew, a tree that has become the symbol of this millenary forest.
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6

Tardif, Antoine. "Pr??diction des taux de d??composition des liti??res v??g??tales par les traits fonctionnels agr??g??s." Thèse, Universit?? de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/84.

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Sommaire : Comprendre le fonctionnement des e??cosyste??mes est un enjeu crucial, en particulier dans un contexte de changements globaux. Afin de mieux pre??dire les processus e??cosyste??miques, j???ai teste?? la pre??cision et les limites des hypothe??ses du biomass-ratio de Grime (HBMR) et de l???annulation idiosyncratique (HAI), cette dernie??re e??tant une hypothe??se originale de cette the??se. Pour cela, j???ai applique?? le principe du biomass-ratio aux traits fonctionnels, en employant la me??thode des traits agre??ge??s en communaute??, pour estimer la re??ponse globale des espe??ces en me??lange. La de??composition des litie??res plurispe??cifiques constitue un bon mode??le biologique, pour lequel je me suis pose?? les questions suivantes : (1) est-ce que l???HBMR pre??dit bien les taux de de??composition en me??langes plurispe??cifiques ? ; (2) est-ce que le degre?? de variabilite?? de ces taux diminue pour des raisons biologiques avec l???augmentation de la richesse spe??cifique (RS) des me??langes (HAI) ? ; (3) est-ce que la variabilite?? des taux entre me??langes diminue quand les conditions abiotiques du site deviennent plus limitantes ? ; (4) conside??rant que les me??langes plus contraste??s fonctionnellement sont susceptibles de de??velopper plus d???interactions, est-ce que la de??viation a?? la pre??diction augmente avec la dispersion fonctionnelle des me??langes (?? FDis ??, Laliberte?? & Legendre 2010) ? Cette the??se inclut deux expe??riences de de??composition en sachets a?? litie??res : (1) a?? Sherbrooke (QC, Canada) avec des microcosmes, impliquant des litie??res de six espe??ces d???arbres, de??composant seules et en me??langes et (2) sur trois sites au climat contraste?? dans la re??gion de Clermont-Ferrand (France) avec des litie??res de quatre espe??ces d???herbace??es, de??composant seules et en me??langes. Les re??sultats montrent des de??viations positives et ne??gatives par rapport aux taux pre??dits, mais l???HBMR de??crit bien la re??ponse moyenne des litie??res plurispe??cifiques. Bien que l???HAI ait e??te?? rejete??e, les re??sultats montrent une convergence des taux observe??s vers les taux pre??dits quand (1) la RS des me??langes augmente, (2) l???e??chelle spatiale augmente et (3) le climat est plus limitant pour la de??composition. Enfin, malgre?? des corre??lations entre FDis et interactions entre espe??ces dans les litie??res, cette relation n???est pas ge??ne??ralisable et l???hypothe??se de corre??lation positive entre FDis et de??viation a?? l???HBMR a e??te?? rejete??e. // Abstract : Understanding ecosystem functioning is a key goal in ecology, especially in the context of global changes. To better predict ecosystem processes, I tested the accuracy and the limits of Grime???s biomass-ratio (BMRH) hypothesis and a novel idiosyncratic annulment (IAH) hypothesis. I applied the biomass-ratio to functional traits, using the community-weighted means (CWM) to estimate the global response of species in mixtures. I studied the decomposition of litter species mixtures as a biological model and asked the following questions : (1) does the BMRH predict well the decomposition rates of mixed species litters? ; (2) does the degree of variability of these rates decrease with increasing species richness (SR) beyond that expected from purely mathematical causes (IAH)? ; (3) does the variability of rates between mixtures decrease with less favourable abiotic conditions for decomposition? ; (4) as more functionally contrasted mixtures are expected to develop more interactions, does the deviation from prediction increase with increasing functional dispersion in mixtures (?? FDis ??, Lalibert?? & Legendre 2010)? This study involves two decomposition experiments using litterbags: (1) at Sherbrooke (QC, Canada), in microcosms, involving litters from six tree species, decomposed alone and in mixtures and (2) in three climatically contrasted sites in the region of Clermont-Ferrand (France) with litters from four herbaceous species, decomposed alone and in mixtures. Despite both positive and negative deviations from expectation occurring at all levels of SR, the BMRH well described the average response of mixed species litters. Although I rejected the IAH, the results showed a convergence to the predicted values based on CWM with (1) increasing the SR in mixtures, (2) increasing the spatial scale of the study and (3) a less favourable climate to decomposition. Finally, although there was a correlation between litter interactions and functional divergence, this relationship was not generalizable and I rejected the hypothesis of a positive correlation between FDis and the deviations from BMRH.
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7

Arabzadeh, Jamali Hamzeh. "Three essays on the sectoral aspects of economic policy." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E027/document.

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L’objectif sous-jacent aux trois chapitres qui composent cette thèse, est une meilleure compréhension de l’incidence des politiques publiques dont les impacts diffèrent entre secteurs hétérogènes. Nous déclinons cette analyse à trois types de politiques publiques au cœur de la macro-économie contemporaine : (i) une politique environnementale (ii) une politique d’aide au développement et (iii) une politique de déficits jumeaux. A travers ces trois chapitres, nous soutenons que les impacts sectoriels des politiques jouent un rôle crucial dans l’évaluation des politiques et dans la détermination de la politique optimale. Le premier chapitre se concentre sur la taxe sur la pollution. Il fournit un modèle théorique qui explique pourquoi il existe une relation négative entre le revenu des ménages et leur soutien pour la taxe sur la pollution. Dans le deuxième chapitre, j’étudie les impacts macroéconomiques d’une politique d’aide au développement et je considère deux secteurs: secteur des biens échangeables (T-secteur) et le secteur des biens non-échangeables (N-secteur). Je considère deux types d’aide étrangère: (i) une aide distribuée par des transferts forfaitaires aux ménages et (ii) une aide destinée à financer les investissements publics. J'étudie l'impact de la libéralisation du marché des capitaux sur la forme optimale et la performance de l'aide au développement. Le troisième chapitre est centré sur les déficits jumeaux : un déficit de la balance courante induit par un déficit de l'équilibre budgétaire. L'analyse économétrique du papier montre que les pays ayant adopté une négociation salariée centralisée présentent des déficits jumeaux plus faibles que les autres. Ce chapitre fournit aussi un modèle théorique pour expliquer ces résultats empiriques
In this dissertation, I study the implications of policies with heterogeneous sectoral impacts in three separate research fields of macroeconomics: (i) environmental policy, (ii) foreign aid and (iii) the political economy of the twin deficits. Through the three chapters of this thesis, it is argued that, in all these three contexts, the sectoral impacts of policies play important roles in the policy evaluation and in the determination of optimal policy. In the first chapter, the policy of concern is the pollution tax. The paper provides a theoretical model to explain why in top income percentiles, there can be a negative relationship between household's income and their support for pollution tax. In the second chapter, I study the macroeconomic impacts of foreign aid and I consider two sectors: tradable sector (T-sector) and non-tradable sector (N-sector). I consider two forms of foreign aid: (i) aid which is transferred to the households and (ii) aid which is used to finance public investment. I investigate the impact of the liberalization of capital market on the optimal form and on the performance of foreign aid. In the third chapter, I consider the same sectors as in the second chapter : T-sector and N-sector. The focus of this chapter is rather on the political economy of the twin deficits: a deficit in current account induced by a deficit in fiscal balance. Econometric analysis of the paper finds evidence that wage centralization, in a cross-section of industrialized economies, is significantly associated with lower deficits in current account and budget balance. The paper provides a political economy framework to explain this empirical finding
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Leclerc, Thomas. "Les mesures correctives des émissions aériennes de gaz à effet de serre : Contribution à l'étude des interactions entre les ordres juridiques en droit international public." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0751/document.

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La recherche d'une mesure mondiale et corrective des émissions de gaz à effet de serreafin de réduire l'impact de l'activité aérienne internationale sur les changements climatiques a étéconfrontée à l'émergence d'obstacles, sous forme de conflits de normes, liés au défi général del'interaction entre le droit international de l'aviation civile, le droit international des changementsclimatiques et le droit de l'Union européenne. La conciliation des normes matérielles etinstitutionnelles concernées, sur la base d'une interprétation évolutive de la convention de Chicago,est alors apparue comme l'unique solution pour remédier aux situations conflictuelles constatées.Le recours à cette démarche interprétative maintient néanmoins un climat d'insécurité juridique etpose la question des limites à l'adaptation du droit international de l'aviation civile au défi d'uneprotection du climat mondial. Ce travail d'analyse vise alors à démontrer qu'un recours à cettedémarche interprétative n'est pas toujours nécessaire et qu'une application rigoureuse de ladistinction intrinsèque au droit international de l'aviation civile séparant le domaine de lanavigation aérienne du domaine du transport aérien international est la clef du problème. Ellepermet en effet de proposer une solution corrective respectueuse des ordres juridiques fonctionnelsconcernés tout en rétablissant un climat de sécurité juridique indispensable au développementsoutenable de l'aviation civile internationale
Looking for a global and corrective measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions frominternational civil aviation has been facing legal obstacles. These obstacles took the form ofconflicts of norms linked to the general challenge of the interactions between international aviationlaw, climate change law and the law of the European Union. Using evolutionary interpretation ofthe Chicago Convention in order to reconcile norms of substantive and institutional nature emergedas the best solution. However, this method perpetuates legal uncertainty and poses the generalchallenge of flexibly and elasticity of the Chicago Convention in response to the climate changechallenge. This study examines the above mentioned issues of interactions between legal ordersand provides recommendations to restore legal certainty needed to ensure sustainable developmentof international civil aviation. More specifically, this study reveals the underestimated relevance ofthe ongoing distinction between the legal regimes of air navigation and air transport, which is a keylegal element in the search for a global and corrective solution to the impact of international civilaviation on climate change
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9

Marson, Grégory. "Le juge administratif et les libertés économiques : contribution à la définition des libertés économiques au sein de la jurisprudence adminuistrative." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100033.

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L'étude a pour principal objet l'identification et la définition des libertés publiques économiques au sein de la jurisprudence administrative. Au terme de cette recherche, il apparaît que la liberté d'entreprendre constitue la seule véritable liberté publique économique utilisée par le juge administratif. Elle est en effet la seule qui a pour fondement la protection de droits ou d'intérêts subjectifs liés à la personnalité juridique, en particulier celles des personnes privées. Elle recouvre deux prérogatives essentielles : l’accès à une activité économique et l’exercice d’une activité économique. Si l'expression « liberté d'entreprendre » n'est pas apparue au sein de la jurisprudence administrative mais au sein des jurisprudences constitutionnelle et européenne, il importe de ne pas se laisser abuser par les mots employés. Celle-ci est en réalité présente au sein de la jurisprudence administrative depuis fort longtemps sous l'expression « liberté du commerce et de l'industrie ». A ce titre, elle recouvre un certain nombre d'autres appellations qui varient en fonction du contexte. Même si le juge administratif considère - à l'image du juge constitutionnel ou du juge européen - qu'il s'agit d'une liberté de second rang, il n'en demeure pas moins qu'il s'agit d'une liberté de valeur constitutionnelle. La définition et la classification de la « libre concurrence » s'avèrent plus problématiques. Celle-ci recouvre deux aspects distincts :- un aspect dans lequel elle doit être envisagée comme le respect du principe d'égale concurrence, c'est-à-dire comme celui d'une déclinaison, le cas échéant rénovée, du principe d'égalité. Dans cette optique, elle peut revêtir un aspect subjectif, c’est-à-dire qu’elle protège un droit dont le fondement se trouve dans la personnalité juridique, alors même que son objet principal reste la protection du mécanisme de marché.- un aspect dans lequel elle doit être regardée comme un ordre concurrentiel. Dans cette optique, elle ne peut être assimilée à une liberté publique mais doit être envisagée comme un objectif ou un impératif d'intérêt général correspondant au bon fonctionnement concurrentiel du marché. Les prérogatives ou intérêts que les opérateurs économiques tirent de la défense de cet ordre concurrentiel ne leur sont pas accordés en raison de leur seule personnalité. Ces prérogatives et intérêts sont défendus de manière subsidiaire puisque c’est l’atteinte au fonctionnement concurrentiel du marché qui est en premier lieu et avant tout prohibée. Les prérogatives et intérêts que les opérateurs tirent de la défense de l’ordre concurrentiel trouvent leur source et leur assise dans la liberté d’entreprendre. C’est cette liberté qui octroie aux personnes morales et physiques le droit d’accéder à l’activité économique et le droit de l’exercer. La libre concurrence a pour effet de garantir et de renforcer l’effectivité de ces deux prérogatives fondamentales
The primary purpose of this study is to identify and define economic public freedoms in administrative case law. The research shows that free enterprise is the only genuine public economic freedom relied upon by administrative judges. It is indeed the only one based on protecting the subjective rights or interests that are related to the legal personality, especially when it comes to individuals. It covers two essential rights: access to an economic activity and the running thereof. If the expression "free enterprise" was not created by the administrative judges but by the constitutional and European judges, it has however been known for a long time by administrative judges as "freedom of trade and industry." As such, it has a number of different names, which may vary depending on the context. Even if administrative judges consider – like their constitutional and European counterparts – that is it a secondary freedom, it is still a constitutional freedom.The definition and classification of "free competition" are more problematic, since such freedom covers two different aspects:- it may first be considered the respect of equal competition, as a new version of the equality principle. In this context, it can take a subjective aspect since it protects a right based on legal personality, even though its primary purpose is to protect market mechanisms.- it may also be considered as a competition system. From this perspective, it cannot be considered a public freedom but rather a goal or a requirement of general interest in the market good competitive functioning. The rights or interests of economic actors that derive from the protection of the competition system are not granted on the basis of their legal personality alone. The protection of those rights and interests in only subsidiary; interfering with free competition on the market is first and foremost prohibited. The rights and interests of economic actors in protecting the competition system have their source and guarantee in free enterprise. This freedom gives legal and natural persons the right to access and to run a business. Free competition ensures and reinforces the effectiveness of these two fundamental rights
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10

Šulák, Petr. "Vysokovýklopná lopata dřevní štěpky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442820.

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Книги з теми "Air taxes"

1

World Energy Council. New Zealand National Committee., Natural Resource Users Group (New Zealand), and Seminar on Policy on Carbon Dioxide Taxes and Credits (1996 : Wellington, N.Z.), eds. Policy on carbon dioxide taxes and credits. [Wellington?: s.n.], 1996.

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2

Walls, Margaret A. Distributional impacts of an environmental tax shift: The case of motor vehicle emissions taxes. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1996.

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3

Parry, Ian W. H. When can carbon abatement policies increase welfare?: The fundamental role of distorted factor markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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West, Sarah E. Estimates from a consumer demand system: Implications for the incidence of environmental taxes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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5

Kaplow, Louis. On the superiority of corrective taxes to quantity regulation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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6

Vouyoukas, E. Lakis. Carbon taxes and CO ́emissions targets: Results from the IEA model. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992.

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7

Markku, Wallin, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Department of Economics and Statistics, eds. Energy prices, taxes and carbon dioxide emissions. Paris: OECD, Department of Economics and Statistics, 1991.

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8

Scheelhaase, Janina. Abgaben und Zertifikate als instrumente zur CO₂ -Reduktion in der EG: Ausgestaltung und regionalwirtschaftliche Wirkungen. München: Ifo-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, 1994.

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9

Chomitz, Kenneth M. Temporary sequestration credits: An instrument for carbon bears. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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10

Michaelowa, Axel. Joint implementation of greenhouse gas reductions under consideration of fiscal and regulatory incentives. [Hamburg]: HWWA-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung-Hamburg, 1995.

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Частини книг з теми "Air taxes"

1

Thießen, Friedrich. "Taxes and Fees." In Air Transport and its Subsidies, 7–21. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38899-7_2.

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2

Seetaram, Neelu, Festus Fatai Adedoyin, and Shun Ye. "The impact of passenger taxes." In Air Transport and Regional Development Policies, 268–80. 1 Edition. | New York City : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003092070-14.

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3

Naylor, John. "Tales from the Haunted Air." In The Riddle of the Rainbow, 21–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23908-3_3.

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4

Rowedder, Carsten. "Urban Air Mobility—Challenges and Opportunities for Air Taxis." In Proceedings, 95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59825-2_12.

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5

Gollin, Alfred. "Winston Churchill Takes Charge." In The Impact of Air Power on the British People and their Government, 1909–14, 291–320. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10887-9_13.

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6

Germano, William. "The Archers Take Aim." In The Tales of Hoffmann, 9–36. London: British Film Institute, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-45121-7_1.

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7

DeJonge, Andrea, Christoph Golbeck, Shahjahan Bhuiyan, Alnoor Ebrahim, Kate Ruff, Claudia Bode-Harlass, Karun K. Singh, et al. "Attac (Association for Transaction Taxes to Aid Citizens)." In International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, 54–56. New York, NY: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_314.

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8

Behme, Jana, and Patrick Planing. "Air Taxis as a Mobility Solution for Cities—Empirical Research on Customer Acceptance of Urban Air Mobility." In Innovations for Metropolitan Areas, 93–103. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60806-7_8.

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9

Mitrano, Mena. "Chapter 7. Persuasion and critical-theoretical thought." In Argumentation in Context, 153–68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aic.22.07mit.

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Literary scholars have increasingly moved away from the hermeneutics of suspicion, on the ground that this once-dominant axis of reflection uniting Nietzsche, Marx, and Freud and culminating with deconstruction and poststructuralism, has been reduced to an ineffectual set of standardized rhetorical gestures with the sole purpose of debunking and demystifying (R. Felski 2015; R. Felski and E. Anker 2017). In such a postcritical climate, this article explores the link between persuasion and the pursuit of knowledge in the Humanities through three theoretically charged close readings (Jane Austen, Michel Foucault, Eve K. Sedgwick). Discussion takes its cue from the implications of persuasion as a rhetorical tenet and goes on to trace its transformation, first in connection with the rise of discourse, and secondly in connection with the ethical turn in critical inquiry. Ultimately, the article suggests that the traditional tension between truth and persuasion has taken on new life in the polarity of the cognitive and the affective dimensions of knowledge.
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Walle, Nicolas van de. "Four. The Economic Correlates of State Failure: Taxes, Foreign Aid, and Policies." In When States Fail, edited by Robert I. Rotberg, 94–115. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400835799-006.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Air taxes"

1

Almajed, Hussain M., Omar J. Guerra, Ana Somoza-Tornos, Wilson A. Smith, and Bri-Mathias Hodge. "The design and operational space of syngas production via integrated direct air capture with gaseous CO2 electrolysis." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design, 641–51. Hamilton, Canada: PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.134920.

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The overarching goal of limiting the increase in global temperature to = 2.0� C likely requires both decarbonization and defossilization efforts. Direct air capture (DAC) and CO2 electrolysis stand out as promising technologies for capturing and utilizing atmospheric CO2. In this effort, we explore the details of designing and operating an integrated DAC-electrolysis process by examining some key parameters for economic feasibility. We evaluate the gross profit and net income to find the most appropriate capacity factor, average electricity price, syngas sale price, and CO2 taxes. Additionally, we study an optimistic scenario of CO2 electrolysis and perform a sensitivity analysis of the CO2 capture price to elucidate the impact of design decisions on the economic feasibility. Our findings underscore the necessity of design improvements of the CO2 electrolysis and DAC processes to achieve reasonable capacity factor and average electricity price limits. Notably, CO2 taxes and tax credits in the order of $400 per t-CO2 or greater are essential for the economic viability of the optimistic DAC-electrolysis route, especially at competitive syngas sale prices. This study serves as a foundation for further work on designing appropriate power system models that integrate well with the presented air-to-syngas route.
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2

Schrage, Daniel, Apinut Sirirojvisuth, and Robert Walters. "Functional Safety Management Approach for Certification of Evolving eVTOL Air Taxi Concepts." In Vertical Flight Society 74th Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–13. The Vertical Flight Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0074-2018-12873.

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Recently, technology advances have made it practical to build a new class of electrical VTOL (eVTOL) aircraft. Over a dozen companies, with as many different design approaches, are passionately working to make eVTOLs a reality1. The establishment of Uber Elevate has helped spur this development by providing the launch customer and a proposing the necessary operational infrastructure for its implementation. However, to understand the path to improving safety and certification for urban air transportation, we need to understand the root causes of historical crashes. Thus, a Functional Safety Management (FSM) approach much be implemented. Also, before eVTOL air taxis can operate in any country, they will need to comply with regulations from aviation authorities—namely the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) who regulate 50% and 30% of the world's aviation activity, respectively - charged with assuring aviation safety. eVTOL aircraft are new from a certification standpoint, and progress with certification of new aircraft concepts has historically been very slow, though the process is changing in a way that could accelerate things significantly. The planned approach is to start with FAR - Part 23 standards along with new ASTM F44 consensus standards. This approach offers the potential to radically accelerate the development of new standards (which is required for the certification of new eVTOLs) because the community takes responsibility for developing the certification basis and then presents it for adoption by the regulator. To help initiate this planned approach, Georgia Tech, in collaboration with Coventry University, is conducting a Safety Assessment and Certification (SAC) Study as part of the Georgia Tech Course, AE6362: Safety By Design and Flight Certification. This paper will review the overall proposed FSM approach and provide some emerging results from the SAC Study.
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3

Bakken, L. E., and L. Skogly. "Parametric Modelling of Exhaust Gas Emission From Natural Gas Fired Gas Turbines." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-399.

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Increased focus on air pollution from gas turbines in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea has resulted in taxes on CO2. Statements made by the Norwegian authorities imply regulations and/or taxes on NOx emissions in the near future. The existing CO2-tax of NOK 0.82 /Sm3 (US Dollars 0.12/Sm3) and possible future tax on NOx are analysed mainly with respect to operating and maintenance costs for the gas turbine. Depending on actual tax levels, the machine should preferably be operated on full load/optimum thermal efficiency or part load to reduce specific exhaust emissions. Based on field measurements, exhaust emissions (CO2, CO, NOx, N2O, UHC etc.) are established with respect to load and gas turbine performance, including performance degradation. Different NOx emission correlations are analysed based on test results, and a proposed prediction model presented. The impact of machinery performance degradation on emission levels is particularly analysed. Good agreement is achieved between measured and predicted NOx emissions from the proposed correlation. To achieve continuous exhaust emission control, the proposed NOx model is implemented to the on-line condition monitoring system on the Sleipner A platform, rather than introducing sensitive emission sensors in the exhaust gas stack. The on-line condition monitoring system forms an important tool in detecting machinery condition/degradation, air pollution and achieving optimum energy conservation.
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4

Arnulfi, Gianmario L., and Martino Marini. "Performance of a Water Compensated Compressed Air Energy Storage System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50627.

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In a growing energy scenario, electric utility companies have to take into account new managing strategies. The increasing seasonal gap in energy demand, the penetration of stochastic sources (wind and sun) and of combined heat and power plants are making more and more difficult to schedule power production. Energy storage can balance supply and demand over different time scales, with technical and economical benefits. The two options for large size plants are pumped storage hydro and Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES). In the present paper, a CAES plant both with and without water compensation, is considered. The time window is an entire year as there is a remarkable difference between the seasons. Indeed in winter and summer the price fluctuation amplitude can be profitably exploited while between seasons are less suitable in a storage perspective because of the relative flatness of the daily price pattern. The adopted strategy is based on two price thresholds: below the former, a single charging step is carried out at night, above the latter, one or more steps of electricity production are carried out at peak hours. Finally, amid the thresholds, the plant works as a mere gas turbine or is shut off. Of course the mere GT working is available only if turbo compressor and expander are consistent and this affects the performance of each machine during charge or discharge phases. The shape of the daily price pattern strongly impacts on the cash flow. The proposed model is applied to the present Italian scenario as the energy market, taxes and services are concerned. The water compensated plant attains a storage density nearly twice higher than without compensation.
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5

Underbakke, Harald, Inge Brigt Gytri, Jon Jakobsen, and Stig Hove. "Reducing Emissions and Improving Energy Efficiency in the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54225.

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Energy efficiency and emission control has traditionally been a priority area in refining and petrochemical industries. In the last 15–20 years these issues has increasingly been focused in the upstream oil and gas industry. Emission taxes and commitment from the industry has led to significant improvements. Energy consumption and emission to air, especially CO2 and NOx has been reduced by typically between 10 to 30% by relatively simple and cost-effective methods. In parallel, change in design practise for new plants has contributed to similar reductions. This paper outlines the analysis and methods used and the results achieved.
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6

Ågren, Niklas D., and Mats O. J. Westermark. "Design Study of Part Flow Evaporative Gas Turbine Cycles: Performance and Equipment Sizing: Part 2 — Industrial Core." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0113.

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This is part two of a 2-part paper and presents calculation results of a part flow EvGT cycle based on gas turbine data for the ABB GTX100 (modified for intercooling). The evaporative gas turbine cycle is a new high efficiency cycle that has reached the pilot testing stage. This paper presents calculation results of a new humidification strategy based on part flow humidification. This strategy involves using only a fraction of the compressed air for humidification. Thermodynamically, it can be shown that not all the air needs to be passed through the humidification system to attain the intrinsic good flue gas heat recovery of an EvGT cycle. The presented system also includes live steam production and superheating, by heat from the hottest flue gas region, for injection. The humidifier then only uses the lower temperature levels, where it is best suited. The analyzed system is based on data for the ABB GTX100.gas turbine in intercooled mode. Part 1 of this 2-part paper presents the results based on data for the aeroderovative Rolls Royce Trent. Simulation results include electric efficiency and other process data as function of degree of part flow. A detailed model of the humidifier is used, which produces sizing results both for column height and diameter. Paper 1 includes detailed description of the modelling. For the GTX100-system, full flow humidification generates an electric efficiency of 52.6% (simple cycle 36.2%). The efficiency is virtually unaffected if the air portion to humidification is cut to 60% of accessible compressor air (represents 48% of compressor intake). If 30% of air from the compressor after cooling bleed (24% of intake)is led to the humidifier, the efficiency is reduced to 52.2%. On the other hand is the total heat exchanger area reduced by 20% and column volume by 50%. This calls for a recommendation not to use all the compressed air for humidification. It is recommended to use 15-30% of compressor intake air. The exact economic optimum depends on local fuel prices, CO2-taxes, interest rates et c.
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7

Hill, Jane P. "Assessing the Economics of Industrial Gas Turbine Cogeneration Applications." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-333.

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Gas turbines are often used at industrial plants to generate electricity. However, turbines convert a greater portion of the input fuel into waste heat than into electricity. The degree to which this waste heat can be captured and used to produce steam, hot water, or simply hot air for drying, greatly improves the overall efficiency of the turbine system. This process is called cogeneration. There is no question that cogeneration can improve overall efficiencies. The question is whether cogeneration can be accomplished in an economic manner. This paper presents a straight-forward methodology for comparing the costs and benefits associated with cogeneration. All costs and savings are converted to a consistent before tax cent per kilowatt-hour basis. The inconsistencies encountered with simple payback analysis are avoided, as well as the complexities of discounted cash flow analysis. The effects of income taxes, depreciation, financing, and cogeneration load factor are incorporated.
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8

Činčurak Erceg, Biljana, Aleksandra Vasilj, and Aleksandra Perković. "FIT FOR 55 – DOES IT FIT ALL? AIR AND RAIL TRANSPORT AFTER COVID – 19 PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22411.

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The main principle of sustainability means being able to meet the needs of today’s society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development implies the interdependence of its main components: society, economy, and ecology. The prosperity of a society depends on economic progress and the development of new technologies, but in a way that the natural environment is protected and preserved. This concept is inextricably linked to the concept of ecology and, consequently, to all types of transport, given that transport is considered one of the main pollutants of the ecosystem. Due to its rapid development through history, and as the youngest and safest type of transport, air transport is particularly subjected to the environmental impact assessment. At the same time, air transport affects the global economy due to its connection with other sectors, which in turn enables faster mobility of people, services, and goods. This was especially evident with the increased need for faster medical supplies and protective equipment delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. The European Union’s transport policy is geared towards sustainable development by linking all environmental and social goals in a balanced way. Considering the negative long-term impact of COVID-19 on the air transportation sector, the question posed in this paper is whether this can be done in an appropriate way. As part of the European Green Deal, the “Fit for 55” package is a set of proposals to revise and update EU legislation with the purpose of introducing new initiatives regarding the climate goals agreed by the Council and the European Parliament. Regarding air transport, the emphasis is on contributing to reducing CO2 emissions and noise pollution and their impact on other sectors and competitiveness. The EU Commission White Paper: “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system” emphasizes that the EU aviation industry should become a frontrunner in the use of low-carbon fuels to reach the set targets, as well as that the majority of medium-distance passenger transport should go by rail by 2050. There are also initiatives that aviation taxes should subsidize high-speed rail (HSR), which potentially may cause a decrease in the air transport and benefit an increase the rail transport. The paper will also address the questions as to whether existing legislation, measures, and proposals are appropriate, considering that aviation is one of the industry sectors that is most affected by COVID-19 and could be most affected by the “Fit for 55” package, as well what impact this duopoly might have on the market for travel served by air transport. Does really “Fit for 55” fit air transport?
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9

Wong, R., A. Rao, M. Cernelc-Kohan, J. Nigro, H. El-Said, T. Friesen, and M. Brigger. "Tracheal Tales and a Breath of Fresh Air." In American Thoracic Society 2024 International Conference, May 17-22, 2024 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2024.209.1_meetingabstracts.a4073.

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10

Bernyk, Alexandra, Vedant Mantri, and Finn Sutherland. "Aerodynamic Investigation of Vertiport Design for Air Taxis." In 2023 Regional Student Conferences, Region I - North East. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-76534.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Air taxes"

1

Quak, Evert-jan. Implementation Obstacles and Political Appeal of Environmental Taxes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Reflections from Selected Countries. Institute of Development Studies, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.079.

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Low-income countries (LICs) are looking at the potential of environmental taxes – such as charges on air pollutants, levies on household waste, and taxes on energy use – to increase revenue and tackle environmental issues. LICs are slow to adopt environmental taxes, and international financial institutions, multilateral development banks, and international donors are helping LIC governments assess them. Little is known about the institutional, administrative, and political obstacles leading to slow adoption of environmental taxes, and how these taxes can be made more appealing, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reports evidence from 16 in-depth interviews with ministries of finance, revenue authorities, and other government stakeholders in six African countries. One key obstacle is the competing mandates and revenue-raising capacity of different ministries and agencies. There is concern that granting institutions new capacity to raise revenue might lead to meeting revenue targets being prioritised over conserving environmental resources. As a result, the public, politicians, and businesses may resist these policies being introduced. Summary of ICTD Working Paper 177 written by Giovanni Occhiali.
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2

Dick, Andrew, and Aaron Edlin. The Implicit Taxes from College Financial Aid. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5316.

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3

Agrawal, Asha Weinstein, Hilary Nixon, and Cameron Simmons. Investing in California’s Transportation Future: Public Opinion on Critical Needs. Mineta Transportation Institute, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1861.

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In 2017, the State of California adopted landmark legislation to increase the funds available for transportation in the state: Senate Bill 1 (SB1), the Road Repair and Accountability Act of 2017. Through a combination of higher gas and diesel motor fuel taxes, SB1 raises revenue for four critical transportation needs in the state: road maintenance and rehabilitation, relief from congestion, improvements to trade corridors, and improving transit and rail services. To help state leaders identify the most important projects and programs to fund within those four topical areas, we conducted an online survey that asked a sample of 3,574 adult Californians their thoughts on how the state can achieve the SB1 objectives. The survey was administered from April to August 2019 with a survey platform and panel of respondents managed by Qualtrics. Quota sampling ensured that the final sample closely reflects California adults in terms of key socio-demographic characteristics and geographic distribution. Key findings included very strong support for improving all transportation modes, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, and more convenient options to travel without driving. Respondents placed particular value on better maintenance for both local streets and roads, as well as highways. Finally, the majority of respondents assessed all types of transportation infrastructure in their communities as somewhat or very good.
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4

Bazel, Philip, Jack M. Mintz, and Gerardo Reyes-Tagle. Taxation of the Mining Industry in Latin America and the Caribbean: Analysis and Policy. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004957.

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Little is known about mining taxation in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), although it is both particularly complex and has large effects on incentives for investments in mining activities. This paper reviews the types and consequences of mining taxes that are applied in the region and their implications for investment. Most countries assess royalties based on the value of production, which are consistent with royalties applied globally. However, miners confront additional taxes such that tax regimes, in the aggregate, inefficiently discourage investment, including income taxes, non-refundable sales taxes on capital purchases, capital taxes, gross receipt taxes, and real estate transfer taxes. Several reforms emerge from the analysis. The most important is for LAC countries to consider profit-based regimes--similar to Chile, Mexico, and Peru--supplemented by a minimum royalty based on the value of production. Company tax reforms should also be considered with the aim to tax mining similarly to other sectors of the economy to improve the allocation of capital.
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5

Niesten, Hannelore, and Isaac Kobina Amoako. Comparative Analysis of the Implementation of Electronic Money Transfer Levies in Ghana and Nigeria: Policies, Legal Frameworks, and Outcomes. Institute of Development Studies, August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.062.

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In the past decade, over 15 countries in Africa have implemented taxes on mobile money (MM) and other digital financial services (DFS). These taxes aim to broaden the tax base, and sometimes target the difficult-to- tax informal sector. However, hastily implemented taxes can pose risks, such as hindering sectoral growth, affecting consumer behaviour, and failing to generate expected revenue. Our research, a novel contribution to the field, compares fiscal legal and tax frameworks in Ghana and Nigeria to determine the most effective approach to MM and DFS taxation. Summary of ICTD Working Paper 202.
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6

Koster, Michael C. Foreign Internal Defense. Does Air Force Special Operations Have What it Takes?,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada275382.

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7

Bergeron, Augustin, Elie Kabue Ngindu, Gabriel Tourek, and Jonathan L. Weigel. Does Collecting Taxes Erode the Accountability of Informal Leaders? Evidence from the DRC. Institute of Development Studies, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.046.

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Delegating tax collection to informal leaders could raise tax revenue but runs the risk of undermining the local accountability of those leaders. We investigate this trade-off by exploiting whether city chiefs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were randomly assigned to collect property taxes in 2018. To measure accountability, we study the other side of the social contract: the distribution of resources by chiefs in a government cash transfer programme in which they had discretion over the recipients of development aid. In line with the preferences of citizens, chiefs who collected taxes allocated more programme benefits to poorer households and thus made fewer inclusion and exclusion errors. They were no more or less likely to pocket benefits themselves or allocate them to their families. Across a range of measures, citizens appear to have updated their beliefs of chiefs who collected taxes. We provide evidence that collector chiefs allocated aid to poorer households because door-to-door tax collection created opportunities to learn which households were in greatest need. In contrast to concerns of ‘decentralised despotism,’ the paper thus finds evidence of a chief’s accountability benefiting from delegating tax responsibilities to local leaders in low-capacity states.
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8

Bergeron, Augustin, Elie Kabue Ngindu, Gabriel Tourek, and Jonathan L. Weigel. Does Collecting Taxes Erode the Accountability of Informal Leaders? Evidence from the DRC. Institute of Development Studies, September 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.087.

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Анотація:
Delegating tax collection to informal leaders could raise tax revenue but runs the risk of undermining the local accountability of those leaders. We investigate this trade-off by exploring whether city chiefs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) were randomly assigned to collect property taxes in 2018. To measure accountability, we study the other side of the social contract: the distribution of resources by chiefs in a government cash transfer programme in which they had discretion over the recipients of development aid. In line with the preferences of citizens, chiefs who collected taxes allocated more programme benefits to poorer households and thus made fewer inclusion and exclusion errors. They were no more or less likely to pocket benefits themselves or allocate them to their families. Across a range of measures, citizens appear to have updated their beliefs of chiefs who collected taxes. We provide evidence that collector chiefs allocated aid to poorer households because door-to-door tax collection created opportunities to learn which households were in greatest need. In contrast to concerns of ‘decentralised despotism,’ the paper thus finds evidence of a chief’s accountability benefiting from delegating tax responsibilities to local leaders in low-capacity states. Summary of ICTD Working Paper 193.
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9

Zhang, Yangjun. Unsettled Topics Concerning Flying Cars for Urban Air Mobility. SAE International, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021011.

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Flying cars—as a new type of vehicle for urban air mobility (UAM)—have become an important development trend for the transborder integration of automotive and aeronautical technologies and industries. This article introduces the 100-year history of flying cars, examines the current research status for UAM air buses and air taxis, and discusses the future development trend of intelligent transportation and air-to-land amphibious vehicles. Unsettled Topics Concerning Flying Cars for Urban Air Mobility identifies the major bottlenecks and impediments confronting the development of flying cars, such as high power density electric propulsion, high lift-to-drag ratio and lightweight body structures, and low-altitude intelligent flight. Furthermore, it proposes three phased goals and visions for the development of flying cars in China, suggesting the development of a flying vehicle technology innovation system that integrates automotive and aeronautic industries.
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10

Lozano, Alejandra, Vicente Silva, Pedro Cisternas, Magdalena Sepúlveda, Sergio Chaparro, Sandra Guzmán, Felipe Pino, and Liliana Ávila. Green and Progressive Taxes for the Socio-Ecological Transition: Perspectives from Latin America and the Caribbean. Global Initiative for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53110/dbjh4710.

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This publication reviews fiscal policy innovations aimed at promoting socio-ecological transitions in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It highlights the urgent need for LAC countries to address the triple planetary crisis (climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution) through transformative fiscal reforms. The report outlines key fiscal measures including progressive taxation on wealth, the implementation of green taxes and incentives for reducing carbon emissions and enhancing sustainability. It argues for fiscal policies that generate revenue, discourage environmentally harmful practices and support vulnerable communities. These measures aim to balance social equity with environmental stewardship, guiding LAC towards a fair and sustainable future.
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