Готові списки джерел за темами / African football players in France

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "African football players in France"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 20 квітня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "African football players in France"

Zhang, Hui, and Junxian Jiang. "Evaluation of the Playing Time Benefits of Foreign Players in the Big-5 European Football Leagues." Journal of Human Kinetics 84, no. 1 (October 25, 2022): 238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-000072.

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Abstract To explore the benefits that foreign players bring to their clubs, this study used foreign players in the Big-5 European leagues (2013/2014-2017/2018 seasons) as samples and constructed a benefit model based on playing time and game points to evaluate the contribution of foreign players to their clubs in different leagues. The results showed the following: 1) from the 2013/2014 season to the 2017/2018 season, foreign players in the Bundesliga had the highest playing time benefits (PTBs) (0.526 ± 0.012), followed by foreign players in La Liga (0.523 ± 0.014), the Premier League (0.518 ± 0.011), Serie A (0.500 ± 0.012) and Ligue 1 (0.486 ± 0.011); 2) foreign players from South America had the highest PTBs in the Big-5 leagues, while those from Africa had the lowest PTBs. However, among the different leagues, there were no significant differences in the PTBs of foreign players from the same continent; 3) PTBs of foreign players in the forward position were lower than those of foreign players in the defender position; 4) the country that produced foreign players in the Big-5 leagues with the highest total PTBs was Brazil, followed by Argentina, Spain and France. Additionally, the top 15 countries by total PTBs qualified for either the 2014 or the 2018 World Cup Final.

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Kaluđerović, Željko. "HENRY'S "HAND OF GOD"." Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 4, no. 2 (April 2014): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.041408.

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In this paper the author discusses the views and statements of the French football player Thierry Henry he gave after his illegal play during the playoff match between France and the Republic of Ireland to claim one of the final spots in the World Cup 2010 in South Africa. First, by controlling the ball with his hand before passing it on for the goal Henry has shown disregard for the constitutive rules of football. Then, by stating that he is "not a referee" he demonstrated that for some players rules are not inherent to football and that they can be relativized, given that for them winning is the goal of the highest ontological status. Furthermore, he has rejected the rules of sportsmanship, thus expressing his opinion that the opponents are just obstacles which have to be removed in order to achieve your goals. Henry's action has disrupted major moral values, such as justice, honesty, responsibility and beneficence. The rules of fair play have totally been ignored both in Henry's action and in the Football Association of France's unwillingness to comment on whether a replay should take place. They have ignored one of the basic principles stated in the "Declaration of the International Fair Play Committee", according to which, fair play is much more than playing to the rules of the game; it's about the attitude of the sportsperson. It's about respecting your opponent and preserving his or her physical and psychological integrity. Finally, the author believes that the rules, moral values and fair play in football are required for this game to become actually possible to play.

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Brown, James, Gino Kerkhoffs, Mike Lambert, and Vincent Gouttebarge. "Forced Retirement from Professional Rugby Union is Associated with Symptoms of Distress." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 08 (May 31, 2017): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-103959.

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AbstractRugby has a higher injury burden than other popular sports, such as football. Athletes who are forced to retire as a result of injury are associated with poor mental health. With its high injury burden, professional rugby players might be at risk of mental health conditions associated with injury-related forced retirement. This study aimed to compare mental health between former professional rugby players who were and weren’t forced to retire. A questionnaire including the 4DSQ (distress), GHQ-12 (anxiety/depression), PROMIS short-form (sleep disturbance) and AUDIT-C (alcohol misuse) was completed by retired professional players from Ireland, France and South Africa. The questionnaire asked players whether or not they were forced to retire, as well as the reason for retirement. Players forced to retire were more than twice as likely to report symptoms of distress in comparison to those that retired voluntarily (odds ratio: 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.2–3.6, p<0.001). None of the other mental health measures (anxiety/depression, sleep disturbance or alcohol misuse) were associated with forced retirement. In conclusion, rugby players that were forced to retire may require support structures and longitudinal monitoring. Future studies should begin monitoring players during their careers to accurately assess the effect of retirement on mental health.

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Lebrun, Anne-Marie, Quentin Neveu, and Patrick Bouchet. "Comparing perceived brand positioning through social representations among registered amateur football players." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 10, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-08-2018-0061.

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PurposeThe objective of this research is to understand and compare the perceived brand positioning of two football megabrands (Adidas and Nike) for a specific social group, the registered amateur football players in France, using the social representation theory (SRT) as the theoretical framework and the free word associations as the main method.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted through face-to-face questionnaire among a convenience sample of registered amateur football players in France (n = 362) and for which 52 percent chose Adidas and 48 percent Nike.FindingsFindings demonstrated that Adidas and Nike have a different perceived brand positioning for the registered amateur football players in France. Adidas is perceived as more typical and positioned “inside the football ground” through main characteristics of its football goods for training and competition. Nike is more positioned “outside the football ground” through their sportswear goods for daily life and fashion.Originality/valueThe interest of this research is to be primarily inductive and focus on a specific group (membership of registered amateur football players) to understand the perceived brand positioning in the football market. The method allows activating the belonging with this group (higher level of practice with these brands) by using the SRT method of free word associations. Thanks to this original approach, results could help managers of Nike and Adidas reinforce their brand positioning and gain market share, as well as build their specific brand community like both megabrands did for the runners in France.

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Woodward, J. R. "Professional Football Scouts: An Investigation of Racial Stacking." Sociology of Sport Journal 21, no. 4 (December 2004): 356–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.4.356.

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In this article the author examines sports guides that are dedicated to critiquing collegiate football players eligible for the annual National Football League amateur draft. An effort is made to assess whether the scouts in these guides describe collegiate players in ways that correspond with U.S. race logic as articulated by Coakley (1998). More specifically, the article focuses on the mental and physical descriptions of African American and White athletes by professional scouts. The results show that African American players are more likely to be described in physical terms (rather than mental terms) than are White players in the same positions.

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Ungruhe, Christian, and Mads Backer Schmidt. "Why are East African Players Absent in European Football? Localizing African Football Migration Along Structural Constraints, Colonial Legacies and Voluntary Immobility." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, no. 5 (May 26, 2020): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723520919820.

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While studies on transnational African football migration have increasingly attracted scholarly attention, little is known about the continent’s regional particularities. However, in contrast to the massive influx of footballers from West and North Africa, squads of European professional clubs seldom include players from East Africa. Yet, the concentration on West Africa in academic studies runs the risk of overgeneralizing certain practices on the African continent and, hence, of reproducing Africa’s standing as the homogeneous peripheral other. By analyzing the various historical, structural, and socio-cultural reasons for the general absence of migrant footballers from East Africa, we aim at contributing to a more nuanced picture of African football migration and further discuss the ambivalent consequences of players’ spatial immobility for East Africa’s football development.

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Strauss, Anita, Martinique Sparks, and Cindy Pienaar. "Comparison of the Morphological Characteristics of South African Sub-Elite Female Football Players According to Playing Position." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073603.

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Limited information is available on the morphological characteristics of adult female footballers, therefore the aim of this article was to examine if there are position-specific differences in the morphological characteristics of sub-elite female football players and to establish normative standards for this level of female football players. The morphological features of 101 sub-elite female football players (age: 21.8 ± 2.7 years) were assessed. Twenty anthropometric sites were measured for body composition and somatotype. The average value of body fat percentage was 20.8 ± 5.7%. The somatotype of the overall group was 4.0–2.4–2.1. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences were found between goalkeepers and outfield players in morphological characteristics. Goalkeepers were taller (166.2 ± 8.4 cm), heavier (66.5 ± 5.1 kg), possessed the highest body fat percentage (17.2 ± 6.2%) and showed higher values for all skinfold (sum of 6 skinfolds = 125.6 ± 45.9 cm), breadth, girth and length measurements. However, there were very few practically worthwhile differences between the outfield positions. Positional groups did not differ (p ≤ 0.05) in somatotype characteristics either. The study suggests that at sub-elite level there are mainly differences between goalkeepers and outfield players, but outfield players are homogeneous when comparing morphological characteristics. These results may serve as normative values for future comparisons regarding the morphological characteristics of female football players.

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Mkumbuzi, N. S. "Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nutritional supplements in Zimbabwean football." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 1 (January 29, 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2015/v27i1a485.

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Background. The use of medications by football players in many populations is known to be high. Data on African players are scarce. Objective. To determine the magnitude of use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and nutritional supplements by Zimbabwean football players. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study during the 2011/2012 Premier Soccer League football season. A total of 86 players responded to a self-administered questionnaire that assessed self-reported use of NSAIDs and nutritional supplements. Results. All the participants admitted to taking NSAIDs, with 44% self-prescribing. Nutritional supplements were taken by 56% of the respondents. Of these, 21% took them on a daily basis and 40% did so without professional advice. Conclusion. Regular, self-prescribed use of NSAIDs and nutritional supplements is high among Zimbabwean football players.

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Acheampong, Ernest Yeboah. "How does professional football status challenge African players’ behaviour?" Soccer & Society 21, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2018.1541797.

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Hoare, Rachel. "From global phenomenon to framework for living: using the beautiful game creatively to provide therapeutic care for unaccompanied male adolescents seeking asylum in Ireland." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 16, no. 4 (October 16, 2020): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-03-2020-0022.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore, through the composite character of Jaheem, a 16-year-old unaccompanied male from sub Saharan Africa seeking asylum in Ireland (UMSA), the different ways in which football, experienced as a global physical pursuit, a lingua franca and an important site of participation and belonging, can facilitate the development of the therapeutic relationship and the building of coping skills in creative psychotherapy. Design/methodology/approach The composite narrative approach draws on notes taken by the author immediately after the psychotherapy sessions of seven UMSA between 2016 and 2019, for whom football became part of the therapy process. The experiences captured in the notes were combined and are re-presented and explored through the composite character of Jaheem. Findings Drawing on the different facets of football was a key factor in developing the therapeutic relationship. This progressed naturally into using player images to identify and explore the expression of difficult feelings, using football talk as a lingua franca and exploring experiences through football as a metaphor for life. Research limitations/implications The risk of Jaheem not being representative of the seven UMSA was mitigated by the psychotherapist’s expertise in this context which informed her judgement of what to include in a meaningful and representative composite. Originality/value Using the rarely used composite narrative approach to capture the potential of engaging with the football theme in a therapeutic setting with UMSA males.

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Дисертації з теми "African football players in France"

Kouamouo, Hervé. "Devenir et demeurer un Big man sportif : une enquête sur la socialisation des footballeurs africains." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PA100001.

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S'ils constituent environ 15% des effectifs des joueurs de football professionnels en France, les Africains sont quasiment absents des postes d'encadrement. Très visibles sur les terrains, quelles sont les raisons pour lesquelles les anciens joueurs africains sont aussi invisibles à ces postes qui constituent pourtant l'essentiel de la reconversion en interne (Hugues, 1958, Becker, 1985) ? Notre travail basé sur une articulation du Big man en tant qu'institution d'emprise tend à démontrer que les joueurs africains peuvent avoir une socialisation et une perception de la réussite différentes de celles de leur milieu professionnel. Sur la base d'une enquête multi-située (Marcus, 1995), d'une observation participante sur plusieurs sites entre France, Belgique et Allemagne, et d'une ethnographie, notre travail montre que par la pratique du football, se jouent des mécanismes de représentation permettant une hiérarchie au sommet de laquelle se trouvent des Big men, ces personnes qui cumulent les richesses symbolique, économique et politique. Par l'extraversion, l'utilisation des ressources provenant du système international, ces Big men accaparent des poches d'accumulation leur permettant de mettre durablement sous leur autorité des groupes de dépendants. À l'origine, seul l'Etat moderne offrait la possibilité d'accéder à ces statuts, désormais accessibles par migration. Le football offre la possibilité à des joueurs de représenter leur pays, leur permettant d'entrer ainsi dans la compétition pour des positions de prestige dans leur environnement national. Mais, si les résultats sportifs et les salaires perçus de leurs clubs professionnels leur offrent richesses symbolique et économique, ils n'ont pas la même reconnaissance que les Big men issus de la configuration étatique. De même, ils ne peuvent pas toujours maintenir un différentiel de prises sur les personnes les plus proches de leur entourage, qui bénéficient de moyens de déprise et peuvent se mettre en compétition avec eux. La fin de leur carrière sur les terrains crée une tension entre l'impossibilité d'être un ancien Big man, et la fin des importants revenus produits par les contrats de joueur. Pour maintenir leur place dans des positions hautes, les anciens internationaux créent donc de nouvelles alliances en diaspora et se maintiennent ensemble en position de jouer des rencontres, espérant ainsi maintenir une position leur permettant de négocier un pôle d'accumulation entre le football et le pays d'origine
If they constitute about 15% of the number of professional football players in France, Africans are almost absent from management positions. Very visible on the pitch, what are the reasons why former African players are so invisible in these positions that constitute the bulk of the internal reconversion (Hugues, 1958, Becker 1985)? Our work based on the articulation of the Big Man as an institution of influence tends to demonstrate that African players can have a different socialization and perception of success than their professional environment. On the basis of a multi-located survey (Marcus, 1995), a participating observation on several sites between France, Belgium and Germany, and netnography, our work shows that through the practice of football, play with the mechanisms of representation allowing a hierarchy at the top of which are Big men, these people who combine symbolic, economic and political wealth. By the extraversion, the use of resources from the international system, these Big men monopolize pockets of accumulation allowing them to put under their authority groups of dependent. Originally, only the modern state offered the possibility of accessing these statutes, now accessible by migration. Football offers players the opportunity to represent their country, allowing them to enter the competition for prestigious positions in their national environment. But, if the sports results and the salaries received from their professional clubs offer them symbolic and economic wealth, they do not have the same recognition as the Big men from the state configuration. Similarly, they cannot always maintain a catch differential on the people closest to them, who benefit from means of unfolding and can compete with them. The end of their career on the fields creates a tension between the impossibility of being a former Big Man, and the end of the important revenues produced by the player contracts. To maintain their place in high positions, the former internationals create new alliances in diaspora and maintain together in position to play meetings, hoping to maintain a position allowing them to negotiate a pole of accumulation between football and the country of origin

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Blackburn, Botswana Toney Thompson Carolyn. "Racial stacking in the National Football League reality or relic of the past? /." Diss., UMK access, 2007.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Education and Dept. of Sociology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007.
"A dissertation in education and social science." Advisor: Carolyn Thompson. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed July 30, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-121). Online version of the print edition.

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Harvey, Devin T. "From junior college to university contributing factors to completion of a bachelors degree for African American scholarship football players /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1806884931&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Van, Der Meij Nienke. "Family matters in African football migration: an analysis of the role of family, agency and football academies in the mobility of Ghanaian football players." Thesis, Ulster University, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665506.

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For some years now, African football labour migration has been of academic and public concern. With a number of notable exceptions, much of the existing academic research on African football migration has been framed in terms of its macro-level structural determinants. This thesis specifically concentrates on the role of football academies in the Ghanaian football migration industry, and seeks to position agency and the ways that it is employed to navigate through the structural constraints that young players encounter as part of their experience of entering, living in and exiting football academies. The overarching research question is whether internal migration to a football academy features as a household livelihood strategy for international migration. Drawing on nine months of multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in Ghana, three specific, hitherto unexplored aspects of African football migration are addressed: 1) the role of the family in processes of athletic relocation; 2) the movement of young players into academies as a process of internal migration; and 3) the experiences of international immobility of Ghanaian academy players. To tackle this research question and related caveats, and to capture the multiplicity and complexity involved with academy players' internal migration, Mabogunje's (1970) migration system theory is reworked to an Integrated migration model, which is used as a heuristic framework to analyse the ways in which the various stages of football players' internal migration trajectory are experienced and navigated by players and their family members. It is demonstrated that a meso-level approach, that accords significance to the family as a unit of analysis, provides a unique insight into the social processes that underpin the mobility and immobility of young Ghanaian football players, and reveals that the role of football academies in the migration of African football players is a complex and dynamic reality, informed by a series of social forces.

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Hughes, Raymond Finley. "Desegregating the holy day : football, blacks and the Southeastern Conference /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487688507503898.

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Acker, Enrico. "The personal financial management attitudes and practices of South African rugby players." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11363.

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When rugby became professional in 1995, both the game and the social and financial position of the players changed (Basson, 2003). Players started to train full-time and earned annual salaries (Goldman& Johns, 2009). Due to the transition from amateur to professional status, rugby players needed to make adequate personal financial management decisions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the personal financial management attitudes and practices of South African rugby players. Previous research about personal financial management largely focussed on the general public, and did not focus on South African rugby players. Rugby is a professional sport where players earn money from a young age. It is expected of rugby players to make adequate personal financial decisions from as early as 19 years old. The literature review provided an overview of personal financial management and a discussion on the various components that should be included in personal financial management. A framework for this study was developed. The framework used these components as the base for the personal financial attitudes and practices and how it relates to the demographics of the respondents. Three hypotheses were also formulated based on the literature overview and framework. The objectives of this study were achieved by adopting a quantitative research methodology. A convenience sample of 132 rugby players was drawn for this study. Rugby players from NMMU Madibaz, Eastern Province Rugby Union (EP), South Western Districts Rugby Union (SWD) and Sharks Rugby Union participated in this study. The results of the empirical survey showed that respondents have positive attitudes towards the importance of budgeting, retirement planning, risk management, debt management and investment and the importance of employing a financial planner. On the other hand the personal financial management practices of the respondents in this study can be described as weak. From the results of the empirical survey it is clear that the respondents have weak practices towards the majority of the personal financial management practices. Only one of the three hypotheses was accepted namely that there is a relationship between the demographics of rugby players and their personal financial practices. There is no relationship between personal financial management attitudes and personal financial management practices of South African rugby players and that there is also no relationship between demographic variables and personal financial management attitudes of South African rugby players. This study has provided insight into the personal financial management attitudes and practices of South African rugby players. Valuable information was obtained that could help to address the personal financial management needs of rugby players.

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Olivier, Pierre Emile. "A comparative normative survey of the isokinetic neck strength of senior elite South African rugby players and schoolboy rugby forwards." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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Fisher, Jocelyn Alexis. "The experience of media and race in the National Football League an existential phenomological study /." Click here to access dissertation, 2008. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2008/jocelyn_a_fisher/fisher_jocelyn_a_200801_ms.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2008.
"A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Under the direction of Daniel R. Czech. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-91) and appendices.

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Du, Plessis Daniel Jacobus. "Comparative characteristics of elite New Zealand and South African u/16 rugby-players with reference to game-specific skills, physical abilities and anthropometric data." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04302008-085932.

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Ayiku, Tiffany Quiana. "The relationships among college self-efficacy, academic self-efficacy, and athletic self efficacy for African American male football players." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2701.

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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Counseling and Personnel Services. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Книги з теми "African football players in France"

Berg, Wim Van der. 150 years of South African rugby. Johannesburg, South Africa: Bookstrom, 2011.

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Renaud, Bourel, and Telo Laurent, eds. L'histoire secrète du Quinze de France. Paris: Flammarion, 2007.

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Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration (France) and Musée national du sport (France), eds. Allez la France!: Football et immigration. [Paris]: Gallimard, 2010.

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Club, Huntly Field. Third and a mile: The trials and triumphs of the black quarterback. New York: ESPN Books, 2007.

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Gardère, Michel. Abdelatif Benazzi: L'homme aux trois patries, la France, le Maroc, le rugby. Paris: Table ronde, 1995.

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Don, Yeager, ed. Never give up on your dream: My journey. Cambridge, Mass: Da Capo Press, 2009.

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Johnson, Rick L. Bo Jackson: Baseball/football superstar. New York: Dillon Press, 1991.

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Boss of me: The Keyshawn Johnson story. Columbus, Mississippi: Kid Genesis, 1999.

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Monte, McNeese La, ed. Still running: The autobiography of Nate Northington, the first African American football player in the Southeastern Conference. Bloomington: iUniverse, Inc., 2013.

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Crimson cowboy. Mobile, Alabama: Palmer Williams Group Media, 2015.

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Частини книг з теми "African football players in France"

Abe, Toshihiro. "African Football Players in Cambodia." In Migration and Agency in a Globalizing World, 231–45. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60205-3_11.

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Njororai, Wycliffe W. S. "South Africa FIFA World Cup 2010: African Players’ Global Labour Distribution and Legacy." In African Football, Identity Politics and Global Media Narratives, 71–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137392237_5.

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Kilcline, Cathal. "Football’s Françafrique." In Sport and Society in Global France, 49–88. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781781382899.003.0003.

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As television revenues boosted the financial rewards to clubs and players since the mid-1980s, European football has become one of the very few routes for (a very small minority of) young Africans to access previously unimaginable wealth. Linguistic affinities and pre-existing networks have facilitated the flow of African talent to France in a process accelerated by the plethora of ‘academies’ set up in Africa. Whilst abiding representations of immigration in French sport focus on the glorious achievements of star sportspeople, and on the communal and national pride generated by their accomplishments, a growing body of literature concentrates on the disappointment, failure and exploitation of sporting migrants. This chapter demonstrates how ‘la Françafrique’, the asymmetrical nature of exchanges that characterises France’s neo-colonial relationship with its former colonies in Africa, functions in a sporting context. The role of certain French institutions and individuals in African football is demonstrated to be a factor in the ‘extraterritorialisation’ of African football. The contemporary directions and forms of sports-related migration are also shown to inflect a series of ‘psychodramas’ that have afflicted French football in recent times.

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"The way out? African players’ migration to Scandinavian women’s football." In Women’s Sport in Africa, 87–113. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315758930-12.

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Crepeau, Richard C. "Moving to Center Stage." In NFL Football, 55–73. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043581.003.0004.

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1959 was a milestone year for football and the NFL. Vince Lombardi became head coach at Green Bay; the national media gave increasing attention to the NFL with a Time cover story and CBS’s “The Violent World of Sam Huff” leading the way; and Pete Rozelle was chosen the New Commissioner following the death of Bert Bell. Lamar Hunt and “Bud” Adams announced the formation of the American Football League in 1959 and a battle to sign players followed. The signing battle was costly to both leagues and put great pressure on all teams to settle. The AFL was aided in its survival by television contracts and their millionaire owners. The AFL moved to sign African-American players and this accelerated the desegregation process. The AFL played a different style of football and that helped attract fans. Key developments included the signing of Joe Namath by the New York Jets, expansion of both leagues, and wild spending on bonuses in 1965. In 1966 Lamar Hunt and Tex Schramm began secret negotiations on a merger. The settlement in 1966 was complicated but did include the agreement for an AFL/NFL Championship game and a retention of separate leagues until 1970. The merger approval by Congress involved political maneuvering including the creation of the New Orleans franchise in exchange for Congressman Hale Boggs’s work on the legislation. Between 1966 and 1970 the details were worked out by a Merger Committee representing both leagues. The final obstacle was divisional realignment necessitating some NFL teams moving from the National Conference to the American Conference. This was settled when Cleveland, Baltimore, and Pittsburg agreed to a move. In the meantime the Super Bowl was already becoming a major event aided by Joe Namath’s guarantee of a Jets victory in Super Bowl III.

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Lewis, Robert W. "Introduction." In The Stadium Century. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526106247.003.0001.

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On 28 January 1998, an impressive new sports stadium situated just north of the city limits of Paris, in the suburb of Saint-Denis, opened its doors to the public for the first time. On this occasion, the Stade de France (or ‘Stadium of France’) hosted an international football match between France and Spain, a tune-up for both players and the stadium in advance of the 1998 World Cup, to be hosted in France that summer....

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Larkin, Maurice. "‘La République des Députés’ Politics in the 1930s." In France Since the Popular Front, 34–44. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198731528.003.0002.

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Abstract To foreign observers, French politics and government seemed impossibly quarrelsome, unstable, and plagued with a multiplicity of parties. Forty years later, the President of the Republic was still lamenting that ‘it is as though political debate was not a competition between two points of view, but the confrontation of two rival and mutually exclusive truths ... Its style is that of a war of religion’. And in the 1930s the debate was rarely between less than six points of view. Indeed, Elliot Paul was driven to comment: ‘political parties, in the interests of clarity, should not have names but numbers, like football players on the field’. The impossibility of finding stable majorities on which to rest an effective government was the source of innumerable weary jokes: ‘American tourists go to London to see the changing of the guard, and then on to Paris to see the changing of the government’, etc., etc.

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Bachynski, Kathleen. "It’s All We’ve Got." In No Game for Boys to Play, 159–80. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653709.003.0009.

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Increased media coverage of college and professional college shaped beliefs about the benefits and risks of youth football. The importance attributed to high school football in schools and communities contributed to the expansion of football at the little league level. Football among elementary and middle school children increasingly served as a feeder system for the high school level of play. In addition, the appeal of future access to social and financial resources, including the hope of landing a college football scholarship and a potential professional career, became increasingly prominent in the latter half the twentieth century. The possibility of accessing higher education through football influenced how parents and players weighed the risks and benefits of the sport at the high school level and younger. The ways football improved perceived access to higher social standing and higher education contributed in part to the changing racial demographics of tackle football, particularly with the increasing involvement of African American athletes. Meanwhile, sportscasters’ glorification of “big hits” fostered celebration of football’s dangers even as sports organizers claimed both educational and physical benefits for the youth sport.

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Ehrlich, Matthew C. "“Triumph and Tragedy”." In Kansas City vs. Oakland, 139–60. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042652.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the highs and lows that would be experienced by Kansas City and Oakland and the athletes who played there. The Kansas City Royals won their first division title in 1976, the same year that Kansas City hosted the Republican National Convention. The Oakland Raiders won their first Super Bowl in 1977, the same year that Oakland elected its first African American mayor. But the two cities were scarred by violence from organized crime and the Symbionese Liberation Army, as businesses were dynamited and a school superintendent was assassinated. Players on the cities’ sports teams were enmeshed in charges of thuggery and racism, and some football players sustained profound injuries that would not become fully apparent until years later.

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White, Derrick E. "Chasing Ghosts." In Blood, Sweat, and Tears, 212–24. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469652443.003.0010.

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The epilogue explores the broad changes brought on by integration and the role of television to show how the structural deficiencies of HBCU football undermined competition. The human resources that made up the sporting congregation eroded under the weight and possibilities of integration. FAMU in particular struggled after Gaither’s retirement, going through four coaches in five seasons. Rudy Hubbard finally gained traction, winning the first I-AA national title in 1978. Hubbard’s success was unsustainable, however, because the best African American high school players were now playing for predominately white colleges.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "African football players in France"

Flowers, Rasheed. "Pray and Play: Fellowship of Christian Athletes Impact Among Kentucky African American Collegiate Football Players." In 2023 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/2007647.

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Flowers, Rasheed. "Pray and Play: Fellowship of Christian Athletes Impact Among Kentucky African American Collegiate Football Players." In AERA 2023. USA: AERA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/ip.23.2007647.

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