Готові списки джерел за темами / Activating supports

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Activating supports"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Activating supports"

Prades, Floran, Jean-Pierre Broyer, Islem Belaid, Olivier Boyron, Olivier Miserque, Roger Spitz, and Christophe Boisson. "Borate and MAO Free Activating Supports for Metallocene Complexes." ACS Catalysis 3, no. 10 (September 16, 2013): 2288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cs400655y.

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Mantanona, Alex J., Katelyn Wood, Yann Schrodi, and Simon J. Garrett. "Activating Ru nanoparticles on oxide supports for ring-opening metathesis polymerization." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 23 (2018): 7754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt00354h.

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Muro, Ryunosuke, Takeshi Nitta, Toshiyuki Okada, Hitoshi Ideta, Takeshi Tsubata, and Harumi Suzuki. "The Ras GTPase-Activating Protein Rasal3 Supports Survival of Naive T Cells." PLOS ONE 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2015): e0119898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119898.

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Subrizi, Fabiana, Marcello Crucianelli, Valentina Grossi, Maurizio Passacantando, Lorenzo Pesci, and Raffaele Saladino. "Carbon Nanotubes as Activating Tyrosinase Supports for the Selective Synthesis of Catechols." ACS Catalysis 4, no. 3 (February 5, 2014): 810–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cs400856e.

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Skowronek, Patrycja, and Aneta Strachecka. "Cannabidiol (CBD) Supports the Honeybee Worker Organism by Activating the Antioxidant System." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020279.

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In the experiment, we tested the effect of 30% CBD oil on the activity of the antioxidant system (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione), the level of total antioxidant capacity, and the concentrations of ions (calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) in honeybee workers in the hive test. For this purpose, we prepared hives containing all stages of the development of honey bees and started the experiment by adding 200 marked, one-day old bees to each colony (intended for hemolymph collection). In the test, we created three groups (two colonies per group): (1) Experimental with CBD oil mixed with sugar syrup (CSy); (2) experimental with CBD oil on textile strips (CSt); and (3) control with pure sugar syrup only (C). Every week, we collected hemolymph from the marked bees. In the experiment, all antioxidant enzyme activities were higher for the experimental groups CSy and CSt compared to group C. The highest concentrations/levels were obtained for the CSy group. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus ions were also higher for the experimental groups compared to the C group (the highest concentration for the CSy group). We conclude that CBD oil positively contributes to stimulating the antioxidant system of honeybees.

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Valentin, P., and O. Schmetzer. "402 B cell activating factor, BAFF, supports MC development from CD34+ stem cells." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 136, no. 9 (September 2016): S229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.422.

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Whitmore, Kathryn F., James S. Chisholm, and Lauren Fletcher. "Fostering, Activating, and Curating: Approaching Books about Social Injustices with the Arts." Language Arts 98, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/la202030812.

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Alon, R., P. D. Kassner, M. W. Carr, E. B. Finger, M. E. Hemler, and T. A. Springer. "The integrin VLA-4 supports tethering and rolling in flow on VCAM-1." Journal of Cell Biology 128, no. 6 (March 15, 1995): 1243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.128.6.1243.

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Selectins have previously been shown to tether a flowing leukocyte to a vessel wall and mediate rolling. Here, we report that an intergrin, VLA-4, can also support tethering and rolling. Blood T lymphocytes and alpha 4 integrin-transfected cells can tether in shear flow, and then roll, through binding of the intergrin VLA-4 to purified VCAM-1 on the wall of a flow chamber. VLA-4 transfectants showed similar tethering and rolling on TNF-stimulated endothelium. Tethering efficiency, rolling velocity, and resistance to detachment are related to VCAM-1 density. Tethering and rolling did not occur on ICAM-1, fibronectin, or fibronectin fragments, and tethering did not require integrin activation or the presence of an alpha 4 cytoplasmic domain. Arrest of rolling cells on VCAM-1 occurred spontaneously, and/or was triggered by integrin activating agents Mn2+, phorbol ester, and mAb TS2/16. These agents, and the alpha 4 cytoplasmic domain, promoted increased resistance to detachment. Together the results show that VLA-4 is a versatile integrin that can mediate tethering, rolling, and firm arrest on VCAM-1.

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Metelli, Alessandra, Bill Wu, Brian Riesenberg, Caroline Wallace Fugle, Shaoli Sun, Bei Liu та Zihai Li. "GARP-TGFβ Axis on Activated Platelets Supports Tumor Progression". Journal of Immunology 198, № 1_Supplement (1 травня 2017): 126.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.126.17.

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Abstract Platelet-induced cancer progression is a well-known process driven by mitogenic factors released by activated platelets, among them the most pro-oncogenic is Latent Transforming Growth Factor Beta (LTGFβ). Glycoprotein-A Repetitions Predominant Protein (GARP), a receptor for LTGFβ that enhances its bioactivation, is expressed by regulatory T cells, platelets, and several human cancers. Upon activation platelets dramatically upregulate GARP, suggesting that GARP might play a role in activating LTGFβ released upon platelet degranulation and thus in platelet-induced cancer progression. To address this point we employed a novel mouse model based on the platelet-specific knock-out of the GARP gene. We show that in activated platelets GARP is critical for the expression of surface LTGFβ and for its conversion to the bioactive form. Lack of GARP on platelets, indeed, resulted in the complete absence of serum active TGFβ. To investigate whether GARP plays a role in platelet-induced cancer progression we tested multiple tumor models and observed that genetic deletion of GARP enhanced adoptive T cell therapy of B16 melanoma. We also found that in MC38 colon tumor model GARP on platelets contributes to cancer progression by increasing TGFβ bioavailability, promoting regulatory T lymphocytes and myeloid cells, and favoring the immune evasion of cancer cells. These results demonstrate that platelet-specific deletion of GARP blunted TGFβ activity in the tumor microenvironment and boosted protective immunity against pre-established cancers. We conclude that platelets constrain anti-tumor immunity via a GARP-TGFβ axis and we propose the combination of immunotherapy and platelet inhibitors as a novel treatment strategy against cancer.

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Chen, Jasper R., Jincheng Han, Cullen M. Taniguchi, and Ronald A. DePinho. "Abstract 4757: Loss of KDM5A supports KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 4757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4757.

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Abstract Objective: Mutant KRAS is a primary driver of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which exhibits marked hypoxia. Despite the strong association of hypoxia and PDAC, the relationship between KRAS and hypoxia is still poorly understood. The oxygen-sensitive histone lysine demethylase, KDM5A, was recently reported to mediate epigenetic responses to hypoxia independent of the hypoxia-inducible factors. KDM5A epigenetically represses transcription via two mechanisms: by its demethylase activity on activating H3K4me3 marks, and through its interaction with deacetylase complexes containing HDAC1/2, which deacetylates activating H3K9ac and H4K16ac histone marks. Under hypoxic conditions, KDM5A loses its activity, leading to restoration of these H3K4me3 marks, thereby activating KDM5A target genes. The purpose of this study is to understand how KDM5A loss of function contributes to pathogenesis of mutant KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer. Methods: Cell lines derived from mice with pancreas-specific p53 deletion and doxycycline-inducible expression of KrasG12D (iKPC). Protein lysates were prepared using RIPA buffer. Histones were purified by acid extraction. Immunoblotting was used to probe for protein levels of Kdm5a, H3K4me3, H3K9ac, and H4K16ac. Genetic ablation of KrasG12D was performed by culturing iKPCs in tetracycline-free medium. Kras was induced by adding doxycycline to the culture medium. Pharmaceutical inhibition of MEK, proteasome, and Kdm5a were performed by treating iKPCs with mirdametinib, MG-132, and CPI-455, respectively. Knockdown of β-TrCP and FBXW7 were performed by stable expression of shRNA in iKPCs. Protein motif scanning was performed using the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) Prediction online software. Results: We discovered that Kdm5a protein levels were abrogated by induction of KrasG12D and stabilized by genetic ablation of Kras. Pharmaceutical inhibition of MEK or proteasome function stabilized Kdm5a, indicating that Kras induces Kdm5a proteasomal degradation through the MEK/ERK pathway. H3K4me3, H3K9ac, and H4K16ac histone marks were increased in Kras-on iKPC compared to Kras-off iKPC, consistent the expected effect of Kras-induced Kdm5a degradation. Pharmaceutical inhibition Kdm5a in the Kras-off setting restored H3K4me3, suggesting that Kdm5a contributes to demethylation of H3K4me3 in iKPC. We identified two phosphodegron sites corresponding to β-TrCP and FBXW7 of the ubiquitin ligase complex within the Kdm5a protein sequence. Knockdown of either β-TrCP or FBXW7 in iKPC both stabilized Kdm5a despite induction of Kras. Conclusion: We conclude that Kdm5a plays a tumor suppressor role in pancreatic cancer by epigenetically repressing transcriptional programs necessary for KRAS-driven oncogenesis. Citation Format: Jasper R. Chen, Jincheng Han, Cullen M. Taniguchi, Ronald A. DePinho. Loss of KDM5A supports KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4757.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Activating supports"

Sauter, Dominique. "Développement de nouveaux supports activateurs solides pour la polymérisation des oléfines." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1249.

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Bisiriyu, Muhammad Taoheed. "Préparation et Caractérisation de Nouveaux Catalyseurs Supportés à base de Rhénium pour la Metathèse des Oléfiness." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. https://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6sb45v3.

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Les catalyseurs hétérogènes à base de rhénium occupent une place unique dans la métathèse des oléfines, réaction largement utilisée dans de nombreux procédés industriels, en raison de leur capacité à catalyser cet échange de fragments oléfiniques à température ambiante. Parmi les catalyseurs décrits dans la littérature, les matériaux, obtenus par activation du méthyl-rhenium-trioxo (MTO) sur des supports munis de sites acides de Lewis, tels que l'alumine, la silice-alumine et l'alumine modifiée par ZnCl2, présentent de hautes activités initiales en métathèse des oléfines. Cependant, ces systèmes catalytiques montrent certaines limites, tels qu'une faible proportion en sites actifs et une désactivation rapide. L'objectif de la thèse est de développer une nouvelle méthode de synthèse de catalyseurs supportés qui implique un échange de ligands entre des supports activateurs et le précurseur MTO. La stratégie générale consiste à concevoir des supports activateurs portant des ligands alkyles et/ou chlorure, qui, après un transfert vers le rhénium suivi d'une α-H abstraction, permet en plus de l'augmentation de la proportion en sites actifs "Re-carbène", une activité importante en métathèse des oléfines. Ainsi, la première partie de ce travail s'est focalisée sur le développement de supports activateurs à base d'aluminium. Les supports activateurs ciblés, comprennent des fragments Al-CH2tBu ou Al-Cl, formés par le greffage par voie chimie organométallique de surface de [Al(CH2tBu)3] ou [Al(CH2tBu)2Cl]2 sur une silice ou une alumine déshydroxylées à 200-700°C. La structure des matériaux obtenus, déterminée par bilan de masse, spectroscopies DRIFT et RMN du solide, dépend de la température de déshydroxylation du support, du choix du précurseur et du solvant. Ainsi, [Al(CH2tBu)3] réagit avec la silice (SiO2-700) dans l'éther pour donner sélectivement [≡SiO-Al(CH2tBu)(Et2O)], espèce mono-podale, alors qu'avec le pentane, l'espèce majoritaire obtenue est bipodale, [(≡SiO)2Al(CH2tBu)], avec le transfert d'un ligand neopentyl vers le silicium par ouverture d'un pont siloxane. La seconde étape consiste en une activation du MTO sur ces supports activateurs. Ainsi, l'activation du MTO sur le matériau présentant des espèces [(≡SiO)2Al(CH2tBu)] donne après transfert du ligand neopentyle une espèce penta-coordonnée de structure [(≡SiO)2AlO-Re(=O)2(Me)CH2tBu)], caractérisée par bilan de masse, spectroscopies DRIFT, RMN du solide et EXAFS. Après traitement à 70 °C, cette espèce mène par α-H abstraction à un fragment rhénium-carbène supporté. Ce nouveau système catalytique présente des performances en métathèse du propylène supérieures au catalyseur classique MTO/γ-Al2O3. La meilleure activité est principalement attribuée à une plus grande proportion en sites actifs, due à cette nouvelle stratégie d'activation du MTO par échange de ligands. Ceci constitue le premier exemple de catalyseur à base de MTO supporté sur silice actif en métathèse des oléfines
Repositioned heterogeneous catalysts based on rhenium hold a unique position in olefin metathesis, a widely used reaction in various industrial processes, due to their ability to catalyze the exchange of olefinic fragments at room temperature. Among the catalysts described in the literature, materials obtained by activating methylrhenium trioxo (MTO) on supports containing Lewis acids, such as alumina, silica-alumina, and zinc chloride-modified alumina, have shown high initial activities in olefin metathesis. However, these catalytic systems have certain limitations, such as a low proportion of active sites and rapid deactivation. The aim of this thesis was to develop a new method for synthesizing supported catalysts that involves ligand exchange between activating supports and the MTO precursor. The general strategy is to design activating supports bearing alkyl and/or chloride ligands that, upon transfer to rhenium followed by α-H abstraction, not only increase the fraction of active "carbene" sites but also exhibit significant activity in olefin metathesis. Thus, the first part of this work focused on the development of aluminum-based activating supports. The targeted activating supports, comprising Al-CH2tBu or Al-Cl fragments, are formed by surface organometallic chemistry grafting of [Al(CH2tBu)3] or [Al(CH2tBu)2Cl]2 onto dehydroxylated silica or alumina at 700°C or 200°C. The structure of the resulting materials, determined by mass balance analysis, DRIFT spectroscopy, and solid-state NMR, depends on the support dehydroxylation temperature, as well as the choice of precursor and solvent. For example, [Al(CH2tBu)3] reacts with silica (SiO2-700) to selectively yield monopodal species in ether, [≡SiO-Al(CH2tBu)(Et2O)], while in pentane, the major species obtained is bipodal, [(≡SiO)2Al(CH2tBu)], with the transfer of a neopentyl ligand to silicon through siloxane bridge opening. The second step involves the activation of MTO on these activating supports. For instance, the activation of MTO on [(≡SiO)2Al(CH2tBu)] results in the transfer of a neopentyl ligand, forming a penta-coordinated species with the structure [(≡SiO)2AlO-Re(=O)2(Me)CH2tBu)]. This species is characterized by mass balance analysis, DRIFT spectroscopy, solid-state NMR and EXAFS. Upon heating to 70°C, this species undergoes a α-H abstraction to yield a supported catalyst with a rhenium-carbene fragment. This new catalytic system exhibits better catalytic performances for propylene metathesis, compared to the classical MTO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. The better activity is primarily attributed to a higher proportion of active sites achieved through this new MTO activation strategy involving a ligand exchange. This is the first example of MTO supported on a functionalized silica that is an active catalyst for olefin metathesis

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Brimacombe, Lyn M. "Activation of methane on supported metal catalysts." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7805.

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In order to obtain more information required for the catalytic conversion of methane, the interaction of methane and ethylene with various supported metal catalysts was investigated. The metals used were Ni, Fe, Co, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Ir, and Pt, all supported on $\rm Al\sb2O\sb3.$ Silica supported nickel was also used. The technique of temperature programmed reaction was mainly used. This method gives temperatures at which the adsorption and/or the reaction of a gas starts to occur. The present results showed wide differences in the interaction of methane or ethylene with each catalyst. The isothermal reaction of methane was also carried out in order to further investigate the behaviour of the CH$\sb{\rm n}$ species which were formed upon the chemisorption of methane. As a process for converting methane to higher hydrocarbons, the catalytic coupling of methane with ethylene (CH$\sb4$ + $\rm C\sb2H\sb4\to C\sb3H\sb8$) was examined by using the catalysts listed above. At 250 and 350$\sp\circ$C, no propane was produced on any of the catalysts, except for alumina supported platinum. A trace of propane was found in this case for the reaction at 250$\sp\circ$C. The results were discussed based on the interaction of the reactants with these metals as revealed by the temperature programmed reactions.

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Norelus, Wesley. "Etude théorique de la réaction de fischer-tropsch : l'effet du support." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066430.

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L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’effet des supports dans la catalyse en prenant comme exemple la catalyse Fischer-Tropsch. Nous avons utilisé une surface TiC(100) comme support sur laquelle nous avons adsorbé un agrégat de fer, Fe4. Après adsorption, les atomes de fer ont tendance à rester agrégés et à ne pas se disperser sur la surface. L’adsorption de la molécule de monoxyde de carbone est modifiée par le support : la force de l’interaction entre CO et l’agrégat de fer est en effet plus élevée en présence du support. Dans le cas de l’agrégat supporté, la liaison C-O est plus étirée, ce qui montre une activation de CO. La barrière énergétique pour la dissociation de C-O devrait être moins élevée que pour un agrégat sans support. De plus, cette étude nous a permis de montrer que sur notre système, selon la fonctionnelle utilisée, les résultats peuvent variés mais les tendances restent les mêmes
The goal of this work is to study the well-known support effect in catalysis taking as an example the Fischer-Tropsch catalysis. We use a TiC(100) surface to support a an iron cluster, Fe4. When iron atoms are adsorbed, they tend to form a plat cluster and not to spread off along the surface. Carbon monoxide adsorption is modified by the support: the interaction strength between CO and the iron cluster is indeed larger in the presence of the support. In the case of supported cluster, C-O bound is more elongated, which shows an activation of CO. Then, the dissociation energy barrier for CO dissociation should be smaller on a supported Fe4 cluster than for free cluster. In addition, this study allows us to show that in our system, depending on the used functional, results can be different but the trends stay the same

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Xing, Junyi. "Activation of small molecules by solid-supported frustrated Lewis pairs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cb32a5a7-8613-413f-b47c-80674e904c3a.

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The aims of this thesis have been to develop heterogeneous frustrated Lewis pairs for the catalytic activation of small molecules. Frustrated Lewis pairs capable of H₂ activation and CO₂ hydrogenation based on electron-deficient tri-aryl boranes and sterically encumbered phosphines have been immobilised on silica. The reactivity of these heterogeneous systems with small molecules has been tested and compared with a variety of soluble siloxane and silsesquioxane molecular models. The use of layered double hydroxides as a potential support for the immobilisation of FLPs has also been explored. Chapter One introduces the methanol economy and provides a background to recent advances in CO₂ capture and hydrogenation. The development of frustrated Lewis pairs, their reactivity with small molecules, together with theoretical studies on the mechanism of H₂ cleavage and CO₂ fixation by FLPs are summarised. Recent developments on heterogeneous frustrated Lewis pairs is discussed, in addition to a brief account of surface organometallic chemistry grafting procedures on silica and layered double hydroxide (LDH) supports. Chapter Two reports H₂ heterolytic cleavage by [B(C₆Cl₅)(C₆F₅)₂/P^tBu₃] FLP and the H₂ reduction of CO₂ to give the methoxy borate [(C₆Cl₅)(C₆F₅)₂BOCH₃][HP^tBu₃]. These results are compared with formato- and methoxy borate derivatives prepared independently via reaction of formic acid and MeOH with [B(C₆Cl₅)(C₆F₅)₂/P^tBu₃]. The products are characterised by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, [(C₆Cl₅)(C₆F₅)₂BOCHO][HP^tBu₃] is characterised by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. Chapter Three details the synthesis of a group of siloxane and silsesquioxane bound Lewis acids [(^tBuO)₃SiOB(C₆F₅)₂], [(^tBuO)₃SiOB(Fxyl)₂] (Fxyl = 3,5-bis-trifluoromethylphenyl), [T₈(OB(C₆F₅)₂)₂] (T₈ = (C₄H₉)₈Si₈O₁₂), [T₈(OB(Fxyl)₂)₂], and preparation of the corresponding FLPs with Lewis bases P^tBu₃ and PMes3 as soluble molecular models for silica-immobilised FLPs. Their ability to activate H₂ is investigated. The side-product ((^tBuO)₃Si)₂OBC₆F₅ is characterised by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Chapter Four describes the preparation of heterogeneous Lewis acids by immobilisation of -B(C₆F₅)₂ and -B(Fxyl)₂ on the surface of thermally pretreated silica, and the subsequent formation of the corresponding solid-supported FLPs (s-FLPs) by addition of P^tBu₃ to the Lewis acids. s-FLPs are shown to activate H₂, D₂ and CD₃OD. The products are characterised by FTIR and solid state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy. Chapter Five investigates the immobilisation of B(C₆F₅)₂ on a thermally pretreated aqueous miscible organic layered double hydroxide (AMO-LDH) support, and formation of LDH FLP by the addition of a Lewis base, P^tBu₃. The B(C₆F₅)₂ modified LDH-FLP is shown to react with H₂ and D₂ and the products are characterised by SSNMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Chapter Six provides experimental procedures, characterisation techniques and data for those compounds described in the preceding chapters.

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Dalle, Kristian Erwin. "Bioinspired Activation of Oxygen with Pyrazole-Supported Dinuclear Copper Complexes." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002B-7C1A-B.

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Kushch, S. D., N. S. Kuyunko, A. A. Arbuzov, N. N. Dremova, and V. E. Muradyan. "Pt supported on reduced graphite oxide catalysts for H2 activation." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35570.

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Platinum catalysts of H2 activation with average size ≤2.0 nm were prepared in a base of reduction conversion of graphene oxide. A low few-layered carbon nanomaterial was prepared by thermoexpansion and annealing of graphene oxide. The uniformly dispersed Pt nanoparticles were supported on two-dimension graphene flat material by the use of pyridine or polyethyleneimine in alkaline (pH10) media as chelating agent modificating both metal precursor H2PtCl6 and support. Vacancies in carbon material formed as a result of thermoexpansion and annealing of graphite oxide probablly serve as anchor groups in platinum supporting. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35570

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Kessler, Phillip R. "Ready Reserve Force : West Coast activation in support of Operation Desert Shield." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26719.

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Felgines, Avenier Priscilla. "Activation de l’azote moléculaire et activation de l’ammoniac par des hydrures de tantale supportés sur silice développées par chimie organométallique de surface." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10004.

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Les recherches effectuées dans cette thèse ont permis d’étendre la Chimie Organométallique de Surface à l’activation de l’azote et de l’ammoniac. Le complexe [(SiO)2Ta(=NH)(NH2)], 2, ainsi que son adduit [(SiO)2Ta(=NH)(NH2)(NH3)], 2NH3, ont été préparés par deux voies originales : l’activation de l’ammoniac à température ambiante et la réduction de l’azote moléculaire par le dihydrogène, à partir d’hydrures de tantale [(SiO)2TaH], 1a, et [(SiO)2TaH3], 1b. Ces complexes ont été totalement caractérisés par IR, EXAFS, analyse élémentaire et notamment par des techniques avancées de la RMN du solide, comme les spectroscopies 1H-15N HETCOR et 2D proton double et triple quantum. Des intermédiaires de la réduction de l’azote moléculaire ont pu être observés, ce qui a conduit à la proposition d’un mécanisme original pour cette réaction, différent de ceux établis en catalyse homogène, hétérogène ou enzymatique. Les réactions de synthèse de 2 conduisent également à la formation de silylamido, [SiNH2], à partir des silanes de surface. Le tantale promeut cette réaction d’amination. Enfin, la réactivité stœchiométrique de 2 vis-à-vis de la phénylacétylène et sa réaction catalytique vis-à-vis de SiH4 et de NH3 ont été explorées
This thesis has focused on the development of the Surface Organometallic Chemistry of metal-imido and -amido species from ammonia and dinitrogen. The complex [(SiO)2Ta(=NH)(NH2)], 2, as well as its ammonia adduct [(SiO)2Ta(=NH)(NH2)(NH3)], 2NH3, were prepared by two original ways: by activation of ammonia at room temperature and by reduction of dinitrogen by dihydrogen on tantalum hydrides [(SiO)2TaH], 1a, and [(SiO)2TaH3], 1b. These complexes were fully characterized by IR, EXAFS, elemental analysis and by advanced solid-state NMR techniques, such as 1H-15N HETCOR and 2D proton double and triple quantum. Some intermediates of the reduction of dinitrogen were observed, that led to the proposition of an original mechanism for this reaction, different from those established in homogeneous, heterogeneous or enzymatic catalysis. Tantalum-promoted formation of silylamido, [SiNH2], by amination of surface silanes, occurs during the formation of 2. Finally, the stoichiometric reactivity of 2 toward phenylacetylene and its catalytic activity toward SiH4 and NH3 were explored

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Dodaro, Maria. "Active Cities for Activation Policies. Entrepreneurship support and young people in Milan and Barcelona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668708.

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The thesis is framed in the disciplinary field of urban sociology and aims to analyse municipal entrepreneurship support policies promoted by the cities of Milan (Italy) and Barcelona (Spain), with a focus on the experiences of young people up to the age of thirty-five who have benefited from the different measures during the years 2012 to 2016. The concept of entrepreneurship, explicitly and sometimes implicitly accompanied by that of self-employment, is central in many policy agendas at many levels of government. In Europe, indeed, the growing concern about the persistence of high levels of unemployment, especially among young people, combined with the consolidation of activation as a paradigm in the reorientation of public actions for social inclusion, have made entrepreneurship a key instrument not only for economic development strategies, but also for activation policies (inclusive entrepreneurship). At the local level, European cities are particularly active in supporting inclusive entrepreneurship, being also able to count on the fact that new economic opportunities have found fertile ground in urban contexts, driven primarily by the growth of the service sector and a distinctive capacity for innovation. However, despite its relevance, this issue has been scantly addressed in the literature. In this context, the thesis proposes an interpretative framework for exploring this object of study that incorporates, on the one hand, neo-Marxist-inspired and neo-Weberian approaches to urban policy and governance and, on the other hand, the socio-economic literature and theoretically relevant institutional documentation on entrepreneurship, including within the framework of studies on the reorganization of the welfare state. The critical reading of the reference literature has led to two analytical macro-approaches. The first highlights the thesis of the convergence of urban policies towards neoliberal modes of governance, and welfare models based on market needs and competitiveness instead of social cohesion. A trend that entrepreneurship support policies seem to exemplify. The second highlights the peculiarities of the European city, identified with the resistance of the compromise between growth and social inclusion objectives, and supports the opposite thesis of the divergence between cities, the relevance of the political dimension and the local policy actors. Within this framework, the research has focused on how local political actors interpret, invalidate or reproduce the mainstream approach to entrepreneurship support policies and the role played in this respect by institutional factors and political aspects. Besides, the investigation included the analysis of the implications in terms of redistribution of risks and opportunities among the young people interviewed. To this ends, the research has availed itself of a qualitative methodology, case-based comparative analysis and the technique of the interview. The study revealed the heterogeneity of municipal entrepreneurship support policies concerning ideas and values, objectives, measures and tools, as well as the experiences of the young beneficiaries. Finally, the thesis highlights how policy orientations, local political paradigms, institutional legacies and governance arrangements interact to shape specific and different approaches to entrepreneurship support policies in the two cities, and how these influence the capacity to govern socio-economic changes.

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Книги з теми "Activating supports"

1951-, Hobfoll Stevan E., ed. Predicting, activating and facilitating social support. London: Sage, 1990.

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(Firm), Knovel, ed. Electrochemical activation of catalysis: Promotion, electrochemical promotion, and metal-support interactions. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.

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G, Vayenas C., ed. Electrochemical activation of catalysis: Promotion, electrochemical promotion, and metal-support interactions. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.

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Kessler, Phillip R. Ready Reserve Force: West Coast activation in support of Operation Desert Shield. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1991.

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Baryshev, Ruslan. Proactive library in the information and educational environment of the University. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1123649.

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In the monograph, the University library is presented as a complex system that includes elements of various properties and varying complexity. As in any system, structural change inevitably affects the performance of all its components. In this regard, the library is an element of the information and educational environment of the University, which is designed to support and improve the effectiveness of educational and scientific activities. The article reveals the concept of active University library" as a system for providing information services to the reader in any form and on any medium based on classical and network forms of service based on query advance services. The article analyzes the opportunities provided by the active University library for its users. The mechanism of activation of an electronic library through selective provision of information is considered, and the principle of the influence of an active electronic library on its proactivity is approved. For all those interested in librarianship and Informatization of education."

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Quain, Angela, and Anne M. Comi. Sturge-Weber Syndrome and Related Cerebrovascular Malformation Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0112.

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Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare disorder presenting with a capillary malformation, better known as a port-wine birthmark, on the upper face, glaucoma, and a leptomeningeal angioma. Most children develop seizures and strokes, with variable degrees of neurodevelopmental impairments including hemiparesis, visual field deficits, cognitive deficits, epilepsy, and migraines. In 2013, a somatic activating mutation in GNAQ was identified in the capillary malformations and leptomeningeal angiomas of Sturge-Weber patients. In the diagnosis of Sturge-Weber syndrome, contrast-enhanced imaging is essential to the diagnosis of brain involvement. Functional imaging has demonstrated impaired venous drainage and a role for seizures in exacerbating perfusion deficits. Aggressive seizure management is fundamental to treatment. Some data supports the use of low-dose aspirin to reduce the occurrence of strokelike episodes and seizures.

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Kwo, Ora. Activating Peer Support: A Strategic Resource for Quality Enhancement in the Teaching Practicum. Hong Kong University Press, 1999.

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Vayenas, Costas G., Symeon Bebelis, and Costas Pliangos. Electrochemical Activation of Catalysis: Promotion Electrochemical Promotion and Metal-Support Interactions. Kap/Plenum (E), 2002.

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Vayenas, Costas G., Symeon Bebelis, Costas Pliangos, Susanne Brosda, and Demetrios Tsiplakides. Electrochemical Activation of Catalysis: Promotion, Electrochemical Promotion, and Metal-Support Interactions. Springer, 2002.

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Vayenas, Costas G. Electrochemical Activation of Catalysis: "Promotion, Electrochemical Promotion, And Metal-Support Interactions". Springer, 2013.

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Частини книг з теми "Activating supports"

Mohiuddin, Maliha Binte, and Michael Jabot. "Activating Education for Sustainable Development Goals Through YouthMappers." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 93–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1_8.

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AbstractIn hopes of building inclusive and sustainable societies, SDG 4, quality education, is central to helping to build a knowledge base to tackle some of the most pressing challenges faced by society. YouthMappers around the world are applying their knowledge coupled with critical reflection tools to act on and bring others along in making changes that improve the world. As such, they can be considered among a generation of “Solutionaries,” students who extend their understanding beyond typical boundaries to include a systematic application of their learning. Youth, in general, and young women, in particular, can get aligned to the opportunity to learn through practical knowledge, by way of inclusive mapping communities, which sparks their passion for learning and supports SDG 5 gender equality in education, as well.

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Almeida, Larissa. "Creative tourism as a local development strategy." In Creative tourism: activating cultural resources and engaging creative travellers, 179–91. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243536.0024.

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Abstract Creative tourism can be a platform for many purposes: as you change your objective and the elements in it, you obtain different results. Using creative tourism as a competitive advantage, one can provide clients with a memorable experience whose result is an enthusiastic, engaged promoter. It can be used as a strategy to teach many abilities to people at any age, developing creative capacities as well as notions of history, language, biology, and even teamwork abilities, empathy, and other social skills. A creative tourism strategy can also be used to improve innovation in some places, encouraging people to take part in creative activities throughout the city and providing another perspective about the locale. This study aims to present a way to stimulate social development using creative tourism to transform cultural assets into products in low-income communities. It also discusses how this intervention can generate a business network that supports local development and reflects the socioeconomic progress of the territories through visibility and as a basic dimension of dignity.

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Diaz, Joseph O. Prewitt. "Activating Community Resilience Through Community Capitals After COVID-19." In Mental Health and Psychosocial Support during the COVID-19 Response, 15–22. New York: Apple Academic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003347620-3.

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Kincade, P. W., K. Medina, C. E. Pietrangeli, S.-I. Hayashi, and A. E. Namen. "Stromal Cell Lines which Support Lymphocyte Growth." In Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation III, 227–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5943-2_25.

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Wang, Defeng, Lin Shi, Daniel S. Yeung, Pheng-Ann Heng, Tien-Tsin Wong, and Eric C. C. Tsang. "Support Vector Clustering for Brain Activation Detection." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 572–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11566465_71.

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Quade, B., C. J. O’Leary, and O. Dupper. "Activation from Income Support in the US." In Bringing the Jobless into Work?, 345–414. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77435-8_9.

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Karayannis, N. M., B. V. Johnson, C. R. Hoppin, and H. M. Khelghatian. "Highly Active Supported Propylene Polymerization Catalysts Prepared by Activation of Supports Derived from Precomplexed Magnesium Alkyls." In Transition Metals and Organometallics as Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization, 231–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83276-5_24.

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Farmer, Jane, Anthony McCosker, Kath Albury, and Amir Aryani. "Activating for a Data-Capable Future." In Data for Social Good, 89–112. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5554-9_4.

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AbstractThe book concludes by summarising the goals and stages of building data capability for non-profits, considering data capability as a resource for corporate upskilling, the facilitator of a more resilient sector and social justice activism. The middle part of the chapter considers useful actions leading up to initiating data projects and ways to proceed after initial data capability is built. Options for how to access staff skills and technologies that may be beyond the investment of individual organisations are covered and a role for philanthropic organisations to support the sector is suggested. Current challenges in working with data are examined in light of emerging legal, structural and technological developments. Innovations are critiqued for their potential to address non-profit sector data analytics challenges. The chapter ends by reflecting on research issues raised from the authors’ data projects with non-profits and highlights avenues for future research.

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Vernooij-Dassen, Myrra, and Carolien Lamers. "Activation of care-giver coping processes through professional support." In Care-Giving in Dementia, 178–88. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830926-15.

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Niccolai, Gerald P., and Jean-Marie Basset. "New Processes for Carbon-Carbon Bond Activation Catalysed by Oxide Supported Surface Organometallic Complexes." In Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes, 111–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0982-8_5.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Activating supports"

Park, Kwan-Hee, and Ho-Young Lee. "Abstract 3553: Mutant KRas-mediated AKT2 activation supports lung cancer growth by activating complex II-driven mitochondrial metabolism." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; April 1-5, 2017; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3553.

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Laakso, Mikko-Jussi, Lauri Malmi, Ari Korhonen, Teemu Rajala, Erkki Kaila, and Tapio Salakoski. "Using Roles of Variables to Enhance Novice's Debugging Work." In InSITE 2008: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3229.

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Abstract Debugging skill is an essential part of the programming skills. It is also highly related with program comprehension skills. In this paper we present a novel tool, called ViLLE, which supports learning debugging by promoting students' understanding of target program. ViLLE combines visual debugging features with the support for roles of variables. These roles promote activating schemas of variable use in programs. In addition, ViLLE supports automatic presentation of the target program in different programming languages, even in pseudo code or with textual explanations. This, in turn, helps in building more general and abstract understanding of program structures and their relation to problem domain concepts. The key features of the tool are

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Hsieh, Kathryn. "Activating Support for Students Experiencing Housing Insecurity." In 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1687541.

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Milovanovic, Julie, Mo Hu, Tripp Shealy, and John Gero. "Exploration of the Dynamics of Neuro-Cognition During TRIZ." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-70412.

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Abstract The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) method and toolkit provides a well-structured approach to support engineering design with pre-defined steps: interpret and define the problem, search for standard engineering parameters, search for inventive principles to adapt, and generate final solutions. The research presented in this paper explores the neuro-cognitive differences of each of these steps. We measured the neuro-cognitive activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of 30 engineering students. Neuro-cognitive activation was recorded while students completed an engineering design task. The results show a varying activation pattern. When interpreting and defining the problem, higher activation is found in the left PFC, generally associated with goal directed planning and making analytical. Neuro-cognitive activation shifts to the right PFC during the search process, a region usually involved in exploring the problem space. During solution generation more activation occurs in the medial PFC, a region generally related to making associations. The findings offer new insights and evidence explaining the dynamic neuro-cognitive activations when using TRIZ in engineering design.

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Brant, David A., and Daniel P. Miranker. "Index support for rule activation." In the 1993 ACM SIGMOD international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/170035.170047.

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Yi, Yu, Xiaodong Chu, and Yutian Liu. "Activating Reactive Power Support from Active Distribution Systems." In 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2018.8586490.

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Zhou, Xianlian, Xinyu Chen, Paulien E. Roos, and Phillip Whitley. "Effects of Head Supported Mass on Predicted Neck Musculoskeletal Loadings During Walking and Running." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97389.

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Abstract This study aimed to investigate how muscle activation and intervertebral compressive forces during walking and running are altered with different head supported mass (HSM) types. A detailed neck musculoskeletal model was adapted and simulations were performed using existing motion data. It was found HSM wear required increased muscle activations, with the highest increase in running. Extensor activation increased particularly for the HSM with its center of mass (COM) in front of the head’s COM and flexor activation was significantly higher in running than in walking. Intervertebral compressive forces increased with HSM wear and the heaviest HSM caused the highest increase. During walking, the computed maximum compressive force at C7 was 129.7N without an HSM, and 163.6N and 208.5N with HSMs with a mass of 1.43 kg and 3.12 kg respectively. For running, it was 275.7N without an HSM, and 349.1N and 451.2N with the two HSM types. Overall muscle contributions to the compressive force varied over the gait cycle and were higher in running (26–110%) than in walking (18–58%). It was concluded that neck musculoskeletal loading increases with HSM wear, which is affected by HSM mass and mass distribution.

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Dahl, Martin J., Tiantian Li, Matthew R. Nassar, Mara Mather, and Markus Werkle-Bergner. "Locus coeruleus-related insula activation supports implicit learning." In 2023 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Oxford, United Kingdom: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2023.1383-0.

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Brand, Markus, Stefan Ramson, Jens Lincke, and Robert Hirschfeld. "Explicit Tool Support for Implicit Layer Activation." In COP '22: International Workshop on Context-Oriented Programming and Advanced Modularity. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3570353.3570355.

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Brandon, Jim. "Activating Overall Instructional Leadership: Creating District Conditions for Informed Instructional Support." In 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1690689.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Activating supports"

Lamberti, Gianfranco, Laura Pelizzari, Milena Fontana, Paola Gandolfi, and Gianluca Ciardi. Can a lower limb-centered movement training inhibit overactive bladder? Systematic review of literature. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0099.

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Review question / Objective: Is there a relationship between lower limb activation and inhibition of overactive bladder? Could a specific rehabilitation program be useful to better manage neurological bladder? Condition being studied: Asavoposon (2014), studying brain activations using the RM, states that there is a overlapping between pelvic floor motor areas and lower limb ones; previous studies involving brain imaging (Shafik 2009, 2003; Tai 2011) found that sensistive afferents from lower limb stimulation have an inhibitory effect on overactive bladder.Recently, Zillioux (2022) supports numerous optional therapies for overactive bladder management (defined third line therapies), stating that, despite their effectiveness in older populations, there is no data to support one option over another; so, there is a need to better study conservative treatments, in order to obtain the best evidence about their role to support neurological bladder treatment.

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McElhaney, Kevin, Anthony Baker, Carly Chillmon, Zareen Kasad, Babe Liberman, and Jeremy Roschelle. An Initial Logic Model to Guide OpenSciEd Research: Updated Version. Digital Promise, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/152.

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This white paper supports an ongoing effort to define a research agenda and catalyze a research community around the OpenSciEd curriculum materials. Rigorous research on these materials is needed in order to answer questions about the equitable design of instructional materials, impacts on student learning, effective and equitable classroom teaching practices, teacher professional development approaches, and models for school adoption that address the diverse needs of historically marginalized students in STEM. Research findings have the potential to advance the knowledge, skills, and practices that will promote key student, teacher, and system outcomes. The research agenda stands to accelerate the research timeline and stimulate a broad range of research projects addressing these critical needs. To support the collaborative development and activation of the research agenda, we outline an initial logic model for OpenSciEd. The logic model can shape research efforts by clarifying intended relationships among (1) the principles, commitments, and key affordances of OpenSciEd; (2) the components of OpenSciEd and how they are implemented and supported in classrooms, schools, districts, and states; and (3) the desired outcomes of OpenSciEd.

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Manthiram, Arumugam, and S. Landsberger. 81.114- University Reactor Infrastructure and Education Support / Prompt Gamma-ray Activation Analysis of Lithioum Ion Battery Cathodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/894912.

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Navarro, Jorge, Scott Byers, Randal Pudelek, Geoffrey Deichert, Young Soo Kwon, and Russ Wools. Development of an Activation Analysis Methodology to Support the Disposal of the High Flux Isotope Reactor Original Reflector Container. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1817488.

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Navarro, Jorge, Young Soo Kwon, Randal Pudelek, Geoffrey Deichert, and Russ Wools. Development of an Activation Analysis Methodology to Support the Disposal of the High Flux Isotope Reactor Metal Pool Waste. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1828260.

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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Todd C. Mockler. Precise Mapping of Growth Hormone Effects by Cell-Specific Gene Activation Response. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699849.bard.

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Plant yield largely depends on a complex interplay and feedback mechanisms of distinct hormonal pathways. Over the past decade great progress has been made in elucidating the global molecular mechanisms by which each hormone is produced and perceived. However, our knowledge of how interactions between hormonal pathways are spatially and temporally regulated remains rudimentary. For example, we have demonstrated that although the BR receptor BRI1 is widely expressed, the perception of BRs in epidermal cells is sufficient to control whole-organ growth. Supported by additional recent works, it is apparent that hormones are acting in selected cells of the plant body to regulate organ growth, and furthermore, that local cell-cell communication is an important mechanism. In this proposal our goals were to identify the global profile of translated genes in response to BR stimulation and depletion in specific tissues in Arabidopsis; determine the spatio-temporal dependency of BR response on auxin transport and signaling and construct an interactive public website that will provide an integrated analysis of the data set. Our technology incorporated cell-specific polysome isolation and sequencing using the Solexa technology. In the first aim, we generated and confirmed the specificity of novel transgenic lines expressing tagged ribosomal protein in various cell types in the Arabidopsis primary root. We next crossed these lines to lines with targeted expression of BRI1 in the bri1 background. All lines were treated with BRs for two time points. The RNA-seq of their corresponding immunopurified polysomal RNA is nearly completed and the bioinformatic analysis of the data set will be completed this year. Followed, we will construct an interactive public website (our third aim). In the second aim we started revealing how spatio-temporalBR activity impinges on auxin transport in the Arabidopsis primary root. We discovered the unexpected role of BRs in controlling the expression of specific auxin efflux carriers, post-transcriptionally (Hacham et al, 2012). We also showed that this regulation depends on the specific expression of BRI1 in the epidermis. This complex and long term effect of BRs on auxin transport led us to focus on high resolution analysis of the BR signaling per se. Taking together, our ongoing collaboration and synergistic expertise (hormone action and plant development (IL) and whole-genome scale data analysis (US)) enabled the establishment of a powerful system that will tell us how distinct cell types respond to local and systemic BR signal. BR research is of special agriculture importance since BR application and BR genetic modification have been shown to significantly increase crop yield and to play an important role in plant thermotolerance. Hence, our integrated dataset is valuable for improving crop traits without unwanted impairment of unrelated pathways, for example, establishing semi-dwarf stature to allow increased yield in high planting density, inducing erect leaves for better light capture and consequent biomass increase and plant resistance to abiotic stresses.

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Abdula, Andrii I., Halyna A. Baluta, Nadiia P. Kozachenko, and Darja A. Kassim. Peculiarities of using of the Moodle test tools in philosophy teaching. [б. в.], July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3867.

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The paper considers the role of philosophy and philosophical disciplines as the means of forming general cultural competences, in particular, in the development of critical thinking. The article emphasizes that the process of forming over-subject and soft skills, which, as a rule, include also critical thinking, gets much more complicated under the conditions of the reduction in the volume of philosophical courses. The paper grounds that one of the ways to “return” philosophy to educational programmes can be the implementation of training, using the e-learning environment, especially Moodle. In addition, authors point to the expediency of using this system and, in general, e-learning as an instrument for collaborating students to the world’s educational community and for developing their lifelong learning skills. The article specifies the features of providing electronic support in philosophy teaching, to which the following belongs: the difficulty of parametrizing the learning outcomes; plurality of approaches; communicative philosophy. The paper highlights the types of activities that can be implemented by tools of Moodle. The use of the following Moodle test tasks is considered as an example: test control in the flipped class, control of work with primary sources, control of self-study, test implementation of interim thematic control. The authors conclude that the Moodle system can be used as a tools of online support for the philosophy course, but it is impossible to transfer to the virtual space all the study of this discipline, because it has a significant worldview load. Forms of training, directly related to communication, are integral part of the methodology of teaching philosophy as philosophy itself is discursive, dialogical, communicative and pluralistic. Nevertheless, taking into account features of the discipline, it is possible to provide not only the evaluation function of the test control, but also to realize a number of educational functions: updating the basic knowledge, memorization, activating the cognitive interest, developing the ability to reason and the simpler ones but not less important, – the skill of getting information and familiarization with it.

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Naim, Michael, Andrew Spielman, Shlomo Nir, and Ann Noble. Bitter Taste Transduction: Cellular Pathways, Inhibition and Implications for Human Acceptance of Agricultural Food Products. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695839.bard.

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Historically, the aversive response of humans and other mammals to bitter-taste substances has been useful for survival, since many toxic constituents taste bitter. Today, the range of foods available is more diverse. Many bitter foods are not only safe for consumption but contain bitter constituents that provide nutritional benefits. Despite this, these foods are often eliminated from our current diets because of their unacceptable bitterness. Extensive technology has been developed to remove or mask bitterness in foods, but a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of bitterness perception at the taste receptor level has prevented the development of inhibitors or efficient methods for reducing bitterness. In our original application we proposed to: (a) investigate the time course and effect of selected bitter tastants relevant to agricultural products on the formation of intracellular signal molecules (cAMP, IP3, Ca2+) in intact taste cells, in model cells and in membranes derived therefrom; (b) study the effect of specific bitter taste inhibitors on messenger formation and identify G-proteins that may be involved in tastant-induced bitter sensation; (c) investigate interactions and self-aggregation of bitter tastants within membranes; (d) study human sensory responses over time to these bitter-taste stimuli and inhibitors in order to validate the biochemical data. Quench-flow module (QFM) and fast pipetting system (FPS) allowed us to monitor fast release of the aforementioned signal molecules (cGMP, as a putative initial signal was substituted for Ca2+ ions) - using taste membranes and intact taste cells in a time range below 500 ms (real time of taste sensation) - in response to bitter-taste stimulation. Limonin (citrus) and catechin (wine) were found to reduce cellular cAMP and increase IP3 contents. Naringin (citrus) stimulated an IP3 increase whereas the cheese-derived bitter peptide cyclo(leu-Trp) reduced IP3 but significantly increased cAMP levels. Thus, specific transduction pathways were identified, the results support the notion of multiple transduction pathways for bitter taste and cross-talk between a few of those transduction pathways. Furthermore, amphipathic tastants permeate rapidly (within seconds) into liposomes and taste cells suggesting their availability for direct activation of signal transduction components by means of receptor-independent mechanisms within the time course of taste sensation. The activation of pigment movement and transduction pathways in frog melanophores by these tastants supports such mechanisms. Some bitter tastants, due to their amphipathic properties, permeated (or interacted with) into a bitter tastant inhibitor (specific phospholipid mixture) which apparently forms micelles. Thus, a mechanism via which this bitter taste inhibitor acts is proposed. Human sensory evaluation experiments humans performed according to their 6-n-propyl thiouracil (PROP) status (non-tasters, tasters, super-tasters), indicated differential perception of bitterness threshold and intensity of these bitter compounds by different individuals independent of PROP status. This suggests that natural products containing bitter compounds (e.g., naringin and limonin in citrus), are perceived very differently, and are in line with multiple transduction pathways suggested in the biochemical experiments. This project provides the first comprehensive effort to explore the molecular basis of bitter taste at the taste-cell level induced by economically important and agriculturally relevant food products. The findings, proposing a mechanism for bitter-taste inhibition by a bitter taste inhibitor (made up of food components) pave the way for the development of new, and perhaps more potent bitter-taste inhibitors which may eventually become economically relevant.

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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. Role of GRAS Transcription Factors in Tomato Disease Resistance and Basal Defense. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696520.bard.

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The research problem: Bacterial spot and bacterial speck diseases of tomato are causedby strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) and Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato (Pst), respectively. These bacteria colonize aerial parts of the plant and causesignificant losses in tomato production worldwide. Protection against Xcv and Pst bycultural practices or chemical control has been unsuccessful and there are only limitedsources of genetic resistance to these pathogens. In previous research supported in part byBARD IS-3237-01, we extensively characterized changes in tomato gene expression uponthe onset of spot and speck disease resistance. A remarkable finding of these studies wasthe inducibility in tomato leaves by both Xcv and Pst strains of genes encodingtranscriptional activator of the GRAS family, which has not been previously linked todisease resistance. Goals: Central goals of this research were to investigate the role of GRAS genes in tomatoinnate immunity and to assess their potential use for disease control.Specific objectives were to: 1. Identify GRAS genes that are induced in tomato during thedefense response and analyze their role in disease resistance by loss-of-function experiments.2. Overexpress GRAS genes in tomato and characterize plants for possible broad-spectrumresistance. 3. Identify genes whose transcription is regulated by GRAS family. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas:1. Identification of tomato GRAS family members induced in defense responses andanalysis of their role in disease resistance. Genes encoding tomato GRAS family memberswere retrieved from databases and analyzed for their inducibility by Pst avirulent bacteria.Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that six SlGRAS transcripts are induced during theonset of disease resistance to Pst. Further expression analysis of two selected GRAS genesshowed that they accumulate in tomato plants in response to different avirulent bacteria orto the fungal elicitor EIX. In addition, eight SlGRAS genes, including the Pst-induciblefamily members, were induced by mechanical stress in part in a jasmonic acid-dependentmanner. Remarkably, SlGRAS6 gene was found to be required for tomato resistance to Pstin virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments.2. Molecular analysis of pathogen-induced GRAS transcriptional activators. In aheterologous yeast system, Pst-inducible GRAS genes were shown to have the ability toactivate transcription in agreement with their putative function of transcription factors. Inaddition, deletion analysis demonstrated that short sequences at the amino-terminus ofSlGRAS2, SlGRAS4 and SlGRAS6 are sufficient for transcriptional activation. Finally,defense-related SlGRAS proteins were found to localize to the cell nucleus. 3. Disease resistance and expression profiles of transgenic plants overexpressing SlGRASgenes. Transgenic plants overexpressing SlGRAS3 or SlGRAS6 were generated. Diseasesusceptibility tests revealed that these plants are not more resistant to Pst than wild-typeplants. Gene expression profiles of the overexpressing plants identified putative direct orindirect target genes regulated by SlGRAS3 and SlGRAS6. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities established a novel linkbetween the GRAS family of transcription factors, plant disease resistance and mechanicalstress response. SlGRAS6 was found to be required for disease resistance to Pstsuggesting that this and possibly other GRAS family members are involved in thetranscriptional reprogramming that takes place during the onset of disease resistance.Their nuclear localization and transcriptional activation ability support their proposed roleas transcription factors or co-activators. However, the potential of utilizing GRAS familymembers for the improvement of plant disease resistance in agriculture has yet to bedemonstrated.

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Miller, Gad, and Jeffrey F. Harper. Pollen fertility and the role of ROS and Ca signaling in heat stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598150.bard.

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The long-term goal of this research is to understand how pollen cope with stress, and identify genes that can be manipulated in crop plants to improve reproductive success during heat stress. The specific aims were to: 1) Compare heat stress dependent changes in gene expression between wild type pollen, and mutants in which pollen are heat sensitive (cngc16) or heat tolerant (apx2-1). 2) Compare cngc16 and apx2 mutants for differences in heat-stress triggered changes in ROS, cNMP, and Ca²⁺ transients. 3) Expand a mutant screen for pollen with increased or decreased thermo-tolerance. These aims were designed to provide novel and fundamental advances to our understanding of stress tolerance in pollen reproductive development, and enable research aimed at improving crop plants to be more productive under conditions of heat stress. Background: Each year crop yields are severely impacted by a variety of stress conditions, including heat, cold, drought, hypoxia, and salt. Reproductive development in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperatures, with even a single hot day or cold night sometimes being fatal to reproductive success. In many plants, pollen tube development and fertilization is often the weakest link. Current speculation about global climate change is that most agricultural regions will experience more extreme environmental fluctuations. With the human food supply largely dependent on seeds, it is critical that we consider ways to improve stress tolerance during fertilization. The heat stress response (HSR) has been intensively studied in vegetative tissues, but is poorly understood during reproductive development. A general paradigm is that HS is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of ROS-scavenging enzymes to protect cells from excess oxidative damage. The activation of the HSR has been linked to cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals, and transcriptional and translational responses, including the increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative pathways. The focus of the proposed research was on two mutations, which have been discovered in a collaboration between the Harper and Miller labs, that either increase or decrease reproductive stress tolerance in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., cngc16--cyclic nucleotide gated channel 16, apx2-1--ascorbate peroxidase 2,). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. Using RNA-seq technology, the expression profiles of cngc16 and apx2 pollen grains were independently compared to wild type under favourable conditions and following HS. In comparison to a wild type HSR, there were 2,776 differences in the transcriptome response in cngc16 pollen, consistent with a model in which this heat-sensitive mutant fails to enact or maintain a normal wild-type HSR. In a comparison with apx2 pollen, there were 900 differences in the HSR. Some portion of these 900 differences might contribute to an improved HSR in apx2 pollen. Twenty-seven and 42 transcription factor changes, in cngc16 and apx2-1, respectively, were identified that could provide unique contributions to a pollen HSR. While we found that the functional HS-dependent reprogramming of the pollen transcriptome requires specific activity of CNGC16, we identified in apx2 specific activation of flavonol-biosynthesis pathway and auxin signalling that support a role in pollen thermotolerance. Results from this study have identified metabolic pathways and candidate genes of potential use in improving HS tolerance in pollen. Additionally, we developed new FACS-based methodology that can quantify the stress response for individual pollen in a high-throughput fashion. This technology is being adapted for biological screening of crop plant’s pollen to identify novel thermotolerance traits. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This study has provided a reference data on the pollen HSR from a model plant, and supports a model that the HSR in pollen has many differences compared to vegetative cells. This provides an important foundation for understanding and improving the pollen HSR, and therefor contributes to the long-term goal of improving productivity in crop plants subjected to temperature stress conditions. A specific hypothesis that has emerged from this study is that pollen thermotolerance can be improved by increasing flavonol accumulation before or during a stress response. Efforts to test this hypothesis have been initiated, and if successful have the potential for application with major seed crops such as maize and rice.

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