Добірка наукової літератури з теми "1911-1985"

Gordon Riley was an outstanding scientist who played a leading international role in the development of oceanography as a field of scientific study in the mid-twentieth century. His multidisciplinary approach, quantitative skills, imagination and intuition advanced our knowledge and understanding of the ocean enormously. Of his many significant scientific contributions to oceanography, he is best known for his pioneering work in developing simple numerical models for improving the understanding of the dynamics of marine ecosystems with a focus on plankton. He helped transform oceanography from a descriptive to a quantitative science. His early career was spent in the United States at the Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory of Yale University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. In 1965, at the peak of his career, he immigrated to Canada to become the director of the Institute of Oceanography at Dalhousie University. Under his leadership, the Institute evolved into the Department of Oceanography, which became an internationally recognized centre for marine research and teaching. During this period, he also played a prominent role in the development of the broader Canadian oceanographic community. He served as a wonderful example of how scientific research, teaching and a life should be carried out.

The Palaearctic species of the genus Pristaulacus Kieffer, 1900 are revised and illustrated for the first time. Twenty-one valid species are recognized. Two new species are described: P. edoardoi Turrisi, sp. nov., from Crete Island and Greece, and P. paglianoi Turrisi, sp. nov., from Morocco and Tunisia. Four new synonymies are proposed: Aulacus (Pristaulacus) holtzi Schulz, 1906 = P. compressus (Spinola, 1808) (syn. nov.); P. bimaculatus arozarenae Ortega & Baez, 1985 = P. galitae (Gribodo, 1879) (syn. nov.); Aulacus sibiricola Semenow, 1892 = P. gibbator (Thunberg, 1822) (syn. nov.); P. holzschuhi Madl, 1990 = P. gloriator (Fabricius, 1804) (syn. nov.). The following synonymies are confirmed on the basis of the study of type material: P. obscuripennis Westwood, 1841 = P. compressus (Spinola, 1808); P. bimaculatus Kieffer, 1900 and P. immaculatus Kieffer, 1904 = P. galitae (Gribodo, 1879). Three nomina nuda: A. beckeri Tournier, 1911, A. plurimaculatus Tournier, 1911, and A. transversostriatus Tournier, 1911, previously assigned to the genus Aulacus, are all synonyms of P. compressus (Spinola, 1808) (syn. nov.). The previously unknown male of P. boninensis Konishi, 1990 is described. Lectotypes and paralectotypes of P. comptipennis Enderlein, 1912, P. immaculatus Kieffer, 1904, and P. bimaculatus arozarenae Ortega & Baez, 1985 are designated. A key to species and distributional maps are also provided.

À partir du 19e siècle, les femmes demeurent très largement confinées à la seule sphère domestique. Toutefois, depuis la seconde guerre mondiale, cette situation a passablement évolué, de sorte qu'elles ont fait depuis ce temps une incursion de plus en plus remarquée dans le domaine public. Leur entrée dans la profession juridique, qui est le sujet de notre mémoire, en est un exemple éloquent. Nous nous proposons d'examiner la place des femmes en droit au Québec entre 1911 et 1985 sous l'angle de l'opposition entre les champs du privé et du public. En ce sens, notre analyse de la présence des femmes dans la profession légale s'élabore à partir d'une grille d'analyse féministe. Notre mémoire est composé de quatre sections. Tout d'abord, le premier chapitre sert de cadre théorique général à notre étude. Nous présentons, dans un premier temps, un bilan historiographique afin de mieux situer notre travail par rapport à ce qui s'est publié au Québec et au Canada sur le sujet. Dans un deuxième temps, nous proposons une analyse détaillée de la problématique qui a alimenté notre mémoire. Finalement, nous abordons la question des sources et des problèmes méthodologiques auxquels nous nous sommes heurtée lors de nos recherches. Le deuxième chapitre présente une mise en situation de l'entrée des femmes dans la profession juridique par une démarche thématique. Nous verrons comment l'opposition privé/public a influencé les élites Québécoises en ce qui a trait à la condition juridique des femmes du Québec, à leurs droits politiques, à leur droit à une éducation supérieure ainsi qu'à leur droit au travail salarié. Ensuite, le troisième chapitre est consacré à l'accès des femmes au Barreau du Québec et il s'étend de 1911, date à laquelle une femme fait pour la première fois son entrée dans une Faculté de droit, à 1941, année où les femmes sont légalement admises à la pratique du droit au Québec. Cette partie de notre travail retrace en fait les jalons de la longue lutte qu'a menée d'abord Annie Mac Donald Langstaff pour pouvoir exercer le droit au Québec et ensuite, celle de La ligue des droits de la femme qui a fait de l'accession des femmes au Barreau, un de ses principaux cheval de bataille. Nous verrons comment la dichotomie entre l'espace du privé et l'espace du public a servi de toile de fond au débat qui a eu lieu à cette époque autour de la question de la pratique du droit par les Québécoises. Enfin, le quatrième et dernier chapitre est voué à l'entrée des femmes dans la profession légale et il s'échelonne de 1942 à 1985. Il examine la progression numérique des femmes en droit, leurs conditions de pratique et les écueils qu'elles rencontrent en exerçant une profession qui est restée fort longtemps réservée exclusivement aux hommes. Le cadre chronologique dans lequel est circonscrit cette partie du mémoire, nous permet de constater que l'opposition entre le privé et le public, même si elle est moins nette qu'à la période précédente et s'articule différemment, empêche la complète intégration des femmes en droit.

Rattacher l'oeuvre d'un auteur a un genre precis porte en soi la limitation de ses possibles et restreint sa richesse. L'etiquette d'ecrivain de science-fiction attribuee a rene barjavel nous a paru reductrice de ses textes ; nous avons choisi de reconstituer l'itineraire qui l'a conduit de la chanson de roland a la legende du graal et illustre la permanence de themes medievaux au sein meme d'oeuvres mettant en scene le futur de l'humanite. Apres avoir rappele et analyse les pages autobiographiques de l'ecrivain et l'obsession de certains souvenirs dans notre premiere partie, nous avons developpe le mythe du couple qui synthetise les references, les aspirations de notre auteur et trouve a s'expimer dans l'enchanteur comme l'aboutissement d'un cheminement melant heritage litteraire, symbolisme et recomposition personnelle. . . Notre but etant de redonner a l'ecrivain la place majeure qui devrait etre, a notre sens, la sienne parmi les dignes continuateurs de la legende
"linking the works of an author to a precise genre includes in itself the limitations of its possibilities and cuts down its richness. The label of "science fiction writer" given to rene barjavel, seemed, in our opinion, to reduce the authority of his texts. We have chosen to retrace the pathway which has led him from the "chanson de roland" to the graal legend and which illustrates the permanency of medieval themes even in works that state the future of humanity. After having initially reviewed and analysed the autobiographic pages and recollections of the writer in our first part, we have developed the myth of the couple which synthesises the references and the longings of our author and expresses in "l'enchanteur" the result of a progression mixing literary heritage, symbolism and personal recomposition - our goal being to give the writer the crucial place that should be his among the worthy successors of the legend

La premiere partie est consacree aux definitions de la quete ses enjeux ne se revelent que progressivement. Les heros la comprennent differemment et utilisent un vocabulaire different a son egard. L'origine la forme et le contenu de l'objet de la quete permettent de mieux comprendre la mission des heros. Le graal et l'anneau sont l'exact oppose l'un de l'autre, et possedent des fonctions semblables ce ne sont pas les seuls intermediaires de la revelation, de nombreux objets, voire des personnages leur sont comparables. Pour les auteurs, la quete represente aussi bien un pretexte litteraire que l'illustration de leur propre recherche interieure. Dans la deuxieme partie sont etudies les personnages de la quete : les heros, les compagnons, les magiciens, les ennemis la troisieme partie suit le deroulement de la quete. Le mouvement de la quete est inverse dans les deux oeuvres : trouver le graal dans l'une, detruire l'anneau dans l'autre. Mais elles se ressemblent dans leurs epreuves et dans leurs consequences. L'une des etapes majeures est celle de la tentation. L'amour fait obstacle a la quete dans l'enchanteur. Certaines formes d'amour sont condamnees, mais lorsque l'amour atteint l'ideal, dl peut rivaliser avec le graal. La quete est etroitement liee au voyage initiatique, meme ceux qui echouent dans la quete accomplissent un parcours interieur la quatrieme partie est consacree aux significations de la quete. Il existe plusieurs formes de divin dont l'influence est importante sur la quete. La quete est source d'experiences mystiques. Elle permet egalement aux heros de s'interroger sur le sens de la vie, d'autant plus qu'elle est fortement liee a l'epreuve de la mort. La derniere partie s'interesse a l'achevement de la quete, qui est a la fois reussite et echec. Le mal ne disparait jamais entierement, chaque homme doit reconquerir son propre graal
The first part is dedicated to the definition of the quest. Its stakes appear little by little. The heroes understand it differently and use a different vocabulary to talk about it. The origin, the shape and the content of the object of the quest allow a better understanding of the quest. The grail and the, ring are exactly unlike and have similar functions. They are not the only intermediaries in the revelation, numerous objects, even characters can be compared to them. According to the authors, the quest can be either a literary pretext or the illustration of their interior quest. The object of the second part is a study of the characters of the quest : the heroes, companions, wizards, enemies. The third part deals with the progress of the quest. The aim of the quest is opposite in both books : to find the grail, in the first one, and to destroy the ring in the second one. But they are similar in their trials and consequences. One of the most important trial is the temptation. Love is an obstacle to the quest. In l'enchanteur. Some kind of love are condemned but when love achieves the ideal, it can rival with the grail. The quest is closely linked to an initiatory trip. Even those who fail in the quest live an interior journey. The fourth part is dedicated to the meanings of the quest. There are many forms of divine which have an important influence on the quest. The quest is at the origin of mystic experiences. Thanks to the quest, the heroes can ponder over the meaning of life, all the more since it is strongly linked with death. The last part is about the achievement of the quest, which is at the same time success and failure. Evil will never disappear completely. Every man must reconquer its own grail

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP
This dissertation seeks to analyse and contextualize Mahmoud Muhammad Taha’s book The Second Message of Islam, published in Sudan, in 1967. In 1985, Taha was found guilty on apostasy charges and sentenced to death. The present work goes over how Taha’s interpretation differs from the Qur’an’s traditional reading whilst also discussing its insertion on the concept of liberal Islam and its impact. This work seeks to contribute with the body of researches related to liberal Islam in Brazil
Essa dissertação tem como objetivo analisar e contextualizar a obra A Segunda Mensagem do Islã de Mahmoud Muhammad Taha, publicada em 1967, no Sudão. Em 1985, Taha foi considerado culpado de apostasia, por suas ideias, e foi condenado a pena de morte. Analisaremos como sua interpretação do Corão discorda da leitura tradicional do Corão e também verificaremos sua inserção no conceito de Islã liberal e seu impacto. Pretendemos com esse trabalho contribuir com as pesquisas relativas ao Islã liberal no Brasil

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This research aims to examine a central figure in the military dictatorship in Brazil and "engineer" of the candidacy and the government by Costa e Silva: the general Jayme Portella. From the study of his writings, noting the historical and social conditions of production, we want to understand the policy of general practices, and showing the social function of his actually ideology. Jayme Portella is considered as one of the greatest exponents of the "linha -dura (hard-line) , the research seeks to explain details about this historical current military, which has in "castelismo" the counterpoint s main and coup d'état of 1964, as founding myth. Investigated the way that general conceives his conception about the conspiracy and consolidation of military autocracy in Brazil and e stablishing the links from their concrete ideology under history
Esta pesquisa visa analisar uma figura central na ditadura militar no Brasil e engenheiro da candidatura e do governo Costa e Silva, o general Jayme Portella. A partir do estudo imanente de seus escritos, observando as condições históricas e sociais da sua produção, pretendemos compreender a práxis política do general, desvelando a função social de sua ideologia na realidade vivida. Tratado como um dos maiores expoentes da linha-dura , a investigação pretende explicar as nuances históricas desta corrente militar que tem no castelismo o seu principal contraponto e o golpe de estado de 1964, como mito fundador. Investigamos as ideações do general quanto à conspiração militar e à consolidação da autocracia bonapartista no Brasil, estabelecendo os vínculos concretos de sua ideologia no quadro histórico desnudado

Avec le dernier roman La Bascule du souffle (Prix Nobel) écrit 4 mains avec Oskar Pastior, l’écrivaine allemande d’origine roumaine Herta Müller ouvre à une recherche inédite. La romancière aborde avec le roman un tabou historique et testimonial qui s'impose comme une œuvre de portée universelle. L’écrivaine appartient à la 1.5 génération (Ruban Suleiman), qui exprime ses souvenirs non-vécus par le biais du passé, par l’entremise de l’imaginaire (Marianne Hirsch). Avec le roman comme document de la mémoire collective et culturelle, par l'esthétique de la remémoration, la romancière s’inscrit dans une « communauté de pensée » (C.Coquio) des auteurs-témoins de la première génération (Charlotte Delbo, Robert Antelme, Primo Levi, Jorge Semprún, Jean Cayrol), en mettant à mal les critères moraux et esthétiques sur les camps d’exterminations et les camps de travail forcé, le Stalinisme et le Nationalisme. Notre thèse comme recherche sur les procédés littéraires de la romancière rejoint celle sur les formes d’écriture des écrivains-témoins de l’expérience des camps, comme d'Oskar Pastior. Notre analyse du texte participe à la mise en relief de la fonction esthétique de la contrainte oulipienne employée comme pharmakon au double sens de remède et de poison.La recherche sur le roman anticipe l’avancée des études sur l’oulipien Oskar Pastior et nourrit ainsi, d’une manière réciproque, un regard nouveau sur l’œuvre de la poétesse allemande de renommée mondiale
With her latest novel Atemschaukel/The Hunger Angel (Nobel Prize) of Herta Müller co-written with Oskar Pastior, the Romanian-born German writer opens up a new line of research. With Atemschaukel/ The Hunger Angel she broaches an historical and testimonial taboo that emerges as a work with universal reach. The writer belongs to the 1.5 generation (Ruban Suleiman) who express memories not experienced in the past through imagination (Marianne Hirsch). Documenting the collective and cultural memory through the aesthetic power of recollection, the novelist belongs to the ‘community of thought’ (Catherine Coquio) of first generation ‘postmemory’ authors (like Charlotte Delbo, Robert Antelme, Primo Levi, Jorge Semprun, Jean Cayrol) by undermining moral and aesthetic criteria about the extermination and forced labour camps, Stalinism, and Nationalism. As research into the literary devices of the novelist, this thesis ties in with analysis of the forms of writing used by witness-authors coming from experience of the camps, like this of Oskar Pastior. Interpreting constraint (Formzwang) in his aesthetic fonction, this investigation concludes by declaring the constraint as a pharmakon in both senses of the word: remedy and poison. The research on this novel anticipates further development of studies on the Oulipian Oskar Pastior, and so in a reciprocal manner sheds new light on the work of the world-famous German poet

This dissertation examines one of the most counter-intuitive southern responses to the rise of the Christian Right. Texas Baptists made up the largest state association of Southern Baptists in the country. They were theologically conservative, uniformly uncomfortable with abortion, and strident in their condemnation of homosexuality. Yet they not only rejected an alliance with the Christian Right and the Republican Party, but they did so emphatically. They ultimately offered a more robust critique of the Christian Right than even many of their secular counterparts. While their activities might seem surprising to contemporary readers, they were part of a long and proud Baptist tradition of supporting the separation of church and state. On issues like organized school prayer, government regulation of abortion, and private school vouchers, they were disturbed by the blurring of lines between church and state that characterized the Christian Right as it emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. Texas Baptists were also uncomfortable with the backlash against integration and sought to promote racial justice in any way they could. While many southerners adopted a politics of cultural resentment, Texas Baptists often worked for racial justice and promoted interracial cooperation. They also fought the move towards economic conservatism in the South. From their campaigns to raise the welfare cap in Texas to their promotion of Lyndon Johnson's Community Action Programs, Texas Baptists defended government activism to alleviate poverty. They embodied a very different economic ideology than that of the ultraconservative southerners who have dominated the scholarship of southern politics after 1960. On all of these issues, the experience of Texas Baptists challenges prevailing ideas about southern political change. Their story is one that undermines the notion of a unified evangelical reaction to the racial, economic, and political changes that swept the South (and the nation) after 1960. It should give pause to those who have assumed that the alliance between Southern Baptists and the Christian Right was inevitable or unavoidable and force us to reconsider the complexity of southern evangelicalism.

The main concern of the present reflection is to explore and understand the limits of human existence and of the body itself, as well as its respective transgressions. Thus, in the first place, we intend to carry out an analysis of the limits that founded the human existence and of its moments of dissolution, in order to perceive what motivated the birth of art. Then, we will examine the issues related to the construction of human identity throughout the evolutionary process of the life cycle. The topic of this dissertation was inspired by the fact that we perceive the body as an opening, a space of unlimited expression in the creation of identity. In order to apply this way of understanding the body to different forms of artistic expression, we have selected some artists who have endeavored to convey to the observers an experience of bodily transgression. For this, we decided to decompose the body into parts, conducting an analysis that goes through the different body instances. This decomposition of the body is directly related to our artistic project, in which we investigate the most varied forms of representing it, but not in order to enclose it in a recognizable structure, rather with the aim of releasing it and this through the most varied plastic interpretations

Abstract from Interview with Doctor Drink I have a fifth of therapy In the house, and transference there. Doctor, there’s not much wrong with me, Only a sick rattlesnake somewhere In the house, if it be there at all, But the lithe mouth is coiled. The shapes Of door and window move. I call. What is it that pulls down the drapes, Disheveled and exposed? Your rye Twists in my throat: intimacy Is like hard liquor. Who but I Coil there and squat, and pay your fee?

The first standardized selection instrument for university admission in Brazil was defined by Decree 8.659 on October 5, 1911. It approved the Organic Law of Higher and Fundamental Education - also known as the Rivadávia Corrêa Reform - establishing: "To be granted enrollment, the candidate will undergo an examination that enables an overall assessment of their intellectual development and capacity to effectively undertake the study of the subjects that constitute the college curriculum." (RIBEIRO NETO, 1985, p. 41). It consisted of an oral examination of languages and sciences, as well as a written section in Portuguese that covered specific content.

Abstract This chapter will consider the effects of stimulating over the occiput and other scalp areas on visual perception. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can also modify eye movements and these effects, although motor, will also be considered since they have implications for the way in which the visual image is stabilized on the retina during eye movements. Finally, some aspects of higher visual processing are considered. As pointed out in Chapter I, the effects of magnetic brain stimulation were first noticed on vision (D’Arsonval 1896; Beer 1902; Thompson 1910; Dunlap 1911; Magnusson and Stevens 1911-12; Barlow et al. 1947; Lovsund et al. 1980). Phosphenes, the transient, bright, usually formless perceptions of light, can be produced by both electrical (Merton and Morton 1980) and magnetic stimuli over the scalp (Barker et al. 1985). Earlier, however, much work had been done with low-strength alternating magnetic fields which can be used to excite the retina. A review of the early work on phosphenes due to retinal stimulation, including measurements of threshold at various frequencies, is provided by Marg (1991).

This paper deals with the reinterpretation of N. Gogol’s short story “Viy” in Russian literature from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day. Alexey Remizov’s tale “Letavitsa” (1908) is considered in the context of his article “Gogol’s Nature” (1922) and his dispute about Gogol with Vasily Rozanov and Dmitry Merezhkovsky. The article also examines echoes of “Viy” in early 20th-century poetry by Vladimir Narbut (“Viy”, 1915), Nikolay Gumilev (“From the Serpent’s Lair”, 1911), Vladimir Mayakovsky (“War and Peace”, 1911), Osip Mandelstam (“1 January 1924”, 1924, and “Down the streets of Kiev- Viy”, 1937), and Anna Akhmatova (“I know I can’t move from this place”, 1937). The paper also considers two theatrical reinterpretations of “Viy”: “Pannochka” (1985) by Nina Sadur and “Viy” (2015) by Vasily Sigarev. Leonid Hirshovich’s novel “‘Viy’: Schubert’s Vocal Cycle on Gogol’s Text” (2005) is considered as an interesting example of pastiche not only of Gogol’s story but also of later allusions to it (particularly by Mandelstam). Andrey Belyanin’s novel “A Night on a Farm near Dikanka” (2016) and the board game “Viy: The Rebellion” are cited as examples of Gogol’s appropriation by contemporary mass culture after the release of the wellknown TV series in 2017.

Conventional wisdom views heavy grazing as the major cause of desertification in semiarid and arid areas of Africa, Asia, and Australia (see, e.g., Acocks 1953, Jarman and Bosch 1973, Sinclair and Fryxell 1985, Middleton and Thomas 1997). Nowhere is the effect of heavy grazing more apparent than in the Sahel of Africa (Sinclair and Fryxell 1985). This land denudation has resulted in a negative feedback loop via decreased soil nutrient status and increased soil albedo (due to lower vegetation cover), causing increased evaporation and decreased precipitation, which in turn reduces the stocking capacity of the land, further exacerbating the negative effects of grazing (Schlesinger et al. 1990). A less dramatic result of overgrazing is a long-term decline in agricultural productivity. For example, the arid Karoo region of South Africa has experienced no climatic change over the last two centuries, yet there has been a 50% decline in stocking rates in seven of eight magisterial districts from 1911 to 1981 (Dean and McDonald 1994). These authors ascribe this decline to heavy grazing that reduced palatable plant populations and hence the carrying capacity of the vegetation in the long term. These examples of the negative effects of grazing in arid ecosystems lie in stark contrast with a large number of African studies that compared the effects of commercial (privately owned) and communal (subsistence, no private ownership) ranching on vegetation and soils (e.g., Archer et al. 1989, Tapson 1993, Scoones 1995, Ward et al. 1999a,b, reviewed by Behnke and Abel 1996). In spite of 5–10-fold higher stocking rates on communal ranches, few studies have shown differences in effects on biodiversity, plant species composition and soil quality between these ranching types (Archer et al. 1989, Tapson 1993, Scoones 1995, Ward et al. 1999a,b—fig. 14.1). Similarly, studies of grazing in Mediterranean semiarid grasslands (reviewed by Seligman 1996) and Middle Eastern arid rangelands (Ward et al. 1999b) show that the effects of grazing on biodiversity are relatively small. A consensus has developed in recent years that arid grazing ecosystems are nonequilibrial, event-driven systems (see, e.g., O’Connor 1985, Venter et al. 1989, Milchunas et al. 1989, Parsons et al. 1997).

Attention to safety and health are of ever-increasing priority to industrial organizations. Good Safety is demanded by stockholders, employees, and the community while increasing injury costs provide additional motivation for safety and health excellence. Safety has always been a strong corporate value of DuPont and a vital part of its culture. As a result, DuPont has become a benchmark in safety and health performance. Since 1990, DuPont has re-engineered itself to meet global competition and address future vision. In the new re-engineered organizational structures, DuPont has also had to re-engineer its safety management systems. A special Discovery Team was chartered by DuPont senior management to determine the “best practices’ for safety and health being used in DuPont best-performing sites. A summary of the findings is presented, and five of the practices are discussed. Excellence in safety and health management is more important today than ever. Public awareness, federal and state regulations, and enlightened management have resulted in a widespread conviction that all employees have the right to work in an environment that will not adversely affect their safety and health. In DuPont, we believe that excellence in safety and health is necessary to achieve global competitiveness, maintain employee loyalty, and be an accepted member of the communities in which we make, handle, use, and transport products. Safety can also be the “catalyst” to achieving excellence in other important business parameters. The organizational and communication skills developed by management, individuals, and teams in safety can be directly applied to other company initiatives. As we look into the 21st Century, we must also recognize that new organizational structures (flatter with empowered teams) will require new safety management techniques and systems in order to maintain continuous improvement in safety performance. Injury costs, which have risen dramatically in the past twenty years, provide another incentive for safety and health excellence. Shown in the Figure 1, injury costs have increased even after correcting for inflation. Many companies have found these costs to be an “invisible drain” on earnings and profitability. In some organizations, significant initiatives have been launched to better manage the workers’ compensation systems. We have found that the ultimate solution is to prevent injuries and incidents before they occur. A globally-respected company, DuPont is regarded as a well-managed, extremely ethical firm that is the benchmark in industrial safety performance. Like many other companies, DuPont has re-engineered itself and downsized its operations since 1985. Through these changes, we have maintained dedication to our principles and developed new techniques to manage in these organizational environments. As a diversified company, our operations involve chemical process facilities, production line operations, field activities, and sales and distribution of materials. Our customer base is almost entirely industrial and yet we still maintain a high level of consumer awareness and positive perception. The DuPont concern for safety dates back to the early 1800s and the first days of the company. In 1802 E.I. DuPont, a Frenchman, began manufacturing quality grade explosives to fill America’s growing need to build roads, clear fields, increase mining output, and protect its recently won independence. Because explosives production is such a hazardous industry, DuPont recognized and accepted the need for an effective safety effort. The building walls of the first powder mill near Wilmington, Delaware, were built three stones thick on three sides. The back remained open to the Brandywine River to direct any explosive forces away from other buildings and employees. To set the safety example, DuPont also built his home and the homes of his managers next to the powder yard. An effective safety program was a necessity. It represented the first defense against instant corporate liquidation. Safety needs more than a well-designed plant, however. In 1811, work rules were posted in the mill to guide employee work habits. Though not nearly as sophisticated as the safety standards of today, they did introduce an important basic concept — that safety must be a line management responsibility. Later, DuPont introduced an employee health program and hired a company doctor. An early step taken in 1912 was the keeping of safety statistics, approximately 60 years before the federal requirement to do so. We had a visible measure of our safety performance and were determined that we were going to improve it. When the nation entered World War I, the DuPont Company supplied 40 percent of the explosives used by the Allied Forces, more than 1.5 billion pounds. To accomplish this task, over 30,000 new employees were hired and trained to build and operate many plants. Among these facilities was the largest smokeless powder plant the world had ever seen. The new plant was producing granulated powder in a record 116 days after ground breaking. The trends on the safety performance chart reflect the problems that a large new work force can pose until the employees fully accept the company’s safety philosophy. The first arrow reflects the World War I scale-up, and the second arrow represents rapid diversification into new businesses during the 1920s. These instances of significant deterioration in safety performance reinforced DuPont’s commitment to reduce the unsafe acts that were causing 96 percent of our injuries. Only 4 percent of injuries result from unsafe conditions or equipment — the remainder result from the unsafe acts of people. This is an important concept if we are to focus our attention on reducing injuries and incidents within the work environment. World War II brought on a similar set of demands. The story was similar to World War I but the numbers were even more astonishing: one billion dollars in capital expenditures, 54 new plants, 75,000 additional employees, and 4.5 billion pounds of explosives produced — 20 percent of the volume used by the Allied Forces. Yet, the performance during the war years showed no significant deviation from the pre-war years. In 1941, the DuPont Company was 10 times safer than all industry and 9 times safer than the Chemical Industry. Management and the line organization were finally working as they should to control the real causes of injuries. Today, DuPont is about 50 times safer than US industrial safety performance averages. Comparing performance to other industries, it is interesting to note that seemingly “hazard-free” industries seem to have extraordinarily high injury rates. This is because, as DuPont has found out, performance is a function of injury prevention and safety management systems, not hazard exposure. Our success in safety results from a sound safety management philosophy. Each of the 125 DuPont facilities is responsible for its own safety program, progress, and performance. However, management at each of these facilities approaches safety from the same fundamental and sound philosophy. This philosophy can be expressed in eleven straightforward principles. The first principle is that all injuries can be prevented. That statement may seem a bit optimistic. In fact, we believe that this is a realistic goal and not just a theoretical objective. Our safety performance proves that the objective is achievable. We have plants with over 2,000 employees that have operated for over 10 years without a lost time injury. As injuries and incidents are investigated, we can always identify actions that could have prevented that incident. If we manage safety in a proactive — rather than reactive — manner, we will eliminate injuries by reducing the acts and conditions that cause them. The second principle is that management, which includes all levels through first-line supervisors, is responsible and accountable for preventing injuries. Only when senior management exerts sustained and consistent leadership in establishing safety goals, demanding accountability for safety performance and providing the necessary resources, can a safety program be effective in an industrial environment. The third principle states that, while recognizing management responsibility, it takes the combined energy of the entire organization to reach sustained, continuous improvement in safety and health performance. Creating an environment in which employees feel ownership for the safety effort and make significant contributions is an essential task for management, and one that needs deliberate and ongoing attention. The fourth principle is a corollary to the first principle that all injuries are preventable. It holds that all operating exposures that may result in injuries or illnesses can be controlled. No matter what the exposure, an effective safeguard can be provided. It is preferable, of course, to eliminate sources of danger, but when this is not reasonable or practical, supervision must specify measures such as special training, safety devices, and protective clothing. Our fifth safety principle states that safety is a condition of employment. Conscientious assumption of safety responsibility is required from all employees from their first day on the job. Each employee must be convinced that he or she has a responsibility for working safely. The sixth safety principle: Employees must be trained to work safely. We have found that an awareness for safety does not come naturally and that people have to be trained to work safely. With effective training programs to teach, motivate, and sustain safety knowledge, all injuries and illnesses can be eliminated. Our seventh principle holds that management must audit performance on the workplace to assess safety program success. Comprehensive inspections of both facilities and programs not only confirm their effectiveness in achieving the desired performance, but also detect specific problems and help to identify weaknesses in the safety effort. The Company’s eighth principle states that all deficiencies must be corrected promptly. Without prompt action, risk of injuries will increase and, even more important, the credibility of management’s safety efforts will suffer. Our ninth principle is a statement that off-the-job safety is an important part of the overall safety effort. We do not expect nor want employees to “turn safety on” as they come to work and “turn it off” when they go home. The company safety culture truly becomes of the individual employee’s way of thinking. The tenth principle recognizes that it’s good business to prevent injuries. Injuries cost money. However, hidden or indirect costs usually exceed the direct cost. Our last principle is the most important. Safety must be integrated as core business and personal value. There are two reasons for this. First, we’ve learned from almost 200 years of experience that 96 percent of safety incidents are directly caused by the action of people, not by faulty equipment or inadequate safety standards. But conversely, it is our people who provide the solutions to our safety problems. They are the one essential ingredient in the recipe for a safe workplace. Intelligent, trained, and motivated employees are any company’s greatest resource. Our success in safety depends upon the men and women in our plants following procedures, participating actively in training, and identifying and alerting each other and management to potential hazards. By demonstrating a real concern for each employee, management helps establish a mutual respect, and the foundation is laid for a solid safety program. This, of course, is also the foundation for good employee relations. An important lesson learned in DuPont is that the majority of injuries are caused by unsafe acts and at-risk behaviors rather than unsafe equipment or conditions. In fact, in several DuPont studies it was estimated that 96 percent of injuries are caused by unsafe acts. This was particularly revealing when considering safety audits — if audits were only focused on conditions, at best we could only prevent four percent of our injuries. By establishing management systems for safety auditing that focus on people, including audit training, techniques, and plans, all incidents are preventable. Of course, employee contribution and involvement in auditing leads to sustainability through stakeholdership in the system. Management safety audits help to make manage the “behavioral balance.” Every job and task performed at a site can do be done at-risk or safely. The essence of a good safety system ensures that safe behavior is the accepted norm amongst employees, and that it is the expected and respected way of doing things. Shifting employees norms contributes mightily to changing culture. The management safety audit provides a way to quantify these norms. DuPont safety performance has continued to improve since we began keeping records in 1911 until about 1990. In the 1990–1994 time frame, performance deteriorated as shown in the chart that follows: This increase in injuries caused great concern to senior DuPont management as well as employees. It occurred while the corporation was undergoing changes in organization. In order to sustain our technological, competitive, and business leadership positions, DuPont began re-engineering itself beginning in about 1990. New streamlined organizational structures and collaborative work processes eliminated many positions and levels of management and supervision. The total employment of the company was reduced about 25 percent during these four years. In our traditional hierarchical organization structures, every level of supervision and management knew exactly what they were expected to do with safety, and all had important roles. As many of these levels were eliminated, new systems needed to be identified for these new organizations. In early 1995, Edgar S. Woolard, DuPont Chairman, chartered a Corporate Discovery Team to look for processes that will put DuPont on a consistent path toward a goal of zero injuries and occupational illnesses. The cross-functional team used a mode of “discovery through learning” from as many DuPont employees and sites around the world. The Discovery Team fostered the rapid sharing and leveraging of “best practices” and innovative approaches being pursued at DuPont’s plants, field sites, laboratories, and office locations. In short, the team examined the company’s current state, described the future state, identified barriers between the two, and recommended key ways to overcome these barriers. After reporting back to executive management in April, 1995, the Discovery Team was realigned to help organizations implement their recommendations. The Discovery Team reconfirmed key values in DuPont — in short, that all injuries, incidents, and occupational illnesses are preventable and that safety is a source of competitive advantage. As such, the steps taken to improve safety performance also improve overall competitiveness. Senior management made this belief clear: “We will strengthen our business by making safety excellence an integral part of all business activities.” One of the key findings of the Discovery Team was the identification of the best practices used within the company, which are listed below: ▪ Felt Leadership – Management Commitment ▪ Business Integration ▪ Responsibility and Accountability ▪ Individual/Team Involvement and Influence ▪ Contractor Safety ▪ Metrics and Measurements ▪ Communications ▪ Rewards and Recognition ▪ Caring Interdependent Culture; Team-Based Work Process and Systems ▪ Performance Standards and Operating Discipline ▪ Training/Capability ▪ Technology ▪ Safety and Health Resources ▪ Management and Team Audits ▪ Deviation Investigation ▪ Risk Management and Emergency Response ▪ Process Safety ▪ Off-the-Job Safety and Health Education Attention to each of these best practices is essential to achieve sustained improvements in safety and health. The Discovery Implementation in conjunction with DuPont Safety and Environmental Management Services has developed a Safety Self-Assessment around these systems. In this presentation, we will discuss a few of these practices and learn what they mean. Paper published with permission.