Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Zoologie – Antiquité"

This paper presents a thesaurus of ancient and medieval zoological knowledge, called THEZOO, constructed in the framework of the International Research Group Zoomathia. It aims at integrating heterogeneous data sources on zoology in Antiquity and Middle Ages : mainly texts, but also images, archaeological objects and archaeozoological material. The development process of THEZOO combines 1) the manual annotation of books VIII-XI of Pliny the Elder’s Natural History, chosen as a reference dataset to elicit the concepts to be integrated in the thesaurus, and 2) the definition and hierarchical organization of the elicited concepts in the thesaurus. THEZOO is formalized in SKOS, the W3C standard to represent knowledge organization systems on the Web of data, and it is created with the Opentheso editor. Our final aim is to publish the thesaurus THEZOO as well as the corpus of annotated textual, iconograph ical and archeological resources, to support a semantic search in the corpus in different languages.

A Companion to Byzantine Science est un volume composé de 13 chapitres, d’une introduction de Stavros Lazaris, d’une conclusion d’Anne Tihon et de trois index (index général, index des manuscrits et index des noms modernes) réalisés par Antonio Ricciardetto. Onze des 13 chapitres sont consacrés à un domaine spécifique de la science byzantine (sur les sciences mathématiques, l’optique, la météorologie et la physique, l’astronomie et l’astrologie, la géographie, la zoologie, la botanique, la médecine et la pharmacologie, la médecine vétérinaire, l’art militaire et enfin les sciences occultes (divination, astrologie, alchimie). Les deux premiers chapitres (« ‘Inner’ and ‘Outer’ Knowledge : The Debate between Faith and Reason in Late Antiquity » d’Hervé Inglebert et « Science Teaching and Learning Methods in Byzantium » d’Immaculada Pérez Martín et Divna Manolova) constituent une sorte d’introduction à l’ensemble des sujets abordés dans le volume. L’éditeur réussit son pari en offrant ici un véritable guide utile pour faciliter l’accès aux textes grecs byzantins traitant de sciences mathématiques et naturelles.

Cancer is a disease of antiquity. The Ancient Greeks were familiar with onkos (from which we have the term oncology)—tumour of all sorts. Hippocrates coined karkinos and karkinoma, our source of the words cancer and carcinoma. Of a plethora of carcinogens, parasitic worms (helminths) constitute a considerable health concern. Three trematodes, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Schistosoma haematobium are now officially classified carcinogens. But the discovery of helminths as cancer-causing agents took wrong turns and marks an inglorious chapter in the history of science. The carcinogenicity of worms, vindicating Rudolf Virchow’s reiztheorie (irritation theory) of cancer origin, was glorified in the scientific forefront by Johannes Fibiger in the 1910s. Discovery of a new nematode, which he proudly named Spiroptera carcinoma, and his subsequent demonstration that the parasite could induce stomach cancer in rats, earned Fibiger a retrospective Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1926, and a lasting fame. But not in an appealing way. His achievement did not withstand the test of time. S. carcinoma was annulled as an invalid taxon in zoology—supplanted by Gongylonema neoplasticum—and eventually was branded as a non-carcinogenic agent.

The natural history collection of the Bolognese polymath, encyclopedist, and natural philosopher Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605) is regarded as the first museum in the modern sense of the term. It was intended as a resource for scholarship and a microcosm of the natural world, not simply a cabinet of curiosities. In addition to physical specimens, Aldrovandi’s zoological material included a large series of paintings of animals (Tavole di Animali) that were integral to the collection. Following Aldrovandi’s death, his collection was maintained by the terms of his will, but by the 19th century relatively little remained. We examined surviving herpetological components of the collection, comprising 19 specimens of ten species, as well as the corresponding paintings and associated archival material in the Museum of Palazzo Poggi, Museo di Zoologia, and Biblioteca Universitaria Bolognese in Bologna, Italy. Although the antiquity of some of these dried preparations is in question, many are documented in the Tavole di Animali and/or are mentioned in 17th century lists of the museum, verifying them as the oldest museum specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the world. Exotic species are best represented, including two specimens of Uromastyx aegyptia and several boid snakes – the first New World reptiles to be displayed in Europe. However, the Tavole di Animali suggest that the original collection was dominated by Italian taxa and that greater effort may have been made to conserve the more spectacular specimens. The Aldrovandi collection provides a tangible link to the dawn of modern herpetology in Renaissance Italy.

Eocompsoctena macroptera gen. et sp. nov., the first fossil eriocottid moth, is described from Baltic amber and attributed to the Compsocteninae. Comparisons are provided with the related families Dryadaulidae, Meessiidae, Psychidae, and Tineidae. The new species confirms the antiquity of ‘Tineoidea’ grade diversification. The putative Gondwanan origin of Eriocottidae is discussed.

The aгticle is devoted to understanding the practices of human self-development in the philosophical and educational conceptions of antiquity. The close connection of self-development and philosophy is aгgued for. А special place is given to the study of the phenomenon of self-knowledge as а necessary foundation for the development and formation of а life stгategy. Self-development as а phenomenon of human existence was not considered as а special object, therefore it has theoretical significance in the philosophy of education.

Ricinulei is an arachnid order of great antiquity with fossils of the extinct families Curculioididae and Poliocheridae known from the Pennsylvanian (c. 300Ma) of Europe and North America (Selden 1992). However, extant species (Ricinoididae) are known only from Africa (Ricinoides) and South and Central America (Cryptocellus and Pseudocellus), with species of the latter genus extending northwards to Mexico and Texas (Naskrecki 2008).

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au regard porté par les hommes de l’Antiquité grecque et romaine sur les oiseaux de proie. Nous nous concentrons d’abord sur des questions de classements zoologiques, afin de voir dans quelle mesure il est possible de parler d’une catégorie de rapaces. Nous étudions ensuite la place que tiennent ces oiseaux dans l’imaginaire en cernant l’image culturelle des zoonymes les plus courants. Enfin, la question des rapports que les hommes entretiennent avec les rapaces amène à se demander si les rapaces ne peuvent être rangés (ou dispersés) dans diverses catégories dont la cohérence n’est peut-être pas simplement zoologique
In this thesis, our general aim is to try to know what people thought about birds of prey inGreek and Roman Antiquity. We focus first on zoological classes in order to see in what waywe can speak about raptors as a category. We then study the cultural image for the most usualzoonyms in order to find what place these birds have in the imagination. Lastly, through thequestion of the relationships between humans and raptors, we wonder whether these birdscan’t belong to some other categories whose unity is maybe not only zoological

Ce travail porte sur les classes zoologiques grecques et sur les critères classificatoires qui sont adoptés, implicitement ou explicitement, dans la littérature grecque d'Homère à Elien, tant dans les œuvres techniques ou méthodiques que dans les textes non zoologiques. Il comprend trois parties : la première consiste en un lexique thématique et encyclopédique de toutes les classes zoologiques lexicalisées dans la langue grecque. La seconde propose une analyse historique des différents groupements d'animaux présents dans les textes avant Aristote, dans le corpus aristotélicien, et au-delà d'Aristote, et s'intéresse particulièrement aux classements suggérés et utilisés dans les traités biologiques du stagirite. La dernière s'attache à mettre en valeur les convergences et les écarts entre les classements théoriques et les classements populaires des animaux. Cette étude fait ressortir, derrière la constance des critères classificatoires (physique, topographique, morphologique), une grande diversité de classèmes. Non seulement aucun projet proprement taxinomique n'est perceptible, mais il n'existe pas de classification unique et conventionnelle. Le choix des catégories zoologiques invoquées est toujours dépendant des perspectives particulières des auteurs et relatif au champ théorique dans lequel leur œuvre s'inscrit. Etroitement lié au travail de qualification des espèces et à la formalisation du savoir zoologique, l'activité classificatoire ne perd jamais de vue les différences interspécifiques qui constituent l'enjeu réel de la zoologie grecque
This work deals with the Greek zoological classes and the classification criteria which are used, implicitly or explicitly, in Greek literature from homer to Aelian, in technical and methodical texts as well as in non zoological texts. This thesis is divided into three main parts: the first one consists of a thematic and encyclopaedic lexicon of all the zoological supra-generic categories which are named in the Greek language. The second part proposes and historical analysis of the various clusters of animals appearing in the texts before Aristotle, in the Aristotelian corpus, and after Aristotle, and is mainly focused on the classifications mentioned and used in the biological treatises of the stagirit. The third part emphasizes the concordance and the differences between the theoretical classifications and the folk taxonomy of animals. This study reveal, beyond the permanence of the classification criteria (physical, topographical, morphological), the diversity of the classification glossary. There is not only a lack of taxonomic purpose but clearly an absence of a single and conventional classification scheme. Moreover, the choice of the zoological categories is always dependent of the objective outlook of the authors and is relative to their own theoretical field. Closely connected to the process of qualification of the animal species, and to the formalization of the zoological knowledge, the classification activity does never overlook the inter-specific differences which are, indeed, the central interest of the Greek zoology

Le but de cette étude est de reconstruire les représentations que les zoologies anciennes se faisaient des comportements sexuels des animaux. Pour ce faire, nous avons défini un corpus de textes grecs et latins, composé par les traités zoologiques d'Aristote (en particulier l'"Histoire des animaux" et la "Génération des animaux"), l'"Économie rurale" de Varron, le "De l'agriculture" de Columelle, l'"Histoire naturelle" de Pline l'Ancien, les traités consacrés aux animaux par Plutarque (surtout "L'intelligence des animaux" et "Gryllos"), la "Personnalité des animaux" d'Élien, les "Halieutiques" d'Oppien de Cilicie et les "Cynégétiques" d'Oppien d'Apamée. Dans l'Antiquité, la sexualité animale est souvent présentée comme l'expression d'une sexualité originaire à laquelle s'oppose celle des humains, ré-élaborée ou pervertie moralement et socialement. L'animal est invoqué comme un modèle de référence, une « pierre de touche » par l'homme lorsqu'il veut mesurer ses pratiques à un schéma simple et considéré comme intact. Toutefois, les comportements sexuels des animaux sont caractérisés par une diversité considérable, trop mal prise en compte par cette approche, mais bien attestée dans les textes zoologiques antiques. Dans notre étude, nous avons voulu dépasser la doxa simpliste et idéalisée d'une sexualité animale brute et naïve, en portant une attention spéciale aux pratiques particulières et spécifiques attestées, considérées pour elles-mêmes et non seulement comme un miroir de la sexualité humaine. En s'affranchissant de ces biais d'interprétation on peut remarquer que sont décrits chez les autres animaux des comportements très souvent considérés comme uniquement culturels et humains, tel que la sexualité à but récréatif. La première partie de la thèse porte sur la reproduction. Les différentes configurations anatomiques liées à la différenciation sexuelle et les différentes positions d'accouplement sont ici prises en compte. Cette première partie se termine par une section théorique consacrée à la question de l'usage idéologique de la sexualité des animaux dans l'Antiquité. Les passages privilégiés ici ne sont pas centrés spécifiquement sur les animaux, mais mentionnent toutefois leur sexualité comme source d'exempla pour la sexualité humaine. La deuxième partie se penche, au contraire, sur toutes les pratiques sexuelles généralement écartées ou niées par une vision idéologique de la sexualité des animaux. Plusieurs passages représentent les animaux comme des êtres désirants et qui peuvent rechercher le plaisir, dans une dynamique qui rappelle les manifestations du désir sexuel humain et qui s'exprime dans un vocabulaire commun. Les textes font état d'une palette de comportements, de la monogamie aux pratiques homosexuelles, sans exclure les relations interspécifiques, qui peuvent s'avérer fertiles. La troisième partie porte sur les pratiques sexuelles que les sources elles-mêmes présentent comme excessives, et au premier chef l'inceste. Certains actes sexuels sont associés à différentes formes de violence et le désir peut aussi pousser les individus à agir contre la reproduction elle-même : c'est le cas des animaux qui essaient de se libérer de leur progéniture pour s'accoupler à nouveau. Cette réflexion autour de la sexualité des animaux a été enrichie par une approche interdisciplinaire combinant la critique littéraire et la philologie avec des méthodologies et des approches empruntées à l'anthropologie, à l'éthologie, aux études sur la sexualité et à la réflexion philosophique sur la question de l'animalité
The aim of this study is to reconstruct the representations of animal sexual behaviour in the ancient zoologies. To this end, we have defined a corpus of Greek and Latin texts, consisting of Aristotle's zoological treatises (mainly "History of Animals" and "Generation of Animals"), Varro's "On Agriculture", Columella's "On Agriculture", Pliny the Elder's "Natural History", Plutarch's treatises on animals (mainly "On the Cleverness of Animals" and "Whether Beasts Are Rational"), Elian's "On the Characteristics of Animals", Oppian of Cilicia's "Halieutica" and Oppian of Apamea's "Cynegetica". In Antiquity, animal sexuality was often presented as the expression of an original sexuality opposed to that of humans, which was described as morally and socially constructed or even perverted. Animals are invoked as a reference model, a 'touchstone', to measure human behaviours against a homogenous pattern that is considered to be intact. However, the sexual behaviour of animals is characterised by a considerable diversity, which is too poorly taken into account by this approach. Nonetheless, this diversity is well attested in ancient zoological texts. In our study, we wanted to go beyond the simplistic and idealised doxa of a naïve animal sexuality, by paying special attention to the particular and specific practices attested by passages which describe animals sexual behaviours as such and not just as a mirror of human sexuality. If we avoid these biases of interpretation, we can see that our sources attribute behaviours that are very often considered to be purely cultural and human to other animals, such as sexuality for recreational purposes.The first part of the thesis deals with reproduction. The different anatomical configurations linked to sexual differentiation and the different mating positions are considered here. This first part concludes with a theoretical section devoted to the question of the ideological use of animal sexuality in Antiquity. The passages highlighted here do not focus specifically on animals, but mention their sexuality as a source of exempla for humans. The second part, on the other hand, looks at all the sexual practices generally dismissed or denied by an ideological view of animal sexuality. Several passages depict non-human animals as desiring beings who can seek pleasure, in a dynamic reminiscent of the manifestations of human sexual desire and expressed in a common vocabulary. The texts cover a range of behaviours, from monogamy to homosexual practices, without excluding interspecific relationships, which can prove fertile. The third part deals with behaviours that the sources themselves present as excessive, first and foremost incest. In addition, certain sexual acts are associated with various forms of violence. Desire can also drive individuals to act against reproduction itself: this is the case with animals that try to free themselves from their offspring in order to mate. This reflection on animal sexuality has been enriched by an interdisciplinary approach combining literary criticism and philology with methodologies and reflections borrowed from anthropology, ethology, sexuality studies and Animal Studies

Malgré son caractère d’animal exotique et venu d’ailleurs, le singe a fait l’objet d’une attention toute particulière de la part de la culture grecque et gréco-romaine. L’animal, que l’imaginaire contemporain considère comme le plus proche de l’homme en vertu de ses caractères morphotypiques et éthologiques, était au contraire conçu par les Anciens comme l’être vivant le plus aberrant de l’humanité, justement en raison d’une pareille similarité considérée comme échouée. L’imaginaire grec concernant le singe se nourrit de pratiques relationnelles en grande partie différentes de celles qui peuvent concerner l’observateur moderne : en effet, les Grecs ne connaissaient pas de grands singes, et le représentant prototypique des primates non-humains était pour eux le magot. En analysant le portrait-robot que les sources zoologiques et médicales nous délivrent concernant la forme du singe, son éthologie et sa façon de se déplacer, il est possible de comprendre d’autres aspects apparemment plus obscurs faisant partie des représentations culturelles conçues par les Grecs pour cet animal. Le singe s’intègre en particulier dans les mêmes configurations symboliques que d’autres caractères de l’imaginaire grec, avec une spécificité propre lorsqu’il est associé à des figures imparfaitement viriles ou masculines telles que les enfants ou les eunuques, ainsi que les homosexuels efféminés. Son association à de milieux sociaux d’élite très souvent liés à une vie considérée comme débauchée, sa condition marquée par l’imperfection physique ainsi qu’une soumission au maître toujours jugée comme précaire, font en sorte que le singe soit considéré comme le véritable geloion mimēma de l’être humain et de son modèle de perfection, à savoir le mâle adulte de condition libre
Despite being an exotic animal and coming from elsewhere, monkeys have been the subject of special attention from Greek and Greco-Roman culture. The animal that the contemporary imagination considers the closest to man by virtue of its morphotypical and ethological characters was, on the contrary, conceived by the ancients as the most aberrant living being when compared to man precisely because of such a failed similarity. Ancient Greek imaginary about monkeys feeds on relational practices largely different from those that may concern human beings nowadays: ancient Greeks indeed did not know any great apes and the prototypical representative of the non-human primates was the Barbary ape. By analysing the information that zoological and medical sources give us concerning both the anatomy and the ethology of monkeys, it is possible to understand other seemingly more obscure aspects that are part of the cultural representations conceived by the Greeks for this animal.In particular, monkeys enter into the same symbolic configurations as other figures in ancient Greek imagery especially when associated with imperfectly virile or masculine figures such as children or eunuchs as well as effeminate homosexuals. The association with elite social circles very often linked to a life considered debauched and their condition marked by physical imperfection in addition to a submission to the master always considered as precarious, make the monkey be considered a real geloion mimēma, a laughable counterfeit of the human being and of his perfect prototype, namely the adult male of free condition

This article examines how the genus category was perceived and conceived in zoology (with occasional references to botany), in reference to species on the one hand and to higher categories on the other hand. In systematic zoology and botany, animals and plants are classified and named according to their species, genera, and higher categories (family, order, etc.). Linguistic relationships between the words ‘genus’ and ‘general, generality’ might have played a role in some intuitive meaning of the genus. This article traces the evolution of the concept of genus as used in systematic zoology from antiquity to the present time, focusing on the contributions of Plato, Aristotle, Carl Linnaeus, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Georges Cuvier, and Charles Darwin. It also considers the introduction of a new, rank-free system called the PhyloCode to replace Linnaean ranking—and especially the genus level.

Abstract Aristotle (384-322 BC), Plato’s pupil and critic, and the greatest philosopher of Antiquity, left two distinct sets of writings: (i) dialogues and essays for the general public, none of which survive in full, though we have extracts in later writers and they were clearly influential; (ii) technical writings for the school, not only on logic and metaphysics but (e.g.) on poetics and zoology. A whole range of sciences and social sciences owes its basic principles to his pioneering explorations, for these technical writings were preserved and much commented on in Roman and medieval times. In his ‘popular’ works he wrote with elegance and smoothness: aureum flumen orationis is Cicero’s description of his style. Many of the more technical works are crabbed and difficult: this is a scientific tradition, and we are often reminded of the Hippocratic writings (Aristotle’s father was a doctor from Stagira in Macedonia). But these also contain passages of wit and even elegance, like those we give below.

Macroevolution, or trans-specific evolution, refers to two different things in the literature on evolution. In discussions of phylogeny, it means phylogenetic branching pattern, or trends, seen at relatively high taxonomic levels (e.g., Stanley, 1979; Brooks and McLennan, 1991; Sober, 1993)—”any patterns that transcend species boundaries” (Lynch, 1991)—such as births and deaths of species and higher taxa and the shapes and diversity of radiations (Valentine, 1990). In discussions of evolutionary phenotypic transitions like those of part II, it means major phenotypic change (Lincoln et al., 1982). Rensch (1960) defined macroevolution as “evolution above the species level.” Microevolution, by contrast, is evolution below the species level, such as adaptive phenotypic and genetic change within populations, and geographic variation within a species. According to Simpson (1953a), the terms “macroevolution” and “microevolution” were invented by Goldschmidt (1940 [1982]), who also claimed that they involve different kinds of evolution. This problematic idea dates back to antiquity (see Rensch, 1960, for a concise review). The macroevolution problem, with emphasis on phylogenesis, was among other things (see Vuilleumier, 1984) behind the skepticism regarding Darwinism promoted by the enormously respected and influential French zoologist P.-P. Grassé. Grassé was convinced that the neo-Darwinian approach, with its emphasis on microevolution, cannot account for the primary features of evolution, namely, the large-scale diversification of life into major phylogenetic branches separated by unbridged gaps (e.g., see Grassé, 1973). This challenge echoes in the writings of many other critics of neo-Darwinism (e.g., Ho and Saunders, 1984; Gould and Eldredge, 1977; Gould, 1994; see also below), especially those who wish to contrast multilevel selection (including species selection) with microevolutionary theories (see Gould, 1999). The two macroevolution concepts, like the homology concepts discussed in chapter 25, are used interchangeably without sufficient attention to potential confusions. The result is needless controversy. The phylogenetic definition, for example, implies that macroevolution cannot, by definition, occur within species, for it refers exclusively to patterns above the species level. The phenotypic, major-change definition, on the other hand, can include processes within species.