Дисертації з теми "Zones rurales et urbaine"
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Tremblay, Éric. "La pastorale en milieu urbain et le devenir de la paroisse : (au Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean) /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1994. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Повний текст джерелаThèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) en théologie, Études pastorales. Université de Montréal (en extension à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi). CaQCU CaQCU Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU
Morville, Stéphane. "Analyse d'HAPs, Phénols et nitrophénols dans l'atmosphère : Evaluation de la contamination des deux phases atmosphériques (gaz et particules). Comparaison entre zones urbaines, péri-urbaine et rurale." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13225.
Повний текст джерелаImbou-Ngalamou, Annick Judicaëlle. "Les organisations paysannes en République du Congo : émergence et signification des dynamiques organisationnelles dans le secteur agricole en zones péri-urbaines et rurales." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20046/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe emergence of peasant organizations in peri-urban and rural areas in Republic of Congo in particular with Brazzaville and in the Plateau, has a dual logical understanding; peasant farmers view and at the same time, institutional view influenced by external actors, the state, NGOs, bilateral and multilateral cooperation agencies. We see the emergence of new organizational dynamics, which lead to the creation of new spaces and the coming in of social actors who position themselves as intermediaries between financial flows circulating in these environments. These new players are distinguished by their charisma, their skills, their endogenous knowledge of the environment, social affiliation, and their position in the local arena. Elite, young, woman, religious, village elder, etc., they acquire legitimacy in their communities, become real brokers controlling the communication channels between donors and farmers. Whether self imposed or promoted, these new actors play a central role in the arena of possibilities. Whatever their origin, these dynamics do not wipe out the cleavages that have existed and still appear in new forms, the cause of conflicts between actors. In addition, development aid enjoyed by farmers and their associations is certainly not neutral. It conveys the ideology of donors, and influences the behavior of farmers to cope with the requirements of support structures and may result in different degrees of loss of their autonomy
Ouafo, Mendo-Leumbe Marie-Roumy. "Etude de la composition physico-chimique, des sources émettrices et des effets sur la santé humaine des aérosols atmosphériques en zones rurales et urbaines en Afrique tropicale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30402.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis was a contribution to the INDAAF (International Deposition Network to study and Atmospheric chemistry in Africa) program. It aims was to study the physics and chemistry of atmospheric aerosol collected on two undisturbed African rural sites, representative of forest (Nsimi site Cameroon) and humid savanna (Djougou site Benin) ecosystems. Aerosols collected weekly in the PM2.5 and PM10 fractions at Nsimi, from 2004 to 2009 and at Djougou, from 2005 to 2009 were analyzed in order to characterize the seasonal variations of concentrations of the different chemical species and to identify their major sources according to the seasons. The contribution of each group of species was estimated from the total concentration of the aerosol. The results obtained allowed (1) to highlight the impact of climatic parameters on the concentration levels of the chemical species, with the dry season having the most important impact in general, (2) to identify biomass combustion sources and biofuel, terrigenous, biogenic, secondary as well as predominant in the dry season and biogenic sources, domestic fires and guttation phenomenon in the wet season, (3) to show the impact of the ecosystem and the location on emissions of aerosols: biogenic source and guttation are higher in the forest while terrigenous source is higher in wet savanna. The second part of my thesis is a part of the program POLCA (POLlution African Capitals). The main objective was to characterize particulate pollution in Yaounde, capital of Cameroon, and to study its toxicological impact on the human respiratory system. This work allowed to chemically characterize on a seasonal basis aerosols collected monthly from December 2012 to July 2013 and identify the sources. Furthermore, various tests on biological responses of human epithelial cells exposed to Yaounde aerosols were used to determine their toxicity in humans based on the component chemical species. The results showed (1) the impact of the size and number of Yaounde's particles on toxicity: the finer inducing a stronger expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine response and anti-oxidant enzymes, (2) the impact of the chemical composition on this toxicity: aerosols with important quantities of particulate organic matter strongly induce gene expression of the metabolism of xenobiotics, especially CYP1A1
Touati, Moussa. "Etude et realisation d'une liaison hertzienne a 15 ghz. Mesures de propagation en zones urbaine et rurale sur une bande de 500 mhz." Rennes, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAR0005.
Повний текст джерелаImmongault, Christine Marthe. "Les représentations sociales des élèves, des enseignants du secondaire et des parents à propos de la réussite scolaire en zones urbaine et rurale au Gabon." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30486/30486.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this dissertation was to identify and compare the social representations with regard to academic achievement of Gabonese students, school teachers and parents who live in urban and rural areas. Although several authors have studied the issue of academic success, few have analysed it in terms of social representations in an African context. Our conceptual framework was based on Moscovici’s theory of social representations as well as on Riviere et al’s typology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 students, 19 teachers and 19 parents, and then transcribed and analyzed using ALCESTE software. Results highlight the distinct social representations of academic success in Gabon according to social role (student, teacher, and parent), gender, geographical environment, and school results. Participants’ discourses brought to light confrontational social representations which explained the multiple visions of academic achievement in Gabon, in light of financial, professional, social or personal success. In this regard, the social representation of academic success in Gabon appears to be closely linked to the search for a job in rural areas, to the quest for social and professional recognition in urban areas, and to the search for personal development of girls in both contexts. Moreover, the diverse discourses highlighted the gendered character of social representations of academic success in Gabon as they were largely influenced by gender stereotypes. Girls do not perceive academic achievement the same way boys do. Furthermore, girls’ academic failure is not necessarily seen by participants as a social failure unlike boys’.
Tableau d'honneur de la FÉSP
Simard, Majella. "La fragilité de l'espace rural québécois : le cas des petites localités du Bas-Saint-Laurent : enjeux et perspectives d'avenir /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Rimouski : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi ;. Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2003. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Повний текст джерелаBibliogr.: f. 852-924. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU
Morh, Jamal Dine. "La croissance urbaine au Maroc : migrations rurales - urbaines et marché urbain du travail." Aix-Marseille 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX32001.
Повний текст джерелаThe urban growth in morrocco is occuring at a rapid rate which is unknown in developed countries. This "urban explosion" is characterised firsty by the increase in the number of agglomerations and their progressive spreading over the whole of the morroccan territory; and secondly by the excessive swelling of the principal towns especially the coastal towns. One of the chief causes of this urban growth is the "rural exodus" that is, the rural-urban migrations. Different models have been put farward, to try to explain these migration phenomenon, but they are not applicable in the case of morrocco. The effect of internal migration on the urban labour market is to aggravate the general situation of employment vis unemployment and underemployment. The urban labour market in morrocco is characterised by a dualism sectory : a modern sector and an informal sector
Morh, Jamal Dine. "La Croissance urbaine au Maroc migrations rurales urbaines et marché urbain du travail." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375997512.
Повний текст джерелаDiyari, Abdelaziz. "Evolution rurale et urbaine au Tadla (Maroc)." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010563.
Повний текст джерелаThe study made about the rural transformations and the urban evolution in tadla has enabled us to define the main changes which modify the morrocan space and society in a general manner. The space organisation policy which started during the colonization, is new a major element to understand the present focus (in tadla) towards the atlantic main line and especially towards casablanca harbour. The introduction of the capitalist economy to the whole regions of the country and particularly in tadla, has led to a new conception in the administrative organization of the territory. The development in the plain area, the building of two barrages for the irrigation and the setting up of a new road infrastructure have ended up to the extension of economic activities. The towns of beni mellal and kasba-tadla have seen their population increase. The new activities have generated the creation of new urban centers within the irrigated plain ; it's particularly the case in fhih ben salah and souk sebt. The dichotomy between the towns in tadla and their countryside is increasing and intensifying the rural drift from the land. The direct consequence of all this is the swelling of towns and the aggravation in the living conditions in the urban environment. This aggravation is maintained by the weakness of economic activities and the extension of the informal sector
Elosua, Lopez Miguel Angel. "Un régime de propriété aux caractéristiques chinoises : droit foncier du sol collectif et urbanisation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH198.
Повний текст джерелаIn China, land rights have always been a central concern for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since it came to power. The system of collective land property rights has undergone multiple changes since the arrival of the CCP to power. During the first few years after the economic opening the liberalisation of the rural land market brought about high rates of economic growth to the Chinese countryside. However, since the end of the 1980, and especially since the 1990 with the ban on the transfer of rural land and the increase of the speed of urbanisation, it has coexisted with an urban land rights system where land has been progressively liberalised. In urban areas there is a thriving market in real estate that has contributed greatly to the robustness of the economy and the welfare of urban residents. This has thus led to the increasingly less peaceful coexistence of two diametrically opposed systems of property: a system of collective ownership with socialist characteristics and a quasi free-market system where land can be transferred, leased, or used as collateral, exploiting its inherent value.Behind the rural land policy of the CCP is the ideal of common prosperity. However, after more than thirty years of rapid economic development, a salient feature of China’s rural areas has been the common poverty of the farmer class as a whole. The economic gap between the rural and the urban has not ceased to increase. The author argues that one of the main causes of this urban-rural gap lies in the dual system of land property rights, which has proved to be flawed, as farmers have been deprived from exploiting the value of their most precious asset: land. This is illustrated through the analysis of the emergence of new phenomena linked to land development, such as minor property rights and urban villages, which show the lack of adaptation of the land property regime to the new socioeconomic circumstances that prevail in China today.In order to test his assertions the author makes an historical analysis of the formation of the dual system of land property rights since the arrival to power of the CCP. Likewise, the author identifies the main flaws of the dual property rights system and put them in relation with the existing rule by laws in China, which serves as its framework. Finally, in order to illustrate his hypothesis the author draws on two study cases carried out in the municipality of Chongqing.Therefore, the author advocates reforming the dual property system, and more specifically, land-use rights concerning rural construction land. The author uses a comparative perspective borrowing from European Union’s property rights systems as a reference, to devise certain aspects that could be used by Chinese law makers as a reference for an eventual reform
Salles, Denis. "Politiques publiques et décentralisation : les plans d'occupation des sols dans les communes rurales." Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20068.
Повний текст джерелаIn the eigthies, the decentralisation reforms in france have produced institutionnel changes in forms of implementation of public policies. The competences in the spatial planification have been transfered to the local authorities. Some years after the reforms, the succes of the "plans d'occupation des sols" (regulation planning for using land) in the rural communes appears as the result of the corporatist strategy of "directions departementales de l'equipement" (state offices at the local level). However, the eighties are a transition period. During this period, we can observe a progressive change from state policies to local policies. New local autonomy leads to a diversification in local planification. In this research three investigation have been used. An analysis of the issue of decentralisation inthe planification field. A survey of local authorities and mayors of a sample of 380 rural communes in the west-south of france
Smith, Andy. "L'Intégration communautaire face au territoire : les fonds structurels et les zones rurales en France, en Espagne et au Royaume Uni." Grenoble 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE21010.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis studies an aspect of eurpean integration : the intensification of european union interventions in favour of the development of rural areas that are considered defavorized. Using data from interviews in three countries (france, spain, united kingdom), the thesis is founded upon the hypothesis that the actions of the european union do not simply involve transfers of money. They also imply exchanges of ideas and of political resources. In each territory eu actions have a variable political impact due to their form, the signification accorded to development and the relationship between local and national actors and those of the european commission. Indeed, the centrality of the latte r constitutes one of the keys for interpreting european integration. Through adopting an approach informed by policy network analysis, the analysis brings the author to characterise europea n integration as a dynamic which stimulates the political development of different levels of territory. As such it is as much a producer of divergence as it is of convergence in trends of public action in europe
Coisnon, Thomas. "Choix de localisation résidentielle, externalités agricoles et politiques agri-environnementales." Angers, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01784284/.
Повний текст джерелаUrban sprawl is a major environmental and socioeconomic issue. Many public policies are designed to limit the excessive urbanization that occurs around large European and North-American urban areas. In order to address the urban sprawl issue correctly, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms driving households’ residential location choices. Indeed, in Europe, between 2000 and 2006, nearly half of the artificialized land was dedicated to residential use. More than three quarters of this land-use change occurred on farmland. The purpose of this work is to provide a strong theoretical framework which would allow giving keys for better understanding of the economic mechanisms involved in residential location choice on the one hand, and agricultural externalities on the other. We use the static model of the monocentric city, developed by urban economy. Our theoretical models allow us to highlight various results. A sufficient supply of agricultural amenities may drive households to locate further away from the city where they work, but nearer to a bettervalued life environment. We show that, under certain conditions, fragmented urban development may naturally occur in any city surrounded by heterogeneous agriculture. We also show that the introduction of an agri-environmental policy promoting the provision of agricultural positive externalities may indirectly affect households’ residential location choices. Therefore, any public policy that is likely to influence characteristics of the suburban area has to deal with a holistic approach, taking into account its many drivers
Pouzenc, Michaël. "Grande distribution alimentaire et recomposition des territoires : étude de stratégies d'acteurs dans des zones rurales de Midi-Pyrénées." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20017.
Повний текст джерелаCamacho, Bonilla Aureliano. "«On ne vend pas la terre», Une zone rurale face aux projets d’expansion de Bogotá : contestations, résistances et négociations." Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100071.
Повний текст джерелаAt the end of the nineties, the urban transformations produced by processes such as decentralization, which helped to strengthen local governments, and the worldwide diffusion of models of "good governance", profoundly affected the cities and their spaces, seen as recipients of the phenomenon of globalization. Bogotá did not escape these restructuring that affected it at different levels, causing forms of interactions and tensions between different actors. These interactions led to diverse, complex and conflicting situations.On the one hand, this research aims to examine how the intervention of public action through urban projects that propose participation mechanisms, responds to the needs of the inhabitants of the Bogota City, on the other hand, this interventions its generates new resources and forms of collective action. The analysis of the interactions between public actors and opposition groups in regards to territorial planning reveals a series of demands and innovative action repertoires of the mobilized inhabitants.The starting point of numerous studies and researches is the observation of public policy. In a different way this study has privileged the perspective ‘‘from below’’. It means an analysis of the territorial transformation of the city related to the role of the inhabitants as actors that create collective management strategies, resistance, and participation
Dugré, David. "AgriEAU : outil géomatique d'aide à la gestion et l'aménagement des cours d'eau ruraux." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35858.
Повний текст джерелаCharron, Aurélie. "Caractérisation des retombées atmosphériques acides en zones rurales : étude des relations sources-récepteur et des moyens de mesure adaptés." Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1244.
Повний текст джерелаWorks presented in this thesis deal with acid deposition in rural areas and are a part of the MERA (MEsure des Retombées Atmospheriques) program. Two aims have been developed, study of samplers for S02 and particulate S042 and source-receptor relationship analyses. A field intercomparison has been conducted including four S02 and particulate S042- samplers: a bubbling method (AbSO2), two denuder/filter pack systems, a filter pack. Their detection limits and absorption efficiency for SO 2 have also been evaluated. Good agreement within 10 % was found between the two denuder/ filter pack systems. The AbSO2 have underestimated S02 and particulate S042- in comparison with the other methods. Source-receptor relationship influencing acidifying compounds have been studied at a rural site, Morvan. Three receptor-oriented models, the Ashbaugh et al. One, the Seibert et al. One and the Stohl one, have been compared through S042 N03-, NH4' ions measured in raie. Each has been revealed as efficient tool. The Seibert et al. Model was selected and applied to W ions measured in precipitation, SO2 and particulate S042-. The influence of the long range transport in atmosphere has been shown. Areas of high anthropogenic emissions (Polish-Czech-. German border area and the region from north of France to north of Germany) have been identified responsible for high concentration events. Quantitative relationship have been established. Database have been studied for the « warm » (March to August) and « cold » (September to February) seasons separatly. Atrnospheric chemistry and meteorology have been revealed influencing source-receptor relationship
Ghafouri, Atieh. "La forme urbaine durable : multifonctionalité et adaptation : redéfinir les espaces urbains en tant que zones partagées multifonctionnelles." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH004/document.
Повний текст джерелаMore than half of the world population lives in cities and this proportion is increasing. In order to welcome new populations avoiding urban sprawl, to make our existing cities more sustainable, besides generating new facilities and making changes, the use of current facilities should be more efficient as well. To satisfy these goals, new opportunities have to be found to strengthen the urban sustainability. The multifunctionality of urban spaces might be an efficient concept to (re)design cities and to propose new urban planning rules. The aim of our research is studying the possibilities of reviving public, semi-public and private spaces, for functions other than their main destination and during their idle hours, to consider them as multi-functional shared urban spaces. Different types of relation between function(s) of space and time have been studied. It has been tried to clarify the definition of “multifunctional space” in architecture and urban design based on definitions of the concepts in agriculture and landscape. About 80 cases have been analyzed which are spontaneously used as a multifunctional space or which have the potential to be one. 30 criteria have been selected for studying and analyzing multifunctional urban spaces. The final result is the criteria recommended to take into account while transforming a mono-functional space to a multifunctional one. These criteria would lead us to the information that must be gathered in order to create a GIS data-base customized for this purpose. This research is concluded with a discussion of the capacities of GIS software in the way to improve the operation of an urban space through the multifunctionality
Haddad, Mohamed. "INTELLIGENCE TERRITORIALE ET OBSERVATOIRES SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUES ET ENVIRONNEMENTAUX : UN PROCESSUS D'INTELLIGENCE TERRITORIALE ADAPTÉ (PITA) À L'OBSERVATOIRE DE MENZEL HABIB AU SUD DE LA TUNISIE." Phd thesis, Université de Metz, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00411282.
Повний текст джерелаLeseur, Yanez Jany. "Microfinance et accès aux énergies renouvelables pour le développement durable des zones rurales dans les pays en voie de développement." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010270.
Повний текст джерелаNasrallah, Wafa. "Hydroclimatologie des zones urbaines dans les villes de Kairouan et de Sidi Bouzid : approche intégrée du risque inondation." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30071.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of the expected climate change, the results of several studies showed that: In the coming decades (the horizons of 2030 and 2050), Tunisian cities will be threatened by the large number of extreme events (including the phenomena of floods). Our choice is focused on the study of the main cities of central Tunisia, in particular Kairouan and Sidi Bouzid, which saw in the recent history of extreme hydro-climatic phenomena. These have often caused serious consequences on the economy, population, basic infrastructure... But all the water projects that were built after the disaster of 1969 (dams, dikes ...) have given the people a sense of confidence, so that in recent decades the two cities experienced unprecedented urban extension including in already flooded areas in 1969. The question is: These arrangements would they be sufficiently effective to protect these two cities in case of exceptional rainfall episodes similar to that of autumn 1969? Indeed, the ultimate aim of this project is to answer this question and: * Present natural factors of runoff and flow in the cities of Kairouan and Sidi Bouzid. * Determine the mechanisms generating torrential rainfall and the factors which are responsible for spatial and temporal variation. * Study land use and its impact on runoff and flow. * Finally, realize a flood risk map to guide decision makers to the right choice of facilities which will be used to minimize the damage of this risk
Derex, Jean-Michel. "Intérêts privés, intérêts généraux et intérêts communautaires : la gestion de l'eau et des zones humides en Brie : fin de l'Ancien Régime - fin du XIXe siècle." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040172.
Повний текст джерелаSavadogo, Sommaila. "Du pays mossi aux zones d'amenagement des vallees du burkina : migration et mutation sociale au burkina faso." Toulouse 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU20041.
Повний текст джерелаThe b. V. D. (burkina's valley's development) process on which our study relates to, deals with a particular migration. This one is meant to be a response to the migrations for jobs of the country, under state control. It is an organized, planified and a selective migration. It tends to the settlement of familial groups on new lands for modern agriculture. This search tends to understand pattern of the new rural society which is proposed to the mossi migrants and at the sametime to observe the way the latters are organized, how they produce, and how they see their state of being in the developped areas. If the migrants have accepted the bvd's system of society? can we notice a break between the actual situation and the inherited ones? the analysis done by several observers dis miss the possibility of the creation of a modern peasantry. They see in the bvd a process of proletarianization of the migrants. Is it the emergence of a modern peasantry? are the migrants being taken advantage of? are they being proletarianized? doesn't the process throw into confusion familial structures? can it be a new social organization? on 100 mossi migrants in the blocks of linoghin and rapadama were askeed questions. Theirs answers seems to prove that the migrants don't make any differences between their situation before the process and the way they are living now. They don't see any change brought by the process. These observations bring us to state that the migrants are being taken advantage of. Nevertheless, the investigation points out some social transformations such as new local political power, saving of the production, a social differenciation between the migrants and changes of roles in the families
Clauzel, Céline. "Dynamiques de l'occupation du sol et mutations des usages dans les zones humides urbaines : étude comparée des hortillonnages d'Amiens (France) et des chinampas de Xochimilco (Mexique)." Paris 4, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351695.
Повний текст джерелаThis study proposes to identify, characterize and compare the recent changes in land using upon two urban wetlands : hortillonnages of Amiens (France) and chinampas of Xochimilco (Mexico). Established along the Middle Ages for agriculture, these areas were subjected to major changes in their functions and in their uses during the second half of the XXth century. Today, they are the support of numerous activities which are sometimes conflicting. Over the past decade, both sites, through their unique landscape, also became inherited common properties and tourist places. However surrounded by fast growing town, they are subjected to urban pressure which can jeopardize space and environment. These recent transformations can be evaluated by diachronic analysis of pictures and also with statistical and onsite datas. These are basics for a proposed guideline in order to answer every question regarding with spatial management keeping in mind that this proposed guideline has to be suitable with each expectation from the stakeholders
Granchamp, Florentino Laurence. "Urbanisation, stratégies familiales et multipolarité rurale-urbaine : la Transamazonienne à l'ouest d'Altamira (Pará, Brésil)." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0012.
Повний текст джерелаRoustant, Frédérique. "Le paludisme en zone de savane africaine : étude épidémiologique en mileu rural et péri-urbain." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11077.
Повний текст джерелаVillers, Aispuro Roberto. "La planification et la mise en oeuvre de l'infrastructure et des services de base dans les zones marginales rurales : Le cas du Chiapas au Mexique." Paris 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030053.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is about development of rural communities starting from the planification and implementation of collective equipments and is based on: a) the study of the marginality and the reality of the rural world in mexico and the state of chiapas. B) the utilisation of the systemic approach as an instrument of conciliation of logics individually opposed and from diferent natures. C) the informatical notion of development assimilated to collective equipments; elements capable of provoquing an amplified perturbation leading to development. D) the study of urban planification and implementation of collective equipements in mexico and the state of chiapas. E) the interdisciplinary, the society of "real time", democraty and pluralism. Having an obvious methodological caracter, this thesis proposes : 1) a hierarchy in collective equipements. 2) a practical method, based on the utilisation of physic. .
Morelli, Xavier. "Pollution de l'air, santé et défaveur sociale en zone urbaine." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS015/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn urban areas, atmospheric pollution represents a major threat to human health. The accurate characterization of this threat relies centrally on the quality of exposure assessment. It also requires assessment of other factors sharing the same sources and also possibly impacting health, such as noise. Fine-scale exposure assessment of air pollution levels may allow identifying spatial contrasts. Such spatial variations may lead to social differences in the distribution of the health impact of these pollutants.The general aims of the PhD were: 1. To study the possibility to model ultrafine particles distribution in urban areas and assess the correlation of ultrafine particles levels with road traffic noise; 2. To assess the risk incurred by air pollution exposure with a fine-scale modelling approach and investigate the potential socio-economic disparities in health burden induced by particulate matter; 3. To investigate the health benefits expected from hypothetical scenarios of reduction of air pollution levels at the urban scale.The first aim relies on Tri-tabs project, conducted in three European cities (Basel, Girona, Grenoble). Measurements during 20 minutes of outdoor noise and traffic, but not of UFP, were strongly reproducible over durations of a couple of days or months. In these areas, on the short-term, noise levels and UFP concentrations exhibited relatively moderate correlations, which may allow adjustment for mutual confounding in epidemiological studies, thus allowing to disentangle their possible short-term health effects.The second aim introduces health effects, and focuses on the longer term. Risk assessment studies often ignore within-city spatial variations of air pollutants. In Grenoble and Lyon areas (0.4 and 1.2 million inhabitants, respectively) in 2012, PM2.5 exposure was estimated on a 10×10 m grid by coupling a dispersion model to fine-scale data on population density. Outcomes were mortality, lung cancer and term low birth weight incidences. The numbers of cases attributable to air pollution were estimated overall and stratifying areas according to the European Deprivation Index, a measure of social deprivation. Estimations were repeated assuming spatial homogeneity of air pollutants within city. The proportion of cases attributable to air pollution was in the 3-8% range for mortality and 9–43% range for term low birth weight. In Grenoble, 6.8% (95% CI: 3.1–10.1%) of incident lung cancer cases were attributable to air pollution. The impact was underestimated by 8 to 20% when background monitoring stations were used to assess exposure, compared to fine-scale dispersion modeling. Health impact was highest in neighborhoods with intermediate to higher social deprivation.Several countries across Europe have implemented air pollution regulation policies, or low emission zones, France being an exception. We estimated the health impact of air pollution under different scenarios of reduction of fine particulate matter concentrations. Scenarios targeting a reduction in the PM2.5 annual averages by 5% led to a 10% decrease of the health burden, while actions aiming at only reducing the exposure of the population exposed above the 90th percentile did not yield a significant reduction of the health burden (around 1%).In conclusion, we have shown that short-term measurements cannot be used to model ultrafine particles levels in urban areas; we were among the first to rely on a fine-scale exposure model for estimating the health impact of air pollution, and quantify its impact on term low birth weight. Our estimations showed that background air quality monitoring stations used classically in France for health impact assessment studies tend to underestimate exposure, compared to a spatially-resolved dispersion model. We have provided an estimate of the air pollution decrease required to obtain a significant reduction of the health impact of air pollutants in urban areas
Alsoufi, Fatima. "Une réorganisation douce des circulations urbaines : zones 30km/h et piétonnes : évaluation européenne de la modération de circulation motorisée : Paris, Hambourg, Genève." Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120054.
Повний текст джерелаThis research describes the interaction among three elements: - The local and national urban dysfunctions because of the excessive utilization of car. The cal traffic is the centre of the urban politics in the cities that we have studied. - The traffic politics of the cohabitation between the different types of traffic. All these actions are issues of the agenda 21 inscribed in the sustainable development. - The innovations, which accomplish a soft and calm organisation of the urban traffic like the pedestrian areas, the zone 30km/h and 20km/h. Our study has different approaches : urban approach, social approach, economical approach. These three approaches are associated with a regulation and administrator approach. In addition, this research describes the result of the creation of the pedestrian areas and the zone 30km
Bordarie, Jimmy. "Représentations sociales et mobilité urbaine durable : Etude de la transformation des représentations et des comportements des usagers de la route dans la perspective de généralisation du 30km/h." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0049.
Повний текст джерелаOur research fits into the social representations’framework as an analytic prism of public policies’acceptance related to the sustainable urban mobility issue.With regard to the implementation of the 20mph (30kph) by the City of Angers, we study the psychosocial determinants towards the users’ practices. We are interested in the relationship that urban mobility maintains with the quality of life improvement and the construction ofideal neighbourhoods.In the first step, we study the social representation structure of the ideal neighbourhood and the one of 20mph zone (or 30kph zone) with a pluri-methodological approach. In the second step, we are interested in the individuals' motivations for explaining social practices. We focus on the masking and unmasking effects of normative aspects existing in the social representation. In the third step, we study communicational processes in order tooptimize awareness campaigns messages. Finally, we consider two tools. The first one allows public administrations to analyse and build a relevant strategy toimplement the generalization of 20mph zones on their territory through objectives indicators. The second onefocuses on the social representation valence and theindividuals’ motivational dimension. This information appears to be very important for orienting the elaboration of relevant actions in order to optimize its implementation.Our results reveal the importance of communication in restructuration processes of social representations. They also suggest the necessity of a paradigm change in the presentation of urban mobility issues
Mbemba, Gisèle Irène Claudine. "Les technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) et le travail des professionnels de la santé en zones rurales et éloignées dans les pays en développement : cas du Mali." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31125.
Повний текст джерелаThe expansion of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in health systems enable some health professionals in developing countries to use ICTs in rural areas and to provide better health care to the population. However, studies on the impact of the use of ICTs on the work of health professionals in rural areas in developing countries are rare. The objectives of this two-part research were: 1) To explore the evolution of perceptions related to the recruitment and retention of health professionals in the four district health centers in Mali that have implemented telehealth in the context of the Equi-Reshus project; 2) To identify the variables influencing the perceived impact of telehealth on the recruitment and retention of professionals in this context; 3) To explore the perceptions of health workers about the implementation and use of telehealth as well as the level of motivation and satisfaction in their work in rural and remote areas of Mali. A correlative and exploratory descriptive design was used for the whole of this research. Concerning the first part, the influence of the telehealth project on the recruitment and retention of health professionals in rural areas in Mali, a longitudinal study has allowed to compare the perceptions of 16 participants who completed the questionnaire at time 1 and time 2. Data analysis was based on general descriptive analyzes for T1 and T2-matched samples, for the two dependent variables and the ten independent variables, as well as statistical tests to detect differences between T1 and T2. For the second part of this research, the use and perceptions of telehealth by health professionals in rural Mali, 17 participants were interviewed. A thematic content analysis, based on the elements of the conceptual framework of the study, was undertaken to identify the main themes. Results for the first component showed that the variable "access to ICTs" has evolved, as several healthcare professionals have been able to use IT tools, while the number of ICT users has not increased. We also found that health professionals participating in the project were informed of the availability of telehealth in the centers, but that few were trained to use them. Moreover, our results showed that changes in perceptions did not significantly change between T1 and T2. For the second part, our findings show that the implementation and use of ICTs by healthcare professionals is confronted with problems that can be overcome. In this case, it is about training of personnel, availability of equipment, accessibility to energy sources and the Internet. Despite this, several benefits related to the use of ICT by health professionals were highlighted. These benefits are for the most part those identified as recruitment and retention factors in the reference model. Finally, our findings showed that perceptions of health professionals argued that access to ICTs or telehealth could promote their recruitment and retention in rural and remote areas. In sum, the results of this study show how the use of ICTs in the health systems of developing countries still encounters difficulties despite the adoption of these by health professionals. It is therefore necessary and urgent for the health authorities to be able to invest both in the improvement of health facilities and in the in-service training of staff, especially by facilitating the implantation and use of ICT in rural and remote areas. Keywords: ICT; Telehealth; Training; Professionals healthcare; Recruitment and retention; Rural areas; Mali
Mama, Ndima Evariste. "Le concept d'incubateur et le développement des entreprises informelles en milieu rural africain /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1986. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Повний текст джерелаJehl, Laura. "Restructurer les zones commerciales : enjeux urbanistiques et de gouvernance, pour des villes plus durables ?" Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUA022.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis questions the emergence of new public-private projects to restructure peripheral commercial areas. Indeed, in recent years, we have been witnessing a reconsideration of the model of commercial "boxes" developed by the actors of mass distribution since the 1970s, for ecological, economic and political reasons. The thesis then studies the adoption of new strategies by the public and the private actors, in order to reintegrate retail areas into the constituted urban area and to perpetuate the value of the commercial assets. Based on an action-research methodology within the firm specialised in urban and commercial strategy Adenda, the thesis studies three innovative projects for the restructuring of commercial zones carried out in three French metropolises: the North commercial zone (Strasbourg), the Actisud zone (Metz) and the Petite Arche zone (Tours). These operations test and formalise a new "commercial urban planning project", which is based on an unprecedented public-private partnership approach and on the appropriation of the methods and tools of the urban project on commercial land. While the thesis identifies levers that promote the transformation of these areas, it also highlights the many difficulties in terms of governance, territorial planning, land control, economic balance and mixed functions. These projects are questioned regarding to their real contribution to the sustainable city and their replicability in other territories. Finally, prospects for improvement are proposed in order to reintegrate commerce into the field of sustainable urban planning
Marchand, Guillaume. "Un système d'indicateurs pour évaluer les impacts territoriaux des politiques de développement durable dans les zones rurales en Amazonie brésilienne : l'expérience IDURAMAZ." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00536985.
Повний текст джерелаBataille, Philippe. "Recomposition des territoires et reconstruction du lien social ? : de la production de l'espace dans les zones prioritaires : grands ensembles et ZUP." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR1506.
Повний текст джерелаLéostic, Fanny. "Rénovation urbaine, mobilités résidentielles et changement social : études comparées." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100192/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn 2003, a landmark enactment was passed in France to fight urban blight. Since then, the French government is engaged in a policy of major urban renewal that targets run-down neighborhoods in central or peripheral urban areas. Local projects consist in refurbishing existing buildings or in tearing down and rebuilding old ones, as a way to promote spatial and social changes. Those programs induce different types of residential mobility, from mandatory mobility implemented by local players, to mobility that is more spontaneous. This thesis addresses the impact of those projects upon the evolution of the targeted areas, studied on a middle-term basis. Do the spatial and social dynamics of those areas radically change? What are the social consequences of the transformations of the built environment and of residential mobility? Our approach is inductive, and pragmatic. The comparison of four projects, statistically studied, allows us to test the hypothesis of an impact of place on urban renewal. As the result of our analysis, structural facts, such as housing stock, or social and geographical contexts, appear to be determining factors of the evolution of the studied areas. Residential mobility tends to re-concentrate disadvantaged people, thus increasing spatial fragmentation – which does not match the initial goals of the 2003 law
Hu, Siyu. "La marginalité dans le cinéma indépendant chinois : à propos des films East Palace, West Palace, Still Life et Les Trois Soeurs de Yunnan." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67587.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the figure of marginality that has appeared in Chinese independent cinema. In particular, it examines independent cinema in a post-socialist Chinese context. This study allowed the exploration of the social condition of marginalized people, as well as their representation in independent cinema. In order to identify the characteristics of the representation of the marginalized in Chinese cinema, thematic and aesthetic approaches were used. Urban space, the suburbs and the countryside have been favored by some independent filmmakers. Three movements were accordingly examined: the cinema of the Urban Generation, the cinema of the New Xungen movement and the New Documentary movement. The three films associated with them are East Palace, West Palace (Zhang Yuan, 1996), Still Life (Jia Zhangke, 2006) and The Three Sisters of Yunnan (Wang Bing, 2012). These films are representative of the presence of marginalized people in Chinese society.
Lopez, Clélia. "Modélisation dynamique du trafic et transport de marchandises en ville : vers une approche combinée." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSET009/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis aims to modeling the interactions between the urban freight and the traffic dynamic. Although both are intertwined, they have rarely been studied considering a combined approach. Specifically, the main purpose is to analyze the impacts of the urban freight on traffic states, and vice versa. This research is focused on two axes: the urban freight considering (i) the delivery and (ii) the delivery route scales, and two traffic dynamic scales describing (iii) a day and (iv) a set of days. (i) The delivery of goods carried by vehicles can produce traffic congestion, noise and air pollution. Nevertheless, the transport of goods is essential for the economy of cities. The double parking is a common way for delivery trucks. This illegal parking reduces the vehicle capacity of the transportation network. A sensitivity analysis in traffic microscopic simulation model for urban freight highlight a significant decreasing of the traffic conditions on an urban corridor considering a low number of double parking. These local and temporal phenomena are essential to be integrated into the traffic simulation in order to better study the overall performance of the transportation system. (ii) The delivery route planner can be improved by integrating traffic conditions. The route optimization algorithms are based on quality and quantity of given data available. We investigate the influence of several levels of granularity on traffic information data for the optimal route scheduling. Moreover, the travel time estimated by algorithms and the effective travel time estimated by a microscopic simulation are compared. In addition, the expected traffic conditions can be subject to variations. We propose a methodology of delivery route planner integrating the uncertainty of the traffic dynamics. (iii) At the city level, the traffic conditions are varied through space and time. A partitioning of urban transportation networks makes possible to identify homogeneous zones. A zone is defined by a set of connected links with similar traffic conditions. We proposed a spatial and temporal approach to define the 3D zones. The idea is to summarize the majority of the traffic dynamics of a given city using only a few information: the mean speed per spatial and temporal zone. Two fundamentally different methods of clustering are compared and evaluated. The study case is the Amsterdam network with its real-world traffic data. (iv) From day to day, the traffic dynamic can be similar. We proposed a methodology grouping days by their similar congestion patterns. The existence of a regularity through daily patterns are introduced by consensual speed map. A consensual speed map is the reference day representing a group of days. Our model is validated by using the effective travel time and estimated ones by the consensual speed maps. Numerous applications can be refined from a couple of consensual speed maps, as the route guidance and delivery route planning
Viscaïno, Emilie. "Aménagement de l'espace, création de richesse et développement territorial durable : Éléments d’aide à la décision pour la configuration et la commercialisation d’une zone d’activités économiques : L’exemple de la zone d’Erbajolo à Bastia." Corte, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CORT0009.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis has been designed to be used as a tool to support the contracting authority with decisions in connection with allocating the economic activities and sharing the dedicated space between firms in the Erbajolo zone in Bastia. Work was conducted in a professional environment, within the SEM Bastia Amenagement which is in charge of the conduct of marketing procedure. Unlike traditional approaches which give priority to firms – households interactions, we assign the location of companies within the economic activity zone to a specific development agent (in this case to a mixed economy company (SEM)). In order to provide rigorous and methodological support to creating and marketing procedures of the Erbajolo economic activity zone set up by the local authority, the Urban Community of Bastia, it seemed to us important to identify in advance the different company relocation factors as well as alternative models of spatial organization of the city. We then defined the actors and instruments that will respectively bear and serve the town and country planning. Different scenarios were then developed from which the commercialization phase of the business area, can be effectively launched in the best interests of the different parties involved
Boiné, Kévin. "La chaleur urbaine en climat nordique : évaluation et représentation à l'échelle du piéton." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28197.
Повний текст джерелаHuman comfort is essential in relation to urban heat issues related to global climate changes. City centers generally associate with a high concentration of pedestrians and still represent the district prone to urban heat. This research studies lighting and thermal atmospheres to evaluate and represent urban heat at the pedestrian scale in an urban center of Quebec City, Canada, which consists of a cold climate. The study on urban heat islands in the Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Cap-Blanc districts was performed at the pedestrian scale to visualize the perception of urban heat in summer. The research uses an architectural stroll, the urban walk, to carry out a survey of the environment physical properties. The urban walk designates the in situ sensory experience of a pedestrian in the city, La promenade urbaine. An innovative spatio-temporal representational strategy characterizes the results of the research. The results are thus synthesized along a spatial axis in ordinate and a temporal axis on the abscissa. Qualitative and quantitative measurements according to the human field of vision describe the urban promenade. The developed methodology enables to establish an experimental protocol linking environmental physical data (surface and air temperatures) and photographic data. The results allow locating the physical elements favoring the phenomenon of urban heat island through the study of the materials used on the surface. The spatio-temporality of the results compares the different urban types encountered during the urban walk in Quebec City. Results illustrate two different levels of environmental interpretations of the ambient evaluations in relation to urban heat island. The first level consists of a comparative study of two urban types through lighting and thermal reactions of surfaces while the second consists of a longitudinal study on the experience of a pedestrian during a complete urban walk.
Clauzel, Celine. "Dynamiques de l'occupation du sol et mutations des usages dans les zones humides urbaines. Étude comparée des hortillonnages d'Amiens (France) et des chinampas de Xochimilco (Mexique)." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351695.
Повний текст джерелаFoucher, Yoann. "Mutations des zones d’activités commerciales suburbaines – Le renouvellement des entrées de ville : jeux d’acteurs et formes urbaines." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MON30025.
Повний текст джерелаThis research will cross-examine strategies used by private and public sector identities in addition to architectural morphologies of town entrance business activity areas' rehabilitation projects. Our analysis will aim to reveal current obstacles to urban rehabilitation and will be relying on the participant observation method inside the structure of the Society d'Amenagement de Montpellier (SAAM) - Building Society of the Urban Agglomeration of Montpellier - as well as interviews relating to two other projects: "Pont de l'âne Monthieu" in St Etienne and "Château-Redon" in La Valette du Var. These French examples are as interesting as they are rare, considering the intervention scale. They are managed by public project managers (Local public companies or Public development agencies) and rely on promoter-investors to create a new commercial site.The data corpus allows us to understand how the main stakeholders interact and manage urban projects: coalitions and oppositions between public bodies, supermarkets or specialized retailers, sponsors, store owners and city-scale community groups.The basis of public sector leads and promoters' strategies take its roots in the discrepancy of representations of urbanism, impacting directly on how the architecture is scheduled and designed.Our analysis of the morphological evolution of commercial centres will be complemented by other case studies in France and abroad and will show the hybrid trends of new suburban commercial centres towards a more dense and functional diversity.Urban projects in our research will show a drift towards more innovation in the sector, however it is difficult to foresee whether their specificities could be recreated in other middle size French cities
Rochman, Juliette Carrière Jean-Paul. "Analyse critique de l'application des principes du développement territorial durable dans les zones rurales marginalisées Réflexions à partir des cas du Cariri de la Paraíba et du plateau Catarinense au Brésil. /." Tours : SCD de l'université de Tours, 2008. http://theses.abes.fr/2008TOUR1801.
Повний текст джерелаRochman, Juliette. "Analyse critique de l'application des principes du développement territorial durable dans les zones rurales marginalisées : réflexions à partir des cas du Cariri de la Paraíba et du plateau Catarinense au Brésil." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR1801/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of the thesis is to verify the relevance of the (no stabilized) concept of Territorial Sustainable Development (TSD) as theoretical referent but also as strategic frame to concept and implement policies and projects for the sustainable development of territories. This research concerns more specifically the potential of the implementation of strategies inspired by the TSD for the rural zones. The evaluation is led from the empirical analysis of two different Brazilian rural territories, presenting the characteristics of marginalized rural zones. The thesis sought to question the relevance of the Territorial Sustainable Development at three levels, which constituted the structuring axes of this work. First we highlighted the arguments showing the relevance, from a theoretical point of view, of the combination of the concepts of territorial development and sustainable development which compose the theoretical and methodological roots of the TSD. To realize it we made an effort of “delineation“ of the concept of TSD as well as an analysis of its principles and components, namely : the relation local-global for the integration of the environmental dimension, the actors and their organization and action systems, the governance, the social capital and the territory. In a second time, we realized an empirical evaluation (relied on our case studies), of the STD’s capacity to direct specific and flexible strategies, in coherence with the particular contexts of the territories in which they apply. The report of the existence of such strategies on the scale of Brazil as in our two regions of study, carried us to analyse from a normative point of view the results of implemented actions, by means of criteria corresponding to the main objectives of the TSD. The research notably permitted to verify that there is no universality of the trajectories of development and as a consequence it cannot have universality of an intervention model (which was a strong hypothesis of this work and of the project CAPES/COFECUB 449/04 – which the thesis was attached to). The analysis of the cases of the Cariri (in brasilian state of Paraiba) and the “Planalto Catarinense“ allowed on the other hand rejecting partially the hypothesis of a critical mass (masse critique) indispensable for the setting-up of a TSD process, what is particularly positive for the most devitalized rural zones. This study finally allowed us verifying that in spite of a “normal” process of reappropriation of the concept of TSD, and the restricted character of the observed realizations, the actions implemented within TSD strategies are operational and efficient in the way they contribute to the improvement of the conditions of life of the concerned population
Ahmad, Tusawar Iftikhar. "The role of rural women in livestock management : socio-economic evidences from diverse geographical locations of Punjab (Pakistan)." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933784.
Повний текст джерелаMontembault, David. "Les vallées face à l'appropriation urbaine : des mutations de l'occupation du sol dans les grandes vallées proches d'Angers aux nouveaux paysages." Angers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ANGE0058.
Повний текст джерелаConsiderable attention is focusing today on rural landscapes in general and more specifically on wetlands. Angers and its surroundings, which enjoy a particularly good drainage, also provides an outstanding setting for the study of Valley landscapes. Forming the link between the Bassin Parisien to the east and the Massif Armoricain to the west and being the area of confluence between the Loire and its last big tributary (the Maine), the Maine-et-Loire is also a zone of contrasts. Three valleys surround Angers, each one having a distinctive landscape and being seen in a different way. To the southeast, the "Val d'Authion", protected from the Loire by a large Levee and otherwise known as "Grande Vallée d'Anjou", has a rich agricultural heritage. To the west, the Loire empties into a narrower valley, which is still regularly flooded, despite the presence of dykes. This landscape, with Armoricain touches, is more and more abandoned by agriculture. To the north stretches a large flood plain, born from the confluence of the Sarthe, the Loire and the Mayenne, all of which converging to form the Maine. Called the "Basses Vallées Angevines", this landscape is wilder in nature, being bereft of settlements and particularly rich in flora and fauna. A geographical redefinition of the landscape isolates several components; "physical landscape", "perceived landscape" and "functions of the landscape", which, taken separately, allow for a better understanding of the evolution of the system. The three valleys are geographically very close but the different characteristics of each one have been strongly determined by the natural environment. A careful examination of the history of the rural communities reveals that the landscapes are more or less delayed reflections of society and witnessing bygone times. Today's desire to maintain certain valley landscapes coveted by the population of Angers and its surroundings, in its quest for nature or natural heritage, creates the problem of their management. Can the evolution of a landscape be stopped ? Or, on the other hand, is the town not in the process of imposing a new mark on the valleys which surround it ?
Ortega-Trur, Carola. "Faire face à la pauvreté : approche comparative des zones urbaines défavorisées en France et au Pérou." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG004/document.
Повний текст джерелаBarriadas in Peru, Favelas in Brazil, Suburbios in Spain, Zones Urbaines Sensibles in France. Whatever is the country where they are located, these territories concentrate what the city rejects: populations in trouble, exposed more than others to the poverty and to the social exclusion. On the basis of two field studies, in Villa El Salvador, one of the largest slums in Lima, Peru, and in Borny, one of the poorest neighbourhoods in the Lorraine region of France, this research focuses on the processes leading to disadvantaged urban areas and on the decisive role of socioeconomic and political structures and relations in situations of poverty and social exclusion faced by the inhabitants. Using statistical tools and the verbal testimony of the people, this research highlights the peculiarities and the similarities of both districts as well as the individual and collective dynamics which allow them to face the poverty
Abid, Habib. "Conception d'une carte de l'environnement en milieu rural méditerranéen : application au Tell tunisien." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10128.
Повний текст джерелаBruckmann, Laurent. "L'intégration des zones inondables dans la gestion de l'eau et le développement de l'irrigation d'une vallée fluviale sahélienne : le cas des terres de décrue de la moyenne vallée du Sénégal." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC214/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince the decline of water resources in the 1970s, the middle Senegal river valley is a space dealing with many socio-environmental changes. Public policies have controlled the river with two dams, Manantali and Diama, and made the valley the preferred location for the development of irrigated agriculture for the national supply of rice. Faced to this situation, the floodplains wetlands, characterized by a flood/recession rythm, are forgotten by development policies. The objective of the thesis is to understand how these flood recession lands fit into socio-environmental changes, and finally to define their current roles for local populations into the reorganization of the middle Senegal river valley.The work is based on a study of the socio-ecological system of the floodplain of the middle valley. The methodology thus has several components. A hydrological analysis and a mapping of the dynamics of the flooded areas by remote sensing, showed the importance of the management choices of the Manantali dam in the allocation of water for the flood in the valley. Socio-economic surveys, carried out in four village terroirs and using semi-structured interviews, highlighted the integration of flood-recession related activities into household strategies, and define the economic, food supply and ecological functions between the different agro-ecological units of the floodplain. Finally, factors holding flood-recession related activities have been identified at household level, such as the diversity of ecosystem services, the heritage value of these areas and the integration of households in irrigation