Дисертації з теми "Zirconium – Alliages – Effets des rayonnements"
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Ribis, Joël. "Approche expérimentale et modélisation micromécanique du comportement en fluage des alliages de zirconium irradiés." Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0177.
Повний текст джерелаUsed as cladding tubes in the Pressurized Water Reactor, the zirconium alloys are hardened by dislocation loops induced by irradiation. The study of the creep behavior of the irradiated zirconium alloys was conducted with an experimental approach (TEM, mechanical testing, microhardness) and a numerical approach where the microstructure evolution during a heat treatment was modeled (cluster dynamic). This study allows to understand the creep behavior of the irradiated alloy which is strongly dependant of the thermal recovery and the sweeping of loops. In the end, a micromechanical modeling was used for a predictive approach of the creep behavior of the irradiated zirconium alloys in dry storage conditions
Christiaen, Benjamin. "Modélisation multi-échelle de la déformation d’alliage de zirconium sous irradiation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R008/document.
Повний текст джерелаZirconium alloys are used to manufacture fuel cladding as well as fuel assemblies of pressurized water nuclear reactors. Under irradiation, they show a dimensional change commonly called growth. Experimental observations have shown that above a threshold dose, these alloys are subject to accelerated growth called "breakaway". It has been well established that the irradiation formation of and dislocation loops is directly responsible for the growth of irradiated zirconium alloys and that the appearance of loops is correlated with this growth acceleration. However, the nucleation mechanisms of the loops that seem to be influenced by the presence of alloying elements are still poorly understood. In order to improve our understanding, a multi-scale modelling approach has been used to simulate the evolution of zirconium microstructure under irradiation. Atomic-scale calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) and empirical potentials are used to determine the properties of clusters of point defects (dislocation loops, cavities, pyramids of stacking faults). The results obtained are then used as input parameters of an object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) code which allows us to simulate the microstructure evolution of the material under irradiation. Our results show that it is necessary to consider an anisotropic migration of the vacancies to predict the growth acceleration
Graff, Stéphanie. "Comportement viscoplastique des alliages de zirconium dans le domaine de temperature 20°c-400°c : caracterisation et modelisation des phenomenes de vieillissement." Paris, ENMP, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENMP1428.
Повний текст джерелаVarious strain ageing phenomena have been observed in the literature over the temperatures domain 20°C-600°C (interaction between dislocations and solute atoms). However the strain ageing domain has not been adequately characterized because of the multiplicity of alloying elements. The aim of this study is such a characterization and a modeling of strain ageing by constitutive laws. New zirconium alloys have been elaborated based on a zirconium alloy with 2. 2% hafnium (CPR SMIRN, collaboration between CEA, CNRS, EDF) and a low content of oxygen (80 ppm). Thus different chemical compositions were obtained to better characterize the effect of oxygen (interstitial atom) and niobium (substitutional atom). Various mechanical tests were carried out (standard tensile tests, tensile tests with strain rate jumps, relaxation tests with unloading). The following phenomena were first observed and then modeled : decrease of the strain rate sensitivity around 300°C, creep arrest at 200°C, relaxation arrest at 200°C and 300°C, plastic strain heterogeneities detected by laser scanning extensometry. The macroscopic model is taken from the strain ageing model proposed by Estrin, Kubin and McCormick. This model uses an internal variable characterizing an ageing time, which is easier to program the constitutive equations in a finite element code. Plastic strain and plastic strain rate bands can be simulated with this model. The material parameters were identified for a reference zirconium alloy in order to take macroscopic effects into account
Le, Hong Thai. "Effets de l’oxygène et de l’hydrogène sur la microstructure et le comportement mécanique d’alliages de zirconium après incursion à haute température." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02887252.
Повний текст джерелаDuring hypothetical LOss-of-Coolant-Accident (LOCA) scenarios in pressurized water reactors, zirconium-based fuel claddings can be exposed to high temperatures (up to 1200°C) and, under certain conditions, absorb locally a significant amount of hydrogen (up to 3000 wppm) and of oxygen (up to 1 wt.%). This work aims to study the isolated and combined effects, which have been little investigated hitherto, of oxygen and hydrogen in high contents, on the metallurgical evolutions and the mechanical behavior of two industrial zirconium alloys (Zircaloy-4 and M5Framatome) during and after cooling/quenching from the βZr temperature domain (> 700°C). The first part of this work consisted of producing “model” materials, from cladding tube sections and plates, homogenously charged with oxygen, up to 1 wt.%, and with hydrogen, up to 7000 wppm. The phase transformations occurring on cooling from the βZr domain in the materials charged with hydrogen and the changes in chemical composition and lattice parameters of the phases were then quantified using several techniques such as calorimetry, in situ neutron diffraction during cooling from 700°C, neutron and X-ray diffraction at room temperature, electron microprobe, μ-ERDA and EBSD. The experimental results were compared with thermodynamic predictions, taking into account all of the chemical elements in the materials. In addition to the stable phases expected at equilibrium, the presence of metastable phases such as γZrH hydrides, and βZr phase enriched in H and Nb in the case of M5Framatome, as well as of a significant amount of hydrogen remaining in solid solution within the αZr, was pointed out at room temperature at the end of cooling. The mechanical properties of the (prior-)βZr phase were characterized by performing uniaxial tensile tests at temperature between 700 and 30°C on cooling from the βZr domain, on materials charged with hydrogen and/or oxygen. The results showed that the mechanical behavior and the failure mode strongly depend on the testing temperature and on the hydrogen and oxygen contents. Empirical correlations and a phenomenological model have been proposed to describe the macroscopic ductile-brittle transition temperature, the evolutions of the mechanical characteristics and the plastic behavior of the material (in the case of ductile macroscopic failure), as a function of temperature and contents of oxygen and hydrogen. Observation of the fracture surfaces, μ-ERDA and electron microprobe analyses and a tensile test performed in situ under SEM highlighted the heterogeneity of the deformation and the failure mode at the local scale, due to the effects of the partitioning of chemical elements, especially of hydrogen and oxygen, during the phase transformations
Turbatte, Jean-Christophe. "Étude par simulation numérique du dommage d'irradiation dans les alliages fer - cuivre." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10243.
Повний текст джерелаChaieb, Ahmed. "Comportement anisotherme et rupture des gaines combustibles en alliages de zirconium : Application à la situation d'accident d'insertion de réactivité (RIA)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM005.
Повний текст джерелаFuel clads made of zirconium alloys are the first safety barrier in the nuclear power plants. This work aims to enhance the understanding of the thermomechanical behavior of Zirlcaoy-4 during RIA accidental scenario. Indeed, the current experimental databases are mainly constituted of uniaxial tensile tests carried out under isothermal conditions. The anisothermal character of the loading, coupled or not with the biaxiality of the mechanical loading, has been poorly studied. The aim of the thesis is to develop new experimental setups to highlight the effect of anisothermal loading. A first experimental test device was developed to study the effects of temperature transient on the cladding material during uniaxial tensile test. The experimental setup allows to reproduce loading conditions close to the ones occuring during a RIA accident. It allows clad testing up to 600 °C.s-1 heating rates coupled to rapid mechanical loading reaching 5 s-1 in terms of strain rate. First experiments showed first effects of anisothermal loading and allowed us to establish as a second step a comparison between isothermal and anisothermal states. A marked effect of anisothermal loading was observed at low strain rates and high heating rates : the flow stress is much higher than that expected from the isothermal tests. A study of the recrystallization of the material under dynamic conditions has shown that a delay in triggering the recrystallization process would be the cause of the anisothermal e ects observed during the tensile tests. A second experimental device was developed to couple effects of biaxial and anisothermal loading. A sheet of Zircaloy-4 was tested along its two main directions (rolling and transverse) with an induction heating system. Several heating rates and biaxiality ratios were explored and failure strains were determined for each experimental condition. The analysis of the tests showed that the multiaxiality of the loading is the dominant parameter with regard to the ductility of the material, no significant influence of the anisothermal loading was observed during these tests. In support of the analysis of uniaxial and biaxial anisothermal tensile tests, numerical FEM calculations were undertaken using a macroscopic mechanical behavior model developed in this study. These simulations made it possible to determine the stress fields of the biaxial tests and showed that the tests carried out were in the field of interest of the RIA studies
Vincent, Edwige. "Simulations numériques à l'échelle atomique de l'évolution microstructurale sous irradiation d'alliages ferritiques." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Vincent.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаTrégo, Gwenaël. "Comportement en fluage à haute température dans le domaine biphasé (α + β) de l'alliage M5®". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00688207.
Повний текст джерелаCabrera, Salcedo Andrea. "Modélisation du comportement mécanique "post-trempe", après oxydation à haute température, des gaines de combustible des réacteurs à eau pressurisée." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00705085.
Повний текст джерелаBouobda, Moladje Gabriel Franck. "Contribution à la modélisation par champs de phase des dommages par irradiation dans les alliages métalliques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R004.
Повний текст джерелаThe prediction of the microstructure evolution during irradiation ageing of structural materials of nuclear reactors is a key issue for the nuclear industry. In this work, a phase field approach is used to simulate the microstructure evolution of materials under irradiation conditions at the mesoscopic scale. We are interested at first in the calculations of the sink strength which describes the ability of microstructural defects (dislocations, cavities, etc) to absorb point defects (PDs). These calculations take into account the elastic interactions between point defects and sinks and are performed in pure metals Al, Ni and Fe. Additional precision in the calculations is provided by incorporating in the model the change of the PD migration energy due to the sink strain field, also known as elastodiffusion. PDs are elastically modelled through their elastic dipole tensors and the role of the anisotropy of these dipole tensors at saddle state is investigated. The results show that the PD dipole tensor anisotropy at saddle state is a key parameter in the accurate sink strength calculations. Subsequently, our interest is focused on the development of a PF model of dislocation climb under irradiation. The model allows to simulate dislocation loop growth or shrinkage by absorption of both PDs (vacancies and self-interstitial atoms). The analysis of the validation tests shows the limit of the model, and adjustments are carried out. This new model is applied to simulate the growth of an interstitial loop in pure Fe. The temperature, dislocation density, loop orientation and elastodifusion effects on the loop growth rate are studied. The results show, in particular, an increase of the loop growth rate with the combined effects of the increase of the temperature and the decrease of the dislocation density. The new PF model of dislocation climb under irradiation is also used to simulate the radiation induced segregation (RIS) phenomenon in Fe-Cr alloy near an interstitial dislocation loop during its growth. We show that the RIS prediction depends on the sink mobility and on the surrounding microstructure (multi-sink effects)
Lapouge, Pierre. "Etude expérimentale du fluage d'irradiation dans les métaux et alliages grâce au couplage de la technologie MEMS et d’irradiations aux particules chargées." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI082/document.
Повний текст джерелаStructural materials used in the PWR cores, such as austenitic stainless steels or zirconium alloys, are exposed to a significant neutron flux and, at the same time, a stress from various mechanical loadings. At the macroscopic scale, the mechanical behavior under irradiation is well characterized. However, at a microscopic scale, the deformation mechanisms under irradiation still remain unknown. Many irradiation creep mechanisms have been proposed from a theoretical point of view but the available experimental data have not, for now, permitted to identify the relevant mechanism leading to the deformation.The objective of this thesis is precisely to improve our understanding of the irradiation creep mechanisms of metals and alloys by the development of a novel experimental method. In this method, the irradiation is produced by the use of heavy ions. This kind of irradiation has the advantage of a fast damage rate without an activation of the material. However the irradiated area is confined in a few hundreds of nanometers. Such thickness requires a specific experimental device to apply a stress on the specimen. This device is based on the release of internal stress in a silicon nitride film to deform a metallic thin film. This method was designed and developed at the Université Catholique de Louvain in Belgium by the teams of Thomas Pardoen and Jean-Pierre Raskin.After proving the feasibility of the study and adapting the device to the irradiation environment, the method has been used with success to reproduce an irradiation creep experiment at room temperature on a model material : copper. A single creep power law with a stress exponent of 5 has been found under irradiation on 200 and 500 nm thick films. The SEM and TEM observations suggest that the deformation mechanism rely on the glide of dislocations assisted by climb.This law seems to be independent of the microstructure and the loading history. The dislocation climb, if it occurs, would not be controlled by diffusion process at long distance but by direct interaction between displacement cascades and dislocations.The mechanical behavior of unirradiated and irradiated copper films have also been assessed. The deformation mechanisms seem to be the same in both cases. At a moderate strain rate, the deformation is controlled by the intragrannular glide of dislocations whereas at slow strain rate a change of mechanism takes place. The new mechanism still remains based on dislocations but a component of grain boundary sliding may appear. A post irradiation hardening has been observed on a 200 nm thick film due to the presence, in the irradiated samples, of a high density of SFT which act as obstacles against dislocation glide
Chosson, Raphaël. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation du comportement en fluage sous pression interne d'une gaine en alliage de zirconium oxydée en atmosphère vapeur." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0092.
Повний текст джерелаDuring hypothetical Loss-Of-Coolant-Accident (LOCA) scenarii, zirconium alloy fuel cladding tubes creep under internal pressure and are oxidized at high temperature (HT). Claddings become stratified materials: zirconia and oxygen-stabilized alpha phase, called alpha(O), are formed on the outer surface of the cladding in beta phase.The strengthening effect of the oxidation on the cladding creep behavior under internal pressure was highlighted at HT. In order to model this effect, the creep behavior of each layer must be known.This study focused on the characterization of the creep behavior of the alpha(O) phase at HT, through axial creep tests performed under vacuum on model materials containing from 2 to 7 wt.% of oxygen, representative of the alpha(O) phase. The strengthening effect and the embrittlement due to oxygen on the alpha(O) phase creep behavior at HT was quantified and creep laws were identified.Relevance of the creep laws for each layer, identified in this study or from the literature, is discussed. Then, a finite elements model, describing the oxidized cladding as a stratified material, is built. Based on this model, a fraction of the experimental strengthening during creep is predicted
Pannier, Baptiste. "Towards the prediction of microstructure evolution under irradiation of model ferritic alloys with an hybrid AKMC-OKMC approach." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10061/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis work consisted, in the first place, in accelerating an atomic kinetic Monte Carlo model aiming at simulating the microstructure evolution of the FeCuMnNiP model alloys, representative of the reactor pressure vessel steels, under irradiation. This acceleration was required to reach, in a reasonable amount of time, doses and flux conditions comparable to the experimental ones. To do so, an algorithmic optimization has first been performed. The different optimizations introduced lead to an acceleration of the code of a 7 factor. Since this acceleration was not sufficient, the retained approach was to develop an hybrid between an AKMC and an OKMC. The parameterization of the object model provided a better understanding of the macro events involved in the simulations. It turns out that parameterize the model became too complex when increasing the chemical complexity of the objects. However, the hybrid approach brings an acceleration of two orders of magnitude allowing reaching doses corresponding to 40 years of irradiation in service condition. From these results, different limitations of the model as well as the parameterization were highlighted. The difficulty of the model to reproduce flux effect has been solved by adding an absorber that reduced the grain boundary sink strength. Traps have also been introduced to simulate the presence of impurities in pure iron. The high doses simulations in FeCuMnNiSiP model alloys also highlighted differences between the microstructures simulated and those observed experimentally. Thus, in a second time, a new cohesive model based on concentration dependent pair interactions has been developed and parameterized. While the new cohesive model is numerically heavier than the previous one, it has been possible to reach the target dose by coupling it with the hybrid model. The results obtained are in better agreement with recent DFT calculations and experimental microstructures
Jouanny, Emilie. "Étude de l'évolution microstructurale sous irradiation aux ions Ti2+ de deux alliages de titane : lien avec les propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0071/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD work deals with microstructural evolution of titanium alloys under irradiation, due to their potential use in the nuclear field. Parametric study (temperature, dose and irradiation flux) was conducted, using ion irradiations (JANNuS – Saclay platform) to simulate neutron irradiation damage. Two titanium alloys (CP Ti grade 2 and Ti-6Al-4V) were considered and qualitative and quantitative post irradiation microstructural characterizations were done (TEM, image analysis, APT). Thus, various irradiation defects were identified. In particular, presence of -component loops was highlighted in CP Ti grade 2 and vanadium-rich precipitates in Ti-6Al-4V from the temperature of 300°C. Resulting microstructure is hardly depending on irradiation parameters and considered titanium alloys. Important effect of temperature (between 300°C and 430°C) was noted on -type dislocation loops in CP Ti grade 2 and precipitates in Ti-6Al-4V. At 300°C, dose and flux have no effect on the defect distribution of the two titanium alloys. At 430°C, the increase of dose has a little consequence on the -type dislocation loops in Ti-6Al-4V, contrary to the ones observed in CP Ti grade 2. Precipitates, observed in Ti-6Al-4V, do not seem to be affected by the increase of the dose. Analysis of involved mechanisms is proposed. Finally, nano-indentation tests have allowed to get first description of the link between microstructure and mechanical properties. At 430°C, CP Ti grade 2 do not seem to be affected mechanically by the microstructural evolution with the irradiation dose, contrary to Ti-6Al-4V
Rouchette, Hadrien. "Sink efficiency calculation of dislocations in irradiated materials by phase-field modelling." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10017/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work is to develop a modelling technique for diffusion of crystallographic migrating defects in irradiated metals and absorption by sinks to better predict the microstructural evolution in those materials.The phase field technique is well suited for this problem, since it naturally takes into account the elastic effects of dislocations on point defect diffusion in the most complex cases. The phase field model presented in this work has been adapted to simulate the generation of defects by irradiation and their absorption by the dislocation cores by means of a new order parameter associated to the sink morphology. The method has first been validated in different reference cases by comparing the sink strengths obtained numerically with analytical solutions available in the literature. Then, the method has been applied to dislocations with different orientations in zirconium, taking into account the anisotropic properties of the crystal and point defects, obtained by state-of-the-art atomic calculations.The results show that the shape anisotropy of the point defects promotes the vacancy absorption by basal loops, which is consistent with the experimentally observed zirconium growth under irradiation. Finally, the rigorous investigation of the dislocation loop case proves that phase field simulations give more accurate results than analytical solutions in realistic loop density ranges
Chiapetto, Monica. "Modélisation numérique de l’évolution nanostructurale d’aciers ferritiques sous irradiation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10070.
Повний текст джерелаWe developed object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) models that proved able to predict the nanostructure evolution under neutron irradiation in both RPV and F/M steels. These were modelled, respectively, in terms of Fe-C-MnNi and Fe-C-Cr alloys, but the model was also validated against data obtained on a real RPV steel coming from the surveillance programme of the Ringhals Swedish nuclear power plant. The effects of the substitutional solutes of interest were introduced in our OKMC model under the simplifying assumptions of ‘‘grey alloy’’ scheme, i.e. they were not explicitly introduced in the model, which therefore cannot describe their redistribution under irradiation, but their effect was translated into modified parameters for the mobility of defect clusters. The possible origin of low temperature radiation hardening (and subsequent embrittlement) was also investigated and the models strongly supported the hypothesis that solute clusters segregate on immobile interstitial loops, which act therefore as heterogeneous nucleation sites for the formation of the NiSiPCr- and MnNi-enriched cluster populations experimentally, as observed with atom probe tomography in, respectively, F/M and RPV steels. In other words, the so-called matrix damage would be intimately associated with solute atom clusters and precipitates which increase their stability and reduce their mobility: their ultimate effect is reflected in an alteration of the macroscopic mechanical properties of the investigated alloys. Throughout all our work the obtained results have been systematically validated on existing experimental data, in a process of continuous improvement of the physical hypotheses adopted
Gosselin, Catherine. "Effets du zirconium, du nickel et de leurs alliages sur les propriétés d'hydrogénation de l'alliage titane-fer." Thèse, 2015. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/7766/1/031167780.pdf.
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