Статті в журналах: "Zinc alloys Fracture"

1

Azizan, Farihan M., Hadi Purwanto, and Mohd Yusry Mustafa. "Effect of Sn Addition on Mechanical Properties of Zinc-Based Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.378.

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Zinc-based alloy is developed as an alternative alloy for giftware material. However, zinc alloy has limitation such as its mechanical properties. Therefore, modifying the properties of zinc based alloy is needed to use it for giftware material. The effect of adding Sn on the mechanical properties and fractography of Zn alloys are investigated. The results indicate that adding 15 wt. % of Sn has significant effect on the improving of tensile strength and elongation of the zinc based alloy due to the formation of AgSn phase. The fracture surface of the tensile test specimen showed a mixed mode of fracture exhibiting ductile failure and brittle failure. Alloy with Sn content up to 15 % tends to have more ductile failure then the brittle one. The alloys of Zn-0.50Ag-15Sn have very good tensile strength and elongation, which are better than Zn-0.50Ag-1Sn and Zn-0.50Ag-7Sn alloys.

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2

Somekawa, Hidetoshi, Yoshiaki Osawa, Alok Singh, and Toshiji Mukai. "Effect of precipitate volume fraction on fracture toughness of extruded Mg–Zn alloys." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 4 (April 2008): 1128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0132.

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Four kinds of extruded Mg–X at.% Zn binary alloys (X = 1.9, 2.4, 3.0, and 3.4) were used to examine the effect of precipitate volume fraction on fracture toughness. All the alloys had fine grain sizes of 1–3 μm and fine sphere-shaped precipitates of 50–60 nm. The volume fraction of precipitates increased with additional zinc content. The results of mechanical property tests showed that the extruded Mg–2.4 at.% Zn alloy exhibited the best balance of strength and fracture toughness. One of the reasons was the different volume fraction of precipitates at the grain boundaries, which was the source of void formation. According to the fracture surface observations and ductile fracture model analysis, the volume fraction of precipitates of 2%–4% was shown to be enough to improve the fracture toughness for the fine-grained magnesium alloys; i.e., higher contents of zinc atoms were not needed to enhance the mechanical properties.

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3

Wen, Kai, Bai Qing Xiong, Wei Cai Ren, You Zhi Tong, and Kai Zhu. "Enlarged Zn Content Improves Fatigue Crack Propagation Resistance of Two Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloys with Multiple Aging Tempers." Key Engineering Materials 921 (May 30, 2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-49jcxu.

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Fatigue crack propagation is closely associated to the chemical composition of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys. In this work, two Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with a variation of zinc content was investigated and multiple aging treatments were exerted on them and a same regime was selected for further fatigue analysis by tensile property tests. The corresponding precipitation characteristics and fracture surface were observed. The results showed that the alloy with lower zinc content (LZ alloy) possessed an inferior strength value compared with the alloy with higher zinc content (HZ alloy) under the same three stage aging treatments while the elongation had no obvious difference. In contrast, the LZ alloy had a higher fatigue crack propagation rate than the HZ alloy. The observation of fracture surface also proved it. The precipitation observation demonstrated that both had GP zones and η' phase, which possessed the majority. Quantitative analysis of precipitates exhibited that the HZ alloy had a larger proportion of large size precipitates than the LZ alloy. The mechanism of the interaction between dislocation and precipitate was employed to elaborate the difference.

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4

Hagelstein, Salome, Sergej Zankovic, Adalbert Kovacs, Roland Barkhoff, and Michael Seidenstuecker. "Mechanical Analysis and Corrosion Analysis of Zinc Alloys for Bioabsorbable Implants for Osteosynthesis." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020421.

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Zinc alloys have recently been researched intensely for their great properties as bioabsorbable implants for osteosynthesis. Pure zinc (Zn) itself has relatively poor strength, which makes it insufficient for most clinical use. Research has already proven that the mechanical strength of zinc can be enhanced significantly by alloying it with silver. This study evaluated zinc silver alloys (ZnAg) as well as novel zinc silver titanium alloys (ZnAgTi) regarding their mechanical properties for the use as bioabsorbable implants. Compared to pure zinc the mechanical strength was enhanced significantly for all tested zinc alloys. The elastic properties were only enhanced significantly for the zinc silver alloys ZnAg6 and ZnAg9. Regarding target values for orthopedic implants proposed in literature, the best mechanical properties were measured for the ZnAg3Ti1 alloy with an ultimate tensile strength of 262 MPa and an elongation at fracture of 16%. Besides the mechanical properties, the corrosion rates are important for bioabsorbable implants. This study tested the corrosion rates of zinc alloys in PBS solution (phosphate buffered solution) with electrochemical corrosion measurement. Zinc and its alloys showed favorable corrosion rates, especially in comparison to magnesium, which has a much lower degradation rate and no buildup of hydrogen gas pockets during the process. Altogether, this makes zinc alloys highly favorable for use as material for bioabsorbable implants for osteosynthesis.

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5

Dileep, B. P., V. Ravi Kumar, Mrudula Prashanth, and M. V. Phanibhushana. "Effect of Zinc Coating on Mechanical Behavior of Al 7075." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.255.

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The addition of zinc to aluminum with magnesium or copper produces heat treatable alloys of highest strength which can be used for structural applications. This work is an attempt to investigate any improvement in hardness and fracture toughness by coating aluminum 7075 alloy with zinc. The zinc coated aluminum 7075 alloy was fabricated using Time Dependent Electro-Plating Technique. The thickness of the coating is a function of time. The varying thickness of zinc coating was obtained based on the time estimates, which includes 10, 15 and 20 microns. Specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards, which were then tested for mechanical properties such as surface hardness, tensile strength and fracture toughness at different loading conditions. The results, when compared to the uncoated aluminum alloy showed significant improvement in Hardness (87 RHN). The hardness increased slightly compared to that of uncoated surface and showed no increase with the increase in the thickness of coating. The yield stressof zinc coated aluminum alloy increased (587.11 N/mm2) when compared to uncoated aluminum alloy 7075 - T6 (537.12 N/mm2), with an increase in brittleness. The fracture toughness test on CT specimen under plain strain condition for coated specimen showed an increase in KIC value by 7.25 % compared to that of uncoated aluminum 7075–T6 alloy. Optical microscopy analysis shows that there is a good bonding of zinc coating on aluminum.

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6

Chen, Bin, Dong Liang Lin, Xiao Qin Zeng, and Chen Lu. "Elevated Temperature Mechanical Behavior of Mg-Y-Zn Alloys." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.237.

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The elevated temperature mechanical behavior of Mg-Y-Zn alloys was investigated. It was found that the extruded Mg-Y-Zn alloy exhibited excellent mechanical properties both at ambient temperature and elevated temperature. With the increase of tensile temperature, the ultimate tensile strengths of Mg-Y-Zn alloys decreased and their elongations increased. The ultimate tensile strengths increased and elongations decreased with the increase of yttrium content. However, a gradual increase in the ultimate tensile strength and elongation both at ambient temperature and elevated temperature was obtained by increasing both yttrium and zinc contents. The fracture modes of Mg-Y-Zn alloys at different tensile temperature were also investigated.

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7

Luo, Zixiang, Ke Liu, Zizhen Cui, Xuemei Ouyang, Chen Zhang, and Fucheng Yin. "The Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Fe-B-W-Mn-Al Alloy in Liquid Zinc." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031092.

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The microstructure, interfacial characteristics, and corrosion resistance of Fe-W-Mn-Al-B alloys in molten zinc at 520 °C have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA). The experimental results indicate that the Fe-B alloy with 11 wt.% W, 7 wt.% Mn, and 4 wt.% Al addition displays a lamellar eutectic microstructure and excellent corrosion resistance to molten zinc. The toughness of M2B-type borides in the hyper-eutectic Fe-4.2B-11W-7Mn-4Al alloy can be more than doubled, reaching 10.5 MPa·m1/2, by adding Mn and Al. The corrosion layer of the Fe-3.5B-11W-7Mn-4Al alloy immersed in molten zinc at 520 °C comprises Fe3AlZnx, δ-FeZn10, ζ-FeZn13, and η-Zn. The lamellar borides provide the mechanical protection for α-(Fe, Mn, Al), and the thermal stability of borides improves as the fracture toughness of the borides increases, which jointly contribute to the improvement of the corrosion resistance to the molten zinc.

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8

Puspitasari, Poppy, Okky Rachmadilla Soepriyanto, Muhammad Ilman Nur Sasongko, Johan Wayan Dika, and Andoko. "Mechanical and physical properties of aluminium-silicon (Al-Si) casting alloys reinforced by Zinc Oxide (ZnO)." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820405003.

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This study aimed to enhance the properties of aluminium-silicon (Al-Si) alloys by adding zinc oxide as a reinforcing material. This study was a type of pre-experimental design called the one-shot case study, in which sample groups subjects were given treatments and then observed. The steps included melting the aluminium-silicon in a furnace at 900° C, adding a certain amount of zinc oxide (0.05%, 0.1%, or 0.2%), stirring the mixture for 1 minute, and pouring it into a permanent mould. Results showed that, among the three specimens, the specimen reinforced with 0.2% zinc oxide had the highest tensile strength of 23.9 kg/mm2, the greatest hardness of 134.4 HV, and a flat surface with evenly distributed grains and more brittle fracture.

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9

Liu, Yang, Tianming Du, Aike Qiao, Yongliang Mu, and Haisheng Yang. "Zinc-Based Biodegradable Materials for Orthopaedic Internal Fixation." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 4 (September 26, 2022): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040164.

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Traditional inert materials used in internal fixation have caused many complications and generally require removal with secondary surgeries. Biodegradable materials, such as magnesium (Mg)-, iron (Fe)- and zinc (Zn)-based alloys, open up a new pathway to address those issues. During the last decades, Mg-based alloys have attracted much attention by researchers. However, the issues with an over-fast degradation rate and release of hydrogen still need to be overcome. Zn alloys have comparable mechanical properties with traditional metal materials, e.g., titanium (Ti), and have a moderate degradation rate, potentially serving as a good candidate for internal fixation materials, especially at load-bearing sites of the skeleton. Emerging Zn-based alloys and composites have been developed in recent years and in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed to explore their biodegradability, mechanical property, and biocompatibility in order to move towards the ultimate goal of clinical application in fracture fixation. This article seeks to offer a review of related research progress on Zn-based biodegradable materials, which may provide a useful reference for future studies on Zn-based biodegradable materials targeting applications in orthopedic internal fixation.

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10

Sürül, Kenan, Paul Beiss, and Okan Akin. "Innovative bond strength testing of tin-based alloys for sliding bearings on steel supports." Materials Testing 63, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0083.

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Abstract Since the bonding strength of Babbit alloys to their steel support cannot be measured with Chalmers specimens according to DIN ISO 4386, part 2, if the layer is too thin, an alternative specimen constellation was developed which enables the measurement of the bonding strength of layers as thin as 0.5 mm. The new specimen geometry consists of two coaxially aligned steel cylinders of equal diameter which leave a gap between opposite faces. After pretreatment in a metallic immersion bath of tin or an alloy of tin with 50 wt.-% zinc, the Babbit alloy is poured into the gap. Then the bonded steel cylinders are tensile tested. The force at fracture is divided by the cylinder cross-section yielding the bonding strength. This configuration is termed the face tensile specimen and was successfully tested on three different Babbit alloys. Up to a layer thickness of 1.5 mm the face tensile specimen delivers bonding strength quite comparable to those achieved with Chalmers specimens. Face tensile specimens require less Babbit alloy and are less costly to manufacture.

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11

Clinch, M. R., S. J. Harris, W. Hepples, N. J. H. Holroyd, M. J. Lawday, and B. Noble. "Influence of Zinc to Magnesium Ratio and Total Solute Content on the Strength and Toughness of 7xxx Series Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.339.

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A systematic study of the precipitation processes in high strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys has been conducted. A series of experimental alloys was prepared with varying Zn:Mg ratio, but equivalent total solute content, to be representative of those used in applications which demand a combination of strength, fracture toughness and resistance to environmentally sensitive cracking mechanisms. Artificial ageing curves were constructed for each alloy, based upon 7xxx series duplex treatments widely used in industry. Ageing kinetics were investigated beyond peak strength into the overaged condition, since this is known to promote the most favourable balance of properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transmission election microscopy (TEM) observations were made on the alloys throughout the ageing process to fully understand the precipitation events occuring. For a particular overageing treatment, higher Zn:Mg ratio alloys were consistently found to be at a more advanced stage of precipitation while higher strengths were retained at low Zn:Mg ratios. Grain boundary characteristics, such as particle size and precipitate free zone width, were also influenced by Zn:Mg ratio at a given strength level. This paper provides new understanding of precipitation kinetics and the control of important microstructural features which influence the balance of properties in 7xxx series aluminium alloys.

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12

Hase, Takayuki, Tatsuya Ohtagaki, Masatake Yamaguchi, Naoko Ikeo, and Toshiji Mukai. "Effect of aluminum or zinc solute addition on enhancing impact fracture toughness in Mg–Ca alloys." Acta Materialia 104 (February 2016): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.11.045.

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13

Doležal, Pavel, Michaela Krystýnová, Tomas Marada, and Helena Doležalová Weissmannová. "Characterization of Mg-Zn Layered Bulk Materials Prepared by Powder Metallurgy Method." Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (November 2020): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.385.

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In this study three-layered materials composed of one zinc layer between two magnesium layers were prepared. Diffusion at the Mg-Zn boundary leads to the formation of thermodynamically more stable, yet mechanically very brittle intermetallic phase. Homogenous distribution of the fine-grained MgZn2 intermetallic phase in magnesium or zinc alloys has a positive effect on strength of these alloys. In a form of continuous thick layer stretching throughout the whole material, the phase may leads to deterioration of mechanical properties. However, the mechanism of fracture has not yet been sufficiently described. The Mg based materials with one layer of Zn were investigated in terms of chemical composition and mechanical properties and fractographic evaluation. The materials with 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm and 2 mm thick layer of Zn were processed via bidirectional hot pressing method at 300 °C and 500 MPa. The phase and chemical composition of prepared materials was characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS methods. The mechanical properties were evaluated based on the results of three-point bend test and fractographic analysis of fracture surface. The results showed formation of MgZn2 intermetallic phase on the interface of Mg and Zn layers and solid solution of Zn in Mg. The results showed that the presence of Zn layer leads to improvement of mechanical properties when compared to pure Mg prepared at the same condition. The strengthening effect of solid solution and intermetallic phase may be the reason of the increase of flexural strength.

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14

Zhang, Peilei, Haichuan Shi, Yingtao Tian, Zhishui Yu, and Di Wu. "Effect of zinc on the fracture behavior of galvanized steel/6061 aluminum alloy by laser brazing." Welding in the World 65, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00992-2.

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15

Becker, Michael, and Frank Balle. "Multi-Spot Ultrasonic Welding of Aluminum to Steel Sheets: Process and Fracture Analysis." Metals 11, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050779.

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Ultrasonic metal welding is an energy-efficient, fast and clean joining technology without the need of additional filler materials. Single spot ultrasonic metal welding of aluminum to steel sheets using automotive materials has already been investigated. Up to now, further studies to close the gap to application-relevant multi-metal structures with multiple weld spots generated are still missed. In this work, two different spot arrangements are presented, each consisting of two weld spots, joined 0.9 mm thick sheets of wrought aluminum alloy AA6005A-T4 with 1 mm sheets of galvannealed (galvanized and annealed) dual-phase steel HCT980X. An anvil equipped with variable additional clamping punches was used for the first time. The tensile shear forces reached 4076 ± 277 N for parallel connection and 3888 ± 308 N for series connection. Temperature measurements by thermocouples at the interface and through thermal imaging presented peak temperatures above 400 °C at the multi-metal interface. Microscopic investigations of fractured surfaces identified the Zn layer of the steel sheets as the strength-limiting factor. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) indicated intermetallic phases of Fe and Zn in the border areas of the weld spots as well as the separation of the zinc layer from the steel within these areas.

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16

Razavi, Mehdi, Mohammadhossein Fathi, Omid Savabi, Lobat Tayebi, and Daryoosh Vashaee. "Biodegradable Magnesium Bone Implants Coated with a Novel Bioceramic Nanocomposite." Materials 13, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061315.

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Magnesium (Mg) alloys are being investigated as a biodegradable metallic biomaterial because of their mechanical property profile, which is similar to the human bone. However, implants based on Mg alloys are corroded quickly in the body before the bone fracture is fully healed. Therefore, we aimed to reduce the corrosion rate of Mg using a double protective layer. We used a magnesium-aluminum-zinc alloy (AZ91) and treated its surface with micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique to first form an intermediate layer. Next, a bioceramic nanocomposite composed of diopside, bredigite, and fluoridated hydroxyapatite (FHA) was coated on the surface of MAO treated AZ91 using the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique. Our in vivo results showed a significant enhancement in the bioactivity of the nanocomposite coated AZ91 implant compared to the uncoated control implant. Implantation of the uncoated AZ91 caused a significant release of hydrogen bubbles around the implant, which was reduced when the nanocomposite coated implants were used. Using histology, this reduction in the corrosion rate of the coated implants resulted in an improved new bone formation and reduced inflammation in the interface of the implants and the surrounding tissue. Hence, our strategy using a MAO/EPD of a bioceramic nanocomposite coating (i.e., diopside-bredigite-FHA) can significantly reduce the corrosion rate and improve the bioactivity of the biodegradable AZ91 Mg implant.

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17

Meyerdierks, M., M. Zinke, S. Jüttner, and E. Biro. "Determination of LME sensitivity of zinc-coated steels based on the programmable deformation cracking test." Welding in the World 65, no. 12 (October 6, 2021): 2295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01180-6.

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AbstractThe current work presents a new test method to evaluate liquid metal embrittlement (LME) susceptibility of zinc-coated steels in arc processes under application-oriented conditions. The procedure is based on the programmable deformation cracking test (PVR test). The PVR test is a variation of a controlled tensile test for hot cracking investigations in arc welding processes. Two dual-phase steels (DP600, DP980) and five transformation-induced plasticity steels (TRIP690, TRIP700, TRIP700, TRIP1100, TRIP1200) were used. The investigations showed that comparable thermo-mechanical loading conditions can be guaranteed for materials of different sheet thicknesses in the PVR test through a targeted adjustment of the heat input per unit length of weld. Furthermore, it was shown that the critical deformation rate $${v}_{cr}$$ v cr (used for assessing hot cracking susceptibility) may also be used to assess the LME susceptibility of a particular steel. Furthermore, another LME susceptibility parameter, the relative reduction in load-bearing ability $$\Delta\Sigma$$ Δ Σ could be derived, which may be used to understand how LME cracking affects materials’ mechanical and fracture properties.

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18

Konishi, Takeshi, Mina Shibata, Junpei Miki, and Kohsaku Ushioda. "Determination of Facet Plane and Cleavage Fracture Plane of the Top Dross Formed in a Molten Zinc." Tetsu-to-Hagane 105, no. 12 (2019): 1143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.tetsu-2019-067.

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19

Marcelino dos Santos, Jefferson Rodrigo, Martin Ferreira Fernandes, Verônica Mara de Oliveira Velloso, and Herman Jacobus Cornelis Voorwald. "Fatigue Analysis of Threaded Components with Cd and Zn-Ni Anticorrosive Coatings." Metals 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091455.

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The influence of the electrodeposition of cadmium and zinc-nickel and the stress concentration effect on the fatigue behavior of AISI 4140 steel threaded components were studied. Axial fatigue tests at room temperature with a stress ratio of R = 0.1 were performed using standard and threaded specimens with and without nut interface under base material, cadmium, and zinc-nickel-coated conditions. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used, considering both elastic and elastoplastic models, to quantify the stress distribution and strain for threaded specimens with and without a nut interface. The numeric results were correlated to the experimental fatigue data of threaded components with and without the nut interface, to allow the oil & gas companies to extrapolate the results for different thread dimensions, since the experimental tests are not feasible to be performed for all thread interfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the fracture surfaces. The stress concentration factor had a greater influence on the fatigue performance of threaded components than the effect of the Cd and Zn-Ni coatings. The fatigue life of studs reduced by about 58% with the nut/stud interface, compared to threaded components without nuts. The elastoplastic FEA results showed that studs with a stud/nut interface had higher stress values than the threaded specimens without a nut interface. The FEA results showed that the cracks nucleated at the regions with higher strain, absorbed energy, and stress concentration. The substitution of Cd for a Zn-Ni coating was feasible regarding the fatigue strength for threaded and smooth components.

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20

Ebadian, Behnaz, Mahsa Abbasi, and Mohsen Karbasi. "Shear Bond Strength of Dental Cements on Titanium Alloy: Use of Different Restorative Materials." Majalah Kedokteran Bandung 52, no. 2 (June 2022): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v54n2.2772.

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Different dental cements and restorative materials may have various impacts on the shear bond strength (SBS) to titanium alloy of dental implants, and some fluoride-containing cements may destroy the oxide layer of Ti alloys. The aim of this study was to evaluate the retention and SBS of different dental cements to titanium alloy using different restorative materials and also the corrosive effect of dental cements on titanium alloy. In this in-vitro study, a total of ninety titanium alloy discs (10×3 mm) and restorative material discs (7×3mm) consisting of Co-Cr soft metal, zirconia, and Ni-Cr were constructed. Three dental cement of 2 different compositional classes, glass ionomer (GI) and zinc phosphate (ZP), were used to cement the discs (n=10 in each paired disks). SBS was evaluated using a universal testing machine with a cross-head speed of 1mm/min. A stereomicroscope (×32) and a scanning electron microscope were used to determine the fracture pattern and titanium corrosion, respectively. Data were then analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA and Tamhane comparison test (P<0.05). The mean SBS of studied groups ranged from 0.12±0.07 to 6.2±0.97 Mpa, with the Ni-Cr and zirconia were demonstrated as the materials with the highest and lowest SBS to GI and ZP, respectively. The cements created a strong bond to the Co-Cr soft metal while the GI cement remained on restorative material disc surfaces in all samples, except in the zirconia sample. Mixed patterns were mostly seen in ZP cement groups. To conclude, applying fluoride-containing cements have no effect on titanium.

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21

Xu, Kai, and Shu-quan Zhang. "Research on Friction Stir Spot Welding Brazing Process and Properties of Dissimilar Metals DP590 and 6061." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (June 17, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9701976.

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Friction stir welding (FSW) is the most popular and efficient method for solid-state joining of similar or dissimilar metals and alloys. This technology is mostly applied in aerospace, rail, automotive, and marine industries. In order to reduce the weight of special auto parts, friction stir spot welding (FSSW) was proposed by some researchers for the connection of steel-aluminium dissimilar metals. However, the steel-aluminium joints welded by FSSW are prone to brittle fracture and have lower shear load although they have high mechanical connection strength. The friction stir spot welding brazing process integrates the brazing effects with the friction welding effects by the addition of solder. A study of FSSW of DP590 and 6061 with the filler metal added was carried out in this paper. The orthogonal test was performed to optimize the process parameters in order to achieve the best shear load of the joint. The shear strength of the joint was studied by the shear test. The fracture morphology was investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that the shear load of the joint could reach 13.239 kN when the rotating speed, depth, and residence time of the mixing head were 1000 r/min, 0.2 mm, and 90 s, respectively. The aluminium-zinc solder added could well wet the interface between aluminium and steel and promote the metallurgical bonding, thereby improving the shear load of the joint. The temperature field of DP590/6061 FSSW process was simulated by ANSYS software to verify the rationality of the optimal process parameters. The simulation results were confirmed to be basically consistent with the data measured by the thermocouple.

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22

AlHazaa, Abdulaziz, Ibrahim Alhoweml, Muhammad Shar, Mahmoud Hezam, Hany Abdo, and Hamad AlBrithen. "Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of Ti-6Al-4V and Mg-AZ31 Alloys Using Zn Coatings." Materials 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12050769.

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Ti-6Al-4V and Mg-AZ31 were bonded together using the Transient Liquid Phase Bonding Process (TLP) after coating both surfaces with zinc. The zinc coatings were applied using the screen printing process of zinc paste. Successful bonds were obtained in a vacuum furnace at 500 °C and under a uniaxial pressure of 1 MPa using high frequency induction heat sintering furnace (HFIHS). Various bonding times were selected and all gave solid joints. The bonds were successfully achieved at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) line scan confirmed the diffusion of Zn in both sides but with more diffusion in the Mg side. Diffusion of Mg into the joint region was detected with significant amounts at bonds made for 20 min and above, which indicate that the isothermal solidification was achieved. In addition, Ti and Al from the base alloys were diffused into the joint region. Based on microstructural analysis, the joint mechanism was attributed to the formation of solidified mixture of Mg and Zn at the joint region with a presence of diffused Ti and Al. This conclusion was also supported by structural analysis of the fractured surfaces as well as the analysis across the joint region. The fractured surfaces were analyzed and it was concluded that the fractures occurred within the joint region where ductile fractures were observed. The strength of the joint was evaluated by shear test and found that the maximum shear strength achieved was 30.5 MPa for the bond made at 20 min.

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23

Holweg, Patrick, Valentin Herber, Martin Ornig, Gloria Hohenberger, Nicolas Donohue, Paul Puchwein, Andreas Leithner, and Franz Seibert. "A lean bioabsorbable magnesium-zinc-calcium alloy ZX00 used for operative treatment of medial malleolus fractures." Bone & Joint Research 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.98.bjr-2020-0017.r2.

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Aims This study is a prospective, non-randomized trial for the treatment of fractures of the medial malleolus using lean, bioabsorbable, rare-earth element (REE)-free, magnesium (Mg)-based biodegradable screws in the adult skeleton. Methods A total of 20 patients with isolated, bimalleolar, or trimalleolar ankle fractures were recruited between July 2018 and October 2019. Fracture reduction was achieved through bioabsorbable Mg-based screws composed of pure Mg alloyed with zinc (Zn) and calcium (Ca) ( Mg-Zn0.45-Ca0.45, in wt.%; ZX00). Visual analogue scale (VAS) and the presence of complications (adverse events) during follow-up (12 weeks) were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. The functional outcomes were analyzed through the range of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. Fracture reduction and gas formation were assessed using several plane radiographs. Results The follow-up was performed after at least 12 weeks. The mean difference in ROM of the talocrural joint between the treated and the non-treated sites decreased from 39° (SD 12°) after two weeks to 8° (SD 11°) after 12 weeks (p ≤ 0.05). After 12 weeks, the mean AOFAS score was 92.5 points (SD 4.1). Blood analysis revealed that Mg and Ca were within a physiologically normal range. All ankle fractures were reduced and stabilized sufficiently by two Mg screws. A complete consolidation of all fractures was achieved. No loosening or breakage of screws was observed. Conclusion This first prospective clinical investigation of fracture reduction and fixation using lean, bioabsorbable, REE-free ZX00 screws showed excellent clinical and functional outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(8):477–483.

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Qin, Youqiong, Xi He, and Wenxiang Jiang. "Influence of Preheating Temperature on Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) Welding–Brazing of Aluminium Alloy/Galvanized Steel." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091659.

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Bead-on-plate cold metal transfer (CMT) brazing and overlap CMT welding–brazing of 7075 aluminium alloy and galvanized steel at different preheating temperatures were studied. The results indicated that AlSi5 filler wire had good wettability to galvanized steel. The preheating treatment can promote the spreadability of liquid AlSi5. For the overlap CMT welding–brazed joint, the microstructure of the joint was divided into four zones, namely, the interfacial layer, weld metal zone, zinc-rich zone, and heat affected zone (HAZ). The load force of the joints without preheating and 100 °C preheating temperature was 8580 N and 9730 N, respectively. Both of the joints were fractured in the fusion line with a ductile fracture. Further increasing the preheating temperature to 200 °C would decrease the load force of the joint, which fractured in the interfacial layer with a brittle fracture.

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Chen, Y. C., T. Komazaki, Y. G. Kim, Takuya Tsumura, and Kazuhiro Nakata. "Friction Stir Lap Joining of AC4C Cast Aluminum Alloy and Zinc-Coated Steel." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.371.

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AC4C cast aluminum alloy and zinc-coated steel were friction stir lap welded, and the microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints were examined and analyzed. Experimental results show that the welding speeds have a significant effect on the tensile properties and fracture locations of the joints at a rotational speed of 1500 rpm. When the welding speed is higher than 60 mm/min, the joints fracture in the zinc-coated steel base material and the tensile strength is equal to that of the zinc-coated steel; when the welding speed is lower than 60 mm/min, the joints fracture in the interface and the shear strength is about 50 MPa. The change of the fracture locations is attributed to the presence of large quantity intermetallic compounds adjacent to the interface of the joints. The composition and formation mechanism of the intermetallic compounds and its effect on the mechanical properties of the joints were discussed.

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Yajima, Zenjiro, Yoichi Kishi, and Yukio Hirose. "The X-Ray Study on Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of ZAS Alloy." Advances in X-ray Analysis 36 (1992): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800019194.

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X-ray fractography was applied to the fatigue fracture surface of ZAS (Zinc Alloy for Stamping) alloy, which has composite microstructures: Zn-phase, Al-phase and Zn-Cu phase. The fatigue test was conducted by using compact tension specimens. Residual stresses were measured on and beneath fatigue fracture surfaces. The plastic zone size was determined from residual stress distributions beneath the fatigue fracture surfaces. The results are discussed in connection with fracture mechanics and fracture processes.

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Dvorský, Drahomír, Jiří Kubásek, Jaroslav Čapek, Jan Pinc, and Dalibor Vojtěch. "Characterization of Zn-1.5Mg and Zn-1.5Mg-0.5Ca Alloys Considered for Biomedical Application." Key Engineering Materials 821 (September 2019): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.821.17.

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Zinc and magnesium alloys are considered to be suitable for application in medicine as materials for biodegradable implants such as fixation devices for bone fractures. Lower corrosion rate and no release of hydrogen during an exposition in corrosion environment make the zinc alloys more suitable for this application from the corrosion point of view. On the contrary, the daily acceptable dose of Zn for the human organism is much lower compared to the Mg. The present paper is focused on the comparison of Zn-1.5Mg, Zn-1.5Mg-0.5Ca, and WE43 alloys. Both alloys were processed by extrusion in order to improve mechanical properties. The tensile yield strengths of 308 MPa and 280 MPa were measured for Zn-1.5Mg and WE43 alloys respectively. The corrosion rates were almost similar for zinc-based alloys and WE43.

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Bellini, Costanzo, Vittorio Di Cocco, Francesco Iacoviello, and Larisa Patricia Mocanu. "Impact of Copper, Tin and Titanium Addition on Bending-Induced Damage of Intermetallic Phases in Hot Dip Galvanizing." Metals 12, no. 12 (November 26, 2022): 2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122035.

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Hot dip galvanizing is among the cheapest methods for protecting ferrous alloys against corrosion. The success is due to both the low cost of the process and the high degree of protection in many corrosive environments, where the coatings serve as sacrificial protection. The purpose of this analysis is to study the mechanical characteristics of steel plates, that have been hot dip coated with five different zinc alloy molten bath for different time periods. The mechanical tests performed is a non-standardized four-point bending test considering three distinct bending angles. Results are examined in terms of both mechanical behaviour and coating phase damage. The development of intermetallic phases and their damage are both influenced by the chemical compositions of the zinc bath, demonstrating that fractures arise mostly at the substrate-coating interface. All the coatings showed the arising of micro-cracks except for the Aluminium, which demonstrated its ductility. In addition, Zn-Ti coatings showed the arising of a new compact phase rich in iron, characterized by a great hardness. More research is needed to explore the aluminium impact on the zinc bath, the lack of tiny fractures in the phase, and the lesser thickness compared to the other coatings tested.

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SHIN, C., and N. FLECK. "Fatigue and fracture of a zinc die casting alloy." International Journal of Fatigue 11, no. 5 (September 1989): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(89)90060-1.

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Vojtěch, Dalibor, Jiří Kubásek, Jaroslav Capek, Alena Michalcova, and Iva Pospíšilová. "Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Biodegradable Metallic Biomaterials." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.431.

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Biodegradable alloys are currently studied as prospective biomaterials for temporary medical implants like stents and fixation devices for fractured bones. Among biodegradable metals, only magnesium, zinc and iron meet general requirements of biocompatibility and relative non-toxicity. In the present paper, Mg-, Zn- and Fe-based biodegradable alloys are compared. Advantages and disadvantages of the three kinds of alloying systems are demonstrated regarding the corrosion behavior, mechanical performance and biocompatibility. From the corrosion behavior point of view, Zn- and Fe-based alloys appear as promising alternatives to Mg-based alloys.

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Matsuoka, Hideaki, Yukio Hirose, Shigenobu Takahashi, Zenjiro Yajima, and Yoichi Kishi. "X-ray Fractographic Study on Fracture Surface of New Light Metal." Advances in X-ray Analysis 38 (1994): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800018085.

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Abstract New materials in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-La alloy system have been proposed for improving corrosion resistance in a study by Kishi et al, because Lanthanum, La, has a storage capability for hydrogen. Hydrogen is a problem in the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth mechanism. Zinc, Zn, Magnesium, Mg, and Copper, Cu, in the alloy have influenced the extrusion, strength and other properties; however, in the case of putting this material to use, it is also necessary to evaluate it from the viewpoint of fracture mechanics. The stress intensity factor, K, obtained from fracture mechanics is a necessary parameter for the evaluation of various materials. The first part of this study deals with the measurement of fatigue crack growth in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-La alloy system. The second part evaluates the fracture surface obtained from tests of these materials by the application of x-ray fractography.

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Wang, Qian, Liang Zhang, and Jun Wei Zhang. "Investigation on the Corrosion Resistance of Laser Cladding Fe-Based Alloy Coating Against Molten Zinc." Corrosion 78, no. 3 (January 7, 2022): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3877.

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In this paper, laser cladding technology was used to prepare an Fe-based coating on H13 steel substrate and its corrosion behavior in molten zinc was studied. The results show that a laser-cladding Fe-based coating can effectively protect the substrate from the corrosion of molten zinc, which is mainly related to its microstructure. The typical microstructure of the coating is composed of α-(Fe, Cr) solid solution matrix and CrFeB eutectic phases continuously distribute around the matrix. When molten zinc is in contact with the surface of the coating, it corrodes the α phase matrix preferentially and CrFeB eutectic phases with better corrosion resistance interweave with each other to form a three-dimensional skeletal structure that can play the role of diffusion barrier and slow down the diffusion rate of liquid zinc. The corrosion by molten zinc leads to the formation of a transition layer and an outer corrosion layer above the coatings. With the prolongation of the corrosion time, a large number of microcracks are generated inside the transition layer and fracture gradually occurs under the action of thermal stress. The partial spalling of the transition layer and the corrosion of α phase matrix occur at the same time, making the corrosion depth of the coating increase continuously. However, the dense corrosion layer above the coating and the dispersed boride fragments can still function as a barrier to the inward diffusion of molten zinc.

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Kubásek, Dvorský, Šedý, Msallamová, Levorová, Foltán, and Vojtěch. "The Fundamental Comparison of Zn–2Mg and Mg–4Y–3RE Alloys as a Perspective Biodegradable Materials." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 3745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223745.

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Biodegradable materials are of interest for temporary medical implants like stents for restoring damaged blood vessels, plates, screws, nails for fixing fractured bones. In the present paper new biodegradable Zn–2Mg alloy prepared by conventional casting and hot extrusion was tested in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Structure characterization and mechanical properties in tension and compression have been evaluated. For in vivo tests, hemispherical implants were placed into a rat cranium. Visual observation of the living animals, an inspection of implant location and computed tomography CT imaging 12 weeks after implantation were performed. Extracted implants were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on perpendicular cuts through corrosion products. The behaviour of zinc alloy both in in vitro and in vivo conditions was compared with commercially used Mg-based alloy (Mg–4Y–3RE) prepared by conventional casting and hot extrusion. Both compressive and tensile yield strengths of Zn and Mg-based alloys were similar; however, the brittleness of Mg–4Y–3RE was lower. Zn and Mg-based implants have no adverse effects on the behaviour or physical condition of rats. Moreover, gas bubbles and the inflammatory reaction of the living tissue were not detected after the 12-week period.

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Shepelevich, Vasili G., and Denis A. Zernitsa. "The microstructure of the rapidly solidified foil of the hypoeutectic alloy Sn – 4.4 wt. % Zn." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Physics, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-2243-2021-2-44-52.

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The article presents the results of a study of the microstructure of the rapidly solidified foil of the hypoeutectic alloy Sn – 4.4 wt. % Zn. It was found that the investigated alloy has a two-phase structure, which consists of solid solutions of tin and zinc. Doping of tin with zinc leads to a decrease in the unit cell parameter. The difference between the unit cell parameters of a rapidly solidified alloy in comparison with an alloy of pure tin tends to decrease during holding, which is due to strong supercooling of the melt during its production at ultrahigh speeds, and the formation of a supersaturated solid solution of zinc in tin, which, due to high homological temperatures, as a consequence, active diffusion processes, decomposes at room temperature. It has been established that a microcrystalline structure is formed in the foil of the alloy under study, in the cross section of which there are uniformly distributed equiaxed dispersed dark zinc precipitates against the background of a light tin matrix; the absence of zinc plates in the foil reduces the ability to brittle fracture. The unequal distribution of the average chord of random secants on the grains in the surface layers A is caused by the release of heat, which leads to a decrease in the supercooling of the subsequent layers of the melt, and an increase in the grain size as the crystallisation front moves. It was found that in the (301) plane along the [103] direction, tin twinning is observed, which occurs under the action of quenching stresses at high crystallisation rates. The alloy under study has a (100) tin texture, the formation of which is associated with the fact that the (100) plane is the most densely packed, which promotes the growth of grains with this orientation at the highest rate.

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CHELLADURAI, SAMSON JEROLD SAMUEL, and RAMESH ARTHANARI. "INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF ZINC-COATED STEEL WIRES REINFORCED LM6 ALUMINIUM ALLOY COMPOSITES BY SQUEEZE CASTING." Surface Review and Letters 26, no. 01 (January 2019): 1850125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18501251.

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Zinc-coated steel wires (1–5 numbers) reinforced in LM6 matrix composites have been prepared by squeeze casting process. Microstructure, hardness, tensile strength, ductility and dry sliding wear behavior of composites have been investigated by varying sliding distance and load. Fracture surface of tensile specimens and worn out surface of wear samples have been examined using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The results reveal that hardness of composites increased with increasing distance from matrix to steel wires. Maximum hardness values of 751 VHN and 611 VHN are observed in steel wire and at the interface of steel wire — aluminium, respectively. Tensile strength of composites increased upto 24% by reinforcing three steel wires in matrix. During the wear test, weight loss, wear rate and coefficient of friction decreased with increasing number of wires embedded in matrix and increased with increasing sliding distance and load. LM6 aluminium alloy reinforced with five numbers of steel wires decreased the weight loss upto 17% as compared to matrix under 40[Formula: see text]N load and a sliding distance of 2000[Formula: see text]m. Fracture surface of tensile specimen shows dimple formation in matrix and broken wires are observed in composites. Worn surface of composites shows fine grooves, whereas delamination is observed in matrix. In general, reinforcement of zinc-coated steel wires in LM6 aluminium alloy exhibited better mechanical properties and wear resistance compared to matrix.

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36

Altuncu, E., and S. İriç. "Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of Thermal Sprayed and Hard Chrome Coated Aluminium-Zinc Alloy." Acta Physica Polonica A 132, no. 3-II (September 2017): 926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.132.926.

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Shaha, S. K., S. B. Dayani, and H. Jahed. "Fatigue life enhancement of cast Mg alloy by surface modification in cold spray process." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816503014.

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To improve the fatigue life of Mg alloy, high strength AA7075 spherical powder was deposited on AZ31B samples in nitrogen carrier gas environment at 400°C temperature in cold spray process followed by electrostatic painting with zinc phosphate. The fully reverse four-point rotating-bending fatigue tests were conducted on the coated and uncoated samples in different environmental conditions. It is seen that the cold sprayed AA7075 improved the yield strength of the AZ31B cast alloy. Similarly, a significant fatigue enchantment was observed in the coated samples, reaching a fatigue strength of 90 MPa compared to as-cast fatigue strength of 70 MPa at 107 cycles when tested in air, and fatigue strength of 80 MPa under a 3.5%NaCl testing environment. The SEM analysis at the interface of the tensile tested sample exhibited the interfacial fracture followed by delamination of the coating. Similarly, delamination of coating was merely detected in the fatigue fracture sample tested in the air, while the sample tested in the corrosive environment showed pits which allowed the solution to penetrate in the AZ31B substrate results delamination and premature failure. However, the presence of e-paint forms a passive layer which is hindering the pit formation and extending the fatigue life.

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38

Kunimine, Takahiro. "Severe Plastic Deformation of Copper, Binary Cu-Zn Solid-Solution Alloys, and High-Strength Brass by High-Pressure Torsion." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.780.

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Severely-deformed high-strength brasses were investigated by leveraging high-pressure torsion (HPT) processing in order to obtain more enhanced mechanical properties of copper alloys. Pure copper, binary Cu-Zn solid-solution alloys and high-strength brasses including aluminum and manganese additions were selected for experiments. For comparison of these materials, zinc equivalent parameter was used. These materials were subjected to the HPT processing, followed by hardness tests and tensile tests. The maximal hardness value of the nanostructured high-strength brass with β phase matrix was reached 420 HV. The HPT processed high-strength brass with β phase matrix showed significant increase in the yield stress and tensile strength with sacrificing ductility. The tensile specimen of the high-strength brass with β phase matrix was fractured before initiation of necking. It was found that utilizing β phase matrix is also beneficial for controlling enhanced strength of high-strength copper alloys for not only casting process but also severe plastic deformation.

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Movahedi, Nima, Graeme Murch, Irina Belova, and Thomas Fiedler. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Compressive Behavior of Zinc Alloy ZA27 Syntactic Foam." Materials 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12050792.

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Zinc alloy (ZA27) syntactic foams (SF) were manufactured using expanded perlite (EP) particles and counter-gravity infiltration casting. Due to a variation of the metallic matrix content, the density of the produced foam samples varied from 1.78 to 2.03 g·cm−3. As-cast and solution heat-treated samples were tested to investigate the compressive properties of the ZA27 syntactic foam. To this end, quasi-static compression tests were conducted. In addition, microstructural analysis of the as-cast and heat-treated syntactic foams was carried out using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the heat treatment alters the microstructure of the ZA27 alloy matrix from a multiphase dendrite to a spheroidized microstructure with improved ductility. Moreover, the heat treatment considerably enhances the energy absorption and plateau stress ( σ pl ) of the syntactic foam. Optical analysis of the syntactic foams under compression shows that the dominant deformation mechanism of the as-cast foams is brittle fracture. In comparison, the heat-treated samples undergo a more ductile deformation.

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Peutzfeldt, A., A. Sahafi, and S. Flury. "Bonding of Restorative Materials to Dentin With Various Luting Agents." Operative Dentistry 36, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/10-236-l.

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SUMMARY The aim was to compare eight types of luting agents when used to bond six indirect, laboratory restorative materials to dentin. Cylinders of the six restorative materials (Esteticor Avenir [gold alloy], Tritan [titanium], NobelRondo [feldspathic porcelain], Finesse All-Ceramic [leucite-glass ceramic], Lava [zirconia], and Sinfony [resin composite]) were ground and air-abraded. Cylinders of feldspathic porcelain and glass ceramic were additionally etched with hydrofluoric acid and were silane-treated. The cylinders were luted to ground human dentin with eight luting agents (DeTrey Zinc [zinc phosphate cement], Fuji I [conventional glass ionomer cement], Fuji Plus [resin-modified glass ionomer cement], Variolink II [conventional etch-and-rinse resin cement], Panavia F2.0 and Multilink [self-etch resin cements], and RelyX Unicem Aplicap and Maxcem [self-adhesive resin cements]). After water storage at 37°C for one week, the shear bond strength of the specimens (n=8/group) was measured, and the fracture mode was stereomicroscopically examined. Bond strength data were analyzed with two-factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Newman-Keuls' Multiple Range Test (α=0.05). Both the restorative material and the luting agent had a significant effect on bond strength, and significant interaction was noted between the two variables. Zinc phosphate cement and glass ionomer cements produced the lowest bond strengths, whereas the highest bond strengths were found with the two self-etch and one of the self-adhesive resin cements. Generally, the fracture mode varied markedly with the restorative material. The luting agents had a bigger influence on bond strength between restorative materials and dentin than was seen with the restorative material.

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Klíma, Karel, Dan Ulmann, Martin Bartoš, Michal Španko, Jaroslava Dušková, Radka Vrbová, Jan Pinc, et al. "A Complex Evaluation of the In-Vivo Biocompatibility and Degradation of an Extruded ZnMgSr Absorbable Alloy Implanted into Rabbit Bones for 360 Days." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 13444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413444.

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The increasing incidence of trauma in medicine brings with it new demands on the materials used for the surgical treatment of bone fractures. Titanium, its alloys, and steel are used worldwide in the treatment of skeletal injuries. These metallic materials, although inert, are often removed after the injured bone has healed. The second-stage procedure—the removal of the plates and screws—can overwhelm patients and overload healthcare systems. The development of suitable absorbable metallic materials would help us to overcome these issues. In this experimental study, we analyzed an extruded Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr (wt.%) alloy on a rabbit model. From this alloy we developed screws which were implanted into the rabbit tibia. After 120, 240, and 360 days, we tested the toxicity at the site of implantation and also within the vital organs: the liver, kidneys, and brain. The results were compared with a control group, implanted with a Ti-based screw and sacrificed after 360 days. The samples were analyzed using X-ray, micro-CT, and a scanning electron microscope. Chemical analysis revealed only small concentrations of zinc, strontium, and magnesium in the liver, kidneys, and brain. Histologically, the alloy was verified to possess very good biocompatibility after 360 days, without any signs of toxicity at the site of implantation. We did not observe raised levels of Sr, Zn, or Mg in any of the vital organs when compared with the Ti group at 360 days. The material was found to slowly degrade in vivo, forming solid corrosion products on its surface.

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AL-Makramani, Bandar M. A., Abdul A. A. Razak, and Mohamed I. Abu-Hassan. "Effect of Luting Cements on the Compressive Strength of Turkom-Cera™ All-ceramic Copings." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 9, no. 2 (2008): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-9-2-33.

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Abstract Aim The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different luting agents on the fracture strength of Turkom-Cera™ all-ceramic copings. Methods and Materials Standardized metal dies were duplicated from a prepared maxillary first premolar tooth using non-precious metal alloy (Wiron 99). Thirty Turkom-Cera™ copings of 0.6 mm thickness were then fabricated. Three types of luting agents were used: zinc phosphate cement (Elite™), glass-ionomer cement (Fuji I™), and a dual-cured composite resin cement (Panavia F™). Ten copings were cemented with each type. All copings were cemented to their respective dies according to manufacturer's instructions and received a static load of 5 kg for ten minutes. After 24 hours of storage in distilled water at 37°C, the copings were vertically loaded until fracture using an Instron Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. The mode of fracture was then determined. Results Statistical analysis carried out using analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in the compressive strength between the three groups (P<0.001). The mean fracture strength (in Newtons) of Turkom-Cera™ copings cemented with Elite™, Fuji I™, and Panavia F™ were 1537.4 N, 1294.4 N, and 2183.6 N, respectively. Conclusions Luting agents have an influence on the fracture resistance of Turkom-Cera™ copings. Citation AL-Makramani BMA, Razak AAA, Abu-Hassan MI. Effect of Luting Cements on the Compressive Strength of Turkom-Cera™ All-ceramic Copings. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008 February;(9)2:033-040.

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Hulipalled, Poornima, Veerabhadrappa Algur, V. Lokesha, and S. Naveen. "Wear Behaviour Of Modified ZA-27 Alloy: A Statistical Analysis." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 70, no. 3A (July 12, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2022/30669.

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<p>This contemporary work has mainly engrossed on optimization of wear loss of modified zinc aluminium (ZA- 27) alloy with varying inputs like sliding speed, normal load, and sliding distance were used to conduct dry sliding wear experiments on a friction and wear testing equipment. The experiments were designed using a Taguchi mixed design L16 (4^2 ^1) orthogonal array. The impacts of wear feature (input) on wear loss (output) of ZA-27 alloy were deliberated using Taguchi and ANOVA. Best parameters for minimum wear loss are a normal load of 9.81N, a sliding speed of 2 m/s, and a sliding distance of 2500m, according to the findings. The contributions of sliding distance, sliding speed and normal load were 0.07%, 6.01% and 81.48%, respectively, according to ANOVA. For the modified ZA-27 alloy, Taguchi and ANOVA results reveal the same influence order. At higher loads and speeds, the worn surface reveals that the sub-surfaces fractured and broken, forming a platelike structure of wear debris.</p>

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Bernasovský, Peter. "Case Studies of Steel and their Welded Joint Failures Caused by LME." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.172.

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Liquid metal embrittlement ( LME ) is a phenomenon , where liquid (molten ) metal is mostly intergranulary (but not only ) penetrated into solid metal and causes its brittle fracture. The LME is usually related to low melting metals (zink, tin , cadmium ...) ,which are in the contact with higher molten ones ( steels, Ni alloys...). Cases of LME as a Cu penetration into pipeline welded joint of 15G2S steel ,a hot temperature corrosion in the cement works shell plate made of AISI 310 stainless steel attacted by Ni3S2 (Ts= 644°C) and a vanadium corrosion in the boiler vessel (10CrMo9-10 steel) due to V2O5 + Na2SO4 eutecticum (~600°C ) are concerned.

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Holweg, Patrick, Leopold Berger, Martina Cihova, Nicholas Donohue, Bernhard Clement, Uwe Schwarze, Nicole G. Sommer, et al. "A lean magnesium–zinc–calcium alloy ZX00 used for bone fracture stabilization in a large growing-animal model." Acta Biomaterialia 113 (September 2020): 646–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.013.

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46

Hoche, H. "Examples of Damage: Fractures and Crack Formation in Zinc Die Casting Components." Practical Metallography 51, no. 12 (December 15, 2014): 860–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/147.110315.

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47

HAGI, Hideki. "Measurement of Fracture Strength of Zinc-Nickel Alloy Electroplating Films by Detection of Acoustic Emission Generated in Tensile Loading." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 48, no. 5 (1997): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.48.554.

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48

Ghosh, Sougata, and Thomas Jay Webster. "Metallic Nanoscaffolds as Osteogenic Promoters: Advances, Challenges and Scope." Metals 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091356.

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Анотація:

Bone injuries and fractures are often associated with post-surgical failures, extended healing times, infection, a lack of return to a normal active lifestyle, and corrosion associated allergies. In this regard, this review presents a comprehensive report on advances in nanotechnology driven solutions for bone tissue engineering. The fabrication of metals such as copper, gold, platinum, palladium, silver, strontium, titanium, zinc oxide, and magnetic nanoparticles with tunable physico-chemical and opto-electronic properties for osteogenic scaffolds is discussed here in detail. Furthermore, the rational selection of a polymeric base such as chitosan, collagen, poly (L-lactide), hydroxyl-propyl-methyl cellulose, poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid, polyglucose-sorbitol-carboxymethy ether, polycaprolactone, natural rubber latex, and silk fibroin for scaffold preparation is also discussed. These advanced materials and fabrication strategies not only provide for appropriate mechanical strength but also render integrity, making them appealing for orthopedic applications. Further, such scaffolds can be functionalized with ligands or biomolecules such as hydroxyapatite, polypyrrole (PPy), magnesium, zinc dopants, and growth factors to stimulate osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, and neovascularization to aid in rapid healing. Future directions to co-incorporate bioceramics, biogenic nanoparticles, and fourth generation biomaterials to enhance biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and rapid recovery are also included in this review. Hence, the further development of such biomimetic metal-based nano-scaffolds at a lower cost with reduced risks and greater efficacy at regrowing bone can revolutionize the future of orthopedics.

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Desai, A. V., and M. A. Haque. "Test Bed for Mechanical Characterization of Nanowires." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanosystems 219, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/17403499jnn42.

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Nanowires are one-dimensional solids that are deemed to be the building-block materials for next-generation sensors and actuators. Owing to their unique length scale, they exhibit superior mechanical properties and other length-scale-dependent phenomena. Most of these are challenging to explore, owing to the difficulties in specimen preparation, manipulation, and the requirement of high-resolution force and displacement sensing. To address these issues, a micromechanical device for uniaxial mechanical testing of single nanowires and nanotubes is used here. The device has 10 nN force and 1 nm displacement resolution and its small size (2 ×1 mm) allows for in situ experimentation inside analytical chambers, such as the electron microscopes. A microscale pick-and-place technique is presented as a generic specimen preparation and manipulation method for testing single nanowires. Preliminary results on zinc oxide nanowires show the Young's modulus and fracture strain to be about 76 GPa and 8 per cent respectively.

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Shaha, Sugrib Kumar, Siavash Borhan Dayani, Yuna Xue, Xin Pang, and Hamid Jahed. "Improving Corrosion and Corrosion-Fatigue Resistance of AZ31B Cast Mg Alloy Using Combined Cold Spray and Top Coatings." Coatings 8, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120443.

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In this paper, we report the application of zinc phosphate electrostatic-painting top coating on cold sprayed AA7075 leading to a significant improvement in corrosion-fatigue performance. High strength AA7075 powder was sprayed on AZ31B substrate, followed by the application of the top coating. The electrochemical corrosion and corrosion-fatigue tests of the coated and uncoated specimens were performed in 3.5% NaCl solution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that a continuous nanolayered mixture of Mg/Al was formed at the cold spray coating/substrate interface leading to high bonding strength. The results showed that the combined coatings improved the corrosion resistance remarkably, and significantly increased the fatigue life, with a fatigue strength of 80 MPa at 107 cycles, as compared to the as-cast specimen. Surface topographic analysis of the corrosion-fatigue-tested specimens demonstrated the presence of deep macro-pits on the cold sprayed AA7075 coating after 3.7 million cycles, while there were no such pits on the top-coated specimens, even after 107 cycles when tested at 30 Hz. The fractographic analysis of the fatigue-fractured specimens showed that the formation of pits allowed the NaCl solution to penetrate in the AZ31B substrate, creating localized corrosion pits resulting in premature failure, which eventually reduced the fatigue life.

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