Дисертації з теми "Zhan hou"

This thesis addresses a chapter titled Lienü zhuan, or Arrayed Traditions of Women from Fan Ye's (398-446) Hou Han shu, or Book of Later Han as starting point to challenge the prevailing image of early Chinese women as helpless victims of an oppressive Confucian society. The women represented therein behave as purposeful, active participants in the creation of Eastern Han social mores. Most remarkably, they can be interpreted as agents defining their social roles as wives and daughters. Chapter One focuses on the historiography of the Hou Han shu, generally, and the Lienü zhuan, in particular, and formulates some hypotheses about the extent of Fan Ye's own creative input in the process of compiling his Lienü zhuan. Chapter Two investigates previous scholarship on the genre of biographies of women and proposes a theoretical model for reading the biographies of women found in Hou Han shu based on notions of ritual discussed by Catherine Bell and by the collaboration between Seligman, Weller, Puett, and Simon. In order to gain further insight into the women represented in the text, Chapter Three analyzes the social, economic, and literary background of the seventeen women included in the text. These findings on the commonalities and differences in marital status, economic situation, political influence, literacy, and education are put to use in Chapter Four, which applies the ideas on ritualization to the social roles the women in Fan Ye's text perform as wives and daughters. The thesis ends with a partial translation of the Hou Han shu lienü zhuan chapter into English.
Cette thèse traite d'un chapitre intitulé Lienü zhuan, ou Traditions arranges des femmes, du livre de Fan Ye (398-446) Hou Han shu, ou le Livre de Han postérieur, comme point de départ utile pour défier l'image dominante des femmes de la Chine antique où elles sont perçues comme des victimes impuissantes d'une société confucéenne oppressive. Les femmes dépeintes dans ce texte adoptent une attitude déterminée, participant pleinement à la création des codes sociaux de la dynastie Han orientale. Fait remarquable, ces femmes définissent elles-mêmes leur rôle social en tant qu'épouses et filles. Le premier chapitre met l'emphase sur l'historiographie des Hou Han shu, en général, et le Lienü zhuan, en particulier. Il s'agit aussi d'émettre des hypothèses sur la démarche créative de Fan Ye dans sa compilation de biographies des femmes. Le deuxième chapitre s'attarde sur les études existantes concernant les biographies de femmes et suggère une approche théorique dans la lecture de ce genre littéraire dans Hou Han shu basée sur les notions de la ritualisation tel que discutées par Catherine Bell et par la collaboration de Seligman, Weller, Puett, et Simon. Le troisième chapitre analyse en profondeur le fond social, économique et littéraire des 17 femmes décrites dans le texte. Le quatrième chapitre met en évidence les différences et les similitudes entre le statut marital, la situation économique, l'influence politique, l'instruction aussi bien que l'éducation. Dans ce chapitre, on retrouve aussi les notions de rituel du rôle social des femmes en tant qu'épouses et filles. La thèse se termine par une traduction partielle en anglais du chapitre Hou Han shu lienü zhuan.

A teoria sobre o custo de capital das empresas estudada desde a década de 1950 trouxe amplas contribuições aos estudos de finanças corporativas, alocação de carteiras de investimento, fusões e aquisições, ciências contábeis, entre outras aplicações. Os modelos clássicos de custo de capital compreendem modelos como o CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model), de Sharpe, Lintner e Mossin; o APT (Arbitrage Pricing Theory), de Ross; o modelo de 3-fatores, de Fama e French, e de 4-fatores, de Carhart, entre outros. Em virtude das diversas críticas feitas aos modelos clássicos (ELTON, 1999; FAMA; FRENCH, 2004; GRINBLATT; TITMAN, 2005; ASHTON; WANG, 2012; HOU et al., 2012), há então espaço para o surgimento de uma metodologia alternativa para estimativa do custo de capital das empresas, contexto em que surgem os modelos de Custo de Capital Implícito (ICC - Implied Cost of Capital). São cinco os principais modelos de ICC estudados e testados na literatura: Gordon e Gordon, modelo FHERM (1997), Claus e Thomas, modelo CT (2001), Gebhardt, Lee e Swaminathan, modelo GLS (2001), Ohlson e Juettner-Nauroth, modelo OJ (2005) e Easton, modelo de EASTON (2004). Todos se baseiam em expectativas sobre resultados futuros projetados, e as pesquisas que os aplicam fundamentam-se majoritariamente em projeções de analistas. Há, no entanto, diversos problemas levantados pela literatura quanto ao uso de dados produzidos por analistas (GUAY et al., 2011; HOU et al., 2012; KARAMANOU, 2012). Hou et al. (2012) propõem então uma metodologia cross-sectional de projeções de resultados das empresas, com base em dados contábeis, alternativa às projeções dos analistas e aplicável aos modelos de ICC, a qual se mostrou eficiente para os testes desenvolvidos. O objetivo desta tese foi verificar se a metodologia de projeção de lucros proposta por Hou et al. (2012), com as devidas considerações e ajustes, é válida para aplicação no mercado brasileiro e, em caso positivo, verificar qual a magnitude do Custo de Capital Implícito esperado pelos investidores para aplicação de recursos no Brasil, através da aplicação dos cinco principais modelos de ICC. Analisou-se também se os modelos de ICC podem ser considerados eficientes como ferramenta para prever os ativos que terão maiores ou menores retornos futuros e, por fim, verificou-se como o prêmio pelo risco implícito se compara com o prêmio pelo risco do CAPM, e qual das duas abordagens é mais eficiente como ferramenta de precificação de ativos. Para tanto, foi analisada uma janela de dados de 1994 a 2014. As principais conclusões obtidas foram: (i) o modelo de Hou et al. (2012) ajustado tem desempenho muito positivo para fins de projeção de lucros no Brasil, com capacidade de prever 69,8% dos lucros futuros; (ii) o prêmio pelo risco implícito apurado para o Brasil para o período de 1994 a 2014 é da magnitude de 7,5% a.a., em linha com a literatura internacional e nacional; (iii) identificou-se a importância de se efetuarem ajustes e controles inflacionários, em especial, para aplicar os modelos GLS e CT, sob risco de subestimar o ICC nesses modelos; (iv) verificou-se que o único modelo, entre os testados, contraindicado para aplicação no Brasil é o FHERM, cujas simplificações teóricas e de premissas levam a resultados muito voláteis e pouco capazes de prever os retornos futuros das ações; e (v) na análise comparativa entre os modelos de ICC e os modelos clássicos de custo de capital, concluiu-se que as metodologias de ICC testadas são eficientes como ferramenta para previsão da performance futura dos ativos, diferentemente do CAPM tradicional que apresentou resultados inferiores e não conclusivos para tais fins. Por fim, salienta-se a potencial contribuição dos modelos de ICC para análises relacionadas às finanças comportamentais e prêmios de liquidez.
The theory on companies\' cost of capital has been studied since the 1960s, bringing forward extensive contributions to the study of corporate finance, allocation of investment portfolios, mergers and acquisitions, accounting, among other several applications. The classical models of cost of capital include, for example, the CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) of Shrape, Lintnet and Mossin, the APT (Arbitrage Pricing Theory) of Ross, the 3-factor model of Fama and French and the 4-factor model of Carhart. Due to the several criticisms directed at the classical models and its limitations (ELTON, 1999; FAMA; FRENCH, 2004; GRINBLATT; TITMAN, 2005; ASHTON; WANG, 2012; HOU et al., 2012), this context made room for the emergence of an alternative methodology for estimating the firms\' cost of capital, represented by the Implied Cost of Capital models (ICC). There are five main models of ICC studied and tested in the literature: Gordon and Gordon, FHERM Model (1997), Claus and Thomas, CT Model (2001), Gebhardt Lee and Swaminathan, GLS Model (2001), Ohlson and Juettner-Nauroth, OJ Model (2005) and Easton, EASTON Model (2004). All such models are based on expectations about projected future earnings, and studies that apply these methods are predominantly based on analysts\' estimates. There are, however, several problems raised by the literature regarding the use of analysts projections (GUAY et al., 2011; HOU et al., 2012; KARAMANOU, 2012). Hou et al. (2012) then proposed a cross-sectional approach to estimate the firms\' future earnings, as an alternative methodology to apply in the ICC models, which was proved very efficient. Given this context, the objective of this thesis is to verify whether the cross-sectional methodology proposed by Hou et al. (2012) to estimate future earnings, with due adjustments to the local market\'s characteristics, is valid for application in Brazil. If so, we should then verify what the magnitude of the ICC expected by investors in Brazil is, estimated using the five main ICC models. Also, this thesis should analyse if the ICC models can be considered efficient as a tool to predict which assets should have larger or smaller future returns. Finally, we should compare the risk premium estimated by the ICC models and risk premium estimated by the CAPM, and identify which of the two approaches is more efficient for asset pricing. In order to achieve such goals, a window of data from 1994 to 2014 was analysed. The main results achieved were: (i) the adjusted model of Hou et al. (2012) has shown very positive performance for projecting earnings in Brasil, with power to predict 69,8% of future earnings; (ii) the implicit risk premium for the Brazilian market from 1994 to 2014 is of 7,5% per year, which corroborates the national and international literature; (iii) it was identified the need of controlling for inflation effects, specially when implementing the GLS and CT models, at risk of underestimating the ICC if not taking the due precautions; (iv) the only model, among the tested, which was identified as unfit for applying to the Brazilian market was FHERM, since its theorical simplifications lead to too volatile results, which are poorly capable of predicting future returns; and (v) when comparing the ICC to the classical models, it was concluded that the ICC methodologies are efficient as a tool to infer future asstes\' performance, while the traditional CAPM presents poor and unconclusuve results for such purpose. At last, we stress the potencial contribution of the ICC models to the study of behavioral finance and liquidity premiums.

碩士
淡江大學
建築學系碩士班
95
This studying in point of group of dormitories of American army in Yang-Ming-Shan, and it’s a subject under discussion of preservation movement recently. The influence to Taiwan’s socity of outcome after a particular period of cold war and discusses it. Makes a research basis of background of group of dormitories of American army and build environment, and analyzes the problem about group of dormitories of American army and commune of Shan-Zhai-Hou, and tries to add setting of activities of program to produce the probability of using space, and expects the assume of design of artistic conception of space will go a step further to supply the development of commune in the future and plan principles. In this studying, discussing the subject about modern of colonization and exoticism.The author argues that Shan-Zhai-Hou has mystery from culture of other country of group of dormitories of American army and also let taiwan’s people contact the sense of modern in the first time. Pass through cold war in 1950, produce the transplant of modern and structure of modern of colonization. And talks about meaning of commune and gets the concept of city of garden of Ebenezer Howard and the example of Cung-Hsin New Village to compare with environment quality of American house in outskirt. Author also argues that few people discuss in the point of commune the fluence about the group of dormitories of American army to development of commune in our country in Yang-Ming-Shan and hope that rallies the value and attitude about commune environment by discussing this subject. To continue the subject, hope that find the problem and ability of development of subject by background of group of dormitories of American army and special architecture and high quality of environment, and change the commune university of Se valley and the concept of study of Yang-Ming-Shan and let commune of Shan-Zhai-Hou not only reserves the product of culture but supply space of learning in the culture. Finally, advances the setting of program activities and give a foreground of development of commune in the future and principles by coming into a reference of plan for people in the commune and studio of history of literature.

碩士
淡江大學
中國文學學系
93
Female worship is one of the origins of Taoism, and the theogony reflects the Taoist notion of longevity-turned-celestials. However, the female celestials recorded in the theogonies of all the past dynasties were less, either in amount or in quality, than male ones. This is quite contradictory and also quite worthy of probing. The legends of female celestials had been spread before the Tang Dynasty; however, most of them were scattered in Tao books or represented, as the attachment of male celestial legends in celestial legends in the style of anecdotal biographies, which were thus preserved. Both Yongcheng Theogony of Celestials (《U Cheng Ji Xian Lu》) written by Tu Kuanting in Tang Dynasty and The History of the Celestials in the Past (《Li Sh Zhen Xian Ti Dao Tueng Jian Hou Ji》) written by Zhao Taoi in Yuan Dynasty were the collective female celestial biographies, which justified the specialty of the narrative in female celestial biography. By probing into and further discussing the content of female celestial biographies, one can understand the development and the evolving trace of females cultivating themselves into celestials in history. This article analyzes the female celestial biographies in The History of the Celestials in the Past from three aspects of religion, gender, and era. In terms of the interior development of Taoism, The History of the Celestials in the Past can be regarded as a summary of the legends of Taoist female celestials before the beginning of Yuan Dynasty. From the point of view on gender, the writers were male and thus the trace of male discourse in the text was inevitable. In female celestial biographies, however, there are many female celestials who had the courage to be against tradition and who pursued individual fulfillment. In terms of the historical background, the Taoism in Song and Yuan Dynasties was fused with Confucianism, the divinely aloof celestial becoming the worldly celestial who saved and helped people. While Taoism used to value “dan” medicine, which often caused metal intoxication, its central notion of cultivation in this era had turned interior human body, which contributed the prevalence of interior “dan” medicine. In the light of “check in every detail, writing in strict prudence, preventing absurdity.” Zhao Taoi collected and summarized the female celestial legends in the past, making them reportable. He is the one who should be honored by advocating females who make efforts to cultivate themselves to be celestials. In addition, he revealed an option for mortal females﹘to shrug off the chains of tradition and to pursue the fulfillment of self ideals in life.

碩士
淡江大學
建築學系研究所
86
The present thesis inquires chiefly into the change of the living space in U .S. army family dependants district at Shan-Zhai-Hou, Yang-Ming-Shan,the study on a cross-culture living space. In a few years recently the exploration of s cholars in the country on the architectural space of residence has been restri cted in the study of traditional house or the housing type in using currently, the study on the exotic residence in Taiwan tends to be considerably scarce. The U.-螑litary family dependants districtt Shan-Zhai-Hou, Yang-Ming-Shan, i s theresult to be formed under specific time and circumstances, it is a commun ity of the houses to be built to meet the requirement of the living of U.S. Mi litary Assistance Advisory Group and their family dependants during U.S. aid p eriod. The district possesses exotic space type and living customs, following the change of time, the houses in U.S. military family dependants district had been rented to and used by local people, as a result the use of the same spac e presentsnd the appearance of two different culture living ways. Through prac tical in vestigation and profound interviews and records, the present study ex pects to understand how the external style and interior space of the housing s pace had been used and regulated reasonably facing the change of the living sp ace in U.S. military family dependants district by current users on the basis of the setting up and analysis of fundamental date, and examining the connecti on between space type and surrounding envioronment to neglected by past resea rchers. Ignoring the interdynamic relationship and the process of regulation o n the living style and space type between the users with different cultural ba ckgrounds, it is unable to understand and unavoidably presents the partial los s of perception as well as the insufficiency of study on the response and the regulation of space type effected by the subjective body in the interdynamic p rocess between human being and environment under specific history and the chan ge of environment. Excepting to succeed the topic of the study on the chang e of the living space in the past, aiming at the change of the architectural s tyle and space type of the housing space to discuss the use and regulation of space, this study explores profoundly in order to understand how the houses i n the U.S. military family dependants district were built and the process of c hange, as well as what is the programming idea of the designer in the U.S. mil itary family dependants and what is the form of transformation﹖an it satisfy exotic living style and customs﹖ Under the requirement of the users with diff erent cultural background and living style, how the housing spaces had been us ed and regulated﹖ The study tries further to understand the interdynamic rela tionship between the U.S. military family dependants district and the inhabita nts and communities in neighborhood. The influence in what degree it had been made﹖ what kind of space type had been shaped﹖