Дисертації з теми "ZEO-1"

Les zéolites sont des matériaux poreux cristallins uniformesformés d'unités TO4 partageant un sommet (T = Si, Al, Ge, etc.). Ils sont préparés sous des conditions hydrothermales, en mélangeant un agent directeur de structure (SDA) approprié avec un gel contenant des composants inorganiques tels que la silice, l'alumine ou le germanium. À un pH et une température spécifiques, le SDA induit la nucléation et la croissance cristalline pour obtenir des zéolites de taille, de forme et de dimension spécifiques. Les zéolites à pores de taille extra-large avec une ouverture de pore supérieure à 0,75 nm suscitent un intérêt croissant de la part des chercheurs en raison de leur activité prometteuse dans le traitement de molécules plus volumineuses, de l'amélioration de la vitesse de diffusion, de la prolongation de la durée de vie du catalyseur et du changement de la sélectivité du produit.Notre objectif est de préparer des SDA avec des substitutions alkyliques différentes en suivant une approche d'expansion de taille, en synthétisant des sels d'ammonium contenant une ou deux entités alcyne. De plus, des sels d'ammonium à base d'imidazole, d'hexaméthylénétanétramine et de composés de 4-phénylpyrridine - ainsi que des voies de synthèse pour la préparation de sels d'ammonium à base de [2.2] paracyclophane en utilisant la réaction de King ont été explorées. En outre, des sels organiques à base de phosphore ont été synthétisés. La préparation, la purification et les premiers résultats de leur utilisation comme SDA dans la synthèse des zéolites seront présentés dans cette thèse
Zeolites are uniformly crystalline porous materials formed of a vertex sharing TO4 units (T= Si, Al, Ge, etc.). They are prepared under hydrothermal conditions, by mixing a suitable structure directing agent (SDA) with a gel containing inorganic components such as silica, alumina or germanium. At specific pH and temperature, the SDA induces nucleation, seed formation and crystal growth to obtain zeolites with specific size, shape and dimension. Extra-large pore size zeolites with pore aperture larger than 0.75 nm aroused increasing interest from researchers due to their promising activity in processing bulkier molecules, improving diffusion rate, prolonging the catalyst lifetime and changing product selectivity. Our goal is to prepare SDA’s having different alkyl substituents following size expansion approach, by synthesizing ammonium salts containing either one or two alkyne moieties. Furthermore, ammonium salts based on imidazole, hexamethyl-enetetramine and 4-phenylpyridine compounds – as well as synthetic paths for the preparation of [2.2] paracyclophane based ammonium salts using King’s reaction were explored. Additionally, organic salts based on phosphorous were synthesized. Preparation, purification and preliminary results of their use as SDAs in zeolite synthesis will be shown in this thesis

New iron phosphate and borophosphate compounds were synthesized and characterized by single crystal/powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, electron microscopy and elemental analysis. Using several compositions, Fey B(PO4)x type of compounds were attempted to be prepared by solid state reactions. The solid state reactions of boron compounds with a phosphating agent has been completed at 950oC. A new product Fe2BP3O12 is synthesized and indexed in this work which is isostructural with Cr2 BP3O12 A single crystal of iron ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3-xHxFeP3O12, was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and characterized. Its X-ray powder diffraction pattern was indexed in orthorhombic system. The unit cell parameters were found to be as a = 7.775 (Å
), b = 7.445(Å
), c = 14.331(Å
) The compound with the formula NH4FeBP2O8OH was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Its X-ray powder diffraction pattern was indexed in monoclinic system. The unit cell parameters were found to be a = 9.336, b = 8.278, c =9.642Å
, and &
#946
= 101.60o, which are good agreement with the literature values. Ferro-axinite type of compound was discovered as single crystals resembling the axinite mineral. The compound was indexed in triclinic system with the unit cell parameters of a = 7.167, b = 8.840 , c = 9.455Å
, &
#945
= 64.83o, &
#946
= 64.83o, &
#947
= 69.42o. A zeotype Fe(H2O)2BP2O8.H2O, which was obtained by hydrothermal methods before, was synthesized by a precipitation method using different initial reactant. In this case, instead of Fe+2, Fe+3 compound was used as a reactant. All the compounds have been investigated by FTIR spectroscopy and the assignments of the functional BO3, BO4 and PO4 groups have been done.

Coal in the finer particle size ranges (below 1 mm) has always suffered from poor cleaning efficiencies. This problem has been exacerbated in recent years with the increased amount of high ash fines due to continuous mining machines and the mining of dirtier coal seams. In the present work, it is proposed to improve overall plant efficiencies by processing coarser coal in column flotation than is now commonly treated by that method. Column flotation for coarse coal is supported by actual lab and plant test data that result in a full-scale column plant installation. The fundamentals of coarse particle detachment from bubbles are reviewed and a new simplified model is developed which better handles cubical and rectangular coal particles. Much of the lower efficiency of fine coal cleaning is due to poor size separation of the fine-sized raw coal which results in misplaced high ash fines reporting to the coarser size streams. By sending coarser material to column flotation, the finest size separation that takes place in a plant can be as coarse as 0.5 mm or greater. The proper use of wash water in a flotation column then becomes the best mechanism for desliming of the high ash clays. This work quantifies the benefits of removing the high ash fines from the plant product and increasing overall plant yield by increasing the amount of near-gravity coarse material. The resulting yield gain is greater than that obtained from only the increased fine coal recovery. Methods of column operation for improved coarse coal recovery are also evaluated.
Ph. D.

We present a new rearrangement of short-range interactions in the S-1(0) nucleon-nucleon channel within chiral effective field theory. This is intended to address the slow convergence of Weinberg's scheme, which we attribute to its failure to reproduce the amplitude zero (scattering momentum similar or equal to 340 MeV) at leading order. After the power counting scheme is modified to accommodate the zero at leading order, it includes subleading corrections perturbatively in a way that is consistent with renormalization-group invariance. Systematic improvement is shown at next-to-leading order, and we obtain results that fit empirical phase shifts remarkably well all the way up to the pion-production threshold. An approach in which pions have been integrated out is included, which allows us to derive analytic results that also fit phenomenology surprisingly well.

Lattice simulations of the 3+1 dimensional Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model are undertaken that provide non-perturbative evidence for the existence of a BCS superfluid phase in the low temperature, high density regime. Standard analytic methods are used to fit the model's free parameters to low energy vacuum phenomenology. The model is simulated numerically for a range of baryon chemical potential mu, with the introduction of a diquark source j to allow for the observation of spontaneous U(1) global symmetry breaking in a finite volume system. For mu ≥ 0.6 inverse lattice spacings and in the limit that j → 0, a non-zero diquark condensate, a vanishing diquark susceptibility ratio and an energy gap Delta ≠ 0 about the Fermi surface in the fermion dispersion relation are all consistent with the ground-state being that of a U(l)-broken BCS superfluid. The ratio between the gap at mu = 0.8 and the vacuum fermion mass is found to be 0.15(2). This is interpreted as tentative non-perturbative evidence for the existence of a colour superconducting phase in cold, dense QCD. The effects of simulating on a finite volume, and any conditions this places on the above conclusions, are investigated. Finally, the results of some initial studies at non-zero isospin chemical potential and the prospect of simulations at non-zero temperature are discussed.

The theorem of De Rham-Saito is a generalization of a lemma due to De Rham [3], which was announced and used in [7] by Kyoji Saito, as noproof of this theorem was available, Le Dung Trang encouraged to Saito to publish the proof that can be seen in [8], which indirectly encourages us to detail the proof in this article for the many applications it has,we highlight the Godbillon-Vey algorithm [4]; in the proof of Theorem classical Frobenius given in [2]; in [6] we see some interesting applications, in the proof of Frobenius theorem with singularities [5]. In [1] we givefull details of the proof given by Moussu and Rolin.
El teorema de De Rham-Saito es una generalización de un lema debido a De Rham [3], el cual fue enunciado y usado en [11] por Kyoji Saito, al no haber prueba de este teorema Le Dung Trang anima a Saito a publicar la prueba que puede ser vista en [12], lo cual indirectamente nos motiva a detallarla prueba en este articulo por las muchas aplicaciones que tiene, destacamos el algoritmo de Godbillon-Vey [5]; en la prueba del Teorema de Frobenius clásico dada en [2]; en [8] vemos unas aplicaciones interesantes; en la prueba del Teorema de Frobenius con singularidades [7]; en [1] se detalla la prueba realizada por Moussu y Rolin [10].

In una formulazione rigorosa della teoria quantistica, la definizione della varietà Riemanniana spaziale su cui il sistema è vincolato gioca un ruolo fondamentale. La presenza di un bordo sottolinea l'aspetto quantistico del sistema: l'imposizione di condizioni al contorno determina la discretizzazione degli autovalori del Laplaciano, come accade con condizioni note quali quelle periodiche, di Neumann o di Dirichlet. Tuttavia, non sono le uniche possibili. Qualsiasi condizione al bordo che garantisca l'autoaggiunzione dell' operatore Hamiltoniano è ammissibile. Tutte le possibili boundary conditions possono essere catalogate a partire dalla richiesta di conservazione del flusso al bordo della varietà. Alcune possibili condizioni al contorno, permettono l'esistenza di stati legati al bordo, cioè autostati dell' Hamiltoniana con autovalori negativi, detti edge states. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di investigare gli effetti di bordo in sistemi unidimensionali implementati su un reticolo discreto, nella prospettiva di capire come simulare proprietà di edge in un reticolo ottico. Il primo caso considerato è un sistema di elettroni liberi. La presenza di edge states è completamente determinata dai parametri di bordo del Laplaciano discreto. Al massimo due edge states emergono, e possono essere legati all' estremità destra o sinistra della catena a seconda delle condizioni al contorno. Anche il modo in cui decadono dal bordo al bulk e completamente determinato dalla scelta delle condizioni. Ammettendo un' interazione quadratica tra siti primi vicini, un secondo tipo di stati emerge in relazione sia alle condizioni al contorno che ai parametri del bulk. Questi stati sono chiamati zero modes, in quanto esiste la possibilità che siano degeneri con lo stato fondamentale. Per implementare le più generali condizioni al contorno, specialmente nel caso interagente, è necessario utilizzare un metodo generale per la diagonalizzazione, che estende la tecnica di Lieb-Shultz-Mattis per Hamiltoniane quadratiche a matrici complesse.

L’hypoxie tumorale par l’intermédiaire d’une de ses cibles HIF-1α, est associée à la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM) dans de nombreuses tumeurs solides. La TEM a été associée aux résistances à la chimiothérapie et aux métastases dans de nombreux cancers. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré que l’hypoxie tumorale définit un pronostic péjoratif après chirurgie d’un cancer bronchique non à petites cellules (CBNPC). Nous avons également montré sur des lignées cellulaires de CBNPC présentant des mutations activatrices de l’EGFR, que l’hypoxie via HIF-1α, induit la TEM, avec activation de différents facteurs de transcription dépendant du statut mutationnel des lignées : induction de SNAIL-1/SNAIL-2 dans la lignée H1650 ayant une deletion de l’exon 19 et induction de SNAIL-1/ZEB-1 dans la lignée H1975 ayant la mutation L858R de l’exon 21 et T790M de l’exon 20. En considérant l’ensemble de ces données, il apparaît que HIF-1α peut être une nouvelle cible thérapeutique
Tumoral hypoxia, and his target HIF-1α, are linked to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various solid tumors. EMT has been linked to chemotherapy resistance and metastases in many cancers. In this work, we have shown that tumoral hypoxia may help to define a worst prognosis in case of hypoxia after non-small cell lung cancer surgery (NSCLC). We have also shown that on NSCLC cell lines harboring activating EGFR mutations, hypoxia trough expression of HIF-1α, was able to induce EMT, with activation of different transcription factors according to cell mutational status: induction of SNAIL-1/SNAIL-2 in H1650 cell line harboring exon 19 deletion, induction of SNAIL-1/ZEB-1 in H1975 cell line harboring both exon 21 L858R and exon 20 T790M mutations. Considering all these data, it appears that HIF-1α may be considered a a new therapeutic target

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Intituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP

Orientador: Luiz Henrique de Araujo Machado
Resumo: A dermatite atópica (DA) é uma doença crônica, inflamatória e pruriginosa da pele resultante da perda de barreira epidérmica, sensibilização e produção exacerbada de anticorpos IgE, direcionados, principalmente, contra alérgenos ambientais, mormente aos ácaros da poeira doméstica. Estudos com alérgenos dos ácaros da poeira doméstica são necessários para aprimoramento de testes sorológicos e intradérmicos e para confeccionar imunoterapia alérgeno específica com alta eficácia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a soroprevalência aos alérgenos Der f 2, Zen 1 e corpo do ácaro Dermatophagoides farinae em cães com DA do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foi utilizado o soro de 85 cães, os quais foram submetidos ao teste sorológico ELISA (Enzyme Linked Imunosorbent Assay) indireto para detecção de IgE alérgeno-específica para os alérgenos estudados. A soropositividade foi observada em 96% dos animais para Der f 2, 91% para Zen 1 e 96% para o corpo do ácaro. Devido à esta alta prevalência encontrada, sugerimos que Der f 2 e Zen 1 podem ser considerados alérgenos maiores para cães no estado de São Paulo.
Abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory and pruritic disease of the skin resulting from the loss of epidermal barrier, sensitization and exacerbated production of IgE antibodies, mainly directed against environmental allergens, especially to house dust mite. Studies with house dust mite allergens are required, aiming at the improvement of both serological and intradermal tests, in order to make specific allergen immunotherapy with high efficacy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of Der f 2, Zen 1 and body of the Dermatophagoides farinae allergens in dogs with AD from the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Serum of 85 dogs were used, which were submitted to indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of allergen-specific IgE for the allergens studied. Serum of 85 dogs were used, which were using the indirect ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) for the detection of allergen-specific IgE. Seropositivity was observed in 96% of the animals for Der f 2, 91% for Zen 1 and 96% for body of the mite. Due to this high prevalence, we suggest that Der f 2 and Zen 1 can be considered as major allergens dogs in the state of São Paulo.
Mestre

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos diretos da seleção para as características número de ramificações do pendão (NRP) e altura de espigas (AE) e os efeitos indiretos sobre outras características de importância agronômica, foram realizados três ciclos de seleção divergente na população ESALQ-PB 1 de milho. O primeiro ciclo foi praticado entre famílias de meios irmãos e nos ciclos seguintes praticou-se seleção massal. A avaliação dos ciclos de seleção foi feita através de três experimentos em blocos ao acaso, com 20 repetições, conduzidos em locais diferentes, com 20 tratamentos (população original, os três ciclos de seleção divergente e os respectivos cruzamentos entre linhas divergentes em cada ciclo e uma testemunha). Além das características selecionadas, NRP e AE, foram também estudadas: altura da planta (AP), posição relativa da espiga (PRE = AE/AP), prolificidade (PRO), produção de espigas (PE) e produção de grãos (PG). Através de uma análise de regressão conjunta, foi possível observar, em média, grande eficiência na seleção para se aumentar e diminuir NRP e AR. Após 3 ciclos de seleção, a primeira característica foi aumentada em 10,18 unidades (43,79%) na seleção positiva e reduzida em 5,77 unidades (-24,80%) na seleção negativa. Do mesmo modo a AE foi aumentada em 11,09 em (8,73%) e diminuída em 10,81 em (-8,51%). As demais características também mostraram alterações ao longo dos 3 ciclos de seleção. Assim a seleção para maior NRP provocou aumentos significativos em AP, AE e PRE, além de diminuições em PRO, PE e PG. A seleção para menor NRP provocou efeitos contrários nessas características. Por seu lado a seleção positiva para AE aumentou significativamente AP, PRE e NRP, enquanto a seleção negativa reduziu essas características. A PE mostrou tendência em aumentar, de maneira não significativa, tanto na seleção positiva para AE como na seleção negativa, o mesmo ocorrendo com a PG. Os resultados observados e estimados através da análise de regressão permitem concluir que NRP, sendo uma característica de fácil avaliação, pode ser utilizada no processo seletivo de plantas mais produtivas. O ideal seria a eliminação das plantas fracas (normalmente com pendões menores) e dentre as mais vigorosas tomar aquelas de pendões menores. Os resultados também mostraram que, na população ESALQ-PB 1, é possível reduzir-se AE sem perdas na produção, permitindo-se assim uma arquitetura mais apropriada para as plantas.
With the objective of evaluating the direct effects of selection on tassel branch number (NRP) and ear height (AE), and indirect effects on other characteristics of agronomic importance, three cycles of divergent selection were completed in the maize population ESALQ-PB 1. The first selection cycle was based on half - sib family means and the in next cycles mass selection for both sexes was used. For the evaluation of selection cycles the experiments were in completely randomized block design, with 20 replications, in three different locations with 20 entries comprising the original population, the three cycles of divergent selection and respectives crosses within cycles for each selection line, and a commercial hybrid as check. Besides the selected traits, NRP and AE, the following traits also were studied: plant height (AP), ear placement (PRE = AE/AP), prolificacy (PRO) and yield measured by ear weight (PE) and grain weight (PG). Using a combined regression analysis, it was observed, on the average, the efficiency of selection to increase and decrease tassel branch number and ear height. After three cycles of selection, the first characteristic was increased by 10.18 unities (43.79%) in positive selection and decreased by 5.77 unities (-24.80 %) in negative selection. In the same manner the ear height was increased by 11.09 cm (8.73%) and decreased by 10.81 cm (-8.51%). The others traits also showed changes along the three cycles of selection. Thus selection to increase tassel branch number also increased significant1y plant height; ear height and ear placement and decreased prolificacy, ear yield and grain yield. On the other hand selection to decrease NRP decreased plant height, ear height, ear placement and increased prolificacy ear yield and grain yield. The positive selection for ear height also increased plant height, ear placement and tassel branch number while the negative selection decreased those characteristics. The ear yield increased (not significantly) in both positive and negative selection for ear height. The same tendency of increase (significant in positive line) was observed in grain yield. The observed results and those estimated through regression analysis permit to conclude that tassel branch number can be considered in the selection process because in it will contribute for the obtention of superior and more efficient genotypes. The results also showed that, in the population ESALQ-PB 1, i t's possible to decrease ear height without losses in yield, that may also contribute of a better architecture of the maize plant.

OCL1 (Outer Cell Layer 1) est le membre fondateur, chez le maïs, de la famille multigénique regroupant les facteurs de transcription HD-ZIP IV. La plupart de ces gènes s’exprime préférentiellement dans l’épiderme, et chez Arabidopsis l’étude de mutants a montré que certains HD-ZIP IV étaient essentiels pour la différenciation de cette couche cellulaire. Lors de ma thèse je me suis intéressée à la régulation du gène OCL1 par un petit ARN non codant. En effet, la conservation au sein des 3’UTR de plusieurs gènes HD-ZIP IV d’un motif de 21 nucléotides (nt) suggérait l’existence d’un tel mécanisme. J’ai mis en évidence que ce motif de 21 nt était conservé des Bryophytes aux Angiospermes et qu’il était toujours couplé à un second motif conservé d’une taille de 19 nt avec lequel il peut s’apparier pour former une structure secondaire de type tige-boucle. J’ai démontré l’existence d’un petit ARN ayant une séquence (quasi) complémentaire au site de 21 nt. La biogenèse de ce petit ARN de 24 nt que nous avons nommé small1, dépend de RDR2/ MOP1, DCL3 et Pol IV/ RMR6, composants normalement requis pour le mécanisme de RdDM. A l’aide d’un système GFP sensor, j’ai cependant mis en évidence que small1 régulait l’expression de son gène cible par inhibition de la traduction et non par RdDM. Ces expériences ont par ailleurs démontré qu’OCL1 n’est pas régulé uniquement par small1, mais également via un second mécanisme dans lequel pourrait intervenir la structure secondaire de type tige-boucle. Enfin, j’ai montré que small1 possède une extrémité 5’modifiée, expliquant ainsi son absence des banques de données et définissant aussi une nouvelle classe de petits ARN chez les plantes
Small non-coding RNAs are versatile riboregulators that control gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, governing many facets of plant development and stress responses. We previously suggested the possible regulation of OCL1 (Outer Cell Layer1) by a small RNA based on the intriguing presence of two conserved motives of 19 and 21nt in its 3’UTR. ZmOCL1 is a founding member of the HD-ZIP IV gene family encoding plant specific transcription factors mainly involved in epidermis differentiation and specialization. Here we present evidence for the existence of a 24 nt small RNA complementary to ZmOCL1 3’UTR which accumulates preferentially in maize reproductive organs but also in Arabidopsis flowers and inflorescences. The biogenesis of this 24 nt small RNA (that we named small1) depends on MOP1/RDR2 and RMR6/POLIV and DCL3, components normally required for RNA-dependent DNA-methylation. Unexpectedly GFP-sensor experiments showed that small1 may regulate its target at the post-transcriptional level, mainly through translational inhibition. These experiments further highlighted the importance of additional 3’UTR sequences required for efficient target repression, possibly implicating a secondary stem-loop structure. Finally, we showed that small1 is modified at its 5’ end, which not only explains its absence from the current databases but also defines a novel class of plant small RNAs

This thesis analyzes the solution attempts of Zeno&rsquo
s paradoxes and its related problems in a historical context. The evolution of calculus and its critiques will also be examined regarding the rigor problem in mathematics. As a conclusion a compound method is proposed.

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The present work aimed to value the agronomic efficiency of different doses of a fertilizer fount of micronutrients applied through the soil in soy culture and the residual answer in culture rotation with the corn, by the determination of chemical attributes related with the productivity. The study was performed in field s condition in a Distrofic Red Latosoil in the experimental area of the School of Agronomy and Food Engineering, in Goiânia Goiás. The experiment was performed in the harvests 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 in randomized complete blocks design with five treatments and four repetitions. Fertilizer was used as fountain of micronutrients in the form of powder containing 6,8% of manganese (Mn), 3,9% of zinc (Zn), 2,1% of iron (Fe), 1,2% of copper (Cu) and 1,1% of boron (B), in four doses and as reference the testimony: D 0 0 kg ha-1, D 0,5 33,33 kg ha-1, D 1 66,66 kg ha-1, D 2 133,32 kg ha-1 and D 1C - 66,66 kg ha-1 plus 1,4 t ha-1 of calcium oxide. The fount of micronutrient was applied only in the harvest 2007/2008 associated to the soil preparation, in the harvest of 2008/2009 there was no reapplication and the system of planting was direct, without the soil preparation. The geeting of soil and leaf were carried out in the florescence of the cultures. It can be concluded that the cultures appears to be responsive to the fertilizer by considering the productivity of both the soy and the corn and that the fertilizer doses of 128,63 kg ha-1 and 69,08 kg ha-1 showed to have the best efficiency for the productivity of the soy to the corn, respectively.
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência agronômica de diferentes doses de um fertilizante fonte de micronutrientes aplicados via solo na cultura da soja e o efeito residual na cultura do milho em rotação de cultura, por meio de determinação dos atributos químicos relacionados com a produtividade. O estudo foi realizado em condição de campo em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico na área experimental da Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos, em Goiânia Goiás. O experimento foi conduzido nas safras 2007/2008 e 2008/2009 em delineamento em blocos casualisados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foi utilizado como fonte de micronutrientes fertilizante na forma de pó contendo 6,8% de manganês (Mn), 3,9% de zinco (Zn), 2,1% de ferro (Fe), 1,2% de cobre (Cu) e 1,1% de boro (B), em quatro doses e como referência a testemunha: D 0 0 kg ha-1, D 0,5 33,33 kg ha-1, D 1 66,66 kg ha-1, D 2 133,32 kg ha-1 e D 1C - 66,66 kg ha-1 mais 1,4 t ha-1 de óxido de cálcio. A fonte de micronutriente foi aplicada somente na safra 2007/2008 associada ao preparo do solo, na safra de 2008/2009 não houve reaplicação e o sistema de plantio foi direto, sem preparo do solo. As coletas de solo e folha foram realizadas em pleno florescimento das culturas. Conclui-se que as culturas se apresentaram responsivas para o fertilizante em relação a produtividades tanto da soja quanto do milho e que as doses de 128,63 kg ha-1 e 69,08 kg ha-1 do fertilizante se mostraram com a melhor eficiência para a produtividade da soja e para o milho, respectivamente.

No presente trabalho foram estudadas progênies de irmãos germanos e progênies S1 obtidas através de seis ciclos de seleção divergente para altura da espiga (AE) e tamanho do pendão (NR) aplicados à população ESALQ PB-1. No primeiro ciclo a seleção foi praticada entre famílias de meios irmãos e nos quatro ciclos posteriores foi praticada a seleção massal com cruzamentos planta a planta, sendo no sexto ciclo obtidas também progênies oriundas de autofecundação nas linhas divergentes para NR. Os caracteres avaliados no presente ciclo foram altura de espiga (AE), altura de planta (AP), número de ramificações do pendão (NR), comprimento do pendão (CP), peso do pendão (PP) e peso de espigas (PE). As seis subpopulações (linhas de seleção para altura de espiga, E+ e E-, linhas de seleção para número de ramificações do pendão, R+ e R- e linhas de seleção para número de ramificações do pendão obtidas por autofecundação, R+s1 e R-s1 foram avaliadas nas localidades de Piracicaba-SP e Rio Verde-GO, com os ensaios obedecendo a um delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições por local. Os parâmetros estimados foram as médias populacionais, variância genética entre progênies, variância genética aditiva, herdabilidade ao nível de médias, coeficiente de variação genético, índice de variação genético e correlações entre caracteres. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a seleção foi efetiva na ampliação das diferenças entre as médias dos caracteres nas subpopulações divergentes, sendo que as maiores diferenças foram observadas para os caracteres tomados como base para a seleção (AE e NR) nas respectivas linhas de seleção. Os parâmetros genéticos estimados indicaram, à exceção de PP, a presença de suficiente variabilidade genética para a obtenção de progressos em futuras seleções para todos os caracteres, principalmente para NR. Esses parâmetros mostraram-se superiores em Rio Verde em consequência da melhor precisão experimental verificada nesta localidade em relação à Piracicaba. Foram obtidas nas subpopulações autofecundadas (R+s1 e R-s1), estimativas da variância genética entre progênies superiores às suas correspondentes SO, à exceção do caráter AE em R+ e R-. As interações de genótipos por ambiente de uma maneira geral, mostraram- se não significativas pelo teste F e o efeito de local foi bastante acentuado para NR sendo para esse caráter verificadas médias superiores em Rio Verde em relação à Piracicaba. As correlações entre AP e AE apresentaram-se as mais altas entre todas as correlações estimadas, não mostrando mudanças ao longo dos ciclos de seleção. Em função da baixa variabilidade presente nas subpopulações avaliadas para o caráter PP, as correlações estimadas entre esse caráter e os demais mostraram-se inconsistentes e portanto de difícil interpretação. Com o objetivo de se avaliar os efeitos dos seis ciclos de seleção na variabilidade genética dos caracteres avaliados, as subpopulações R+, R-, E+ e E- foram comparadas com a população original ESALQ PB-1 através do índice de variação genético b. Os resultados indicaram uma queda acentuada na variabilidade para o caráter PE em todas as subpopulações, e para AE nas linhas de seleção para esse caráter, o mesmo acontecendo para AP em consequência da estreita associação entre os dois caracteres. Para os demais caracteres avaliados não foram observadas reduções significativas na variabilidade genética.
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En esta investigación se aplican dos metodologías para el análisis de una cruza dialélica completa usando el método 1 de Griffing (1956), se presentan dos programas para el Sistema para Análisis Estadístico (SAS) y se determina la estructura genética de las cruzas simples sobresalientes. Se realiza una comparación de medias de tratamientos con la prueba de Tukey (p=0.01) y se realiza la predicción de la respuesta a la selección considerando que existe apareamiento aleatorio entre los híbridos de cruza simple. El análisis se hizo considerando un ambiente, y los datos fueron analizados con un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar.
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. El financiamiento lo hicieron la tesista y el asesor de tesis.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
This work reports the synthesis of zeolites with different compositions (pure silica, Si/Ti and Si/Al), via hydroxide and fluoride medium using the cation 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium as structure directing agent. Initially, the cation was synthesized in chloride form and used for the synthesis in hydroxide medium. An anion-exchange (Cl- for OH-) was required for the synthesis in fluoride medium. Different reactants were used for the formation of gels synthesis, resulting in the crystallization of MFI and TON phases, the latter predominant in many compositions. The cation and synthesized zeolites obtained were characterized by different techniques such as NMR, TG/DTG, XRD, SEM, N2 adsorption and desorption, DRS and EPMA. Besides characterizing the cation and zeolites, the mother liquor of hydroxide synthesis was characterized and it was possible to observe a modification of the cation in the synthesis conditions employed. The materials synthesized in this work can be applied in catalytic reactions and adsorption
Este trabalho relata a s?ntese de ze?litas de diferentes composi??es (puramente sil?cicas, Si/Ti e Si/Al), via meio b?sico e fluor?drico, utilizando o c?tion 1-butil-3- metilimidaz?lio como agente direcionador de estrutura. Inicialmente o c?tion foi sintetizado e utilizado na forma de cloreto para as s?nteses em meio b?sico e uma troca ani?nica (Cl- para OH-) foi necess?ria para as s?nteses em meio fluor?drico. Diferentes reagentes foram empregados para a forma??o dos g?is de s?ntese, resultando na cristaliza??o das fases MFI e TON, esta ?ltima predominante em muitas composi??es de gel testadas. O c?tion sintetizado e as ze?litas obtidas foram caracterizados por diferentes t?cnicas, como RMN, TG/DTG, DRX, MEV, adsor??o e dessor??o de N2, DRS e EPMA. Al?m de caracterizar o c?tion e as ze?litas, a ?gua-m?e das s?nteses em meio b?sico foi caracterizada e foi poss?vel verificar uma modifica??o do c?tion nas condi??es de s?ntese empregadas. Os materiais sintetizados neste trabalho podem ser aplicados em rea??es catal?ticas e de adsor??o

I veleni bruciabili sono una categoria di isotopi impiegata come dispositivo di sicurezza nei moderni reattori nucleari. Gli isotopi dispari del gadolinio 155Gd e 157Gd sono potenti veleni bruciabili, largamente impiegati in reattori di potenza di seconda e terza generazione. Le sezioni d'urto degli isotopi 155,157Gd sono state misurate più volte in passato, ma sembra esserci ulteriore margine di miglioramento. Inoltre, una conoscenza precisa delle sezioni d'urto dei due isotopi è richiesta per ragioni di sicurezza. Nel 2016, in risposta alla necessità di dati migliori, le sezioni d'urto di 155,157Gd sono state misurate presso la struttura n_TOF, CERN. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è calcolare un benchmark scelto, in modo da valutare l'impatto delle nuove sezioni d'urto del gadolinio. Inizialmente, vengono introdotti i metodi computazionali per affrontare il problema di benchmark. Successivamente, il reattore di ricerca canadese ZED-2 viene scelto come caso studio per calcoli di criticità attraverso il codice MCNP6.2, eseguito sui sistemi CRESCO (ENEA). Le simulazioni mostrano che il reattore ZED-2 è sensibile a variazioni delle sezioni d'urto del gadolinio. L'impatto dei dati di sezioni d'urto del gadolinio della libreria ENDF/B-VII.1 è valutato attraverso quattro modelli di benchmark, ognuno con diversa concentrazione di gadolinio. È presente un bias di −0.45±0.07 mk/ppm Gd del valore di reattività al variare della concentrazione di gadolinio, considerando dati dalla libreria ENDF/B-VII.1. I medesimi benchmark sono valutati rispetto ai nuovi dati del gadolinio di n_TOF, mantenendo il resto del problema invariato. In questo caso, è presente un bias minore di 0.19±0.06 mk/ppm Gd. I nuovi dati sembrano correggere parzialmente le discrepanze tra risultati calcolati e sperimentali, nel contesto di benchmark del reattore ZED-2 con codice MCNP.

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Dois ensaios de avaliação foram instalados na Estação Experimental da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Coimbra-MG, com os objetivos de estimar parâmetros genéticos da população Beija-Flor de milho pipoca, predizer os ganhos com seleção direta, indireta e com o uso de índices, e selecionar as melhores famílias S 1 e S 2 para programas de melhoramento intrapopulacional e de produção de híbridos. Um látice simples 10x10 foi utilizado na avaliação de 100 famílias S 1 , e um látice simples 15x15 foi empregado no teste de 225 progênies S 2 . Foram obtidas estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e predição de ganhos com seleção. As estratégias de seleção avaliadas foram seleção direta para CE, seleção direta para produção, seleção com base no índice Clássico de SMITH (1936) e HAZEL (1943), seleção de acordo com o índice de WILLIAMS (1962), seleção com base no índice de PESEK e BAKER (1969), seleção com base no índice de MULAMBA e MOCK (1978) e seleção com base no índice livre de pesos e livre de parâmetros de ELSTON (1963), nos quais foram considerados os caracteres CE e produção. Constatou-se a existência de variabilidade genotípica para vários caracteres avaliados, dentre eles CE e produção de grãos. Correlação genotípica negativa entre CE e produção foi observada, entretanto, o uso de índices de seleção permitiu a obtenção de ganhos preditos positivos em ambas as variáveis. Seleção direta para CE foi a estratégia empregada para a seleção de 30 famílias S 1 para melhoramento intrapopulacional. Foi predito um ganho de 1,08 mL/g em CE e 13 kg/ha em produção. Para seleção de 30 progênies S 2 no melhoramento intrapopulacional foi utilizado o índice de MULAMBA e MOCK (1978), com pesos 1 e 3 para produção e CE, respectivamente. Foi obtido um ganho predito de 0,81 mL/g para CE. Para seleção de 30 famílias S 1 com a finalidade de obtenção de linhagens endogâmicas para a produção de híbridos, foi empregado o índice de MULAMBA e MOCK (1978) com pesos 1 e 2, para produção e CE, respectivamente. Finalmente, para seleção de 60 famílias S 2 para a obtenção de linhagens endogâmicas para a produção de híbridos foi empregado o índice de MULAMBA e MOCK (1978) com pesos iguais para CE e produção.
Two evaluation assays were installed in the Experimental Station of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, in Coimbra county - MG, aiming at the following objectives: to estimate the genetic parameters of the popcorn population "Beija-flor"; to predict the gains from both direct and indirect selection as well as from the use of indexes; and to select the best families S 1 and S 2 for intrapopulational improvement programs and hybrid yield. A simple 10x10 latice was used in evaluating one-hundred S 1 families, and a 15x15 latice was used in testing 225 progenies S 2 . The estimates of the genetic parameters and the prediction of gains by selection were obtained. The appraised selection strategies were: direct selection for CE; direct selection for production; selection based on the Classic index of SMITH (1936) and HAZEL (1943); selection according to the index of WILLIAMS (1962); selection based on the index of PESEK and BAKER (1969); selection based on the index of MULAMBA and MOCK (1978); and selection based on weight-free and parameter-free index of ELSTON (1963), where the characters CE and yield were considered. The existence of genotype variability was verified for several appraised characters, such as CE and grain yield. A negative genotype correlation between CE and yield was observed, whereas the use of the selection indexes allowed for obtainment of positive predicted gains in both variables. The direct selection for CE constituted the strategy used in selecting thirty S 1 families for intrapopulational improvement. A gain of 1.08 mL/g for CE and 13 kg/ha for yield were predicted. For selection of thirty S 2 progenies in the intrapopulational improvement the index of MULAMBA and MOCK (1978) was used with weights 1 and 3 for yield and CE, respectively. A predicted gain of 0.81 mL/g was obtained for CE. For selection of thirty S 1 families with the purpose to obtaining the endogamic strains for hybrid yield, the index of MULAMBA and MOCK (1978) was used with weights 1 and 2 for yield and CE, respectively. Finally, for selection of sixty S 2 families for in order to obtain the endogamic strains for yield of hybrids the index of MULAMBA and MOCK (1978) was used at the same weights for CE and yield.
Dissertação importada do Alexandria

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Modern arc welding machines utilize controllable high frequency DC/DC power supply with high dynamic and steady state current regulation performance. In the design robustness, small size and low weight, low complexity, and high efficiency are the defining criteria. The most suitable approach for a 5 kW arc welding machine power supply application is the high frequency Full-Bridge Phase-Shifted Zero Voltage Switching (FB-PS-ZVS) DC/DC converter with an isolation transformer. This converter not only gives the advantage of zero voltage switching for a wide load current range, it also provides reduced Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and reduced component stress compared to standard PWM converters. In this thesis a FB-PS-ZVS DC/DC converter with 5 kW power rating is designed for modern arc welding machine applications. IGBTs are utilized at 50 kHz switching frequency for high efficiency and control bandwidth. The output current of the DC/DC converter is controlled via a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) control platform. The performance of the designed DC/DC converter is evaluated via the computer simulations and the experimental study of the constructed prototype.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small cancer cells population inside the tumor bulk which play a crucial role in tumor recurrence, metastatic dissemination and therapy resistance. CSCs are characterized by high antioxidant defences, such as glutathione (GSH), which by maintaining low production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) confers to CSCs the ability to counteract therapy-induced ROS production favoring the acquisition of resistance. Moreover, GSH is the co‐factor of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), an enzyme able to reduce phospholipid hydroperoxides into corresponding phospholipid alcohols. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that phospholipid peroxidation together with GPX4 inactivation and GSH depletion led to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent non-apoptotc cell death. CSCs overexpressed xCT, a glutamate-cystine antiport that modulating cysteine availability could limit GSH synthesis. xCT is stabilized at the plasma membrane by CD44, a stem cell marker whose expression is regulated by protein kinase Cα (PKCα). A lot of chemoterapeutics, such as Etoposide, act by increasing ROS levels to eradicate tumor cells. The aim of this study is to modulate GSH levels in order to sensitize CSCs to pro-oxidant effects induced by Etoposide. Therefore, CSCs were selected from HTLA-230, a human neuroblastoma cell line, and from etoposide–resistant cells (ER-CSCs), and then they were treated with Etoposide alone or in combination with sulfasalazine (SSZ), an xCT inhibitor, or with C2-4, a PKC-α inhibitor.

This thesis aims at clarifying the very basic characteristics of Wu Ze Tian&rsquo
s reign and her utilization of religious and symbolic propaganda for legitimizing her authority. Wu Ze Tian is the only female emperor of China&rsquo
s long dynastic history who founded her own dynasty, Zhou dynasty after overthrowing the Tang dynasty in 690. The political ideal presented by Confucianism, which is the traditional state doctrine of the imperial China, refuses female participation to political arena and identifies the emperor as the Son of Heaven. In order to overcome the Confucian obstacle, Wu Ze Tian referred to the symbols and rituals of the antiquity, highly appraised by the Confucians, which enabled her participation to the political sphere. Moreover, for legitimizing herself as a female ruler, she utilized the Buddhist scholarship and concepts as tools of political propaganda. It was also a matter of fact that due to the northwestern nomadic influence on the society, female rulership was not conceived to be impossible in the Tang dynasty, as it was in the previous dynasties. Benefitting from this sociopolitical atmosphere, Wu Ze Tian occupied the throne first as the empress and later as the empress dowager for almost 35 years and at last ruled over the whole Chinese soil as the female emperor of the Zhou dynasty for 15 years. Wu Ze Tian proved herself as a capable ruler under whose dominion the whole country reached its broadest borders and the economy flourished considerably. Not only owing to the power of her political propaganda but also mostly because of her talent in rulership and her social and political reforms, Wu Ze Tian is one the most important Chinese rulers who left a remarkable influence on the governmental tradition of China.

This master's thesis is focused on a prudence principle under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) a US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) in accounting of a reporting unit. In the first part I described the prudence principle (conservatism principle) in the general way. In the second part of this thesis I introduced impairment testing, recognition of impairment of assets and reversal of previously recognized impairment of assets under IAS 36 Impairment of Assets. It is obviously focused on recoverable amount as a fair value less costs to sell and value in use, methods of the fair value valuation, computing value in use and identifying the appropriate discount rate to apply expected future cash flows. Third chapter of this master's thesis, named "Provisions under IAS 37", is dealing with relation between provisions and contingent liabilities, initial liability measurement and subsequent applying IAS 37. There are also stated disclosure requirements under IAS 37 (as well as under IAS 36). Within the scope of this part are in detail described Exposure Draft ED/2005 and Exposure Draft ED/2010/1 published from International Accounting Standard Board IASB in 2005 and 2010 as proposal to improvement of current version of standard IAS 37. This thesis is also focused on differences between accounting principles of prudence principle in IFRS and US GAAP. Finally, in the last chapter I analysed 15 annual reports of airlines companies in the world, which present their financial statements under IFRS. The results according to impairment of assets including goodwill, provisions and disclosures of contingent liabilities are presented in the charts. This master's thesis, named "Prudence principle in generally accepted accounting systems" is completed with practical insights and cases in each of chapters.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude de l'arithmétique (le principe de Hasse, l'approximation faible, et l'obstruction de Brauer-Manin) des zéro-cycles sur les variétés algébriques définies sur des corps de nombres. Nous introduisons la notion de sous-ensemble hilbertien généralisé. En utilisant la méthode de fibration, nous démontrons que l'obstruction de Brauer-Manin est la seule au principe de Hasse et à l'approximation faible pour les zéro-cycles de degré 1; et établissons l'exactitude d'une suite de type global-local concernant les groupes de Chow des zéro-cycles, pour certaines variétés qui admettent une structure de fibration au-dessus d'une courbe lisse ou au-dessus de l'espace projectif, où les hypothèses arithmétiques sont posées seulement sur les fibres au-dessus d'un sous-ensemble hilbertien généralisé.De plus, nous relions l'arithmétique des points rationnels et l'arithmétique des zérocycles de degré 1 sur les variétés géométriquement rationnellement connexes. Comme application, nous trouvons que l'obstruction de Brauer-Manin est la seule au principe de Hasse et à l'approximation faible pour les zéro-cycles de degré 1 sur- les espaces homogènes d'un groupe algébrique linéaire à stabilisateur connexe,- certains fibrés en surfaces de Châtelet au-dessus d'une courbe lisse ou au-dessus de l'espace projectif (en particulier, les solides de Poonen).

O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se verificar o papel da enzima peroxidase nas respostas de plantas de milho ao ferimento com carborundo e à inoculação com H.carbonum (interação de resistência) ou H. maydis (interação de suscetibilidade). Os estudos basearam-se na atividade da enzima in vitro e nas alterações do perfil isoenzimático de extratos obtidos das plantas feridas ou inoculadas. A análise dos extratos mostrou um aumento na atividade da peroxidade em respostas à inoculação com H. maydis ou a ferimento. No material inoculado com H. maydis, a máxima atividade enzimática ocorreu ao redor de 48 h após a inoculação. Em relação ao ferimento observou-se nos mesocóticos um máximo de atividade ao redor de 48 h enquanto que nas folhas esse máximo ocorreu ao redor de 24 h após a injúria. Por sua vez, o material inoculado com H. carbonum apresentou atividade enzimática menor quando comparado a H. maydis e próxima aos valores encontrados para os tecidos controle. No tocante ao perfil isoenzimático, observou-se nos extratos de tecidos foliares tratados o aparecimento de duas e o desaparecimento de três isoperoxidases no material extraído 12 h após os tratamentos. Esses mesmos resultados foram observados em extratos obtidos em 24 e 48 h. Finalmente, os resultados sugerem que as alterações da peroxidase, tanto em relação ao aumento da atividade quanto ao perfil isoenzimático, mostram-se comuns ao ferimento causado por um agente abrasivo bem como à infecção por fungos
The role of the enzyme peroxidase on maize plants after wounding with carborundum or inoculation with the fungi H.carbonum (resistant interaction) or H.maydis (susceptible interaction) was studied. The work was carried out based upon enzyme activity in vitro as well as on isoenzimatic patterns in extracts obtained from wounded or inoculated tissues. Results showed an increase in peroxidase activity after inoculation with H.maydis or wounding. In maize tissues inoculated with H.maydis the highest level of enzyme activity was observed 48 h after inoculation. In tissues wounded with carborundum, the highest enzyme activity was observed to occur 48 h in mesocotyls and leaves inoculated with H.carbonum exhibited an enzyme activity smaller than that observed in tissued inoculated with H.maydis, and the level of activity was close to the values observed for uninoculated tissues. Regarding the isoenzimatic studies, two new isoenzymes were observed in extracts obtained from wounded or inoculated leaves 12 h after the treatments. At the same time, it was observed the desappearance of three others isoenzymes in the same material. The same results were observed in leaf extracts obtained 24 and 48 h after wounding or inoculation. Finally, the results suggest that changes in peroxidase, based upon enzyme activity and isoenzyme patterns, are common responses of maize tissues to wounding by abrasion and to fungal infection

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Nesta tese de doutorado estudou-se o agente direcionador de estrutura 2-etil-1,3,4- trimetilimidaz?lio no contexto da s?ntese de ze?litas e ze?tipos em meio fluoreto. Inicialmente, foi realizado um estudo aprofundado da ze?lita pura silica HPM-1 para o entendimento do papel do c?tion na nuclea??o e crescimento zeol?tico, conseguindo explicar a forma??o dos canais helicoidais e a ordem de apari??o das unidades secund?rias de constru??o. Subsequentemente, foi empregada uma metodologia de introdu??o de hetero?tomos em HPM-1 para proporcionar propriedades catal?ticas a esta, nunca tendo sido empregada o presente m?todo nesta topologia zeol?tica anteriormente. Como resultado, obtiveram-se tr?s materiais Al-HPM-1 diferentes, que foram caracterizados e testados na rea??o de dehidrata??o de etanol. Finalmente, foi realizado um estudo explorat?rio do c?tion org?nico em s?ntese de ze?tipos (com Si, Al e P), resultando em duas fases SAPO: os ze?tipos CHA e LTA. Foi comprovado que a estrutura SAPO-CHA foi direcionada n?o somente pelo emprego do composto org?nico e do meio fluoreto, mas sua obten??o foi devida ? temperatura e a uma combina??o de dilui??o e tempo. No caso do SAPO-LTA, o efeito direcionador foi consequ?ncia majoritariamente pelo emprego do c?tion org?nico.
In this doctoral thesis the structure-directing agent 2-ethyl-1,3,4-trimethylimidazolium was studied in the context of zeolite and zeotype synthesis in hydrofluoric media. Initially, it was deepened into the study of the pure silica zeolite HPM-1 to understand the role of the cation in the nucleation and growth, explaining the helical channels and the order of secondary building units formation. Subsequently, an alternative methodology of heteroatom introduction, never reported for the present material, was also presented to give HPM-1 catalytic properties. As a result of it, three different Al-HPM-1 samples were obtained, characterized and tested in ethanol dehydration reaction. Finally, an exploratory study of the organic cation in zeotype synthesis (with Si, Al and P) was performed, giving two main SAPO phases: CHA and LTA zeotypes. It was proven that the SAPO-CHA structure was directed not only by the use of the organic cation and the hydrofluoric media, but also its obtention was influenced by the temperature and a combination of dilution and time. In the case of the SAPO-LTA, the directing effect was mainly due to the organic cation.

This thesis deals with design and implementation of a versatile control unit, which is primarily designed for control of solar collectors. It describes the various stages of design. First, the system of solar collectors is introduced. Its input-output parts are analyzed and the requirements are determined for the control unit. The characteristics of temperature sensors are examined, the work deals with continuous variable speed circulators. The following part is dedicated to hardware and software implementation of the objectives of the work. The boards were designed in Eagle design environment, the firmware was written in C programming language. In conclusion, the evaluation of the results of the proposed system and possible ways of its further development are discussed. The versatile control unit can be deployed in practice realistically.

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The corn is the main cereal produced in Brazil and its productivity is very affected by the improper use of nitrogen, which is the nutrient absorbed in larger quantities and therefore responsible for a significant share in production costs. Due to the importance of nitrogen for the corn crop becomes necessary studies to reduce the amount of nitrogen applied to the crop, reducing losses and increasing the efficiency of its use, beside minimize environmental risks. One way have been studied to reduce the amount of nitrogen applied and increase the efficiency of use of inorganic nitrogen, from the fertilizer, it is the combination of plants that cover the ground with nitrogened fertilizer. The study aimed to determine the economic viability and the effect of soil management with the use of soil cover plants, hybrids and nitrogen doses in coverage in the vegetative and reproductive characteristics, related to productivity of corn. The corn, in the experiment, was planted at begning of February in the field trial of Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Red Latosol Distrophic. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates the arrangement of plots in sub-sub-divided. The plots were formed by four types of soil management: direct planting of corn on the black mucuna stubble (Mucuna aterrima Merr.); direct planting of corn on the of crotalária juncea stubble (Crotalaria juncea L.); direct planting of corn on vegetation spontaneous (aside) and planting corn in the system of conventional tillage (arado of aiveca). The subplots were formed by five doses of nitrogen in coverage: 0, 45, 90, 180 and 360 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in coverage, and the sub-sub-plots of four hybrids of corn: BRS 3003, AG 1051, Green Corn HT-1, HT-2 Green Corn. The analysis of the benefit / cost was performed on the basis of prices of materials and services raised in April 2007. The benefit / cost in the various systems was held in the Excel spreadsheets, and economically viable a relationship exceeding 1.0. It was concluded that: there is effect of hybrid and soil management on vegetative characteristics such as plant height and the first spik and on productive characteristics as income from pulp and grain and mass in a thousand grains of corn, and there is no interaction between hybrid, soil management and dose of nitrogen in coverage of the productivity of corn. The best soil management as the benefit / cost is the fallow without any addition of nitrogen in coverage, followed by the system of conventional tillage with 45 kg ha-1 and without the addition of nitrogen.
O milho é o principal cereal produzido no Brasil e sua produtividade é bastante afetada pelo uso inadequado do nitrogênio, que é o nutriente absorvido em maiores quantidades e, portanto responsável por uma parte significativa nos custos de produção. Devido à importância do nitrogênio para a cultura do milho torna-se necessário estudos para otimizar a quantidade e a forma de aplicação deste nutriente a fim de reduzir perdas e aumentar a eficiência da sua utilização, além de minimizar os riscos ambientais. Uma das formas que vem sendo estudada para reduzir a quantidade de nitrogênio aplicada e aumentar a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio inorgânico, proveniente dos fertilizantes, é a associação de plantas de cobertura do solo com o fertilizante nitrogenado. O trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a viabilidade econômica e o efeito do manejo do solo com a utilização de plantas de cobertura, cultivares/híbridos e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura nas características vegetativas e reprodutivas, relacionadas a produtividade do milho. O experimento foi conduzido com milho safrinha no campo experimental da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com três repetições em arranjo de parcelas sub-sub-divididas. As parcelas foram formadas por quatro tipos de manejo do solo: plantio direto do milho sobre palhada de mucuna preta (Mucuna aterrima Merr.); plantio direto do milho sobre palhada de crotalária juncea (Crotalaria juncea L.); plantio direto do milho sobre vegetação infestante (pousio) e plantio do milho no sistema de preparo convencional (arado de aiveca). As subparcelas foram formadas por cinco doses de nitrogênio em cobertura: 0, 45, 90, 180 e 360 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio/uréia em cobertura; e as sub-sub-parcelas por quatro cultivares/híbridos de milho: BRS 3003, AG 1051, Milho Verde HT-1, Milho Verde HT-2. A análise da relação benefício/custo foi realizada com base em preços de materiais e serviços levantados em abril de 2007. A relação benefício/custo nos diferentes sistemas foi realizada em planilhas do excel, sendo viável economicamente uma relação superior a 1,0. Concluiu-se que: Existe efeito da cultivar/híbrido e do manejo do solo sobre características vegetativas como altura de plantas e da primeira espiga e sobre características produtivas como rendimento de polpa e de grãos e massa de mil grãos de milho; e não há interação entre cultivar/híbrido, manejo do solo e dose de nitrogênio em cobertura na produtividade do milho. O melhor manejo do solo quanto a relação benefício/custo é o pousio sem nenhuma adição de nitrogênio em cobertura, seguido do sistema de preparo convencional com 45 kg ha-1 e sem adição de nitrogênio.

In the last decade, the adoption of technologies in corn crop provided a significant productivity and yield increase in Sergipe State, Brazil. In this state, soils classified as Inceptisols are very adequate for corn cropping. The only limitation presented by those soils is the low levels of available P for plants. Fertilization to increase soil P level through rock phosphates should be considered in order to increase P response to annual P fertilization in the row, which is related to the crop requirement. On the other hand, direct application of rock phosphates in soils which have pH (H2O) above 5,5 and a high calcium content, like those above mentioned, has not been recommended because they could slow down the dissolution of rock phosphates. A strip split plot in a complete randomized blocks design with four replications experiment, was set up in order to study the agronomic effectiveness of Bayóvar and Itafós rock phosphates applied for soil P correction in an Inceptisol with pH 6,0 and high calcium content. Rock phosphates and triple superphosphate, used as a reference source, were broadcasted in the main plots and incorporated by disk plowing. A main plot without soil P correction also was included in the study. In the subplots annual P application at rates of 0, 60 e 120 kg.ha-1 as triple superphosphate were accomplished in the planting rows. Corn was grown in the raining seasons of 2011 and 2012. Yield and P leaf content indicated that less P from annual application was needed in treatments corrected by those sources with higher P solubility. Mehlich-1 and mixed resin method removed more soil P from rock phosphates plots than the reference TSP plot. The relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of Bayóvar and Itafós rock phosphates were 77,19% and 45,66%, respectively, calculated based on two years.
Na última década, a modernização da tecnologia de cultivo do milho no Estado de Sergipe proporcionou significativos aumentos de produção e produtividade. Neste sentido, as áreas de Cambissolos vêm se destacando por serem muito adequadas a esta cultura, apresentando limitações somente quanto aos níveis de P. Uma das formas para contornar a baixa disponibilidade deste nutriente no solo pode ser a realização de uma adubação corretiva através de fontes fosfatadas alternativas de baixo custo e/ou solubilidade. Esta prática visa elevar o teor de P disponível no solo com a finalidade de propiciar uma melhor resposta da cultura às doses de P aplicadas no sulco de plantio. Desta forma, foi conduzido um experimento de dois anos para avaliar a eficiência agronômica dos fosfatos de Bayovar e Itafós, como fontes corretivas de P, em um Cambissolo Háplico Ta Eutrófico vertissólico, de elevado teor de cálcio trocável e pH em torno de 6. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas em faixas, e quatro repetições. As parcelas consistiam das adubações corretivas realizadas no primeiro ano com as fontes Fosfato Natural Reativo de Bayóvar, Fosfato de Rocha Itafós e superfosfato triplo (fonte de referência), na dose de 200 kg ha-1 de P2O5, e um tratamento sem correção. As subparcelas foram compostas pelos três níveis de adubação de manutenção, no sulco de plantio, aplicados anualmente através de superfosfato triplo, nas doses de 0, 60 e 120 kg.ha-1 de P2O5. No período avaliado, a produtividade de grãos e o teor de P na folha do milho indicaram menores necessidades de reposição de P para as plantas, conforme maior era a solubilidade da fonte corretiva aplicada ao solo. Com relação à determinação de P disponível no solo, tanto Mehlich-1 quanto a Resina de Troca Iônica removeram mais P do solo dos tratamentos em que os fosfatos naturais foram aplicados. O índice de eficiência agronômica médio dos fosfatos para os dois anos foi de 77,19 % e 45,66 % para o Bayóvar e Itafós, respectivamente.

Cette these concerne les resultats d'une experimentation intensive et pluridisciplinaire, mise en place en 1991 a la cote st andre (isere) sur une parcelle de 2 ha, afin de caracteriser la reponse d'une culture de mais a l'irrigation et a la fertilisation en situation de techniques culturales traditionnelles. Le but est de proposer des modifications permettant de limiter les pertes en eau et en nitrates, tout en maintenant un niveau de rendement economique. Elle comporte deux volets: experimentation et modelisation. La mise en uvre d'une metrologie non destructive (humidimetrie neutronique, tensiometrie et bougies poreuses d'extraction de solution du sol) a permis un suivi pluriannuel (1991-1994) des bilans hydriques et azotes sous differents traitements agronomiques. Les principaux resultats sont: i) les risques importants d'entrainement des matieres solubles ne se manifestent que lors d'episodes pluvieux en debut ou en fin de cycle cultural, ii) la dose optimale d'engrais se situe autour de 180 kgn/ha ; elle permet d'eliminer pratiquement les risques de pollution pendant la saison culturale et d'atteindre le seuil de rendement maximal (13 mg/ha), enfin, iii) grace au tracage isotopique de l'azote, on peut obtenir une bonne evaluation du bilan de l'engrais entre le semi et la recolte. Les donnees acquises ont permis d'evaluer les capacites de reproduction et de prediction du modele mecaniste monodimensionnel, wave. La difficulte de caracteriser in situ l'ensemble des parametres, nous a conduit a elaborer une procedure de type systemique de decouplage des processus elementaires, basee sur l'utilisation de donnees issues de plusieurs sites de mesure: mais ou sol nu, avec ou sans apport d'engrais. Le calage progressif du modele a ete realise avec succes sur les donnees de la saison 1992, permettant de simuler correctement la situation la plus complexe: mais fertilise. Dans l'ensemble les parametres ainsi obtenus permettent de predire assez bien les resultats des autres annees

This master thesis deals with design and implementation of betting agent. It covers issues such as theoretical background of an online betting, probability and statistics. In its first part it is focused on data mining and explains the principle of knowledge mining form data warehouses and certain methods suitable for different types of tasks. Second, it is concerned with neural networks and algorithm of back-propagation. All the findings are demonstrated on and supported by graphs and histograms of data analysis, made via SAS Enterprise Miner program. In conclusion, the thesis summarizes all the results and offers specific methods of extension of the agent.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
資訊工程學研究所
107
Since invented in the 1870''s, 15-puzzle has now become a world famous puzzle game. This puzzle has various analyses in the field of mathematics. We design an interactive zero-knowledge protocol based on the problem. One case is 8-puzzle given a fixed number of move, the other is extending the scheme from 8 to all (N^2-1)-puzzles, N represents the length and width of the puzzle.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農藝學系
82
The results were outlined as follows: Concentration of glucose was significantly higher in aborting than nonaborting kernels during abortion process. Sucrose and starch concentrations were either lower in aborting kernels. Besides,the expression of sucrose synthase in kernels was not significantly different between aborting and nonaborting kernels. Collectively, these data suggest that some facters other than carbohydrate supply may be limiting the growth of aborting kernels. Endogenous ACC concentration in the kernels of shaded plants increased rapidly at 36 HAP (hours after pollination). Treatment of unshaded kernels at 32HAP with exogenous ACC or ethephon resulted in kernel abortion. Further, the effect of shading on kernel abortion could be partially negated by the treatment of a ethylene biosynthetic inhibitor, AOA (aminooxyacetic acid). These data imply that ethylene is involved in the regulation of kernel abortion. Endosperm cell division was inhibited when ACC was applied at 32 HAP, where as no effect was observed when ACC was applied at 5 DAP. These data suggest that ACC-induced kernel abortion may be closed related to endosperm cell division and developmental stage of kernels. With respect to the relationship between auxin and ethylene on abortion, treatmennt of kernels of shaded plants at 32 HAP with exogenous 2,4-D also resulted in kernel abortion, but endosperm cell division seemed to be not affected. SDS-PAGE pattern of soluble protein, however, was significantly different between 2,4-D- and ACC- (or shading)induced aborted kernels. Current results reveal that ACC-induced kernel abortion might not be associated with auxin.

Historia odkrycia związku, który dziś nazywamy kalcytriolem, lub bardziej systematycznie, 1,25-dihydroksywitaminą D3, sięga XVIII wieku. Wtedy to, w Anglii miała miejsce tzw. rewolucja przemysłowa. Był to złożony proces społecznoekonomiczny, podczas którego ludność masowo migrowała do miast by pracować w powstałych tam fabrykach. Specyficzny klimat, duże zadymienie oraz dieta oparta głównie na produktach mącznych, spowodowały masowe wystąpienie krzywicy u dzieci. Badania na temat przyczyny tak wysokiej zachorowalności doprowadziły do odkrycia witaminy D3. Jak się później okazało, jest to prekursor aktywnej biologicznie formy, jaką jest kalcytriol. Związek ten jest nazywany hormonem witaminowym ze względu na sposób działania i mnogość funkcji, jakie spełnia w organizmie. Do głównych można zaliczyć kontrolę homeostazy wapniowo-fosforanowej i przeciwdziałanie chorobom autoimmunologicznym, takim jak łuszczyca. Coraz częściej jednak jest również podkreślana znaczna rola kalcytriolu w odporności oraz przeciwdziałaniu zmianom nowotworowym. Nic więc dziwnego, że wiele zespołów naukowych skupionych w ośrodkach akademickich, jak i firmach farmaceutycznych, zajęło się syntezą pochodnych witaminy D3 oraz kalcytriolu. Poszukiwano i poszukuje się nadal związków posiadających unikalny profil biologiczny, charakteryzujący się selektywnym i/lub wzmocnionym działaniem terapeutycznym. Analizując doniesienia literaturowe na temat analogów 1,25-dihydroksywitaminy D3, można zauważyć, że tylko nieliczne z nich dotyczą związków z modyfikacjami steroidowego pierścienia D. Postanowiłem zatem skupić sięna poszerzeniu wiedzy na temat możliwości syntez pochodnych kalcytriolu, charakteryzujących się takimi strukturalnymi modyfikacjami. Jako pierwszy cel syntetyczny obrałem analog z aromatycznym, sześcioczłonowym pierścieniem D. Związek ten posiadał ponadto zmodyfikowany układ podwójnych wiązań. Tak więc, typowy układ trienowy zamieniłem na dienowy, który nieco obniża aktywność biologiczną, znacznie natomiast upraszcza syntezę. Podczas realizacji pożądanego produktu użyłem -tetralon jako związek wyjściowy, będący jednocześnie fragmentem zawierającym bicykliczny układ pierścieni C/D. W trakcie dobudowywania łańcucha bocznego wykorzystałem asymetryczną epoksydację Sharplessa, dzięki której w sposób wydajny i w pełni stereokontrolowany utworzyłem centrum stereogeniczne na C-20. Kluczową reakcją była również reakcja Sonogashiry, która umożliwiła wydajne sprzęgnięcie tryflanu zawierającego „górny” fragment budulcowy z dienynem będącym syntonem pierścienia A. Wykorzystując różne bloki budulcowe zawierające pierścień A, otrzymałem dwa związki finalne. Pierwszy z nich zawierał pierścień A, identyczny z tym występującym w formie prewitaminowej kalcytriolu. W drugim, zsyntezowanym według autorskiego projektu, występowała dodatkowa grupa metylenowa w pozycji C-2. Analizując ponownie dotychczasowe doniesienia literaturowe postanowiłem zsyntezować kolejną grupę analogów, w których główną modyfikacją był pierścień D w formie otwarto-łańcuchowej (związki D-seko). Dodatkowymi strukturalnymi zmianami, w porównaniu do kalcytriolu, było wprowadzenie podwójnego wiązania pomiędzy C-17 a C-20, brak grupy metylowej przy C-20, oraz brak grupy metylenowej przy C-10. W tej grupie pochodnych postanowiłem otrzymać -oprócz związków z „naturalną” konfiguracją absolutną - również diastereomery, które posiadały odwrotną konfigurację na centrach C-13 oraz C-14. Wśród tej ostatniej podgrupy była również pochodna z pierścieniem A identycznym z kalcytriolowym. Kluczową reakcją w trakcie realizacji projektu była ponownie reakcja Sharplessa, która ostatecznie pozwoliła w sposób w pełni stereokontrolowany wprowadzić trzy centra stereogeniczne w chiralnym związku, powstałym z -kaprolaktonu. Dzięki zastosowaniu D- lub L-winianu otrzymałem odpowiedni stereoizomer. Wykorzystując reakcję Wittiga-Hornera połączyłem keton zawierający „górny” fragment analogu z odpowiednim tlenkiem fosfiny zawierającym pierścień A. W przypadku pochodnej z „naturalnym” pierścieniem A, sprzęganie dużych fragmentów wykonałem za pomocą reakcji Sonogashiry, przekształcając uprzednio keton w odpowiedni tryflan. Dla wszystkich zsyntezowanych przeze mnie analogów kalcytriolu wykonane zostały badania biologiczne. Przetestowana została zdolność wiązania tych związków z receptorem witaminy D (VDR) oraz zdolność różnicowania komórek ludzkiej białaczki linii HL-60. Dla wybranych związków wykonano testy funkcjonalne pod kątem aktywacji transkrypcji 24-hydroksylazy oraz testy in vivo określające właściwości kalcemiczne. Uzupełnieniem prowadzonych przeze mnie badań nad analogami kalcytriolu ze zmodyfikowanym pierścieniem D, była synteza pochodnych hydrindanu i dekaliny, które mogą posłużyć jako syntony zawierające bicykliczny układ pierścieni C/D. Związki te posiadały podwójne wiązanie C(15)-C(16)(w numeracji steroidowej), co umożliwia dalszą funkcjonalizację w tym miejscu cząsteczek. Przedstawiona praca doktorska poszerza wiedzę na temat zależności strukturaaktywność w obszarze badań nad 1,25-dihydroksywitaminą D3. Niewątpliwym atutem przedstawionych badań są wyniki otrzymane dla jej analogów posiadających modyfikacje strukturalne w steroidowym pierścieniu D, rzadko dotychczas eksplorowanym fragmencie cząsteczek witamin grupy D. Wyniki zaprezentowane w niniejszej rozprawie zostały częściowo opublikowane w formie artykułów: 1. Sibilska I. K., Szybinski M., Sicinski R. R., Plum L. A., DeLuca H. F., J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol, 136, 9-13 (2013). IF= 4.095 2. Sibilska I. K., Szybinski M., Sicinski R. R., Plum L. A., DeLuca H. F., J. Med. Chem., 58, 9653-9662 (2015). IF= 6.253 3. Szybinski M., Sokołowska K., Sicinski R. R., Plum L. A., DeLuca H. F., J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 173, 57-63 (2017). IF= 4.095 4. Szybinski M., Sektas K., Sicinski R. R., Plum L. A., Frelek J., DeLuca H. F., J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 171, 144-154 (2017). IF= 4.095 5. Szybinski M., Brzeminski P., Fabisiak A., Berkowska K., Marcinkowska E., Sicinski R. R., Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18, 2162-2176 (2017). IF= 3.687
The history of the discovery of calcitriol, i.e., 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, dates back to the eighteenth century when the industrial revolution began in England. It was a complex socio-economic process, during which the population was massively migrating to the cities to work in the factories created at that time. The specific climate, large smokiness, and diet based mainly on farinaceous products caused a massive occurrence of rickets in children. Research on the cause of such a high incidence has led to the discovery of vitamin D3. As it turned out later, this was a precursor of a biologically active form, named calcitriol. This compound is considered as a vitamin D hormone due to its mode of action and a multitude of functions it performs in the body. The main ones include the control of calcium-phosphate homeostasis and prevention of autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis. The role of calcitriol in the immunological system was also discovered. Therefore, this is not surprising that many scientific teams gathered in academy and industry attempted to synthesize calcitriol analogues characterized by selective and/or enhanced therapeutic effects. Reviewing literature reports on the synthesis of 1α,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogues, one can see that only few publications describe the synthesis of calcitriol analogues with the modified steroidal D ring. Therefore, I decided to expand our knowledge about the possibility of the synthesis of different calcitriol derivatives with D-ring modifications. As the first synthetic target, I selected the analogue with an aromatic, six-membered D ring. This compound additionally had a modified double bond system. I replaced a “natural” triene system with the diene fragment, which usually slightly decreases the biological activity, but significantly simplifies the synthesis. I used α-tetralone as the starting compound, containing a bicyclic C/D ring system. During the addition of the side chain, I used the Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, that allowed to create a stereogenic centre on C-20 in an efficient and fully stereocontrolled manner. The Sonogashira reaction was also a key process, which enabled me to couple a triflate containing the "upper" fragment with the dienyne being the A-ring synthon. Using various building blocks containing the A ring, I obtained two final compounds. The first one possessed the A ring identical to that one present in the previtamin form of calcitriol. The second, synthesized according to the original project, was characterized by the presence of an additional methylene group at the C-2 position. After analysing the previous literature reports, I decided to synthesize another group of calcitriol analogues, in which the main structural modification was the D ring in the open-chain form (D-seco). Additional structural changes – as compared to calcitriol – comprised introduction of a C(17)-C(20) double bond, lack of methyl group at C-20 and lack of methylene group at C-10. Among these derivatives, I decided to create compounds with a "natural" absolute configuration, and also diastereomers that had the reverse configuration at C-13 and C-14 stereogenic centres. In the latter subgroup, there was also a derivative with its A ring identical with that of calcitriol. The key reaction during the project was again the Sharpless asymmetrical epoxidation, which enabled the stereocontrolled introduction of three stereogenic centres into a chiral compound derived from -caprolactone. Using the D- or Ltartrate in this process resulted in the desired stereoisomer. Utilizing the Wittig- Horner reaction, I coupled a ketone containing the "upper" building block of the analogue with an appropriate A-ring phosphine oxide derivative. In the case of a derivative having the "natural" A ring, coupling of large fragments was carried out by the Sonogashira reaction performed after converting the ketone into the respective enol triflate. Biological testing was performed for all the synthesized analogues. The affinity of new compounds to bind the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and their ability to differentiate human leukaemia HL-60 cells have also been tested. For the selected compounds, additional tests were performed such as activation of 24-hydroxylase transcription and in vivo tests indicating calcaemic potency. My research on calcitriol analogues with the modified D ring was extended to the synthesis of hydrindane and decalin derivatives, that can be used as synthons containing the bicyclic C/D-ring system. These compounds have a C(15)-C(16) double bond (according to the steroid numbering), which allows further functionalization in the ring D. The presented doctoral dissertation expands the knowledge about the structureactivity relationship in the vitamin D area. Undoubtedly, advantages that arise from the presented research are the results obtained for the calcitriol analogues characterized by structural modifications in their steroidal ring D, being rarely explored structural fragment of the vitamin D molecules.

9 Abstract International Migration. Professional Footballers in the Czech 1st Division Michal Matušík In the present time the extent of the phenomenon of international migration of sports labour has increased significantly. That is why it has become the subject of academic research. However, this phenomenon is accompanying the history of the football, in principal, since 1920s. In the theoretical part, the thesis treats migration in the sports in general. Drawing on existing, somewhat scarce literature, on the subject, it presents typologies of sports migrants. Further, it gives theoretical concepts of international migration applicable to the sphere of sports. The thesis notes also some aspects of international migration from the point of view of the sports law. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the migration of foreign footballers to the Czech Republic. To create a framework for that, a general history of the international migration in football is resumed in brief. In empirical part of the thesis, a survey of the foreign footballers in the Czech 1st Division in the period 1993/1994 - 2006/2007 is presented. The concept of the foreign footballer for this purpose is defined as a foreign national who actually has taken part in the play in the field at least once in the course of the season. The period...

In the first chapter there is a description of the family educational and socializational environment, the most important and the most principal factor in forming of the preconditions for good progress of a child. The child experiences the feeling of pleasure, safeness and love here, also the rituals, it obtains the trust and creates itself. The second chapter is all about school with the subjects. The child meets, as a pupil, the religion in the interdisciplinar relations there. The third chapter engages in optional Religious Studies in religion education and it inspects the contents of education with the position of both believing people as well as secular subject of education. The last chapter brings the survey with the perspective to the pupils and their motivations, which take the children from the secular families to Religious Studies.

The Lords of Schönburg, the ministerial House of Holy Roman Empire, come from Saxon Pleissenland. As sources show, their first contact with the Czech Kingdom dates back to Přemyslid period. This thesis observes their first steps in our country; their lives during the rule of the Luxemburgs up to the time of the rule of the Czech king Wenzeslaw IV. Fridrich of Schönburg - Glauchau may be considered as a certain ancestor of the Lords of Schönburg settled in Bohemia. He became an ally of the Czech king Wenzeslaw I., who was seeking for support between the foreign nobility against new rising landed nobility in Bohemia. His descendants settled down in the Czech Kingdom. The Lords of Schönburg became vassals of the Czech kings. At first they took vows of loyalty to Wenzeslaw III., and gave up Glauchau estate in Pleissenland for benefit of the king. As late as the rule of Charles IV., they gained feuds in Bohemia - Hasištejn, Perštejn, Egerberk and Ervěnice. Here they built up their domains, which didn't exist for a long time because of their losses by demises, sales and confiscations. Both during the rule of the Přemyslids and the Luxemburgs, the Lords of Schönburg appeared in sourroundings of the kings. Their names are mentioned in the documents of the Czech sovereigns and their coat of arms was carved in an...