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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

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1

Ramesh, Aditya. "Custom as Natural: Land, Water and Law in Colonial Madras." Studies in History 34, no. 1 (November 13, 2017): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643017736402.

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Анотація:

In 1865, the Madras government enacted a legislation, the Irrigation Cess Act, designed to allow it to extract revenue from water as separate as that from land. However, as emphasized by many commentators, this pithy legislation was far from comprehensive in its definition of government powers over water. Faced with resolute opposition from zamindars to any further legislation that would centralize control over water resources as well as powers to levy fees over water use to the government, the Madras state was forced to confront zamindars in court over the interpretation of the Irrigation Cess Act. In 1917, the Privy Council, the highest court in the land, delivered a landmark judgement in resolution of a dispute between the Madras government and the Urlam zamindari. The Urlam case, this article argues, lends a new perspective to historiography on custom and the environment in colonial India. The Privy Council judgement rendered custom a physical, historically reified, and ‘natural’ quality, simultaneously within and outside the encounter between labour and nature.

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2

Sinha, Jagdish N. "Book review: Tahir Hussain Ansari, Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar." South Asia Research 41, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02627280211003352.

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3

Frykenberg, Robert Eric, and Chitta Panda. "The Decline of the Bengal Zamindars: Midnapore 1870-1920." American Historical Review 105, no. 5 (December 2000): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652069.

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4

Rashmi Singh and Dr. Nisha Gupta. "Concern for Human Rights Violation: A Study of Mahasweta Devi." Creative Launcher 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2023.8.3.11.

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In the literary landscape, Mahasweta Devi stands out as an illustrious writer who, with precision and visceral detail, traces the saga of tribulations and societal marginalization experienced by tribal communities. Upon a comprehensive reading of Devi’s body of work, an observer might be inclined to conceive of her as a metaphorical celestial emissary, descended upon the terrestrial plane with the sole purpose of assuaging the sorrows of the voiceless; those who, being bound by their fear, were rendered unable to raise their voices against the oppressive landlords and zamindars. Devi, in her profound humanity, contemplates deeply on the circumstances of the impoverished dalits and tribals, who were deprived of basic human rights. The balance of power was tipped in favor of the affluent and zamindars, thereby allowing the latter to exploit the disenfranchised at their discretion. The tribal and dalit communities were victims of both physical and sexual harassment, and they were effectively silenced, stripped of their right to protest their own subjugation and oppression. In the context of the societal framework, these communities were marginalised, excluded from the mainstream discourse of life. Devi, with her empathy and indignation, assumed the role of their voice, tirelessly advocating for their plight. She strived to disseminate information about their gruesome conditions through her research papers and books, which subsequently evolved into a form of literature that voiced the experiences of these communities. During her era, the governmental structure was steeply biased against the indigent. Their interests and welfare were disregarded, and policies largely favored the prosperous. Devi’s work serves as a critique of this system, shedding light on the grim reality of social stratification and advocating for an inclusive society that upholds the dignity and rights of every individual. The present research article draws vivid details of the sufferings and marginalization of the tribals as represented by Mahasweta Devi in her works.

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5

Singh, Praveen. "The colonial state, zamindars and the politics of flood control in north Bihar (1850–1945)." Indian Economic & Social History Review 45, no. 2 (June 2008): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946460804500203.

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6

Moosvi, Shireen. "The rural moneylender, 1888: The Dufferin Report for west UP." Studies in People's History 6, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448919875286.

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The published volume of the Dufferin enquiries (1888) reproduces the district reports in the case of only one province, namely the North-Western Provinces and Oudh (now Uttar Pradesh). From this volume, whose copies have become very rare, much information can be obtained about how rural credit was organised at the time. This article extracts information on this subject from three detailed reports based on actual information obtained from the debtors and some moneylenders. Interest rates as high as 37.5 per cent per annum prevailed, except in the forested areas where low rents seem to have brought down the interest rates. It also turns out that usury was a profession which zamindars and other relatively prosperous rural strata, including upper peasants and successful artisans, could also take to, though the central figure remained the village ‘banya’.

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7

D., Shalini, and Alamelu C. "CULTURAL STUDIES IN RUDALI- A PERSPECTIVE OF MAHASWETA DEVI." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 03 (March 31, 2022): 1011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14485.

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This paper analyses the culture of Ganju community and highlights social exclusion and oppression by the high-class people of the same village in the work of the social activist Mahasweta Devis, Rudali,. In this novella, Mahasweta Devi brings out how the marginalised community and economically down-trodden people are oppressed by the higher-class people in the same village. Through the female protagonist, she portrays the sufferings inflicted by the society on the down-trodden women who are abandoned by their families. She depicts the practise of a particular community which becomes her identity in society which subjugates her. Not only that, it also discusses about the subjugation of men by the zamindars in the village for their needs, which was also one of the reasons for the tragic life of women belonging to their family. The novella also focuses on the beliefs, practices and the culture of the Community and the social and economic aspects as well.

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8

D., Shalini, and Alamelu C. "CULTURAL STUDIES IN RUDALI- A PERSPECTIVE OF MAHASWETA DEVI." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 03 (March 31, 2022): 1011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14485.

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Анотація:

This paper analyses the culture of Ganju community and highlights social exclusion and oppression by the high-class people of the same village in the work of the social activist Mahasweta Devis, Rudali,. In this novella, Mahasweta Devi brings out how the marginalised community and economically down-trodden people are oppressed by the higher-class people in the same village. Through the female protagonist, she portrays the sufferings inflicted by the society on the down-trodden women who are abandoned by their families. She depicts the practise of a particular community which becomes her identity in society which subjugates her. Not only that, it also discusses about the subjugation of men by the zamindars in the village for their needs, which was also one of the reasons for the tragic life of women belonging to their family. The novella also focuses on the beliefs, practices and the culture of the Community and the social and economic aspects as well.

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9

GHOSH, GAUTAM. "Nobility or Utility?Zamindars, businessmen, andbhadralokas curators of the Indian nation in Satyajit Ray'sJalsaghar (The Music Room)." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 2 (December 11, 2017): 683–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000482.

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AbstractThe Bengalibhadralokhave had an important impact on Indian nationalism in Bengal and in India more broadly. Their commitment to narratives of national progress has been noted. However, little attention has been given to how ‘earthly paradise’, ‘garden of delights’, and related ideas of refinement and nobility also informed their nationalism. This article excavates the idea of earthly paradise as it is portrayed in Satyajit Ray's 1958 Bengali filmJalsaghar, usually translated asThe Music Room.Jalsagharis typically taken to depict, broadly, the decadence and decline of aristocratic ‘feudal’ landowners (zamindars) who were granted their holdings and, often, noble rank, such as ‘Lord’ or ‘Raja’, during Mughal or British times, representing the languid past of the nobility, and the ascendance of a restless business-oriented class that represents an emerging present and possible future. Thezamindarsare shown as pursuing aesthetic and spiritual delight, ecstasy, and edification through soirées. These soirées are produced for those among the nobility who are sufficiently cultivated and cosmopolitan to appreciate the finer things in life, such as the classical music and dance showcased in this film. The businessmen, too, aspire to host such exceptional events, but are too crass to do so properly and, moreover, they are motivated by a desire to accrue prestige, thus using soirées as a means to an end, rather than to experience aesthetic and spiritual elevation as an end in itself. I argue that the film calls on thebhadralokto value aesthetic cultivation and to actively counter its evanescence. The film thus beckons and authorizes thebhadralokto sustain the value of the timeless past, including nobility and refinement. Yet thebhadralokare also expected to embody and expand a new, progressive, and utilitarian spirit that would modernize India. With the aristocrats gone, and the entrepreneurs eager to assume authority, the film charges thebhadralokto construct a nationalism in which the immortal, character-building values of classical art, for example, can yet be sutured to utilitarian progressivism. I argue that the film conveys this even though it does not explicitly portray or even mention thebhadralok, or feature uniquely Bengali music and art. Accordingly, this article does not focus on the actual aesthetic and political practices ofbhadraloknationalism. The aim is to shed light on one genealogy through which thebhadraloksanctioned themselves as India's stewards along these lines.

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10

Ranjan, Rahul. "Politics of Symbolism: The Making of Birsa Munda’s Statue in Post-colonial Jharkhand, India." Bandung 7, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 130–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21983534-00701007.

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Birsa Munda, Adivasi leader (Indigenous people) led a rebellion at the end of the 19th century against the dikus (outsiders) popularly known as Birsa Ulgulan (tumult, rebellion). The movement targeted British officials, zamindars, and missionaries. One of the immediate effects of the movement emerged in the form of protectionary legislation (Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act) and later played an influential role in the making of Jharkhand. In the contemporary social and political landscape, the presence of Birsa Munda in the form of the built environment such as statue is indelible and offers an exciting opportunity to understand the new aesthetic turn. In particular, the author investigates two statues in Jharkhand. These statues that function as “sites of memory” play a significant role in political mobilisation and vote-bank politics. It also offers a possibility to understand the relationship between the state, elites and subalterns. The paper builds upon ethnographic materials collected during the fieldwork and devices a conceptual tool of “material-memory” to offer the specific role of Birsa’s memory as medium of doing memory politics.

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11

Nicholas, Ralph W. "M. K. Gandhi, N. K. Bose, and Bengali Village Society." Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India 68, no. 2 (November 6, 2019): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277436x19877308.

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N. K. Bose, a close disciple of Gandhi, was the author’s Indian mentor in anthropology and with respect to Gandhi’s social thought as well. Gandhi visualised a village society integrated by mutual interdependence but freed from the inequality of caste. The author’s fieldwork in West Bengal villages found two opposed ritual postures that were struck during the two most important community rituals of the year, that is, Gajan in the spring and Durga Puja in the autumn. During Gajan, the ordinary people became temporary ascetics ( sannyasi) and gave up distinctions of caste and rank among themselves, like the disciples of Gandhi, who were expected to free themselves of such differences. During Durga Puja, the traditional caste occupations of the dependents of the former zamindars were mobilised to play differentiated roles in the ritual even when those occupations no longer provided their livelihoods; the jajmani system still prevailed during the puja. Gandhi’s social theory aspired to elements of both ritual postures: the radical equality and ‘communitas’ of the Gajan ascetics, and the mutual contributions to the community of occupationally specialised castes, which, however, have not escaped inequality.

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12

Singh, Anantdeep. "Zamindars, inheritance law and the spread of the waqf in the United Provinces at the turn of the twentieth century." Indian Economic & Social History Review 52, no. 4 (October 2015): 501–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464615603888.

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13

Rana, R. P. "A dominant class in upheaval: the zamindars of a North Indian region in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries." Indian Economic & Social History Review 24, no. 4 (December 1987): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946468702400403.

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14

Sen, Anandaroop. "Early years of East India Company rule in Chittagong: Violence, waste and settlement c. 1760–1790." Indian Economic & Social History Review 55, no. 2 (April 2018): 147–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464618760449.

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This article probes the production of the uplands of Chittagong in the early years of British East India Company (EIC)rule in Bengal and its eastern frontiers. The South Asian debates around the nature of agrarian property relations have largely skipped places like Chittagong uplands, consequently, the uplands appear in academic and popular discussions as an already constituted outside to this agrarian historiography. The history of the uplands then become easily separated and consumed as part of frontier studies. The article seeks to address the constitution of this outside. Narrating a story where the protagonists range from influential Bengali middlemen in EIC retinue, Company officers responsible for Chittagong administration to mobile Arakanese men called ‘Magh zamindars’, brought together in a swirl of forged documents and contending claims to ‘wastelands’, the article glimpses into the complex interlocking between upland and lowland networks of Chittagong. It frames this narrative by unpacking the revenue categories of sair and kapas mahal; the two categories used for Chittagong uplands during this period. Disaggregating them allows one to see how the uplands were created in the image of the commodity cotton: the people who produced it, the way it was exchanged and the violence that marked the process.

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15

Rashmi Singh and Dr.Nisha Gupta. "Voicing The Woes of The Tribals in The Works of Mahasweta Devi." Knowledgeable Research: A Multidisciplinary Journal 1, no. 12 (July 31, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.57067/kr.v1i12.110.

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- Mahasweta Devi is a great name in the field of Tribals literature. She is the only writer among Indian writers in English who could prove her sympathy and kindness towards the tribals. Through, Devi was born and brought up in a family that produced scholars and sympathetic people. During her childhood and schooling days, she made wonders by proving herself a great scholar. After her marriage, she blossomed into a professional writer by writing on the topic of sorrows and sufferings by traveling to the areas of tribals and living with them to wipe their tears who were downtrodden and marginalized. These tribals whose stories Devi has taken into living record made Devi a famous and reputed writer of her time and among her contemporaries. She has been fully dedicated to the tribals who were voiceless or could not speak in their favor of them before the rich and zamindars. These people were so poor, if they took money on loan, could never recover, as the interest rate was so high and under such conditions, they were to work at the big forms of the money lenders and their wives were to work at the homes of the rich and landlords.

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16

Smith, Laurence E. D., Michael Stockbridge, and Hari Ram Lohano. "Facilitating the Provision of Farm Credit: The Role of Interlocking Transactions Between Traders and Zamindars in Crop Marketing Systems in Sindh." World Development 27, no. 2 (February 1999): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(98)00140-5.

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17

Ray, Subhajyoti. "Chitta Panda: The decline of the Bengal zamindars, Midnapore 1870–1920. (Oxford University South Asian Studies Series.) x, 231 pp. Delhi, etc.: Oxford University Press, 1996. Rs. 450, £.99." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 61, no. 2 (June 1998): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00014282.

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18

Satyanarayana, A. "The Zamindari Crisis in Andhra, 1900-39." Studies in History 1, no. 1 (February 1985): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/025764308500100108.

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19

Arvikar, Hrishikesh. "Love, War, and Other Longings: Essays on Cinema in Pakistan, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar And Asad Ali (2020)." Studies in South Asian Film & Media 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/safm_00042_5.

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Review of: Love, War, and Other Longings: Essays on Cinema in Pakistan, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar And Asad Ali (2020) Karachi: Oxford University Press, 275 pp., ISBN 978-0-19070-185-7, p/bk, 750

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20

Chilka, Rashmi Ball. "The Decline of the Bengal Zamindars: Midnapore, 1870–1920. By Chitta Panda. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997. xxi, 231 pp. $24.95 (cloth). - Cotton and Famine in Berur, 1850–1900. By Laxman D. Satya. New Delhi: Manohar, 1997. 344 pp." Journal of Asian Studies 58, no. 3 (August 1999): 872–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2659180.

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21

Sheel, Alok. "Book Reviews : NARIAKI NAKAZATO, Agrarian System in Eastern Bengal c. 1870-1910, K.P. Bagchi and Company, Calcutta/New Delhi, 1994, pp. 337. CHITTA PANDA, The Decline of the Bengal Zamindars. Midnapore 1870-1920, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1996, pp. 231." Indian Economic & Social History Review 36, no. 4 (December 1999): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469903600409.

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22

Reeves, Peter. "The congress and the abolition of zamindari in Uttar Pradesh." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 8, no. 1-2 (June 1985): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856408508723072.

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23

Good, Anthony. "The Car and the Palanquin: Rival Accounts of the 1895 Riot in Kalugumalai, South India." Modern Asian Studies 33, no. 1 (January 1999): 23–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x99003200.

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The 1895 riot at Kalugumalai in the Tirunelveli District of Madras Presidency, South India, pitted the local Nadar community, then newly-converted to Roman Catholicism, against the main Hindu castes of Kalugumalai, particularly those associated with its Hindu temple and the Ettaiyapuram zamindari estate within which the town lay. It was the violent climax to a long-running dispute over the Nadars' right to take processions through the main streets, and one of the bloodiest episodes in a conflict which posed a severe threat to public order throughout South India in the late nineteenth century.

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24

Askari, Muhammad, and Tahir Masood. "U-16 Religious and Journalistic Services of Pir Ali Mohammad Rashdi." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/u16.v4.01.229-246.

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Pir Ali Muhammad Rashdi was an eminent Politician, literary figure, writer, journalist and a biographer, born in 15th August 1905 and died on 14th March 1987۔ He wrote more than one thousand articles in several News Papers like Jang, Wagan, Al-Rashid, Sindh Zamindar etc and he produced more than twenty books like Uhee Denhin Uhee Shenih and Cheen jee (diary), Now I want to critical view on his articles that were published in Daily Jang from 1964 to 1968, and they are selected۔

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25

Das, Rabindra. "Contribution of Gauripur zamindar Raja Prabhat Chandra Barua: - A historical analysis." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 1 (2014): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-19155660.

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26

Amar, Abhishek S. "A Material History of the Daśanāmī Maṭha of Bodhgaya". Journal of Hindu Studies 14, № 1 (1 травня 2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiab010.

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Abstract This short essay examines the history of the Daśanāmī Giri maṭha of Bodhgaya, which has been largely ignored because of the focus on the Buddhist history of this site. Through a comparative study of nineteenth-century colonial accounts and documents, and material remains, this essay explores its claimed history and emergence as an important religio-political institution in the colonial period. In doing so, it specifically investigates network of samādhis across the villages of Gaya district and their role in establishing its position as an important zamindar.

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27

Geary, David. "The decline of the Bodh Gaya Math and the afterlife of zamindari." South Asian History and Culture 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 366–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2013.808513.

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28

Mukhia, Harbans. "The Celebration of Failure as Dissent in Urdu Ghazal." Modern Asian Studies 33, no. 4 (October 1999): 861–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x99003522.

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Анотація:

Recent years have brought a spate of serials centred on the theme of Urdu ghazal to the Indian television screens. The image of the ghazal in these serials is one of a kind of rhymed verse sung by courtesans in their ‘kothas’ (residence-cum-performance locales), under the appreciative eye of the poet, and often lustful eye of a decrepit zamindar whose purse is heavy but judgement is light. The singing is accompanied by some dancing, a few musical instruments being played by the courtesan's hangers-on, and unceasing rounds of liquor. The ambience in which the performance is enveloped is meant to convey what modern sensibilities would construe as decadence.

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29

Frykenberg, Robert Eric, and Peter Reeves. "Landlords and Governments in Uttar Pradesh: A Study of Their Relations until Zamindari Abolition." American Historical Review 99, no. 3 (June 1994): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2167896.

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30

Mangla, Prachi. "First judicial Murder of India: Raja Nand Kumar Case." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 4359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43325.

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Анотація:

Abstract: The famous case of Raja Nand Kumar is often called as “First Judicial Murder of Colonial India”. It is also called as the ‘Black Case’. This case was carried out between the Governor- General of Bengal Lord Warren Hastings and a Hindu Brahmin Zamindar Raja Nand Kumar. The case revolved around allegations from both sides of the party various times , which led to ugly situations and eventually disguised how a fair trial should be carried out. This case is a remark and a black spot of Judiciary. The arrogance of power and position led Warren hastings to proclaim an innocent man Raja Nand Kumar a defaulter leading further to his death sentence. This case will always be read on how immoral and blind a court can function and kill an innocent man based upon hollow statements and evidences.

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31

Afzal, Anila, and Asmat A. Sheikh. "Representations of Women in Daniyal Mueenuddin’s Saleema and Qaisra Shahraz’s Zamindar’s Wife: A Feminist Stylistic Study." International Journal of Linguistics and Culture 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.10.

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Gender stereotyping is an age old phenomenon used by patriarchal societies to maintain the hegemony of men over women. In this connection, literature serves as a powerful tool that the male society uses to promote sexism by representing woman as inferior Other of man. This research employs Mill’s feminist stylistic framework to determine how male and female authors differ in representations of women in their works. For this purpose, feminist stylistic analysis of Mueenuddin’s (2009) ‘Saleema’ and Shahraz’s (1998) ‘Zamindar’s Wife’ has been undertaken. Using qualitative method, the analysis has been done on the phrase/sentence level by adopting purposive sampling technique. The results indicate that sexism and gender bias against women dominate in Mueenuddin’s writing who has tried to maintain the male status quo unchallenged. In comparison, Shahraz has portrayed an unconventional and bold female character, yet her writing, too, is not totally free from gender stereotypes because escape from ‘internalized patriarchy’ is not easy. The study is significant as it validates and reinforces the previous studies that intervene on behalf of women by exposing and fighting the sexist attitude present against them in literary works. Future researchers can investigate the same data by analysing the text at the discourse level as proposed by Mills to further explore the issue.

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32

Roy, Himanshu. "Interrogating the Maoists and the Indian State: A Study of Salwa Judum in Bastar." Indian Journal of Public Administration 63, no. 2 (June 2017): 284–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117699742.

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Salwa Judum was a unique tribal-peasant movement that arose against the specific agenda of the Communist Party of India (Maoist) 1 (henceforth Maoists) in its full intensity in 2005 in the sub-region of Bastar ( baanstari, a Halbi word meaning the bed of or the land of bamboos) in Chhattisgarh. The movement began since January across different villages of non-Abujh Maad (the unknown hills of Madia/Koya tribes) sub-region that initially galvanised approximately 20,000 tribals. It was spontaneous and non-political (Prasad, 2012, p. 329). It was unique as the movement was against a ‘revolutionary’ group of Maoists and not against the state or against the zamindari system as most peasant movements in rural India were in the past. Its build-up was the culmination of suppressed anger of the tribals that had developed over decades against the Maoists also called ‘Naxalites’. It was a new and different phenomenon.

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Chawla, R. L., Alok Kumar Pandey, and Annapurna Dixit. "Agro Based (Central) Public Sector Enterprises: Performance Indicators, Capital and Labour Productivity." Journal of Global Economy 6, no. 5 (December 31, 2010): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v6i5.74.

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Following Indiaâ€™s independence, it was widely recognized and accepted that agriculture remains the backbone of the economy. Mainly two types of innovations came into prominence to develop agriculture sector- one, institutional changes and at the second place technological innovations. Among the institutional changes â€œland to the tillerâ€ was the avowed objective and this led to abolition of Zamindari system in various states, launching of Bhoodan Movement and promoting cooperative farming. This was also supplemented with technological innovations- starting of multipurpose hydropower projects and later on â€˜Green Revolutionâ€™ with four major components. The present paper has attempted to estimate marginal productivity of labour and capital for agro based central public sector enterprises in Indian industry for the period 2002-2007, and the results are quite mixed. The empirical evidence of the present paper has established the fact that elasticity as well as marginal productivity of labour was highly insignificant in case of public sector agro enterprises.

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RAMYAJIT SARKAR. "SANSKRIT EDUCATION IN BURDWAN DISTRICT: ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERN PERIOD." Knowledgeable Research: A Multidisciplinary Journal 2, no. 07 (February 29, 2024): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.57067/az595842.

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From earliest period, Burdwan district had been under the so called civilization. With expansion of the Aryan territory from Saptasindhu area to eastern India and thereafter some parts of southern India, Sanskrit language became a language of people, belonging to rich and upper castes. Chandrabarma’s Sanskrit inscription of 4th century A.D. on Susunia hill of Bankura district is the perhaps earliest proof of using Sanskrit in Burdwan region. During the reign of Sena dynasty in Bengal, Burdwan region saw a rise of using Sanskrit language which went on till nineteenth century with a large number of Sanskrit scholars flourished in this region and later by help of the local zamindar family of Burdwan. After independence of India, though Sanskrit language has been included in the syllabus and has been taught in schools, colleges and universities in Burdwan district along with other parts of West Bengal and India, apathy towards Sanskrit language has risen among students.

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Sivaramakrishnan, K. "A Limited Forest Conservancy in Southwest Bengal, 1864–1912." Journal of Asian Studies 56, no. 1 (February 1997): 75–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2646344.

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During the period from 1795 to 1850, the East India Company Raj in India viewed forests chiefly as limiting agriculture. In Bengal, forested lands, classified as wastelands, had been included in zamindari (landlord) estates (Ribbentrop 1900, 60). Colonial administrators of this period also tended to perceive forests as being inexhaustible. Much of the woody vegetation, however, was not timber quality, being the product of a landscape long under shifting cultivation. The East India Company continued Indian rulers’ practices of selling blocks of forests or individual trees to timber merchants for a fixed down payment that encouraged great destruction and wastage in their extraction (Stebbing 1922, 35, 61). No attempts to introduce conservancy were made in the North West Provinces (NWP) or Bengal until after the revolt of 1857, even though the value of NWP sal (shorea robusta) forests was known from the time of the Gurkha wars in 1814–16, and the reports of Dr. Wallich, Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Gardens in 1825 (Stebbing 1922, 66–67, 201).

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IQBAL, DR AAMAR, DR MAZHAR IQBAL KALYAR, and DR QAMAR ABBAS. "4. The Contributio of Magazines and Journels in the progress of Urdu Litereture: A Reasearch Analysis." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 6, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/u4.v6.02(22).27-39.

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Journalism has major role in people training, civic peace and unity. The news leads the human to create and invent new forms of communication. This article focused on the role of newspapers and monthly editions in promoting Urdu literature. Journalism is process for publishing books, booklets, journals and newspapers. This article highlights the origin of journalism from the Arabic word “Sahifa” with meaning “Book or Booklet”. This article has explored that publishing of news starts from china leading to England, Germany and Europe with writing letters, pasting major news on city walls, using drum to announce major official orders and carving orders on stones. In India the publishing of news started back to Asoka leading to Mughal emperors, East India Company and British rule. Findings indicated that the publishing of newspapers in India start from Hakes Gazette, India Gazette, Kolkata Gazette to many Urdu newspapers like Delhi Urdu Newspaper, Khairkhwa. In early twentieth century, newspapers like Saqi, Zamindar, Hilal, Aodh Akhbar, Tehzib ul Ikhlaq, Nigar and Payam are major newspapers that give the popularity to journalism leading role toward the freedom.

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Sengupta, Sohini. "Glorious pasts of forest dwellers: Memories of land in the ex-zamindari of Borasambar, Central Provinces, 1861–1905." Modern Asian Studies 56, no. 5 (September 2022): 1595–641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x21000780.

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AbstractThis article discusses the shifts in rights over land of Binjhal Adivasi people in the wake of colonial rule in the ex-zamindari of Borasambar, located in the British Central Provinces in the eventful period from 1860–1926. Oral narratives and documents preserved by Binjhal villagers juxtaposed with archived records of military expeditions, village surveys, administrative letters, and land settlement reports reveal how Binjhal ancestors lost titled land and offices of headmanship, which, over time, impoverished and diminished them in the rural hierarchy. The research finds that the codification of selective custom as legal rights accommodated colonial land policies to promote social change and agricultural improvement. Environmental histories document how nineteenth-century forest enclosures and agrarian order brought Adivasi areas within state control. Revisionist research highlights historically contingent outcomes of colonial rule. The Adivasi pasts in this article reveal how the interpretations of legal culture by local actors, who transacted with the administration, led to variable outcomes for a pre-colonial land-controlling group. By examining the truth claims in fragments of Binjhal voices and narratives about them, in village memories and archives, through a threefold examination of the past—pragmatic, habitual, and episodic—this article explores the historicity of Adivasi land memories. Here, stories of past glory lead to claims of legal entitlements rather than restitution of ancient rule, and injustices are described in the idiom of disrupted kinship and transgressions of women, illuminating the varied routes through which groups residing in relatively non-agrarian upland habitats became Adivasi.

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VERKAAIK, OSKAR. "The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories by Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar." American Ethnologist 36, no. 2 (April 16, 2009): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2009.01142_16.x.

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39

Mukhopadhyay, Amites. "Yogendra Singh: Remembering the Sociologist (1932–2020)." Sociological Bulletin 69, no. 3 (December 2020): 402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022920963326.

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Yogendra Singh, the sociologist and the Professor emeritus of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) passed away in May this year. Professor Singh’s demise is not only a loss to the sociology fraternity, but also to the scholarship on and more importantly, to the tradition of critical studies in India. The article remembers Yogendra Singh and reflects on his career as a teacher, an academic and institution builder. Yogendra Singh was not simply a professor of JNU, but he collaborated with his colleagues in the late sixties in making possible the school of social sciences of JNU. The paper remembers him as a fine human being careful with his words and committed to the society he made the subject of his study. His sociology taught him to be critical about his ascriptive ancestry. In spite of being born in a zamindar family in Uttar Pradesh, Singh made caste, hierarchy and privileges an object of his critical analysis. The paper looks at Professor Singh’s contribution to different domains of sociology and Indian society, particularly modernizing India, Indian tradition, caste, class and hierarchies. He is also remembered for his works on historical roots of Indian sociology and institutions of science and critical learning.

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M, Nirmala, and Noushad C. "A Study on the Role of Tamil Films in the Teaching of Social Issues." Indian Journal of Tamil 4, no. 3 (August 25, 2023): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ijot2334.

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The impact of movies on women's empowerment has been enormous. Movies have always been one of the most essential sources of entertainment in our modern lives. In movies art, technology, commerce, entertainment, and aesthetics all come together. All four elements play a vital role in the present, as seen by the variety of their manifestations. Movies are about technology, business, and entertainment, while cinema is about aesthetics. Society has a significant influence on film, which is reflected in them. Through the big screen, the film has attempted to reflect and promote awareness about societal issues as well as women's empowerment and reelection since its inception. Casteism, politics, social discrimination, the zamindari system, untouchability, women empowerment, national integration, and so on. The main goal of this research paper is to comprehend the role of movies in the influence of women's empowerment. The following main areas have been considered: the importance of movies, movie tools, learning with movies, and examples, media in development communication, the effect of mass media on motivation, and the positive impact of movies on societies. The secondary data was thoroughly examined based on the study and was available on various mass media related to movies with social messages.

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Karwande, Bhoopendra. "Concept of Right to Property in Indian Constitution." Mind and Society 8, no. 03-04 (March 11, 2019): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56011/mind-mri-83-4-20194.

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Right to property as fundamental right created a barrier for both the government and landless people as the government was unable to generate the comprehensive revenue from the land where as the landless are unable to cultivate and earn their livelihood aptly. To overcome this issue the status of the right to property was changed from fundamental rights to constitutional right. As per the social economic and caste census of 2011, which acknowledge and counted landlessness as a major poverty indicator and the data that came out is shocking which reveals that nearly 494, 9 million (49.9 Crore ) people are still landless in India after so many years of independence. With so much significance on market-driven economy has resulted into the negligence of such an important trend. This paper depicts a subjective look at the attribute of the constitutional and other amendments in land laws as Zamindari abolition Act, ceiling Act and other laws. It also explains how it stems the agrarian reform to the last straw. Further discussion on the contradiction of land laws with the Constitution of India in the light of Supreme Court judgments and its impact on landless persons. The paper provides an objective look into the legal provisions regarding the right to property and suggests essential changes which might be beneficial for both government and landless persons into the long run.

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Sarwar, Firoj High. "A Comparative Study of Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari Land Revenue Settlements: The Colonial Mechanisms of Surplus Extraction in 19 th Century British India." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2, no. 4 (2012): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-0241626.

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43

Gayer, Laurent. "Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar. The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. New Delhi, Penguin Books, [2007] 2008, 288 p." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 68, no. 1 (March 2013): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900015948.

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44

Khan, Yasmin. "The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. By Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar (New York, Columbia University Press, 2007) 304 pp. $50.00." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 40, no. 1 (July 2009): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2009.40.1.142.

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45

Sharma, Sanjay. "Book Reviews : PETER REEVES, Landlords and Governments in Uttar Pradesh. A Study of their Relations until Zamindari Abolition, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1991, xiv + 359 pp., Rs. 325." Indian Economic & Social History Review 30, no. 1 (March 1993): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469303000110.

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Pain, Dr Swapan Kumar. "Growth and Development of Postal Communication in Colonial Bengal with Special Emphasis on Dinajpur: A Historical Review." ENSEMBLE 3, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2021-0301-a024.

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The development of correspondence mainly postal communication connects the whole world in a communication network. Before the introduction of internet services, postal system was the lifeline of the people at large. When people began to spread out, there was a need for indirect communication and only at that time the concept of messenger came into existence. It is noteworthy to mention here that this vast communication system had been properly developed by the colonial masters from Bengal. When the human kind began to develop or organize into large groups or States, it was found to be essential for maintaining communication of orders or news between the central administration and its far-flung parts. The seeds of the present post office had their origin in state services maintained purely for state purposes. The postal communication exists from ancient age and the evidences of existence of earliest postal system in the subcontinent were found in the Atharva Veda. It is a fact that like all other civilization the system of exchange of information was available in Bengal. Literary sources and folk tales as well as rhymes, however, reveal that the messengers and different animals and birds were used to send messages from one place to another. Initially, the East India Company started their postal communication system for their personal works and wanted to communicate between various business offices of Bengal including Dinajpur district. It was their necessity to ensure the routes of communication between the trading centres of Calcutta and those of Dhaka, Chittagong, Dinajpur, Rajmahal, Rajshahi, Rangpur and Murshidabad.Clive wanted to establish well communication system between Calcutta and Dinajpur. Because Dinajpur had a strong zamindari system and the king of Dinajpur collects huge revenue from the tenants and sent it to the company’s treasury.In Bengal there was only native daks known as Nizamat Dak. But, this Nizamat Dak was abolished by the Government in 1838. Thereafter, an integrated postal system has been introduced which exists till date. Postal service in the rural areas not only ensures the delivery of letters, parcels and money orders at the door, but also provides basic local needs of the people like banking and insurance services. There was a huge complaints also made by public in relation to the vast amount of business which the post office transacts. The colonial post office was more anxious to receive complaints founded on well ascertained facts, as there was a tendency to detect any fault lying in the system and the authority was ready to upgrade the system if necessary.

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Hossein Choudhury, Nurul. "Faraizi Movement and Zamindars of Nineteenth Century Bengal: The Story of a Peasant Movement." Journal of International Studies, January 9, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jis.9.2013.7939.

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The British colonial rule in Bengal had a very ominous impact on the people of the region as a whole. The introduction of a new land tenure system, known as the Permanent Settlement, and the creation of an all-powerful zamindar class particularly affected the interests of the peasants of Bengal. Under the new system, the government demand on the zamindars was fixed in perpetuity, but there was no legal restriction on the zamindars to enhance their share from the peasants. The peasants, consequently, became vulnerable to irregular rent increases and oppressions by the zamindars. The Faraizi movement, organized initially in the nineteenth century to reform the Muslim society, soon assumed the character of agrarian movement. In order to protect the poor peasants, the Faraizis soon became radical and challenged the zamindars. As majority of the peasants of the region, where this movement was launched, were Muslims and their zamindars mostly Hindus, the Faraizis used Islamic symbols to mobilize the Muslim masses. Thus, religion and economy intertwined in shaping such a protest movement in pre-industrial Bengal.

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-, Trisita Karmakar. "Heroism and Resistance in the Socio-political Disposition of Tribal Existence in Mahasweta Devi’s Aranyer Adhikar." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 5, no. 3 (June 30, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i03.4081.

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The novel “Aranyer Adhikar” brings out the past significance of Birsa Munda’s great rebellion and its Contemporary relevance. The clarion call of Birsa Munda to establish Mundaraj as well as to get back their rights to the forest by waging a war against the British Raj and the Zamindars forms the core theme of this novel. This paper investigates hegemonic historiography and subaltern consciousness to bring out a comparative understanding of heroic uprising in subversive politics.

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Qadar, Abdul, and Arslan Waheed. "Traditional Hierarchies of Zamindars and Kammis in Pakistani Punjab: Contemporary Contests Through Vartan Bhanji." South Asia Research, May 12, 2023, 026272802311650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02627280231165063.

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This article challenges the traditional understanding of the role of landownership in rural Punjab in the context of recent socio-economic restructuring of Pakistani society. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork of contemporary practices of gift exchange ( vartan bhanji) in a village, we argue that the Kammi biraderis, once considered lower class, now assert their elevated socio-economic status through vartan bhanji on important social occasions like marriages. Zamindars now see themselves in competition both with Kammi biraderis and each other for social prestige and superior status, as new claims made by different biraderis challenge traditional hierarchies created through historically structured socio-economic inequalities.

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-, Lakshman Chandra Ojha,. "An Analysis of the Salt Industry in Coastal Region of Midnapore District in the Nineteenth Century: The Emergence, Development and Gradual Decay." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 5, no. 1 (January 22, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i01.1420.

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The purpose of this research was to analyze a detailed dispassionate and analytical account of the development and decline of the salt industry in the Coastal region of Midnapore district and their impact on the economic condition of the people of the coastal Bengal Presidency. The different aspects of their subjects have been discussed both from the administrative and economic stand points. The overall purpose is to prepare a well-documented profile of the growth and decline of the salt industry in British Bengal Presidency as the first exploration of its kind. The present work is the first of its kind to make a comprehensive and critical study of the salt industry in Coastal areas in Midnapore district during the colonial rule. The central concern is not only to examine the development and decline of the salt industry in aforementioned areas in Midnapore district of Bengal but also their impact on the economic condition of the people. Salt manufacturing was an established industry in the Bengal Presidency in the pre-Colonial rule period. It was in the hand of coastal chiefs and Zamindars. This paper is concluded by offering some suggestions to improve the yield and productivity of laborers engaged in the salt industry.

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