Статті в журналах: "YAMUNA RIVER"

1

Mamula, Stephen. "River Yamuna." Yearbook for Traditional Music 30 (1998): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/768617.

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Sinha, Sananda. "Correlative Assessment of Water Quality and Qualitative and Quantitative Fish Production from River Yamuna, In the State NCT Delhi." Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences- Zoology 42, no. 1 (June 16, 2023): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/bpas.2023.42a.1.10.

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River Yamuna originates from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height 6,387 Metres. Earlier, the waters of the Yamuna were distinguishable as "clear blue", as compared to the silt-laden yellow of the Ganges. However, due to high density population growth and rapid industrialization, today Yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers in India, especially around New Delhi, the capital of India, which dumps about 58% of its treated or partially treated waste into the river. Hence, water quality of river Yamuna has widely been studied with regard to physico-chemical characteristics. The paper presents their impact of pollution on the production of fishes in the state of NCT Delhi. The river Yamuna has been reduced to a small stream due to sewage and industrial effluents draining into it. Even though, the Govt. of India is taking stringent measures to assuage these pollution loads to save an ailing river to flourish the aquatic life, revival is not so eminent. Due to that the production and quality of fish is affected badly. Economical aspects of the state NCT Delhi has also impacted.

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Baloori, S. S., Pallavi Upreti, and Jyotsna Kukreti. "A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY REVIEW OF RIVER YAMUNA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WATER QUALITY INDEX IN THE HIMALAYAN REGION OF INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 05 (May 31, 2022): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14722.

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India with 4% of fresh water resources is facing a dual challenge of water scarcity and pollution. Several rivers in India originate from Himalayan systems and forms the basis of Indias Economy. River contamination and diminishing water quality is reducing populations accessibility to clean and safe drinking Water. As one of the significant perennial tributaries of The Ganga Water systems, River Yamuna passes through the heartlands of thegreat North India Plains sustaining cities, feeding millions. Since Yamuna passes through major urban settlement it is heavily polluted with untreated industrial waste, sewage, domestic waste making its way into the river. The study presents a comprehensive reviewof the water quality assessmentsof theriver Yamuna with special reference to Water Quality Index based on severalhydrological parameters. Based on the levels of contamination the whole stretch of Yamuna from its source (at Uttarakhand) till its confluence with Ganga (at Allahabad) has been divided into 5 segments. While all the lower stretches depict high to very high pollution levels, the upper segment of the river in the Himalayas show good water quality. Water quality parameters of river Yamuna depict that BOD, DO and COD levels are not in range of permissible limits in Delhi segment but it falls under permissible limits range in Himalayan segment. Other than these parameters, ammonia, TKN and other organic and inorganic matters fall under the desired standards in Himalayan region of Yamuna.

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Pali, D. "Linear Modeling-Based Assessment Of Water Quality Of River Yamuna, India (2011-2020)." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 24, no. 03 (March 10, 2022): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/22/0269.

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Since time immemorial, rivers have been the lifelines of billions worldwide. They provide fresh water for drinking, agriculture, bathing, and fulfill our various requirements. There is no life without water; hence, making sure that perennial flows remain unpolluted is one of man’s prime duties. On the contrary, many industrial chemicals that pollute our water resources are common in the present times. The entire stretch of Yamuna River, from Yamunotri glacier to its confluence with the river Ganges at Allahabad, is used for various human activities. The various pollution sources, such as residential, industrial, and agricultural areas, induce many substances in the river. Domestic sources cause about 85% of the total pollution. Large clusters of industries established at Kota, Gwalior, Indore, Nagda, Khetri, Yamuna Nagar, Panipat, Sonepat, Delhi, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, Gautam Budha Nagar, Faridabad, Mathura release vast amounts of pollutants in River Yamuna. The nutrients and pesticides from agricultural fields are adsorbed by the sediment particles and reach the river, particularly during early floods. These chemicals geo-accumulate in riverbeds. The dumping of worshiping material and ashes in the water further degrades the water quality. High organic content, increased nutrients, pathogens, pollutants, and deforestation in the catchment and river usage as transport media adversely affect the river water quality. Many activities such as bathing, washing clothes, religious activities, offering of flowers, garlands, and other worship materials are also responsible for river pollution in India. This paper studies the effect of pollution on the River Yamuna and concentrates on studying water quality parameters of the entire stretch of River Yamuna flowing through five geopolitical states of India. The second part deals with the study of pollution-induced by various drains emptying their flow into River Yamuna. It also includes a study during the extraordinary condition induced by COVID-19 lockdown.

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Ghildyal, Divya, and Manisha Chaudhary. "Seasonal Variations of pH and Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in Major Rivers of Uttar Pradesh." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2570, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2570/1/012013.

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Abstract The variations in pH and Dissolve Oxygen (DO) concentrations were analysed in surface river water samples for three seasons Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon and Autumn (January to December 2022) for four major rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti and Hindon flowing through Uttar Pradesh, India. For river Ganga pH range varied from 7.65 to 8.47 and DO varied from 6.4mg/l to 9.26mg/l. For river Yamuna pH range varied from 7.31 to 10.5 and DO varied from 0 to 8.1mg/l. Gomti river showed, pH range between 7.2 to 8.48, while DO varied from 0.63mg/l to 8.4mg/l. For, river Hindon, pH varied from 6.8 to 7.66 and DO observed was between 0 to 1.8mg/l. Correlation Matrix showed a significant weak positive correlation between pH and DO for all three seasons for rivers Ganga and Yamuna, while river Gomti showed a significant weak positive correlation in Pre-Monsoon and Monsoon season, and a weak negative correlation in Autumn lastly river Hindon showed weak negative correlation between pH and DO for Pre-Monsoon, and Monsoon and a weak positive significant correlation for Autumn season. Dissolved Oxygen was found in good concentration in river Ganga, and almost nilfor river Hindon. An increasing trend line for DO was observed for rivers Ganga and Yamuna while river Gomti showed a constant trend line lastly river Hindon showed almost nil DO. This study helped to identify the variations of pH and DO, and also to find the correlation between them for Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon and Autumn seasons for the river water samples. The study will prove helpful for designing of water treatment plants accompanying seasonal variations.

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6

Gopal, Brij, and Malavika Sah. "Conservation and Management of Rivers in India: Case-study of the River Yamuna." Environmental Conservation 20, no. 3 (1993): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900023031.

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The River Yamuna, originating in the Himalayas, is the largest tributary of the River Ganga (Ganges) into which it flows at Allahabad. Its drainage basin covers about 42% of the Ganga River basin and about 11% of India's total land area. The area of the Yamuna drainage basin is densely populated and under intensive agriculture, while industrial activity is also rapidly growing in it. Climatically, a large part of the basin is semi-arid, and the river-flow depends upon highly erratic monsoonal rains. Therefore, the River and its tributaries have been regulated for over a century by dams and barrages for domestic water-supply and irrigation.Besides increased flow-regulation, the River's system has been under increasing anthropogenic stress from discharge of—mostly untreated—domestic and industrial wastewaters, and from other activities in the basin. River Yamuna is severely polluted by domestic and industrial effluents especially from Delhi down to Agra. Water extraction and consequently low flow has affected the selfpurification capacity of the River. The greater inflow of River Chambal helps River Yamuna to recover to some extent after their confluence near Etawah.Studies of water quality and biota of the River Yamuna along its course during the past 30 years show rapid deterioration of water-quality, loss of fisheries, and significant changes in the biotic communities. In the manner of River Yamuna, its tributaries have also become increasingly polluted during the same period. There has, however, been little attention paid to the management of the River system and conservation of its resources, except for some efforts at the treatment of sewage effluents but emphasizing only water-quality. Ignoring the river-flood-plain interactions which play significant roles in the ecology of a river, most of the floodplain has been reclaimed by constructing high levees.We emphasize that the Yamuna River basin should be treated as one ecocomplex in developing appropriate management strategies, and that the conservation of waterquality and biota can be achieved through protection and better management of floodplains than has been practised to date.

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7

Singh, S. K., Priyanka Negi, Karan Arora, and Monika. "Modelling of Pollutant Transport in Yamuna River from the Najafgarh Drain, NCT Delhi Using Matlab Software." Journal of Climate Change 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcc230023.

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When the river Yamuna leaves the National Capital Territory of Delhi, its situation further deteriorates. Despite accounting for only 1% of the river’s overall catchment area, this region is responsible for more than half of the pollutants discovered in the Yamuna. The river Yamuna, on the other hand, is Delhi’s only natural resource for maintaining all forms of life. The Yamuna River is currently experiencing a significant level of pollution problem, and in order to control pollution in the Yamuna River, continual analysis is essential. The Yamuna River is contaminated by the discharge of untreated municipal sewage and industrial effluent through seven major drains: Najafgarh, Yamunapur, Sen Nursing Home, Barathpula, Maharani Bagh, Kalkaji, and Tuglakabad. In terms of people and chemicals, continuous sampling takes time and money. The primary objective of this study is to analyse the wastewater samples collected by sub-drains and STP’s to predict the pollutant transportation in river Yamuna from Najafgarh Drain. The study focusses on the only pollutant, i.e., Biochemical Oxygen Demand from the starting point to after the confluence of Najafgarh Drain into river Yamuna. The prediction is to be done by using MATLAB software. This study would help to identify the main sources of sub-drains which are polluting Najafgarh Drain and eventually the river Yamuna. This shows how MATLAB may be used to calculate the pollution load caused by organic waste in the Yamuna River as it flows through Delhi, India’s National Capital Territory. The model numerically solves a series of differential equations to simulate the dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand parameters in two dimensions. MATLAB is an interactive programming language that may be used to develop algorithms, graphics, and user interfaces in other computer languages. MATLAB helps estimate future water quality using present data, which saves time, labour, and other costs associated with the continuous study. There are various software programmes available in the market for predicting river water quality, however, MATLAB GUI provides an accessible and convenient user interface (Graphical User Interface).

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8

Khanna, D. R., Rakesh Bhutiani, Gagan Matta, Vikas Singh, and Fouzia Ishaq. "Seasonal variation in physico-chemical characteristic status of River Yamuna in Doon Valley of Uttarakhand." Environment Conservation Journal 13, no. 1&2 (June 18, 2012): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2012.131222.

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During the last few decades there has been an increasing demand for monitoring water quality of many rivers by regular measurements of various water quality variables. River Yamuna in Uttarakhand requires the same qualitative and quantitative aspects of monitoring for predicting the steady state water quality conditions. In the present work various physico chemical parameters i.e. , Temperature, transparency, velocity, turbidity, conductivity, TS, TDS, TSS, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, free CO2, DO, BOD, COD, phosphate, nitrate, sodium and potassium were analyzed for various seasons; Summer, Monsoon, Winter, for the period (April, 2011-March, 2012) in surface water of river Yamuna. Our results showed that TS, TDS and TSS were maximum in monsoon and temperature and Dissolved Oxygen was found to be maximum in winter. Velocity was found to be maximum in monsoon followed by summer and winter. The observations implied that the physico- chemical conditions of River Yamuna was good in all the three seasons however change in seasonal conditions had a great effect on hydrological parameters.

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9

Misra, Anil Kumar. "A River about to Die: Yamuna." Journal of Water Resource and Protection 02, no. 05 (2010): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2010.25056.

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10

Sharma, Shikha, Pawan Kumar Jha, Manju Rawat Ranjan, Umesh Kumar Singh, Manish Kumar, and Tanu Jindal. "Nutrient Chemistry of River Yamuna, India." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 14, no. 2 (April 15, 2017): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw-170016.

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11

Bhargava, Devendra S. "Revival of Mathura's ailing Yamuna river." Environmentalist 26, no. 2 (June 2006): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10669-006-7481-1.

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12

Siddiqui, N., T. Faiyaz, and V. S. Tari. "Ganga and Yamuna Rivers: Through the Lens of the National Green Tribunal." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.018.

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Despite the country’s extensive environmental jurisprudence and many historic rulings in which the courts have rescued worsening environmental situations, river (Ganga and Yamuna) water does not match the mandated minimum “bathing quality.” Rivers like the Ganga and Yamuna, which flow through numerous states and towns, would be in a different situation. Without strict monitoring and enforcement of the measures, no action plan can work. Punishment of defaulters can serve as deterrence while also instilling fear in other non-compliant enterprises. In comparison to environmental legislation, the NGT Act allows for substantially harsher fines and penalties. River rejuvenation plans must be carefully monitored to ensure that they do not suffer the same fate. Making action plans will not improve river water quality unless they are implemented with sincerity and consistency, as well as continuous monitoring and severe enforcement.

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Gupta, Sunita, Parul Kulshreshtha, Divya Aggarwal, and Deuvshree Sharma. "Undergraduate Internship on Yamuna River Exploration: Raising Awareness about SDG6." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 10350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310350.

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A semester-long internship was designed for undergraduate students at the University of Delhi, India. Teams comprising 30 students from all over the University were trained to carry out field exploration activities on the Yamuna River flowing in Delhi. The students were provided with portable kits to measure the physicochemical parameters at a selected bank of the Yamuna River. Students documented the invertebrate fauna in the riparian zone of the banks. At the same time, they noted the anthropogenic polluting activities on the bank of the Yamuna River. This internship educated students about the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They all studied Ecology and Environmental Science in their undergraduate curriculum, but they all confessed that they were unaware of the 17 SDGs and the deteriorating health of the Yamuna River in the city. We educated students about the freshwater emergency recovery plan and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list of ecosystems. This internship is a great example of an undergraduate-directed study or research experience that supported student constructivism and inquiry-based learning, and this research article elaborates on student reports and situational interest in freshwater biology to achieve SDG6.

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Sharma, M. P., S. K. Singal, and S. Patra. "Water Quality Profile of Yamuna River, India." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 3 (May 26, 2009): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v3i0.1914.

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The water quality profile of a river represents the extent of its pollution in terms of health of a river with respect to its longitudinal direction. This paper deals with the water quality profile of north India’s Yamuna river using physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters that converge into a single value NSF WQI. The water quality map of the river has been prepared showing that the Delhi stretch is highly polluted due to dumping of waste and discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. The water quality map is a useful tool for policy makers, decision makers and environmentalists to suggest and implement appropriate conservation measures to improve the health of the water body.Key words: Water quality; pollution; river profile; indices; mapping; Indiadoi: 10.3126/hn.v3i0.1914Hydro Nepal Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 3, July 2008. Page: 19-24

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Jaiswal, Maneesh, Sanjay Kumar Gupta, Mayuri Chabukdhara, Mahmoud Nasr, Arvind Kumar Nema, Jakir Hussain, and Tabarak Malik. "Heavy metal contamination in the complete stretch of Yamuna river: A fuzzy logic approach for comprehensive health risk assessment." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): e0272562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272562.

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River Yamuna is one of the most sacred major tributaries of river Ganga. This study aimed to assess the level of heavy metals in monsoon and non-monsoon season in river Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh, India and to assess the possible source of contamination and its associated health risk. Except for iron (Fe), the mean levels of all metals were within drinking water safe limits in both seasons. Except for chromium (Cr), lower values were observed for other metals in the monsoon season could be attributed dilution effect. Multivariate analysis indicated that both geogenic and anthropogenic sources contribute to heavy metals in river Yamuna in monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. The health risk in terms of hazard index (HI) and fuzzy-logic hazard index (FHI) demonstrated that both HI and FHI values among children exceeded the safe limit in most of the sites in non-monsoon seasons and in few in monsoon season. For adults, HI and FHI values were within safe limit.

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Shukla, Prateek, S. K. Singh, and Anunay Gour. "Study of Trapping and Intermixing of Delhi Drains for Rejuvenation of the River Yamuna." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 8, no. 2 (2020): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.822020.

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This study examines the presence of pollution of Yamuna in the city of Delhi, from two perspectives: (i) understanding the concept of trapping drains and (ii) establishing small scale Sewage Treatment plants at the point of outfall. With events occurring over the last century making river Yamuna polluted, the study focuses on the latest methods and technologies available to avoid intermixing of sewage and storm water drains to reduce pollution. Due to mixing of storm water and sewage, the desired qualities of the river water get degraded and the amount of dissolved oxygen decrease considerably. If this water is allowed to pass through a sewage treatment plant then it will lead to increase in time of treatment due to increase in discharge. The increased discharge can also affect the efficiency of the treatment plant. The study also includes the theory of tributaries of river Yamuna, Major Drainage problems in the region, Quality of River water.

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Gupta, Tanya, and Chandrakala Kesarwani. "Rivers as Lifeline of Urbanization- An Environmental Case Analysis." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 10, no. 1 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.1012201.

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Rivers and water are essential resources for human life, the environment and development of any nation. In India, the significance of rivers as the focal point of human settlement was established from the early times of civilisation and will remain so. Ancient India is always referred as land of seven rivers. Rivers here have religious significance but India’s rivers are depleting at an alarming rate. Riverfronts are not merely unique spaces in a city, but also the most representative region which reflect the local character. Since the industrial revolution, urban population and the need for land have increased rapidly; a good many riverfront spaces have been occupied, resulting in the deterioration of water quality of the rivers. A case study on the degradation of river and their restoration is been explained in this paper using example of Hindon river and Yamuna River. The region of Ghaziabad is plain and lacks topographic prominence. River channels break the monotony of physical landscape. The major sources of waste generation within Ghaziabad largely comprise of residential areas, poor yojna area, vegetable markets industrial and slaughter waste .open dumping of municipal solid waste quiet often in scattered heaps has occupies a larger space near the river . The land around the river Hindon is a breeding ground for pathogens, flies, malodours and generation of which leads to water pollution. The land can be completely bioremedised followed by development of beautiful garden “Eco-Energy Park - Hindon Eco Park” adjacent to Sai Upvan. The research aims at providing landscape solutions to eliminate the further degradation and pollution of nearby soil, air and Hindon river. Today, with the abysmal state of drainage and solid-waste management of the city Delhi, the Yamuna has become a huge drain carrying the waste of this mega city. Millions of rupees have been spent by successive governments in order to clean the river, but to no significant change in the situation. The spaces around the river are also rather ‘lost spaces’ with either agricultural field, derelict power stations, stadiums and memorials. With very high densities in the residential areas, it has to be realized that Delhi is in dire need of a large public open space. The study aims at reconnecting the city to the river not only metaphorically, but to establish physical linkages and improve the quality of the environment and create opportunities to activate the riverfront. The paper will focus on the causes, impact and measures of pollution of rivers in case of Yamuna and Hindon in NCR region

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18

Kumar, Rajat. "Political Ecology of Urban Agricultural Pollution." Ecology, Economy and Society–the INSEE Journal 6, no. 2 (July 30, 2023): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37773/ees.v6i2.1052.

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The Yamuna khadar or the floodplains of the river Yamuna in Delhi is a deeply contested agrarian space. While thousands have been involved in farming these floodplains for decades, contestations over their legality, compensation, land use, displacement, and impact on the river, soil, and city have been significant public concerns over the last few decades. In this paper, I focus on one aspect of this agrarian landscape—the toxicity associated with river water due to the pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture. I examine how toxicity is perceived, discursively constructed, and dealt with by differently located stakeholders in this landscape. The differently located stakeholders associated with the toxic agrarian landscape of Yamuna khadar are not experiencing pollution as a homogenous community, i.e., neither all of them see themselves as suffering from pollution nor do they see themselves as contributing to the toxicity of the landscape in a similar way.

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19

GADH, R., S. TANDON, R. MATHUR, and O. SINGH. "Speciation of metals in Yamuna river sediments." Science of The Total Environment 136, no. 3 (August 31, 1993): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(93)90311-s.

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20

Manna, Ashim. "Yamuna River Project: New Delhi Urban Ecology." Journal of Landscape Architecture 14, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2019.1673597.

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21

Manoj Kumar Shukla. "Species diversity of fishes in relation to physicochemical status of the Yamuna at Kalpi (UP) India." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 10, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.2.0217.

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Fishes are the primary indicators of pollution of water bodies because they are conspicuous and changes in physicochemical characteristics of water affects their growth and reproductive multiplication rate. The study reveals the species diversity of fishes in relation to physicochemical status of the Yamuna river at Kalpi stretch. Four sampling station were selected on the Yamuna river for sample collection to analysis species diversity of fishes in relation to physicochemical status of studied river. Sampling for fish fauna and physicochemical analysis of water was done simultaneously for one year. The collected samples were analysed for selected physicochemical parameters and collected fishes was identified in the same time. Selected physicochemical parameters were Water Temperature (W.T.), pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (T.D.S.), Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (T.A.), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4), Phosphate (PO4), Nitrate (NO3), Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D.). Mostly physicochemical parameters were found suitable for survival and growth of fish fauna. Yamuna river at Kalpi stretch have high potential for fish production which is not utilize till now.

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Shokeen, Tarun, S. K. Singh, and Geeta Singh. "Study on Adequacy of Functional Characteristics of a Typical Urban Waste Water Treatment Plant." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 8, no. 1 (2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.812010.

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This study examines the presence of pollution of river Yamuna in the city of Delhi. The condition of river Yamuna is deteriorating day by day. The main cause of this is the poor standard treated sewage from the sewage treatment plants being dumped into drains which directly meet into river Yamuna. In this study I audited Keshopur 40 MGD sewage treatment plant which works on activated sludge process in which Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) is the prime concern for the proper functioning of plant and checked the adequacy of the various functional units by comparing the detention time of each and every unit with the standard detention time given by code. Activated Sludge Process involves aeration and a biological flock composed of bacteria and protozoa to convert non settle particles into the settle one.ASP provides one of the highest degree of treatment within the limited cost involved. In this study various recommendations are also given for increasing the efficiency of sewage treatment plant.

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23

Singh Sankhla, Mahipal, Rajeev Kumar, and Lalit Prasad. "Seasonal Variations of Lead and Chromium Concentrations in the Water Samples From Yamuna River in Delhi, India." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.15.2.769.1.

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Background: According to Hindu mythology, Yamuna River plays an impotent role as a holy water resource in Delhi, India. The lead and chromium concentrations were determined from the water samples collected from five different locations around this river in Delhi area. The contaminated water from this river is mostly used for drinking, agriculture, aquaculture, and storage as a holy water. Methods: The seasonal variations of heavy metal concentrations in the water samples collected from Yamuna river were determined for the summer, monsoon and winter supplies, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results: In the summer water samples, we found greater concentrations of both heavy metals than those for the monsoon season. The concentrations of lead and chromium in the water samples were higher than the permissible limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The water quality was not safe for drinking, cleaning and agriculture, nor for the aquatic animals, such as fish, amphibians and others. Conclusion: The condition of the water in Yamuna river is of great health concerns. Therefore, it is vital to take necessary actions to decontaminate the water from this river, and to draw effective strategies to minimize or prevent the current and future contaminations added to this important water resource in India.

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Shukla, Manoj Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar Khare, Sadhana Chaurasia, and Ravindra Singh. "Fish Diversity and their Limnological Status of River Yamuna at Kalpi, U.P., India." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 19 (July 26, 2016): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v19i0.15355.

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We explore fish diversity and limnological status in the Yamuna River in Kalpi district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Several industrial and urban centers sit on the banks of the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh. We selected four sampling stations on the Yamuna for purposes of fish fauna and water quality analysis over the course of a calendar year (October 2013 – September 2014). The samples were analyzed for selected physico-chemical analysis, and we recorded the types of fishes as well. We observed that most physico-chemical parameters were in a suitable range for the survival and growth of fish fauna. We recorded 29 species of fishes, belonging to 21 genera of 10 families.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 19Page: 57-62

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25

BASANDRA, M. L., H. S. SAGAR, and A. K. MITTAL. "Major flood of 1988 in the Yamuna river upto Delhi." MAUSAM 41, no. 4 (February 24, 2022): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v41i4.2783.

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The study of the peak flood during the year 1988 in the Yamuna River up to Delhi Railway Bridge has been made and presented in this paper along with the special features of this flood. The total number of the floods during the yea: 1988 with duration and peak gauge readings are also mentioned in this study. The present study IS based on the analysis of the rainfall data collected from raingauge stations lying in and around the Yamuna catchment up to Delhi.

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ROUT, CHADETRIK. "Assessment of Water Quality: A Case Study of River Yamuna." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 10, no. 02 (April 26, 2017): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijee.2017.10.0239.

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Kumar, Deepak, Vinay Kumar, and Sangeeta Kumari. "STUDY ON WATER QUALITY OF HINDON RIVER (TRIBUTARY OF YAMUNA RIVER)." Rasayan Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 4 (2018): 1477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2018.1143075.

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28

a, Garima, Abhishek Kumar, Nandita Moitra, and K. S. Jayachandran. "ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF RIVER YAMUNA USING POLLUTION INDICES." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 09 (September 30, 2022): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15376.

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The river Yamuna is considered a crucial river in the Indo-Gangetic plain. Having 0.4 Percent of the catchment area in the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, it feeds about 70 per cent of the population of Delhi and hence, is a major source of dependency for NCT of Delhi. The water quality monitoring of River Yamuna is done by the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), Delhi on monthly basis.The objective of the study is to investigate the water quality of the river in the Delhi stretch, for the period 2003-2021. The water quality data has been derived from experimental analysis at DPCC across seven monitoring stations and has been analysed in the present study. It has been revealed that pollutant load from urban local bodies and drains have a stronger impact on the water parameters after the Wazirabad in Delhi, resulting in deteriorated water quality and high-Water Quality Indices (WQI). Water Quality Index (WQI) for the year 2021 indicates that pollution in the river Yamuna increases during monsoon and post-monsoonperiods while during pre-monsoon it remains relatively low.The average pH of the river water ranges from 6 to 8 throughout the year. The comparative data reveals that dissolved oxygen (DO) at most of the sites (except Palla) is nil and, the values of BiochemicalOxygen Demand(BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) have been increasing tremendously, which is due to the unregulated discharge or dumping of sewage water from urban local bodies (ULB) in the river.

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29

Kumar, Mukesh, Mohammad Sharif, and Sirajuddin Ahmed. "Impact of urbanization on the river Yamuna basin." International Journal of River Basin Management 18, no. 4 (June 10, 2019): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2019.1613412.

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30

Sharma, Vivek, Nitin Kamboj, and B. D. Joshi. "A study on planktonic components of River Yamuna." Environment Conservation Journal 12, no. 1&2 (June 17, 2011): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2011.121209.

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The present study deals with the plankton component in Yamuna river basin. During the study period (2006-07) total number of plankton comprises of zooplankton, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophycea, Desmideaceae and Myxophyceae and range from 90 unit/liter (August) to 531 unit/liter (February) for Kuthnor, 96 unit/liter (August) to 557 unit/liter (February) for Naugaon and 105 unit/liter (August) to 569 unit/liter (February) for Haripur. Bacillariophyceae was found as dominating group followed by Chlorophyceae, Desmideaceae and Myxophyceae.

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31

Pachamuthu Muthaiyah, Natarajan. "Rejuvenating Yamuna River by Wastewater Treatment and Management." International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science 5, no. 1 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20200501.13.

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32

Glorian, Heinrich, Hilmar Börnick, Cornelius Sandhu, and Thomas Grischek. "Water Quality Monitoring in Northern India for an Evaluation of the Efficiency of Bank Filtration Sites." Water 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121804.

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The study presents results of five sampling campaigns at riverbank filtration sites at the Yamuna and Ganges Rivers in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and New Delhi 2015–2018. Samples were analyzed for organic micropollutants and general water quality parameters. In New Delhi and Uttar Pradesh, 17 micropollutants were detected frequently at relevant concentrations. Out of the detected micropollutants, 1H-benzotriazole, caffeine, cotinine, diclofenac, diuron, gabapentin and paracetamol were frequently detected with concentrations exceeding 1000 ng/L. Sites in Uttarakhand showed only infrequent occurrence of organic micropollutants. The mean concentration of micropollutants in the well water was lower compared to the river water. For all sites, removal rates for all micropollutants were calculated from the obtained data. Thereby, the capacity of riverbank filtration for the removal of organic micropollutants is highlighted, even for extremely polluted rivers such as the Yamuna.

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Chand Gupta, Rohtash, Priyanka Chandna, and Tirshem Kumar Kaushik. "Analysis of wetland Birds as seen in Yamuna river at Okhla (Delhi), Faridabad and Palwal Districts in Haryana, India." Environment Conservation Journal 13, no. 3 (December 20, 2012): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2012.130302.

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The present studies were done during 2008-11 for the observations of wetland birds in River Yamuna at Okhla (Delhi), Faridabad and Palwal districts in Haryana. Visits were made in an irregular manner. In all 2 visits were made at Faridabad; village Chandhat nearby Palwal and at Hodal nearby village Kulena. It is pertinent to mention that few visits were made in winter season at Okhla barrage in New Delhi. In all, 60 species were recorded belonging to 8 orders and 14 families. Out of these 60 species of wetland birds, 35 were winter migratory, 11 local migratory and 11 species of birds were resident. The specific wetland birds specific to Yamuna River between “Delhi-Faridabad-Palwal” segments include Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca, Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus, Greater Scaup Aythya marila, River Tern Sterna aurantia and Pallas Gull Larus ichthyaetus. Other popular wetland birds include, amongst others, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, Northern Pintail Anas acuta, Northern Shoveller Anas clypeata, Red-crested Pochard Rhodonessa rufina, Common Pochard Aythya ferina, Tufted Pochard Aythya fuligula, Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus, Greylag Goose Anser anser, Brahminy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea, Gadwall Anas strepera, Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope, White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus, Ruff Philomachus pugnax, Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia, Pallas Gull Larus ichthyaetus, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, Open-billed Stork Anastomus oscitans, White-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus, Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, Black tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola, Little Stint Calidris minuta, Common Redshank Tringa totanus, Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus and Pied Avocet Recurivirostra avosetta.Black-headed Gulls were seen in thousands followed by Greylag Goose Anser anser, Northern Shoveller, Northern Pintail etc. Minimum number noticed were those of Greater Scaup, Ferruginous Pochards etc. Resident wetland birds include Little Cormorants Phalacrocorax niger, Median Cormorants Phalacrocorax fuscicollis, Large Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo , Pond Herons Ardeola grayii, Night Herons Nycticorax nycticorax, Black winged Stilts Himantopus himantopus, Common Moorhens Gallinula chloropus, Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius indicus, Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus, Grey Herons Ardea cinerea, large Egrets Ardea alba and Median Egrets Mesophoyx intermedia. However, Grey Herons were seen only in 2-3 numbers. It seems that most of the popular migratory birds, perhaps, prefer Jheels, Lakes, Barrages compared to Yamuna river stream. Birds in Yamuna are not continuous in their availability. Rather birds are encountered at specific spots only in a given segment. Painted Storks were seen in 1or 2 and that too in the vicinity of Yamuna region rather than its stream of water. However, birds were seen in innumerous numbers at Okhla Barrage in Yamuna River nearby Delhi.

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34

Sprenger, C., G. Lorenzen, A. Grunert, M. Ronghang, H. Dizer, H. C. Selinka, R. Girones, J. M. Lopez-Pila, A. K. Mittal, and R. Szewzyk. "Removal of indigenous coliphages and enteric viruses during riverbank filtration from highly polluted river water in Delhi (India)." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 2 (January 6, 2014): 332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.134.

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Emerging countries frequently afflicted by waterborne diseases require safe and cost-efficient production of drinking water, a task that is becoming more challenging as many rivers carry a high degree of pollution. A study was conducted on the banks of the Yamuna River, Delhi, India, to ascertain if riverbank filtration (RBF) can significantly improve the quality of the highly polluted surface water in terms of virus removal (coliphages, enteric viruses). Human adenoviruses and noroviruses, both present in the Yamuna River in the range of 105 genomes/100 mL, were undetectable after 50 m infiltration and approximately 119 days of underground passage. Indigenous somatic coliphages, used as surrogates of human pathogenic viruses, underwent approximately 5 log10 removal after only 3.8 m of RBF. The initial removal after 1 m was 3.3 log10, and the removal between 1 and 2.4 m and between 2.4 and 3.8 m was 0.7 log10 each. RBF is therefore an excellent candidate to improve the water situation in emerging countries with respect to virus removal.

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35

Rayal, Rajesh, Monika Aggarwal, C. B. Kotnala, H. K. Joshi, Rakesh Rai, and Poonam Prabha Semwal. "Studies on Length-weight Relationship of Noemacheilus montanus (McClelland) from River Yamuna, India." Scientific Temper 13, no. 01 (June 25, 2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2022.13.1.02.

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The length-weight relationship of 110 fishes including 52 males and 58 females from the snowfedRiver Yamuna in Uttarakhand, India, was investigated in the present study. The value of “b”ranged between 1.016 and 1.089. The length-weight relationship parameters of Noemacheilusmontanus showed low positive allometric growth, with a ‘b’ value of 1.016 for males and1.089 for females for the fish length from the snow-fed River Yamuna. During this study theregression coefficient (b) value i.e. 1.089 for females is observed to be slightly higher whencompared to that of males (1.016).

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Siddiqui, Zahid Hameed, Ratnum Kaul Wattal, Hareramadas Batchu, and Zahid Khorshid Abbas. "Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Yamuna river water pollutants in an urban metropolis, Delhi (India)." Water Supply 20, no. 7 (July 27, 2020): 2682–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.165.

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Abstract The present study evaluates the hazardous effects of water pollutants present in the River Yamuna, the lifeline of Delhi. This was done by collecting water samples from seven sites on the River Yamuna, and studying their water quality parameters (WQP). In all cases, tap water was taken as the control, and WQP like pH, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), etc. were measured. At site 1, water was slightly alkaline, whereas maximum salinity was found at site 4. The TDS, EC, and turbidity at site 5 were found to be the highest among the studied sites. Further, water samples were used to examine the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of pollutants in the root tip cells of Allium cepa after three and seven day's growth. There was a sharp decline in root length and root number down stream. Moreover, the squash preparations showed significant abnormalities; at the cellular level, cell shape and sizes show undesirable changes. At nuclear level binucleate cells, lobulated nuclei, micronuclei at site 3, 4, and 7 were recorded. The chromosomal abnormalities included chromosomal bridges, chromosomal loss, and abnormal orientation at different sites. This report is a cause for significant concern as the River Yamuna is Delhi's primary source of water supply for domestic, agricultural, industrial, energy, and many other purposes.

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Yadav, Dheeresh. "Assessment of Water Quality of River Yamuna at Agra." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 2910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.5479.

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38

Gadh, Ranu, O. V. Singh, S. N. Tandon, and R. P. Mathur. "Determination of different soluble species in yamuna river waters." Environmental Technology 12, no. 4 (April 1991): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593339109385017.

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39

Upadhyay, Rahul, Niladri Dasgupta, Aziz Hasan, and S. K. Upadhyay. "Managing water quality of River Yamuna in NCR Delhi." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 36, no. 9-11 (January 2011): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2010.03.018.

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40

Bhargava, Devendra Swaroop. "Water quality variations and control technology of Yamuna River." Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological 37, no. 4 (January 1985): 355–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(85)90124-2.

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41

Shukla, Manoj Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar Khare, and Ravindra Singh. "Hydrobiological Study of the Yamuna River at Kalpi, District Jalaun, Uttar Pradesh, India." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 18 (March 15, 2016): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v18i0.14643.

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Hydro biological study of the Yamuna river at Kalpi in India was carried out for a period of twelve month (October 2013 to September 2014). Four sampling stations were selected for sampling purpose. Collected samples were evaluated for fourteen physico-chemical parameters such as W.T., pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, T.D.S., T.H., T.A., Cl, SO4, PO4, NO3, D.O., B.O.D. and C.O.D. and four biological parameters such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic macrophytes and fishes. Present study reveals that water quality of the Yamuna river was not fit for drinking purpose but it was satisfactory for fish culture and irrigation purpose. Presence of both pollution tolerant and pollution intolerant species of biological parameters shows that this water was moderately polluted during course of study. HYDRO Nepal Journal of Water Energy and EnvironmentVolume- 18, 2016, JanuaryPage -41 to 46

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42

ABBI, S. D. S., D. K. GUPTA, and J. K. SHARMA. "A meso-scale study of groundwater fluctuations of Delhi in relation to rainfall." MAUSAM 22, no. 1 (November 17, 2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v22i1.3986.

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A study of groundwater level at Delhi in relation to rainfall has been conducted. Groundwater data for the period 1956 to 1966 in respect of 97 bores/holes in Delhi have been processed and synchronised and maps of mean ground-water level for urban Delhi have been prepared at fortnightly intervals for the monsoon period and at monthly intervals for the remaining months of the year. Monthly variations of groundwater levels against distance from river Yamuna have been studied and the distribution of the groundwater slope evaluated. Inter-relationship between the rainfall arid the groundwater levels has been studied graphically. A regression equation for the estimation of fortnightly groundwater level fluctuations from rainfall amount, duration of rainfall and the level of water in river Yamuna has been formulated and tested for its applicability.

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Vijay, Ritesh, Aabha Sargaonkar, and Apurba Gupta. "A hydrodynamic approach to address Yamuna riverbed development in Delhi." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 7 (July 2009): 1155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-059.

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Most critical flood problems occur in urban areas where values at risk are higher and damages tend to be heavier. In the present study, a hydrodynamic simulation of the river Yamuna has been generated under different designated flood flows to delineate the land availability under existing and modified riverbed geometry including channel dredging and riverbed dressing. Flood flows for various return periods, namely once in 10, 25, 50, and 100 years are estimated based on the past 41 years of recorded data using flood frequency analysis. The model set up considered the river stretch of 23 km from the Wazirabad barrage upstream to the Okhla barrage downstream, which includes manmade structures like bridges and barrages. Model calibration is achieved by comparing the water surface elevations with observed data at various downstream gauge stations. The land availability based on submergence scenarios under existing riverbed condition is estimated to be 1147.6, 873.1, and 762.6 ha, respectively, for 10, 50, and 100 year return flood. Various simulations are generated including channel dredging and riverbed dressing to obtain safe height and safe width for dressing the riverbed. The modified river geometry considered channel dredging in 750 to 1350 m width, and riverbed dressing for safe height and width in three levels in various sections. The land availability under this scenario is estimated to be 2197, 1129, and 545 ha for 10, 50, and 100 year return flood, respectively. It is proposed to dress the riverbed by utilizing the material obtained from channel dredging in three levels to maintain the transverse and longitudinal slope, river morphology, and river system. Developmental planning in the riverbed may include utilization of land at three levels for various purposes such as playgrounds, nursery, etc. However, it is suggested that the feasibility study of the project requires detailed engineering including slope stability prior to implementation of the riverbed development.

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44

Asger Nielsen, S., J. C. Refsgaard, and V. K. Mathur. "Conceptual Modelling of Water Loss on Flood Plains and its Application to River Yamuna Upstream of Delhi." Hydrology Research 22, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1991.0019.

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A water loss module for the river modelling system MIKE 11 has been developed to account for water losses due to retention and infiltration on flood plains. MIKE 11 including the water loss module has been calibrated and tested on data from the Yamuna river, India. The inclusion of the water loss module has improved the water level forecasts at Delhi to a large extent.

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Arora, Jayati, Abhishek Chauhan, Anuj Ranjan, Reetu Singh, Khatib Sayeed Ismail, Amita G. Dimri, Rima Biswas, and Tanu Jindal. "Exploring the Anionic Surfactant Concentrations and Biological Contamination in Yamuna River: Identifying Potential Sources and Mitigation Strategies." Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 6 (2023): 1434–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.27725.

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Anionic surfactants in the river, particularly downstream in Delhi, have created massive foam-like conditions which may be harmful to aquatic life and humans that come in contact. The present study focussed on the quantification of anionic surfactants, biological contaminants in terms of total bacterial count, total and faecal coliform bacteria and qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria from the samples acquired from different sites of Yamuna river. The concentration of anionic surfactants was observed to be between 0.42-3.89 mg L-1 at Okhla barrage, which was significantly high as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO bridge. The total bacterial count of Okhla barrage was observed more as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO Bridge ranging between 9.7 × 106 to 9.1 × 108 CFU/mL. The findings of total coliform bacteria were observed to be consistently high at Wazirabad barrage ranging between 1.3 × 103 to 9.0 × 104 MPN/100 mL. Qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria showed the presence of P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., E. coli and S. aureus. Based on the results obtained in the study, it was inferred that the water quality of Yamuna river at Wazirabad barrage, ITO Bridge and Okhla barrage was poor and thus requires regular monitoring and call for immediate effective mitigation strategies.Anionic surfactants in the river, particularly downstream in Delhi, have created massive foam-like conditions which may be harmful to aquatic life and humans that come in contact. The present study focussed on the quantification of anionic surfactants, biological contaminants in terms of total bacterial count, total and faecal coliform bacteria and qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria from the samples acquired from different sites of Yamuna river. The concentration of anionic surfactants was observed to be between 0.42-3.89 mg L-1 at Okhla barrage, which was significantly high as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO bridge. The total bacterial count of Okhla barrage was observed more as compared to Wazirabad barrage and ITO Bridge ranging between 9.7 × 106 to 9.1 × 108 CFU/mL. The findings of total coliform bacteria were observed to be consistently high at Wazirabad barrage ranging between 1.3 × 103 to 9.0 × 104 MPN/100 mL. Qualitative analysis of pathogenic bacteria showed the presence of P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., E. coli and S. aureus. Based on the results obtained in the study, it was inferred that the water quality of Yamuna river at Wazirabad barrage, ITO Bridge and Okhla barrage was poor and thus requires regular monitoring and call for immediate effective mitigation strategies.

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46

Thapliyal, Madhu, Bipin Kumar Sati, Ravi Kumar, Tribhuwan Chandra, and Ashish Thapliyal. "DNA barcoding of fishes from River Song, Dehradun, Uttarakhand using mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase-I gene." Environment Conservation Journal 14, no. 3 (December 21, 2013): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2013.14320.

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The entire Himalayan region is well known as a global hotspot for biodiversity. Many workers have documented different aspect of biodiversity. The Uttarakhand Himalaya region, a part of Himalayan system, is very rich in fresh water aquatic biodiversity because it has many fresh water streams and rivers within a short distance of 200 miles. All these fresh water bodies harbor diverse aquatic fauna with fishes being the most extensively studied. There are many fish species reported by many authors in Uttarakhand. Many of the fishes have similar morphological characters (morpho-metrics) and are difficult to identify. Attempts have been made to generate the DNA barcode of fishes but most of the attempt are limited to major rivers i.e. the Ganges and the Yamuna. Besides these two prominent river (the Ganges & the Yamuna), there are many supporting streams and small tributaries that are also inhabited by many species. No “long term” and “entire river scan” for fish species has ever been conducted in Uttarakhand. Our research aims to generate a molecular database (DNA Barcode) for entire fish species fauna in each small river/stream of Uttarakhand. Using a combination of morphometric & DNA bar-coding data will provide an efficient method for species level identification and contributes considerably to taxonomic and biodiversity research. The present study is first step towards establishing molecular taxonomy database of Uttarakhand based upon the bar coding pattern of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. We carried out an “entire river scan” of River Song (a tributary of river Ganges). 50 samples were collected from various sampling sites along the entire stretch of river and analyzed. Data was uploaded into the BOLD database and the analysis of data using this database suggests that the genetic variability (K2P distance) distribution of 50 individuals belonging with 15 species.The average intraspecific variation using K2P and NJ methods/models was assessed. The mean intraspecific distance was less than 1.45% for 32% of species. Mean K2P distance within species, genus and family was 0.1%, 16.3% and 21.70% respectively. Our results suggest that River Song has diverse fish fauna with substantial genetic diversity. Data from Barillius species suggests that this species has a very high variation. There is ahighly probability that as all the rivers are scanned new data on endemic and exotic fish fauna diversity will emerge which would be helpful in conservation efforts.

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Hassan, Taskeena, Saltanat Parveen, Bilal Nabi Bhat, and Uzma Ahmad. "Seasonal Variations in Water Quality Parameters of River Yamuna, India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 5 (May 10, 2017): 694–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.079.

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48

Mallik, Bidisha. "Science, Philosophy, and Policy on the Yamuna River of India." Environmental Ethics 36, no. 3 (2014): 283–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201436330.

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49

Jain, C. K. "Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Yamuna, India." Water Research 38, no. 3 (February 2004): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.042.

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50

Aleem, Asma, and Abdul Malik. "Genotoxicity of the Yamuna River water at Okhla (Delhi), India." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 61, no. 3 (July 2005): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.09.001.

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