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Статті в журналах з теми "XFEL Européen"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

Оновлено: 7 липня 2024

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1

Chatterjee, Ruchira, Clemens Weninger, Anton Loukianov, Sheraz Gul, Franklin D. Fuller, Mun Hon Cheah, Thomas Fransson, et al. "XANES and EXAFS of dilute solutions of transition metals at XFELs." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (August 7, 2019): 1716–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519007550.

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This work has demonstrated that X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), both Mn XANES and EXAFS, of solutions with millimolar concentrations of metal is possible using the femtosecond X-ray pulses from XFELs. Mn XAS data were collected using two different sample delivery methods, a Rayleigh jet and a drop-on-demand setup, with varying concentrations of Mn. Here, a new method for normalization of XAS spectra based on solvent scattering that is compatible with data collection from a highly variable pulsed source is described. The measured XANES and EXAFS spectra of such dilute solution samples are in good agreement with data collected at synchrotron sources using traditional scanning protocols. The procedures described here will enable XFEL-based XAS on dilute biological samples, especially metalloproteins, with low sample consumption. Details of the experimental setup and data analysis methods used in this XANES and EXAFS study are presented. This method will also benefit XAS performed at high-repetition-rate XFELs such as the European XFEL, LCLS-II and LCLS-II-HE.

2

Hagemann, Johannes, Malte Vassholz, Hannes Hoeppe, Markus Osterhoff, Juan M. Rosselló, Robert Mettin, Frank Seiboth, et al. "Single-pulse phase-contrast imaging at free-electron lasers in the hard X-ray regime." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057752001557x.

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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have opened up unprecedented opportunities for time-resolved nano-scale imaging with X-rays. Near-field propagation-based imaging, and in particular near-field holography (NFH) in its high-resolution implementation in cone-beam geometry, can offer full-field views of a specimen's dynamics captured by single XFEL pulses. To exploit this capability, for example in optical-pump/X-ray-probe imaging schemes, the stochastic nature of the self-amplified spontaneous emission pulses, i.e. the dynamics of the beam itself, presents a major challenge. In this work, a concept is presented to address the fluctuating illumination wavefronts by sampling the configuration space of SASE pulses before an actual recording, followed by a principal component analysis. This scheme is implemented at the MID (Materials Imaging and Dynamics) instrument of the European XFEL and time-resolved NFH is performed using aberration-corrected nano-focusing compound refractive lenses. Specifically, the dynamics of a micro-fluidic water-jet, which is commonly used as sample delivery system at XFELs, is imaged. The jet exhibits rich dynamics of droplet formation in the break-up regime. Moreover, pump–probe imaging is demonstrated using an infrared pulsed laser to induce cavitation and explosion of the jet.

3

Mills, Grant, Richard Bean, and Adrian P. Mancuso. "First Experiments in Structural Biology at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 3642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103642.

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Ultrabright pulses produced in X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) offer new possibilities for industry and research, particularly for biochemistry and pharmaceuticals. The unprecedented brilliance of these next-generation sources enables structure determination from sub-micron crystals as well as radiation-sensitive proteins. The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL), with its first light in 2017, ushered in a new era for ultrabright X-ray sources by providing an unparalleled megahertz-pulse repetition rate, with orders of magnitude more pulses per second than previous XFEL sources. This rapid pulse frequency has significant implications for structure determination; not only will data collection be faster (resulting in more structures per unit time), but experiments requiring large quantities of data, such as time-resolved structures, become feasible in a reasonable amount of experimental time. Early experiments at the SPB/SFX instrument of the EuXFEL demonstrate how such closely-spaced pulses can be successfully implemented in otherwise challenging experiments, such as time-resolved studies.

4

Dommach, Martin, Sven Lederer, and Lutz Lilje. "Die Vakuumsysteme des European XFEL." Vakuum in Forschung und Praxis 30, no. 2 (April 2018): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vipr.201800673.

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5

Chen, Ye, Frank Brinker, Winfried Decking, Matthias Scholz, Lutz Winkelmann, and Zihan Zhu. "Virtual commissioning of the European XFEL for advanced user experiments at photon energies beyond 25 keV using low-emittance electron beams." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012026.

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Abstract Growing interests in ultra-hard X-rays are pushing forward the frontier of commissioning the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) for routine operation towards the sub-ångström regime, where a photon energy of 25 keV (0.5 Å) and above is desired. Such X-rays allow for larger penetration depths and enable the investigation of materials in highly absorbing environments. Delivering the requested X-rays to user experiments is of crucial importance for the XFEL development. Unique capabilities of the European XFEL are formed by combining a high energy linac and the long variable-gap undulator systems for generating intense X-rays at 25 keV and pushing the limit even further to 30 keV. However, the FEL performance relies on achievable electron bunch qualities. Low-emittance electron bunch production, and the associated start-to-end modelling of beam physics thus becomes a prerequisite to dig into the XFEL potentials. Here, we present the obtained simulation results from a virtual commissioning of the XFEL for the user experiments at 25 keV and beyond, including the optimized electron bunch qualities and corresponding FEL lasing performance. Experimental results at 30 keV from the first test run are presented.

6

Juarez-Lopez, D. P., S. Lederer, S. Schreiber, F. Brinker, L. Monaco, and D. Sertore. "Photocathodes for the electron sources at FLASH and European XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2687, no. 3 (January 1, 2024): 032009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2687/3/032009.

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Abstract FLASH at DESY (Hamburg, Germany) and the European XFEL photoinjectors are operated by laser driven RF-guns. For both user-facilities cesium telluride (Cs2Te) photocathodes are successfully used since several years. We present recent data on the lifetime and quantum efficiency (QE) of the current photocathode at FLASH #105.2, operated before and after a long shutdown. In addition, data for the cathodes that recently have been exchanged at the European XFEL will be presented.

7

Allahgholi, Aschkan, Julian Becker, Annette Delfs, Roberto Dinapoli, Peter Goettlicher, Dominic Greiffenberg, Beat Henrich, et al. "The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector at the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518016077.

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The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) is an X-ray imager, custom designed for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). It is a fast, low-noise integrating detector, with an adaptive gain amplifier per pixel. This has an equivalent noise of less than 1 keV when detecting single photons and, when switched into another gain state, a dynamic range of more than 104 photons of 12 keV. In burst mode the system is able to store 352 images while running at up to 6.5 MHz, which is compatible with the 4.5 MHz frame rate at the European XFEL. The AGIPD system was installed and commissioned in August 2017, and successfully used for the first experiments at the Single Particles, Clusters and Biomolecules (SPB) experimental station at the European XFEL since September 2017. This paper describes the principal components and performance parameters of the system.

8

Yakopov, M., M. Calvi, S. Casalbuoni, U. Englisch, S. Karabekyan, X. Liang, and T. Schmidt. "Characterization of helical APPLE X undulators with 90 mm period for the European XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012019.

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Abstract European XFEL is going to provide full polarization control in the soft X-ray SASE line (SASE3). For this purpose, four helical APPLE X undulators with 90 mm period are installed downstream with respect to the planar undulators of the SASE3 undulator line consisting of 21 planar undulators with 68 mm period. In this contribution, the measurement technique, as well as the results of the measurements and tuning of the APPLE X undulators performed at European XFEL are presented.

9

Lehmkühler, Felix, Francesco Dallari, Avni Jain, Marcin Sikorski, Johannes Möller, Lara Frenzel, Irina Lokteva, et al. "Emergence of anomalous dynamics in soft matter probed at the European XFEL." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 39 (September 15, 2020): 24110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003337117.

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Dynamics and kinetics in soft matter physics, biology, and nanoscience frequently occur on fast (sub)microsecond but not ultrafast timescales which are difficult to probe experimentally. The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL), a megahertz hard X-ray Free-Electron Laser source, enables such experiments via taking series of diffraction patterns at repetition rates of up to 4.5 MHz. Here, we demonstrate X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) with submicrosecond time resolution of soft matter samples at the European XFEL. We show that the XFEL driven by a superconducting accelerator provides unprecedented beam stability within a pulse train. We performed microsecond sequential XPCS experiments probing equilibrium and nonequilibrium diffusion dynamics in water. We find nonlinear heating on microsecond timescales with dynamics beyond hot Brownian motion and superheated water states persisting up to 100 μs at high fluences. At short times up to 20 μs we observe that the dynamics do not obey the Stokes–Einstein predictions.

10

Molodtsov, S. L. "European XFEL: Soft X-Ray instrumentation." Crystallography Reports 56, no. 7 (November 19, 2011): 1217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063774511070212.

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11

Geloni, G., E. Saldin, L. Samoylova, E. Schneidmiller, H. Sinn, Th Tschentscher, and M. Yurkov. "Coherence properties of the European XFEL." New Journal of Physics 12, no. 3 (March 31, 2010): 035021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/035021.

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12

Freund, Wolfgang, Lars Fröhlich, Suren Karabekyan, Andreas Koch, Jia Liu, Dirk Nölle, Josef Wilgen, and Jan Grünert. "First measurements with the K-monochromator at the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 4 (June 4, 2019): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519005307.

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Hard X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) generate intense coherent X-ray beams by passing electrons through undulators, i.e. very long periodic magnet structures, which extend over hundreds of meters. The SASE1 and SASE2 undulator systems of the European XFEL consist of 35 segments with variable-gap planar undulators which are initially tuned to precise on-axis magnetic field strengths in a magnetic measurement laboratory to keep an important quality parameter – the K-value variation from segment to segment – below a certain limit (3 × 10−4 for 12 keV photon energy). After tunnel installation only photon-based methods can determine the K-values of undulator segments with a similar accuracy. The synchrotron radiation from a single or a few segments can be spectrally filtered by a dedicated crystal monochromator (K-monochromator) and recorded with a photodiode or with an imager that provides 2D information, tuned for high sensitivity to detect low photon densities from distant single undulator segments. This instrumentation is applied for electron orbit analysis and optimization, and adjustment of individual undulators in terms of their central magnetic axis with respect to the electron beam. Single undulator segments were analysed by scanning the monochromator crystal angle and detecting the steepest slope of a photodiode signal. Alternatively, in the imaging method, an imager recorded the radiation cone of electrons passing through the undulator segment. From the spatial distribution of the radiation, the K-parameter was determined with a sufficiently high relative accuracy.

13

Rek, Z., H. N. Chapman, S. Bajt, and B. Šarler. "Numerical simulations of temperature loads on multilayer Laue lenses." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2766, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012034.

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Abstract We present numerical simulations of the heat loads on novel diffractive X-ray optics, known as multilayer Laue lenses, exposed to high-intensity X-ray beams produced by an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL). These lenses can be used to focus XFEL beams to nanometer spots. The temperature distribution within the lens and temperature evolution as a function of incident pulse frequencies were calculated for two different lens geometries and several material pairs and material ratios of the MLLs. Simulations considered the special pulse structure of European XFEL with X-rays being delivered in pulse trains. After defining the geometric model, computational grid, material properties, and boundary conditions, a grid sensitivity study was carried out. We solved the transient heat energy transport equation in solids for mixed boundary conditions. The results of these simulations will help select materials and lens geometry for future XFEL experiments.

14

Barbanotti, S., Y. Bozhko, K. Jensch, T. Schnautz, and D. Sellmann. "Six years’ experience of the XFEL 2K operation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1301, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012097.

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Abstract The European X-Ray Free Electron laser (XFEL) has successfully been operated for more than 5 years. The superconducting cavities and magnets being key components of the cryomodules constituting the XFEL linac and injector are operated at 2 K in a liquid helium bath. A four stages cold compressor system is used to return the vapor to the XFEL helium refrigerator with the capability of pumping up to 110 g/s for compensating static and dynamic heat losses at 2 K. In this paper technical challenges with regard to the cold compressor system such as availability, 2K pressure stability and contamination of the 2K circuit are summarized. Influence of hydrostatic head on operation of all cooling circuits is analyzed. Issues related to the use of some kinds of instrumentation as pressure transmitters, flow meters and level sensors are discussed. The experiment regarding the future XFEL project as doubling of safety valves is described.

15

Duarte, N., K. Ahmed, M. Cascella, S. Hauf, T. Preston, R. Shayduk, M. Turcato, and M. Ramilli. "Calibration procedures and data correction of ePix100 detectors at the European XFEL." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): C11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/11/c11008.

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Abstract The European XFEL is a research facility that delivers extremely bright and short coherent X-ray pulses of tunable energy at MHz repetition rate, providing unprecedented capabilities to conduct scientific research across multiple domains. Among the suite of deployed detectors, several ePix100 modules, belonging to the family of ePix detectors developed at SLAC, are used. These charge-integrating hybrid pixel detectors offer single-photon resolution for energies above 2 keV and a dynamic range of 100 photons at 8 keV. Their low noise, small pixel size, compact dimensions, maneuverability and vacuum compatibility make them an attractive choice for some of the hard X-ray instruments at the European XFEL for imaging, spectroscopy, and scattering experiments. The European XFEL is committed to providing users with completely corrected detector data. To achieve this goal, periodic calibration procedures are conducted to generate calibration constants that allow the conversion of raw detector output into physically meaningful information through a series of successive data correction steps. In this work, an overview of the ePix100 calibration procedures and correction algorithms will be provided, with a focus on particularly relevant processes for this detector, such as common mode noise and charge sharing correction.

16

Geloni, Gianluca, Frank Brinker, Winfried Decking, Jan Grünert, Marc Guetg, Theophilos Maltezopoulos, Dirk Noelle, et al. "Frequency-Mixing Lasing Mode at European XFEL." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 8495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188495.

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We demonstrate generation of X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) pulses in frequency mixing mode at the SASE3 line of the European XFEL. The majority of the SASE3 FEL segments are tuned at two frequencies ω1 and ω2 following an alternate pattern. Leveraging on non-linearities generated through longitudinal dispersion in the system, we obtain electron bunching at a frequency difference ωFM=ω2−ω1. FEL amplification at ωFM follows in a few last radiator segments. We report on the generation of frequency mixing at photon energies between 500 eV and 1100 eV with pulse energies, depending on the length of the radiator, in the mJ level. This method allows generating low photon energies in cases where the FEL runs at high electron energy and the target photon energy cannot be reached in the main undulator, with the simple addition of a short, custom-made afterburner.

17

Greiffenberg, D. "The AGIPD detector for the European XFEL." Journal of Instrumentation 7, no. 01 (January 27, 2012): C01103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/01/c01103.

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18

Turcato, M., P. Gessler, S. Hauf, M. Kuster, M. Meyer, J. Nordgren, J. Sztuk-Dambietz, and C. Youngman. "Small area detectors at the European XFEL." Journal of Instrumentation 9, no. 05 (May 29, 2014): C05063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/c05063.

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19

Singer, W., X. Singer, A. Brinkmann, J. Iversen, A. Matheisen, A. Navitski, Y. Tamashevich, P. Michelato, and L. Monaco. "Superconducting cavity material for the European XFEL." Superconductor Science and Technology 28, no. 8 (July 13, 2015): 085014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/28/8/085014.

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20

Messerschmidt, Marc. "First crystallography experiments at the European XFEL." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 74, a1 (July 20, 2018): a391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767318096095.

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21

Johnston, Hamish. "UK becomes full member of European XFEL." Physics World 31, no. 5 (May 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/31/5/13.

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22

Schubert, Robin, Huijong Han, Domingo Meza, Ekaterina Round, Joachim Schulz, and Kristina Lorenzen. "Biological user support at the European XFEL." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 75, a2 (August 18, 2019): e744-e744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273319088120.

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23

Tschentscher, T., and R. Feidenhans'l. "Starting User Operation at the European XFEL." Synchrotron Radiation News 30, no. 6 (November 2, 2017): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2017.1386995.

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24

Grychtol, P., N. Kohlstrunk, J. Buck, S. Thiess, V. Vardanyan, D. Doblas-Jimenez, J. Ohnesorge, et al. "The SXP instrument at the European XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012043.

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Abstract The successful implementation of the baseline instruments at the European XFEL has triggered a second phase of instrument developments aiming to extend the portfolio of available techniques. At the soft X-ray undulator (SASE 3), the Soft X-ray Port (SXP) instrument is currently under construction. Conceived as an open port, it focuses primarily on femtosecond time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TR-XPES), which has proven to be a powerful tool to understand the properties of materials and the interaction between their internal degrees of freedom. The extension of this technique to the soft X-ray energy range is only possible at MHz free electron lasers (FELs) due to space-charge effects which limit the maximum photon flux per pulse on the sample. In this contribution, the SXP instrument at the European XFEL and the implementation of TR-XPES using a momentum microscope are presented. The photon energy range available at SASE 3, 0.25 keV to 3.5 keV, and the variable polarization will allow for the simultaneous characterization of the electronic, magnetic, chemical and structural properties of materials with femtosecond time resolution. To this end, a wide range of laser excitation wavelengths, ranging from the XUV to the THz region, will be available.

25

Abeghyan, S., M. Bagha-Shanjani, G. Chen, U. Englisch, S. Karabekyan, Y. Li, F. Preisskorn, et al. "First operation of the SASE1 undulator system of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518017125.

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The European XFEL comprises three undulator systems. All of the systems use standardized mechanical, magnetic and control components. The key elements such as undulators, phase shifters and quadrupole movers as well as their controls are described, with special emphasis on the SASE1 undulator system, which was the first to become operational and has been lasing since May 2017. The role of these systems for the commissioning is outlined with special emphasis on beam-based alignment, which was important to achieve first lasing. Radiation damage was observed. The exposure doses were measured with the online radiation dosimetry system. Countermeasures and latest results are reported, which are important for a high-duty-cycle machine such as the European XFEL.

26

Dallari, F., I. Lokteva, J. Möller, A. Jain, W. Roseker, F. Westermeier, C. Goy, et al. "Coherence properties from speckle contrast analysis at the European XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012085.

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Abstract We show the results of speckle contrast analysis at the MID instrument of European XFEL in the hard X-ray regime. Speckle patterns measured from static colloidal samples are compared to results previously obtained at the SPB/SFX instrument. A high degree of coherence of 0.79 is obtained by modelling the q-dependence of the speckle contrast, that corresponds to a number of coherent modes of M = 1.7. Furthermore, the variation of contrast over many pulse trains is exceptional low, resulting in a degree of coherence with a relative standard deviation below 0.1. Our results demonstrate the high stability of coherence properties at European XFEL over many X-ray pulses and pulse trains which is a prerequisite for coherence-based techniques such as MHz X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy.

27

Mancuso, Adrian, Chun Hong Yoon, Mikhail Yurkov, Evgeny Schneidmiller, Liubov Samoylova, Zoltan Jurek, Beata Ziaja, Alexey Buzmakov, Duane Loh, and Thomas Tschentscher. "Start-to-End XFEL experiment simulation:A framework and coherent imaging example." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314097095.

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The advent of newer, brighter, and more coherent X-ray sources, such as X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs), represents a tremendous growth in the potential to apply coherent X-rays to determine the structure of materials from the micron-scale down to the Angstrom-scale. We present a framework for Start-to-End (S2E) simulations of a coherent X-ray experiment, including source parameters, propagation of the coherent X-rays though optical elements, interaction of the photons with matter, and their subsequent detection and analysis. To demonstrate this framework, we show a single-particle structure determination example using parameters of the Single Particles, Clusters and Biomolecules (SPB) instrument [1] at the under-construction European XFEL [2, 3]. We use cross platform wave optics software [4] for the propagation of the coherent beams, a molecular dynamics treatment of real space dynamics of atoms, ions and free electrons to account for radiation damage [5], and the Expansion-Maximization-Compression (EMC) algorithm [6] for assembling the simulated data before subsequent phasing and structure determination. It is hoped such simulations can provide an insight into the critical regions of parameter space for the single-particle imaging problem, and hence direct efforts to best utilize these next generation light sources.

28

Osterhoff, Markus, Malte Vassholz, Hannes Paul Hoeppe, Juan Manuel Rosselló, Robert Mettin, Johannes Hagemann, Johannes Möller, et al. "Nanosecond timing and synchronization scheme for holographic pump–probe studies at the MID instrument at European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 3 (April 20, 2021): 987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521003052.

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Single-pulse holographic imaging at XFEL sources with 1012 photons delivered in pulses shorter than 100 fs reveal new quantitative insights into fast phenomena. Here, a timing and synchronization scheme for stroboscopic imaging and quantitative analysis of fast phenomena on time scales (sub-ns) and length-scales (≲100 nm) inaccessible by visible light is reported. A fully electronic delay-and-trigger system has been implemented at the MID station at the European XFEL, and applied to the study of emerging laser-driven cavitation bubbles in water. Synchronization and timing precision have been characterized to be better than 1 ns.

29

Decking, Winfried. "Im Slalom durch bewegte Zeiten – der European XFEL." Physik in unserer Zeit 53, no. 5 (September 2022): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/piuz.202270502.

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30

Marx, Vivien. "Structural biology: doors open at the European XFEL." Nature Methods 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4394.

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31

Grünert, Jan, Marc Planas Carbonell, Florian Dietrich, Torben Falk, Wolfgang Freund, Andreas Koch, Naresh Kujala, et al. "X-ray photon diagnostics at the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (August 2, 2019): 1422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519006611.

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The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) (Altarelli et al., 2006; Tschentscher et al., 2017), the world's largest and brightest X-ray free-electron laser (Saldin et al., 1999; Pellegrini et al., 2016), went into operation in 2017. This article describes the as-built realization of photon diagnostics for this facility, the diagnostics commissioning and their application for commissioning of the facility, and results from the first year of operation, focusing on the SASE1 beamline, which was the first to be commissioned. The commissioning consisted of pre-beam checkout, first light from the bending magnets, X-rays from single undulator segments, SASE tuning with many undulator segments, first lasing, optics alignment for FEL beam transport through the tunnel up to the experiment hutches, and finally beam delivery to first users. The beam properties assessed by photon diagnostics throughout these phases included per-pulse intensity, beam position, shape, lateral dimensions and spectral properties. During this time period, the machine provided users with up to 14 keV photon energy, 1.5 mJ pulse energy, 300 FEL pulses per train and 4.5 MHz intra-bunch train repetition rate at a 10 Hz train repetition rate. Finally, an outlook is given into the diagnostic prospects for the future.

32

Bousonville, M., F. Eints, and S. Choroba. "Installation management for the European XFEL main accelerator." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 874 (July 2017): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/874/1/012016.

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33

Ghazaryan, N. G., E. Castro, and W. Decking. "Orbit and dispersion tool at European XFEL injector." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 874 (July 2017): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/874/1/012084.

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34

Chadha, Kulvinder Singh. "UK rejoins European XFEL after six-year absence." Physics World 28, no. 2 (February 2015): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/28/2/19.

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35

Letrun, Romain. "Megahertz-rate serial crystallography at the European XFEL." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 75, a2 (August 18, 2019): e726-e726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273319088302.

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36

Kuster, M., D. Boukhelef, M. Donato, J. S. Dambietz, S. Hauf, L. Maia, N. Raab, et al. "Detectors and Calibration Concept for the European XFEL." Synchrotron Radiation News 27, no. 4 (July 4, 2014): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2014.930809.

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37

Marchetti, B., S. Casalbuoni, V. Grattoni, and S. Serkez. "Analysis of the error budget for a superconducting undulator SASE line at European XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012011.

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Abstract European XFEL is investing in the development of superconducting undulators (SCUs) for future upgrade of its beamlines. SCUs made of NbTi, working at 2 K, with a period length of 15 mm and a vacuum gap of 5 mm allow covering a range between 54 keV and 100 keV. The effect of mechanical errors in the distribution of the undulator parameter K along the undulators is more relevant for working points at lower photon energy, which are obtained using a higher magnetic field in the undulator. In this article we investigate the effect of error distribution in the K-parameter for a working point at 50 keV photon energy obtained injecting an electron beam with 16.5 GeV energy from the XFEL linear accelerator in a undulator line composed by SCUs with 1.6 T peak magnetic field.

38

Syresin, Evgeny, Alexander Grebentsov, Oleg Brovko, Mikhail Yurkov, Wolfgang Freund, and Jan Grünert. "MCP-based detectors: calibration and first photon radiation measurements." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (July 12, 2019): 1400–1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519006295.

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Detectors based on microchannel plates (MCPs) are used to detect radiation from free-electron lasers. Three MCP detectors have been developed by JINR for the European XFEL (SASE1, SASE2 and SASE3 lines). These detectors are designed to operate in a wide dynamic range from the level of spontaneous emission to the SASE saturation level (between a few nJ up to 25 mJ), in a wide wavelength range from 0.05 nm to 0.4 nm for SASE1 and SASE2, and from 0.4 nm to 4.43 nm for SASE3. The detectors measure photon pulse energies with an anode and a photodiode. The photon beam image is observed with an MCP imager with a phosphor screen. At present, the SASE1 and SASE3 MCP detectors are commissioned with XFEL beams. Calibration and first measurements of photon radiation in multibunch mode are performed with the SASE1 and SASE3 MCPs. The MCP detector for SASE2 and its electronics are installed in the XFEL tunnel, technically commissioned, and are now ready for acceptance tests with the X-ray beam.

39

Maltezopoulos, Theophilos, Florian Dietrich, Wolfgang Freund, Ulf Fini Jastrow, Andreas Koch, Joakim Laksman, Jia Liu, et al. "Operation of X-ray gas monitors at the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 4 (June 4, 2019): 1045–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519003795.

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X-ray gas monitors (XGMs) are operated at the European XFEL for non-invasive single-shot pulse energy measurements and average beam position monitoring. They are used for tuning and maintaining the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) operation and for sorting single-shot experimental data according to the pulse-resolved energy monitor data. The XGMs were developed at DESY based on the specific requirements for the European XFEL. In total, six XGM units are continuously in operation. Here, the main principle and experimental setup of an XGM are summarized, and the locations of the six XGMs at the facility are shown. Pulse energy measurements at 0.134 nm wavelength are presented, exceeding 1 mJ obtained with an absolute measurement uncertainty of 7–10%; correlations between different XGMs are shown, from which a SASE1 beamline transmission of 97% is deduced. Additionally, simultaneous position measurements close to the undulator and at the end of the tunnel are shown, along with the correlation of beam position data simultaneously acquired by an XGM and an imager.

40

Serkez, Svitozar, Winfried Decking, Lars Froehlich, Natalia Gerasimova, Jan Grünert, Marc Guetg, Marko Huttula, et al. "Opportunities for Two-Color Experiments in the Soft X-ray Regime at the European XFEL." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 2728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082728.

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X-ray pump/X-ray probe applications are made possible at X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) facilities by generating two X-ray pulses with different wavelengths and controllable temporal delay. In order to enable this capability at the European XFEL, an upgrade project to equip the soft X-ray SASE3 beamline with a magnetic chicane is underway. In the present paper we describe the status of the project, its scientific focus and expected performance, including start-to-end simulations of the photon beam transport up to the sample, as well as recent experimental results demonstrating two-color lasing at photon energies of 805 eV + 835 eV and 910 eV + 950 eV. Additionally, we discuss methods to analyze the spectral properties and the intensity of the generated radiation to provide on-line diagnostics for future user experiments.

41

Dallari, Francesco, Mario Reiser, Irina Lokteva, Avni Jain, Johannes Möller, Markus Scholz, Anders Madsen, Gerhard Grübel, Fivos Perakis, and Felix Lehmkühler. "Analysis Strategies for MHz XPCS at the European XFEL." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 8037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178037.

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The nanometer length-scale holds precious information on several dynamical processes that develop from picoseconds to seconds. In the past decades, X-ray scattering techniques have been developed to probe the dynamics at such length-scales on either ultrafast (sub-nanosecond) or slow ((milli-)second) time scales. With the start of operation of the European XFEL, thanks to the MHz repetition rate of its X-ray pulses, even the intermediate μs range have become accessible. Measuring dynamics on such fast timescales requires the development of new technologies such as the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD). μs-XPCS is a promising technique to answer many scientific questions regarding microscopic structural dynamics, especially for soft condensed matter systems. However, obtaining reliable results with complex detectors at free-electron laser facilities is challenging and requires more sophisticated analysis methods compared to experiments at storage rings. Here, we discuss challenges and possible solutions to perform XPCS experiments with the AGIPD at European XFEL; in particular, at the Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument. We present our data analysis pipeline and benchmark the results obtained at the MID instrument with a well-known sample composed by silica nanoparticles dispersed in water.

42

Turkot, Oleksii, Fabio Dall'Antonia, Richard J. Bean, Juncheng E, Hans Fangohr, Danilo E. Ferreira de Lima, Sravya Kantamneni, et al. "EXtra-Xwiz: A Tool to Streamline Serial Femtosecond Crystallography Workflows at European XFEL." Crystals 13, no. 11 (October 24, 2023): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13111533.

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X-ray free electron lasers deliver photon pulses that are bright enough to observe diffraction from extremely small crystals at a time scale that outruns their destruction. As crystals are continuously replaced, this technique is termed serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX). Due to its high pulse repetition rate, the European XFEL enables the collection of rich and extensive data sets, which are suited to study various scientific problems, including ultra-fast processes. The enormous data rate, data complexity, and the nature of the pixelized multimodular area detectors at the European XFEL pose severe challenges to users. To streamline the analysis of the SFX data, we developed the semiautomated pipeline EXtra-Xwiz around the established CrystFEL program suite, thereby processing diffraction patterns on detector frames into structure factors. Here we present EXtra-Xwiz, and we introduce its architecture and use by means of a tutorial. Future plans for its development and expansion are also discussed.

43

Altarelli, Massimo, and Adrian P. Mancuso. "Structural biology at the European X-ray free-electron laser facility." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1647 (July 17, 2014): 20130311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0311.

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The European X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facility, under construction in the Hamburg region, will provide high-peak brilliance (greater than 10 33 photons s −1 mm −2 mrad −2 per 0.1% BW), ultrashort pulses (approx. 10 fs) of X-rays, with a high repetition rate (up to 27 000 pulses s −1 ) from 2016 onwards. The main features of this exceptional X-ray source, and the instrumentation developments necessary to exploit them fully, for application to a variety of scientific disciplines, are briefly summarized. In the case of structural biology, that has a central role in the scientific case of this new facility, the instruments and ancillary laboratories that are being planned and built within the baseline programme of the European XFEL and by consortia of users are also discussed. It is expected that the unique features of the source and the advanced features of the instrumentation will allow operation modes with more efficient use of sample materials, faster acquisition times, and conditions better approaching feasibility of single molecule imaging.

44

Gudilin, D. Yu. "European XFEL: femtosecond time resolution and other unique features." Laboratory and production 11, no. 1 (2020): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32757/2619-0923.2020.1.11.58.68.

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45

Dommach, Martin, Massimiliano Di Felice, Bianca Dickert, Denis Finze, Janni Eidam, Nicole Kohlstrunk, Maik Neumann, et al. "The photon beamline vacuum system of the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 4 (June 8, 2021): 1229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521005154.

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The photon beamline vacuum system of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (European XFEL) is described. The ultra-large, in total more than 3 km-long, fan-like vacuum system, consisting of three photon beamlines is an essential part of the photon beam transport. It is located between the accelerator vacuum system and the scientific instruments. The main focus of the design was on the efficiency, reliability and robustness of the entire system to ensure the retention of beam properties and the operation of the X-ray optics and X-ray photon diagnostics components. Installation started in late 2014, the first of the three beamline vacuum systems was commissioned in spring 2017, and the last one was operational in mid-2018. The present state and experience from the first years of operation are outlined.

46

Koch, Andreas, Markus Kuster, Jolanta Sztuk-Dambietz, and Monica Turcato. "Detector Development for the European XFEL: Requirements and Status." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 425, no. 6 (March 22, 2013): 062013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/425/6/062013.

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47

Schulz, J., J. Bielecki, R. B. Doak, K. Dörner, R. Graceffa, R. L. Shoeman, M. Sikorski, P. Thute, D. Westphal, and A. P. Mancuso. "A versatile liquid-jet setup for the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519000894.

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The SPB/SFX instrument of the European XFEL provides unique possibilities for high-throughput serial femtosecond crystallography. This publication presents the liquid-jet sample delivery setup of this instrument. The setup is compatible with state-of-the-art gas dynamic virtual nozzle systems as well as high-viscosity extruders and provides space and flexibility for other liquid injection devices and future upgrades. The liquid jets are confined in a differentially pumped catcher assembly and can be replaced within a couple of minutes through a load-lock. A two-microscope imaging system allows visual control of the jets from two perspectives.

48

Pandey, Suraj, Richard Bean, Tokushi Sato, Ishwor Poudyal, Johan Bielecki, Jorvani Cruz Villarreal, Oleksandr Yefanov, et al. "Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at the European XFEL." Nature Methods 17, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0628-z.

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49

Schwandt, J., E. Fretwurst, R. Klanner, and J. Zhang. "Design of the AGIPD sensor for the European XFEL." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 01 (January 10, 2013): C01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/01/c01015.

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50

Tschentscher, Thomas, Rainer Gehrke, and Wiebke Laasch. "Joint European XFEL and HASYLAB Users' Meeting at DESY." Synchrotron Radiation News 23, no. 3 (June 2, 2010): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2010.485512.

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