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1
Czaplicki, Zdzisław, Edyta Matyjas-Zgondek, and Stanisław Strzelecki. "Scouring of Sheep Wool Using an Acoustic Ultrasound Wave." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 29, no. 6(150) (December 31, 2021): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2721.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper describes a method of scouring sheep wool using ultrasound.The inspiration to start work on the use of ultrasound in the process of scouring sheep wool was positive results that had already been achieved for alpaca wool. Due to the fact that sheep wool has many more impurites than alpaca wool, the scouring process is divided into two stages. The first involves the removal of faeces from the wool, which may be up to about 35% of the impurities of sheep wool, while the second stage involves the scouring cycle, wherein the remaining impurities are removed. The ultrasonic scouring process uses domestic merino wool heavily clad, particularly, by faeces. In this study, detergent solutions, alkali soap and sodium carbonate were used. The scouring of wool was carried out with a special apparatus equipped with an ultrasonic generator, at a frequency of 40 kHz. To determine the optimal conditions for scouring sheep wool that could affect the amount of impurities removed, the following parameters were examined: the effect of the scouring time, the concentration of detergents, and the scouring bath ratio. The study resulted in achieving optimal scouring parameters that ensured a satisfactory level of the removal of wool impurities.
2
Wang, Lai Li, Xue Mei Ding, and Xiong Ying Wu. "The Water Footprint of Wool Scouring." Key Engineering Materials 671 (November 2015): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.671.65.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Raw wool contains high percentage by weight of natural contaminants. It is usually treated by a scouring process in the first stage of textile processing. Wool scouring process consumes large quantities of fresh water and produces concentrated effluent with very high oxygen demand, aggravating the water resource shortage and environmental impacts. Water footprint (WF) is a multidimensional indicator that shows water consumption volumes by source and polluted volumes by type of pollution. This study discusses the environmental impacts assessment of wool scouring process based on the WF theory. Through cases study, it was found that chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) was the most critical pollutant associated with the largest pollutant-specific original grey WF (WFori, grey), while NH3-N was the most critical pollutant associated with the largest pollutant-specific residuary grey WF (WFres, grey). The average WFori, greyof wool scouring process was 51878 m3/d, approximately 291 times of blue WF (WFblue). After treatment of the scouring effluent through floatation reflux-biological contact oxidizing technology, the WFori, greyreduced to 558 m3/d. Refluxing and regulating, oil removal were two important processes that contributed largely to effluent treatment as they reduced WFori, greyby 28537 m3/d and 23171 m3/d, respectively.
3
Riva, M. C., J. Cegarra, and M. Crespi. "Effluent ecotoxicology in the wool-scouring process." Science of The Total Environment 134 (January 1993): 1143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(05)80118-4.
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4
Hassan, Mohammad Mahbubul, and Jian Zhong Shao. "Chemical Processing of Wool: Sustainability Considerations." Key Engineering Materials 671 (November 2015): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.671.32.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Raw wool fibers contain fat, suint, plant material and minerals. It is necessary to remove these from wool by scouring with a combination of detergents, wetting agents and emulsifiers before further processing. Dyeing and finishing of wool fibers is necessary for their application in apparel and also in interior, automotive, smart and technical textiles. Some of the detergents and auxiliaries used in scouring are eco-toxic and some of them are endocrine disruptors. In many countries, wool scouring and dyeing effluents cannot be discharged to watercourses without further treatment by removing color and toxic components. Wool fibers can be given chemical treatments to make them stain-resistant, flame retardant, shrink-resistant, photo-stable and resistant to insect attack. Some of the chemicals under current practice to achieve these functionalities in wool are not eco-friendly and their discharge to water course is limited to the consent limit set by environment agencies. Environmental impact assessment of raw wool production is well studied but to our knowledge no comprehensive study has been carried out around the environmental impact of chemical processing of wool. Like those of other fiber types, the wool textile industries are under intense consumer as well as stakeholder scrutiny. Accreditation schemes now exist to provide reassurance to modern consumers, who want to see that not only are the marketed products safe but also that they are processed sustainably under ethically and environmentally acceptable conditions. Several alternatives to improve the environmental credentials of various chemical processes used for wool will be discussed.
5
Lapsirikul, Wipa, Ralf Cord-Ruwisch, and Goen Ho. "Treatment of wool scouring effluent by anaerobic bioflocculation." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0637.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biological destabilisation of the wool grease/water emulsion in wool scouring effluent using anaerobic bacterial activity (biological flocculation) was investigated. The aim of biological flocculation is to remove the bulk of wool grease which is the major source of COD, therefore serving as a pretreatment step, prior to classical biological processes either aerobic or anaerobic. In a semi-continuous system, a two-stage anaerobic bioflocculation process was employed to treat a high grease (> 15 g l−1) wool scouring effluent (WSE). After 110 days of operation, the process showed removal of 70 to 90% grease at a combined hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 4 to 10 days. With low grease (< 10 g l−1) WSE grease removal was lower. At an HRT of 3 days a single stage bioflocculation process removed 40% grease. The supernatant from the process was easily treated by activated sludge process reducing grease concentration from about 1.5 g l−1 to less than 0.1 g l−1 in the final effluent (HRT 3 days). Methane production of the process was negligible. Most of the grease was removed by flocculation as a result of anaerobic bacterial activity. The mechanisms of the process were investigated by a series of batch experiments and found to be; (1) appropriate gentle mixing between WSE and anaerobic sludge results in the absorption of wool grease from the liquid to the sludge phase, (2) further destablisation of the wool grease emulsion is obtained when the mixed liquor is left undisturbed. The latter was due to bacterial activity and growth on organics contained in WSE.
6
Charles, Wipa, Goen Ho, and Ralf Cord-Ruwisch. "Anaerobic bioflocculation of wool scouring effluent: the influence of non-ionic surfactant on efficiency." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (December 1, 1996): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0256.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wool scouring effluent (WSE) contains high concentrations of wool grease emulsified by non-ionic surfactants (nonylphenol polyethoxylates – NPEO). The short-term treatment (1-7 days) of this effluent with anaerobic bacteria resulted in partial grease flocculation. However the efficiency of this process varied largely (30% to 80%) with the source of wool scouring effluent used. The concentration of free surfactant, rather than total surfactant, was found to be the likely reason for the variation in efficiency. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of anaerobic biological flocculation a detailed surfactant analysis was performed. This revealed that anaerobic microbes (taken from sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant) had an ability to partially degrade NPEO by shortening the hydrophilic ethoxylate chain causing coagulation and subsequent flocculation of wool grease from the liquor.
7
Vujasinović, Edita, Anita Tarbuk, Tanja Pušić, and Tihana Dekanić. "Bio-Innovative Pretreatment of Coarse Wool Fibers." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From the textile manufacturers’ point of view, coarse and medullated fibers are undesirable in the production of fine woolen materials, but highly desirable in the production of textiles and yarns with special effects, especially in carpet production. For sustainability, the entire sheep fleece should be used, including the coarse and medullated fibers. The raw wool must be scoured to obtain clean wool fibers without damage or excessive fiber entanglement, with a certain moisture content, low dirt content and residual grease for further processing, and proper color. In order to remove the impurities in raw wool with maximum efficiency, save energy and minimize the environmental impact, this study investigated the changes in some fiber properties during the scouring process due to the effect of the enzyme complex on coarse wool fibers. The effects were studied through the amount of clean wool fibers and impurities within the fleece, the fiber diameter and color. Conventional and enzyme scoured coarse wool were bleached with an unconventional bleaching agent, percarbonate, and compared to bleaching with hydrogen peroxide to achieve higher whiteness and brilliant color with minimal fiber property changes. The changes after the bleaching process were determined based on the sorption of moisture and dyes and the color parameters. The bio-innovative pretreatment with enzyme complex scouring and percarbonate bleaching resulted in excellent fiber properties even for coarse wool. SEM analysis was performed to confirm these results. Taking into account the sustainability of the process and environmental protection, enzyme complex scouring and percarbonate bleaching are recommended as pretreatment processes for raw coarse wool.
8
Awchat, Ganesh. "Upgradation of Wool Scouring Plant for Efficient Wastewater Treatment." Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12912/27197050/142937.
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9
Braniša, Jana, Klaudia Jomová, and Mária Porubská. "Scouring Test of Sheep Wool Intended for Sorption." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, no. 2(134) (April 30, 2019): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9983.
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10
Oellermann, R. A., T. Ronen, and V. Meyer. "Biodegradation of Wool Scouring Effluent on a Laboratory Scale." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0671.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A continuously fed, sequential anaerobic-aerobic-aerobic reactor system was used to treat wool scouring effluent. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the anaerobic reactor was reduced from 30500 mg/ℓ to 3000-5000 mg/ℓ. In the first aerobic reactor this was further reduced to 1200-1800 mg COD/l. The final discharge from the second aerobic reactor had a COD of 500-1000 mg/ℓ at a hydraulic retention time of 2-3 d. Nitrification was erratic but sufficient to reduce the ammonia-N to levels of 20 mg/ℓ and less. Mixed liquor suspended solids and volatile suspended solids could be maintained at sufficiently high levels in completely mixed systems and efficient biomass retention in the aerobic rotating biological contactor resulted in an overall removal of 98.4% COD.
11
Forbes, E. A., J. H. Dittrich, A. M. Wemyss, and M. A. White. "Further Aspects of Bisulphite Setting of Wool Carpet Yarns in a Tape Scouring Machine." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 98, no. 2 (October 22, 2008): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1982.tb03620.x.
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12
Peláez, H., S. Gutiérrez, G. Castro, A. Hernández, and M. Viñas. "An integrated anaerobic - physico-chemical treatment concept for wool scouring wastewater." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0173.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The strong flow wastewater from a wool scouring industry is treated by a combination of anaerobic digestion and physico-chemical postreatment. Based on previous laboratory results (Gutiérrez et al., 1999), three anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR) of 300 m3 each were built, processing 60% of the strong flow of a wool scouring mill for about two years. COD and grease removal in the anaerobic reactors were 47-50% and 50-55% respectively, with an organic load between 8.9 and 6.7 kg COD/m3 d. The effluent of the anaerobic reactors was assayed with additives in an industrial decanter centrifuge. As results of these assays, all the effluent of the three reactors was sent to the decanter centrifuge after dosing additives. Overall COD and grease removal of the integrated system were 87% and 93% respectively. Dosage of coagulation-flocculation additives was optimized in a continuous flocculation device. The proposed treatment is cheaper and easier to control than others alternatives with COD removal higher than 93%.
13
Cohen, A. "Effects of Some Industrial Chemicals on Anaerobic Activity Measured by Sequential Automated Methanometry (SAM)." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 7 (April 1, 1992): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0134.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An experimental study was conducted into the effects of exposure of anaerobic bacteria to some commercial industrial chemicals. Anaerobic activity was tested using Sequential Automated Methanometry (SAM). SAM measures small pressure increases caused by gas production in vials containing anaerobic bacteria. Tested were bleaching agents including hydrogen peroxide and sodium metabisulphite, mothproofing and insect repelling agents containing synthetic pyrethroids, a bacteriostatic agent and non-ionic detergents commonly used in the wool scouring industry. Actively digesting bacterial material was obtained from an experimental anaerobic system treating concentrated effluents from wool scouring industry. None of the tested chemicals, with the exception of the bleaching agents, displayed any serious adverse effects on anaerobic activity. One of the tested detergents and one of the tested bacteriostatic agents mildly stimulated gas productivity, while strong increases in gas productivity were observed with one of the pyrethroid-containing chemicals. Sodium metabisulphite inhibited gas production but inhibition was reversible. Hydrogen peroxide was highly toxic and completely inhibited methane production even at the lowest added concentrations.
14
Gelaye, G., B. Sandip, and T. Mestawet. "A review on some factors affecting wool quality parameters of sheep." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 105 (December 24, 2021): 18980–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.105.19330.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wool is a natural fibre with a unique amalgamation of properties that are exploited in garment industry. The wool industry, in particular the production of fine wool, has a notable role in world trade and the price of the wool is dependent on quality. Accordingly, wool characteristics have direct impact on wool prices set by processors and industry. These properties can particularly benefit the wearer of the garment during exercise. There are different factors affecting wool quality parameters both with direct and indirect involvement. The environmental and genetics are the main factors affecting quality and quantity of wool from sheep. Infections related to skin and parasitic infestations have direct influence on the quality of wool. Breed or genotype is one of the main genetic factors that influences the product and productivity as well as quality of wool from sheep that is fleece from different sheep breeds is different in its both physical and chemical characteristics. Hormonal changes in relation to sex of sheep also have effect on the wool quality traits. The main objective of this review was to define and explore key wool characteristics, such as staple length, number of crimp, fibre type, fibre diameter, wool wax and scouring yield in regards to quality and interventions approaches for improving. In most of studies, non-genetic factors such as age, season, shearing period, shearing frequency and nutrition have a significant effect on traits viz. staple length, wool wax, scouring yield, fibre diameter and for other traits as well. Conducting a research on wool quality characteristics is an operative way of defining and differentiating the quality of wool. Acquiring knowledge of the wool quality characteristics can help to manage the end use products, consumers comfort and processing intensity. Therefore, an understanding of the factors affecting physical and chemical properties of wool traits is important to improve the quality of wool through genetics and management interventions. This article reviews some important quality attributes of wool for the product and productivity development and value addition.
15
Turpie, D. W. F., C. J. Steenkamp, and R. B. Townsend. "Industrial Application of Formed-in-Place Membrane Ultrafiltration and Automated Membrane-Forming in the Treatment and Recycle of Rinse-Water during the Scouring of Raw Wool." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (May 1, 1992): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0242.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fresh water consumption in the scouring of raw wool at a Mill in South Africa has been dramatically reduced by a combination of two factors, namely the purification and recycling of some of the wash water for reuse during rinsing, and the recycle of water from the firm's biological degradation ponds for use in the earlier stages of wool washing and in neutralising. Purification is undertaken by means of formed-in-place hydrous zirconium (IV) oxide membranes which are deposited automatically on porous sintered stainless steel supports. While about the same total quantity of water is used to wash the wool as traditionally, fresh water consumption on selected washlines has been reduced by approximately half.
16
Pan, Yi, Wuchao Wang, Kang Gong, Christopher J. Hurren, and Qing Li. "Ultrasonic scouring as a pretreatment of wool and its application in low-temperature dyeing." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 10 (June 22, 2018): 1975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518783348.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ultrasonic technology has shown the potential to reduce the cost and environmental impact of textile wet processing. This work investigates the effects of ultrasonic irradiation as a pretreatment on wool and its application in low-temperature dyeing. A significant increase in dye uptake and color strength was observed on the fabric ultrasonically pretreated at 40 kHz, followed by that at 80 kHz and the conventionally treated sample, in both acid dyeing and reactive dyeing. This could be due to the changes of the fiber surface structure and modification of the chemical structure in the cell membrane complex as a result of ultrasonic pretreatment. In acid dyeing, a 20% increase in dye uptake was achieved at 70℃ upon applying ultrasonic pretreatment at 40 kHz. With the assistance of a leveling agent, 80% dye uptake of the fabric treated with ultrasonics at 40 kHz was measured at 70℃ in reactive dyeing. Ultrasonic pretreatment can be applied in raw wool scouring and fabric scouring to achieve an efficient dye uptake, and these are also discussed in this paper.
17
Odendaal, Peter E. "Recent Advances in Water Reuse Research in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2061–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0662.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to limited water resources, water reuse is pursued as a major component of an overall strategy to optimise water use in South Africa. Progress in South African water reuse research, mainly since 1985, is reviewed. In the field of potable reuse research, the topics addressed are epidemiological studies, activated carbon, the microbiology of reclaimed water, bioassaying, and reverse osmosis. Information is provided on the scale of direct agricultural and industrial reuse of purified sewage effluents. Indirect reuse is steadily increasing and research which traditionally addressed direct potable reuse is becoming of equal relevance to indirect reuse. In addition, research becomes necessary on problems which relate specifically to indirect reuse, such as : treatment of algal waters, variation of raw water quality, upgrading of sewage effluent quality, organohalogens, and salination problems. Recent advances in research on internal water reuse by industry focused in particular on membranes and salt removal technology. Cases mentioned are textile dyehouse, scouring, bleaching and mercerising processes; bottle washing; wool scouring; water works wash water; and power station cooling.
18
Hogetsu, A., T. Ishikawa, M. Yoshikawa, T. Tanabe, S. Yudate, and J. Sawada. "High Rate Anaerobic Digestion of Wool Scouring Wastewater in a Digester Combined with Membrane Filter." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 7 (April 1, 1992): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The performance and sludge diminution property in wool scouring wastewater treatment of an anaerobic process in combination with an ultrafiltration membrane (UFM) was evaluated. With regard to TOD removal, both mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (53°C) digestion, without UFM, showed the same trend of decreasing sharply from about 90 % to 30 % in proportion to the increasing TOD loading rate from 3 to 45 kg/m3· d. When a digester was provided at the effluent line of a reactor with UFM separator, about two times higher concentration of biomass was retained and the quality of the effluent improved remarkably due to better filtration. TOD and grease removal improved remarkably from 45 to 90 % and 37 to 99 % respectively, at a TOD loading rate of 15 kg/m3 · d in both fermentative temperatures. Further, the effective recirculation system of rejected liquid from UFM was studied to diminish the quantity of sludge generated. The study revealed that 33 % of the incoming SS was biodegraded under the recirculation system for rejected liquid from UFM to reactor, while 17 % was achieved in one pass through the system at the same TOD loading rate. Deterioration in the flux rate of UFM was observed for the first 40 days of operation from 37 to 23 l/m2 · h which then gradually decreased to 17 l/m2 · h after 210 days of service.
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Danilatos, G. D., and J. V. Brancik. "Observation of liquid transport in the ESEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 678–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100144784.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The environmental SEM (ESEM) allows the observation of liquid and liquid/solid systems in a controlled gaseous environment. In order to study the wetting properties of a wool fiber, or to understand various stages of wool scouring, a system has been devised which allows the transfer of microdroplets onto the specimen surface. A description of the microinjector device together with dynamic observations of liquid transport recorded on video cassette are reported here.Fig. 1 shows a descriptive diagram of the principle employed to transfer liquids from ambient pressure (about 1000 mbar) into the specimen chamber at hypobaric pressure (about 25 mbar). A small cavity (L) is open to the outside space via two tubes M (with 1 mm inside diameter) so that this cavity can be filled or emptied freely and quickly with a given liquid from the outside.
20
Jover, E., M. Ábalos, L. Ortiz, and J. M. Bayona. "Volatile fatty acids as malodorous compounds in wool scouring water and lanolin. Origin and characterisation." Environmental Technology 24, no. 12 (December 2003): 1465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330309385691.
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Collins, S., and R. S. Davidson. "Aspects of the photochemistry of wool yolk (wool wax and suint)." Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics 27, no. 1 (October 23, 2008): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1997.tb03774.x.
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Grau, Petr. "Textile Industry Wastewaters Treatment." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Effective water and waste management strategies enable us to decrease water consumption and pollution load of wastewaters. Typical examples of low-waste technologies are lanolin recovery in wool scouring, hydroxide recovery in cotton mercerizing, recovery of synthetic sizes and reuse of dye baths. Wastewaters are treated by a sequence of physical–chemical and biological processes. Traditionally, coagulation/flocculation(c/F) has been favored as the first treatment step followed by biological treatment as the second step. More recently a reverse sequence of treatment has been utilized in several cases with success. Novel technologies have been developed such as catalytic oxidation, decoloration by ozone, adsorption/desorption. Their practical use is, however, still rare. Joint treatment with municipal wastewaters has been favored wherever possible.
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Bilstad, T., E. Espedal, and M. Madland. "Membrane Separation of Wool Scour Effluent." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 9 (May 1, 1994): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0491.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Norway's largest yarn factory, Sandnes Uldvarefabrikk, produces knitting wool from 1,000 tons of raw wool a year. The raw wool is washed in 55°C water with high pH detergents. The resulting wastewater has a chemical oxygen demand, COD, of up to 100,000 mg/l and was previously piped directly to the public sewer. The Norwegian Environmental Protection Agency ordered the factory to reduce the COD loading by 75%, effective at the end of 1989. The winter and spring of 1989 was used to test membranes and gather design information for a fullscale separation plant for treating the wool washwater. The results from the pilot testing were encouraging and a fullscale membrane plant was designed, manufactured and installed during the fall of 1989. The wool factory gradually increased the wool scouring capacity, however, and two years later the capacity of the full scale membrane plant was doubled simply by doubling the membrane area of the original plant. The membrane separation plant is tubular ultrafiltration (UF) and the treatment is on a batch basis with a volume reduction of ten. The 31 m2 UF membrane area has an average permeate production capacity of 2 m3/h at 8 kg/cm2 inlet pressure and 3.8 m/s fluid velocity. The feed temperature is never allowed below 40°C due to the high concentration of fat which tends to solidify at lower temperatures and would plug the membranes. The retentate from UF separation is returned to the feed tank whereas the permeate is routed through a heat exchanger to the public sewer. The start volume of each batch is between 15 m3 and 25 m3 with the UF plant manually started. The shutoff is automatic by a level switch set at 2 m3 batch volume. The retentate or sludge is pumped to a second holding tank and the accumulated sludge is once a week transported and dewatered in a lagoon at the local sanitary landfill. The UF membrane plant has a 10 kW power consumption and has more than 700 operating days since 1989. The operator spends two hours a day managing the UF plant including cleaning the membranes after each daily batch, pumping the sludge, logging the data and reporting to the plant management. Membrane replacement is performed once a year at a cost of ₤3,800. The COD, fat and solids reductions have consistently been above 80%.
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Byrne, K. M., T. Shaw, and J. D. Shepley. "Mothproofing of Wool with Permethrin: Industrial, Environmental and Toxicological Aspects*." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 97, no. 9 (October 22, 2008): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1981.tb03599.x.
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Sattler, Theresa, Roland Pomberger, Julia Schimek, and Daniel Vollprecht. "MINERAL WOOL WASTE IN AUSTRIA, ASSOCIATED HEALTH ASPECTS AND RECYCLING OPTIONS." Volume 09 - March 2020, no. 9 (February 10, 2020): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2020.13904.
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Mineral wool products are man-made vitreous fibres that are used as thermal and acoustic insulation materials and as substrates for horticulture. Mineral wool waste is generated from demolition activities by the building and construction industry. Unfavourable mechanical properties, such as low compressibility, elastic behaviour, high volume and low bulk density, cause problems in landfills when mineral wool waste is disposed of. Mineral wool waste with a certain content of carcinogenic fibres is classified as hazardous waste type 31437 g “Asbestos Waste, Asbestos Dust” in Austria, since some characteristics of such fibres are similar to those of asbestos fibres. An exception is those mineral wool materials that have been tested to be noncarcinogenic due to their characteristics of biological solubility or geometrical dimension. Such noncarcinogenic mineral wool waste is classified as non-hazardous waste type 31416 “Mineral fibres”. Generally, it can be assumed that most of the industrial producers of mineral wool in the EU have not been producing carcinogenic material since 1998; however, carcinogenic mineral wool material has not yet been banned in Austria. Therefore, a segregation between so-called “old” and “new” mineral wool material is not necessarily possible. The medical aspects of mineral wool products are still controversial. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated mineral wool (glass wool and rock wool) as “possibly carcinogenic” in 1988 but revised this evaluation to “inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity” in 2002. Fibrous dusts that reach the alveolar region of the lungs undergo a congruent or incongruent chemical dissolution process. Alveolar macrophages ingest the intruded fibres and fulfil anti-infection and clearance functions. Biosolubility is a key property of this process. The recycling of mineral wool waste has not yet been performed in Austria due to economic inefficiency, technical problems and suspected health issues. However, some recycling and processing options already exist; other options are investigated in the project RecyMin, which compares different concepts with respect to environmental and economic criteria.
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JI, XIANG, WEIRAN QIAN, ZEJUN TIAN, YI LI, and LAILI WANG. "Quantification and evaluation of chemical footprint of woollen textiles." Industria Textila 72, no. 01 (February 28, 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.01.1773.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The chemical pollutants discharged in the production processes of textile products cause severe impact on the environment. The chemical footprint (ChF) methodology provides a new way to quantify the toxicity impacts caused by chemical pollutants. ChF does well in identifying priority chemical pollutants and helping enterprises to select greener chemicals to reduce the environment impacts. In this study, the ChF of woollen yarn were assessed with the data that collected from the production processes. The results showed that the ChF of dyeing process (4.10E+06 l) accounted for the largest proportion, because a large number of auxiliaries were used in the dyeing process to prevent uneven dyeing and colour difference, followed by scouring (7.79E+05 l) and finishing (8.11E+03 l). Among all the discharged chemical pollutants, polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether (1.37E+06 l) caused the most ecotoxicity severe impact on the environment due to its high bioaccumulation and high toxicity to ecosystem, followed by sulfuric acid (1.03E+06 l). Sodium chloride and hydrogen peroxide were the two substances that caused the least environmental load. The overall uncertainty caused by toxicity prediction data accounting for 20.2% of the total ChF, and the uncertainty of the scouring process was the most. The results are referable for wool textiles producers to enhance the textile chemicals management.
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KOSIMOV, M. A. "PRODUCTIVITY OF THE TAJIK WOOL BREED OF GOAT." Sheep, goats, woolen business, no. 3 (2021): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2074-0840-2021-3-20-22.
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Parlato, Monica C. M., and Simona M. C. Porto. "Organized Framework of Main Possible Applications of Sheep Wool Fibers in Building Components." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030761.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Greasy sheep wool is currently considered a special waste for its high bacterial load, with expensive disposal costs for sheep breeders. For this reason, wool is often burned or buried, with serious consequences for the environment. On the other hand, sheep wool is well regarded as one of the most performative insulating natural fibers due to its thermo-hygrometric and acoustic properties. In the building sector, sheep wool meets the requirements of green building components because it is an eco-friendly material, there is a surplus of it, it is annually renewable, and totally recyclable. If used instead of common insulation materials (e.g., fiberglass, rock wool, polyurethane foam, polystyrene), sheep wool offers significant benefits for sustainability such as a reduction in the production costs for new insulating materials and in environmental pollution. Mechanical and physical properties of sheep wool investigated in previous studies were assessed and discussed with the aim of providing an organized framework of possible applications of wool fibers in building components. This paper highlights in detail aspects that have not yet been investigated enough to detect new potential uses of sheep wool fibers in rural buildings and the reuse of traditional ones.
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Nicola Sneddon, Joanne, Geoffrey N. Soutar, and Julie Ann Lee. "Exploring wool apparel consumers’ ethical concerns and preferences." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management 18, no. 2 (May 6, 2014): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-03-2013-0039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the potentially conflicting positive and negative ethical aspects of wool apparel and the relative importance of these ethical attributes when consumers in the USA make wool apparel purchase decisions. Design/methodology/approach – A two-stage mixed-method approach was used to explore the positive and negative ethical aspects of wool apparel and the relative importance of these ethical attributes in wool apparel purchase decisions. First, focus groups were used to identify ethical attributes that were important to wool apparel consumers in the USA. In the second stage, a conjoint survey was used to estimate the relative importance of the ethical and product attributes that were identified in the focus groups and the trade-offs made within this attribute set. Findings – Seven themes of ethical issues related to wool apparel consumption emerged during the focus groups: animal welfare, workers’ rights, environmental impact, extrinsic attributes, natural wool, country of origin (COO) and fair trade. In the conjoint analysis respondents identified COO as having the highest relative importance, followed by price, brand, ethical attributes and style. A cluster analysis of survey responses suggested there were two clusters that differed in the importance they attached to ethical labelling issues in wool apparel. The first cluster, did not place a great deal of importance on the ethical labelling issues included in the study, however, the second smaller cluster, ethical issues, specifically the humane treatment of sheep, were considered most important. Originality/value – The study identified wool apparel attributes that were valued by American consumers. That product attributes were more important than ethical attributes suggests a focus on ethical credentials alone may not be effective in wool marketing. Wool apparel was more likely to be purchased by American consumers if they were made in the USA, reasonably priced, made by an independent brand, from humanely produced wool and in a comfortable style.
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Barrandeguy, E., and S. Tarlera. "Anaerobic oxidation of cholesterol by a denitrifying enrichment." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sterols (e.g. cholesterol) present in wool scouring effluent represent the most recalcitrant fraction in anaerobic treatment. This study was conducted to examine the feasibility of removal of this organic load through a denitrifying post-treatment stage. A stable cholesterol-denitrifying enrichment (CHOL-1) was obtained from sludge of a bench-scale upflow sludge bed (USB) denitrifying reactor integrated to a carbon and nitrogen removal system for sanitary landfill leachate. According to the amounts of cholesterol degraded and of nitrite and nitrogen gas formed, the capacity for complete cholesterol oxidation under anaerobic conditions by CHOL-1 can be assumed. Nitrite accumulation observed at a low C/N ratio outlines the importance of determining the optimal C/N ratio for adequate denitrifying reactor performance. The enrichment was partly identified with molecular analysis of cloned 16S rDNA sequences revealing the presence of two groups of bacteria belonging to the β subclass of the Proteobacteria. According to analysis of sequences, it can be inferred that a yet uncultivated new bacterium is the one responsible for cholesterol oxidation. Results of this study suggest that sludge from a denitrifying reactor treating leachate is potentially useful in a combined anaerobic-anoxic system for degradation of cholesterol that remains after methanogenic treatment.
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Gutiérrez, S., and M. Viñas. "Anaerobic degradation kinetics of a cholesteryl ester." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 6 (September 1, 2003): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0379.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most important components of wool scouring effluent grease are esters of sterols. Cholesteryl palmitate (CP) is the main ester in this grease. In this paper, the influence of the ester concentration in the anaerobic digestion and the relative rate of the different degradation steps, are studied. The experiment was carried out to measure methane production in the anaerobic degradation of acetate, palmitic acid (PA) and CP. A first-order kinetic model was assumed for hydrolysis and Monod models were assumed for both the methanogenic and acetogenic steps. Maximum hydrolysis rate was found to be around 20 times faster than the maximum methanogenic reaction rate during the experience. The lanolin emulsion drop size effect was also evaluated employing fine and coarse stock lanolin emulsions and no adapted sludge. Concentrations of 13.7 to 4.6 gCOD.l-1 were employed. In a previous study, the effect of palmitic acid emulsion size was found important when similar sludge was tested. When esters are degraded, a significant effect of drop size on the degradation rate was not found. The difference between CP and PA emulsions behavior could be due to the fact that cholesterol produced during the ester degradation has a protective effect on the sludge.
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Bolto, Brian A., David R. Dixon, Stephen R. Gray, Chee Ha, Peter J. Harbour, Ngoc Le, and Antony J. Ware. "The use of soluble organic polymers in waste treatment." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 9 (November 1, 1996): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Organic polymeric flocculants have been used in water purification for several decades as coagulant aids or floc builders, after the addition of inorganic coagulants like alum, iron salts or lime. The increased use of cationic polyelectrolytes as primary coagulants instead of inorganic salts, which has occurred in recent times, arises from their significant inherent advantages. The main ones are faster processing, a lower content of insoluble solids to handle, whether by sedimentation, filtration, flotation or in biological conversion, and a much smaller sludge volume. Polymers have often been used in chemically assisted sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. The concept is applicable as well to the primary coagulation of industrial wastewaters where the separation may be based on flotation, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing and brewing industries. A cationic polymer of particular charge density is optimal, and hydrophobically modified polymers have relevance in the case of oil and grease removal. The burden of solids which must be floated is much reduced relative to systems utilising inorganic coagulants, and the dosage of chemicals overall is lower. In some cases the addition of some inorganic coagulant is unavoidable, as in the case of highly coloured effluents; in others, an anionic surfactant is needed to facilitate flotation.
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Oliveira, Nelson Manzoni de, and José Carlos Ferrugem Moraes. "ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC EFFECTS ON PRODUCTION TRAITS OF EWES ORIGINALLY FROM DISTINCT ENVIRONMENTS." Ciência Rural 23, no. 3 (December 1993): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84781993000300019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wool production and reproductive performance components of similar genotypes, brought from distinct production areas, were evaluated during five years trial at similar environments, such as, joining season and stocking rate on winter improved pasture. The least squares means revealed that the origin (breed) effect concentrated upon the Corriedale ewes wool production, whereas in Romney females it affected the reproductive performance. In the abscence of interaction between origin (breed) and year for most variables, it was assumed that the farm management procedures and/or selection criteria applied on hoggets were determinant of the subsequent lifetime production within each genotype examined. Expecting a better reproductive performance in Romneys, mainly rate of lambs born, weaned and lambs weaning weight, comments were made on the selection criteria employed on this breed over many years. The work has demonstrated that "property of origin (breed)" of sheep composing any experiment aiming at breed comparisons, should be considered as a potential factor capable of biasing information on productive aspects.
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Antighin, Simona, Laura Chirila, and Alina Popescu. "Environmentally Friendly Techniques for Wool Dyeing Process." Acta Chemica Iasi 23, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/achi-2015-0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of dyeing process on the quality of surface waters contaminated with heavy metals and organic compounds, resulted after the wool dyeing process. In order to mark out this aspects an environment friendly method was proposed which involves dyeing wool fiber with new complex combinations derived from a new acid dyes which were complexed, using copper, iron, nickel and zinc salts at 2:1 combination ratio. In order to point out the environmental point of view of wastewaters an experimental protocol was tested by dyeing wool fiber at different pH. Evaluation of complexed combinations impact on the environment involve the following indicators: consumption degree of dyeing solution from the process bath, treatment degree related to the organic content expressed by COD indicator and treatment degree related to the heavy metal concentration respectively.
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Tomaszewska-Krojańska, Dorota, and Jacek Pranagal. "Management of Carboniferous Rock and Waste Mineral Wool in the Context of Current Polish Legislation." Mineralogia 48, no. 1-4 (December 1, 2017): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mipo-2017-0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper presents the legal aspects of the management of wastes that can be used as sorbents in environmental protection. The legal status of wastes with mineral characteristics - Carboniferous rock and mineral wool from horticulture - is discussed, where it is found that the number of legal acts cause difficulties in the utilisation of such wastes.
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Nowak, Dorota, Czesława Jasiewicz, and Małgorzata Szczerbińska-Byrska. "ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF USE, DEVELOPMENT AND DISPOSAL OF MINERAL WOOL IN THE CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES POLLUTION BY WASTE RETARDATION." Inżynieria Ekologiczna 34 (2013): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.12912/23920629/334.
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Williams, Priscilla, Tirupati Bolisetti, and Ram Balachandar. "Evaluation of governing parameters on pier scour geometry." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 1 (January 2017): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current scour estimation methods typically over-predict scour, resulting in uneconomical design. This tendency is partly due to the complexity of the scouring process, which indicates that some of its aspects are still not well understood, and can also be attributed to scale effects. Here, experiments are conducted to isolate the influence of relative coarseness (D/d50) and flow shallowness (h/D) on scour depth. For the range of D/d50 in the present study, equilibrium scour depth (dse/D) decreases with increasing D/d50 until a limiting value of D/d50 = 175, after which dse/D ≈ 0.75. Furthermore, dse/D is found to depend on h/D when all other scour influencing parameters are held constant. A revised definition of the densimetric Froude number using the velocity along the separating streamline is shown to have an influential role in scour. An improved scour estimation method employing these parameters is presented and compared with current methods.
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Scrucca, Flavio, and Domenico Palladino. "Integration of Energy Simulations and Life Cycle Assessment in Building Refurbishment: An Affordability Comparison of Thermal Insulation Materials through a New Sustainability Index." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction have become two of the most important issues to address in fighting climate change. Focused strategies have been implemented aiming at reducing the energy consumption of buildings since it is one of the most energy-intensive sectors, but they are mainly concerned with energy reduction without considering their environmental impact. The present work therefore aims at assessing the energy and environmental impacts of the use of insulation materials for building envelope refurbishment as the thermal coating. Reference buildings were used to perform energy simulations in representative cities of Italy and energy and environmental impacts of the most common and sustainable insulation materials were thus evaluated. Relevant outcomes have been focused on defining a new Economic and Environmental Sustainability Index (EESI) capable of considering both economic and environmental aspects; particularly, sustainable materials (such as cellulose fiber) can have the same affordability as traditional ones (such as polystyrene foam slab, glass wool, or stone wool) if environmental impact is also taken into account, despite their higher cost. However, according to EESI, the affordability of traditional insulation materials remains evident in the warmest climatic zones because of the lower energy needs of buildings.
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Michalak, Jacek, Sebastian Czernik, Marta Marcinek, and Bartosz Michałowski. "Environmental burdens of External Thermal Insulation Systems. Expanded Polystyrene vs. Mineral Wool: Case Study from Poland." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 4532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114532.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) improves the energy efficiency of buildings, and nowadays, this method is the most popular to insulate buildings in many European Union (EU) countries. The article presents the impact of producing ETICS with expanded polystyrene (EPS) or mineral wool (MW) on the natural environment using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The data used in the calculations, related to 2017 real production, were obtained from the externally verified inventory from five manufacturing plants located in different regions of Poland. The LCA of the examined products covered modules from A1 to A3 (cradle-to-gate), according to EN 15804 standard. The study determines and analyses the values of basic indicators related to environmental impacts and environmental aspects of resource use. It comprises indicators calculated for 1 m2 ETICS for five thicknesses of the mentioned thermal insulation materials. Results show that for all environmental indicators, MW systems are characterized by a more negative environmental impact than the equivalent systems with EPS. The study aims to highlight knowledge about ETICS sustainability. The data presented in work are essential for assessment in terms of the sustainable development of ETICS. Such an evaluation is not just a need for the future but a necessity for the present.
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Rızaoğlu, Tamer, and M. Ziya Karataş. "Fire Behaviors of the Geomaterial-Based Composite Plaster Coated Building Thermal Isolation Plates." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0094.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Thermal insulation in buildings has been a problem for mankind throughout history. New materials have always been used in this context, and every new material has negative aspects such as environmental, economic and engineering. Although the building exterior insulation materials produced in recent years have made significant progress in terms of thermal comfort, but those with superior properties in resistance to fire are very limited. In this study, considering the environmental sensitivity, the plasters produced from the sands of arenitized granite, micaschist, pumice and expanded perlite rocks and their combinations were applied on expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS) foams and mineral wool for investigating the fire behaviors of each material. As a result of fire tests, it was observed that the most positive values were gained from micaschist based external isolation board, whereas the board obtained from arenitized granite gave the most negative values. With the combination of natural and environmentally friendly materials such as micaschist, perlite and pumice, on a fire resistant insulation material such as mineral wool, a highly fire resistant, environmentally sensitive and economical insulation material can be produced.
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Adamczyk, Zdzisław, Andrzej Harat, and Arnost Grmela. "Application of REACH and LCA System’s to the Materials Formed in the Production of Mineral Wool." Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology 21, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2016): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdem-2016-0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe article analyses the application of two management systems - REACH directive and ISO 14040 (Life Cycle Assessment - LCA) with reference to the technological process as well as by-products of mineral wool production. It characterizes basic differences between the norms discussed, i.e. the strict formalization of REACH, which results in the analysis being conducted according to a precisely defined scheme, or the subjective character of LCA, which makes it possible to take into account the most important environmental aspects pertaining to the entire life cycle of a particular product. The discussion provides a basis for formulating the general conclusion that the classification criteria encompassed by REACH regulations do not allow for a complex analysis of the negative environmental impact of a particular substance (preparation, product) and should be complemented with elements of LCA analysis.
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Dochia, M., R. Kaminszky, M. S. Fogorasi, A. Bucevschi, I. Barbu, A. Popa, and C. Nicolaescu. "Aspects regarding the behaviour and comfort of reusable wool protective masks in the context of the COVID 19 pandemic." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1182, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1182/1/012018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In the current context of involvement in the fight against COVID 19 wearing protective masks are strictly necessary to limit the spread of the virus SARS-CoV2. Since the appearance of this virus, solutions have been sought to cover the needs of masks for the population and also to improve their wearing comfort compared to nonwoven fabric (TNT) masks. These masks are made of chemical fibres and it is recommended to be worn for a maximum of 4-8 hours and then they must be discarded. In this study, two types of masks from wool and silk blended knitted fabrics were manufactured and analysed. The masks were initially subjected to manual ironing sterilization and disinfection. Subsequently, several analyses were performed: specific mass, density, abrasion and pilling resistance, colourfastness to crocking, colour fastness to accelerated laundering, air permeability, bacterial filtration efficiency and breathability. The analysed masks can be washed and disinfected at home and are reusable. This aspect offers a strong sense of safety for the user, but also has beneficial effects on environmental protection. Even so, they do not correspond to bacterial filtration efficiency. Eventually, the comfort perception of about 300 volunteers was also taken into consideration.
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Fulton, Murray. "Cereal and wool production in the Esperance Sandplain area of Western Australia: The need for a systems approach for sustainable agriculture." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 8, no. 2 (June 1993): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe problems facing farmers in the Esperance Sandplain region of Western Australia—salinity, herbicide resistance, wind erosion, and plant disease—are highly interrelated. Unless the biological, economic and social aspects of the problems are examined in an integrated way, no sustainable system will be found. Similarly, agricultural teaching and research must become much more integrated if they are to address agricultural and environmental problems satisfactorily. This will require changes in the structure of university and research institutions and in the rewards for research and teaching.
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PYERINA-CARMEN, GHIȚULEASA, BULACU CEZAR, CARPUS EFTALEA, ENCIU ANA, DOROGAN ANGELA, and VISILEANU EMILIA. "Insulation materials for buildings – a successful research & development collaboration for the Romanian wool fibres manufacturing." Industria Textila 69, no. 05 (November 1, 2018): 419–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.069.05.1579.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Having in view the sustainable development context, the textile sector represents a strong pillar of the Romanian manufacturing industry, which is able to contribute to the valorization of natural indigenous raw materials. The paper presents economic aspects in the base of the results obtained through developing/ implementing a research project financed by the National Sectorial Program, coordinated by the Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation, aiming to establish strategic solutions for capitalization of Romanian coarse wool fibers. There are emphasized the project’s results obtained by the collaboration of three important actors from research activity and economic environment: the National Research and Development Institute for Textiles and Leather – INCDTP Bucharest, the only R&D Institute in Romania, SC MINET SA Company, Râmnicu Vâlcea county – a representative manufacturing company for nonwoven materials and the Research Institute for Sheep and Goats Breeding, Palas, Constanța county, partners in the consortium coordinated by the National Research and Development Institute in Constructions, Urban Planning and Sustainable Spatial Development URBAN-INCERC Bucharest.
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Kurbonshoeva, Lesana, Ove T. Gudmestad, and Anatoly B. Zolotukhin. "Pipeline shore crossing approaches in Arctic conditions." Pipeline Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2514-541x-2020-4-1-18-26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of the Arctic region will entail the construction of new infrastructure, in particular, subsea pipelines. Considering the lack of actual field practice, ecosystem vulnerability and lack of common Arctic international standards, their development will be a big challenge, in particular, in the shore crossing zone. The design and construction ofpipelines in the shore crossing area require a special approach that takes into account environmental and technological aspects of development. This work is aimed at analysing and determining environmental and technological factors influencing the design of offshore pipelines in the Arctic coastline. The paper presents theoretical and analytical work and the research isapplied to a specific case study (pipelines from the Leningraskoye field to shore), through engineering calculations. Currently, there are five Arctic projects with shore transition areas for which trenching has been implemented. In order to determine the best shore crossing approach, it is important to consider the following environmental conditions: ice encroachment; ice ridges; shoreline erosion; permafrost thawing. Environmental characteristics should predetermine the choice of approach. Among three existing methods: trenching, tunnelling and horizontal directional drilling (HDD), the micro-tunnelling method is recommended for the Leningradskoye field in combination with a cofferdam corridor to protect the buried pipe from waves and ice in the nearshore area. In order to protect the surrounded permafrost from melting seasonal cooling-device is recommendedto be used. The burial depth is determined to be more than 3.52 m in accordance with Force model calculations of ice ridges scouring depth. On the basis of research, the general choice-making diagram was proposed for Arctic shore crossing areas.
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Ibrahim, Alek, Deny Setyo Wibowo, I. Gede Suparta Budisatria, Rini Widayanti, and Wayan Tunas Artama. "Relationship Between Sheep Farmer’s Characteristics with the Animal and Environmental Health Management Practices in Batur Village, Banjarnegara, Indonesia." BIO Web of Conferences 33 (2021): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213304010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The success of animal husbandry is supported by good animal and environmental health management practices. This study examined the correlation between the sheep farmer’s characteristics and the animal and environmental health management practices. The data collected by direct interviews with 48 respondents in Batur Village, Banjarnegara. Indonesia. The aspects of animal (exercise, grooming, wool shearing, supplement feeding, and water drinking) and environmental (sheepfold sanitation, waste processing, and waste removal) health management practices were divided into three categories, namely low, medium, and high levels. The results showed that 83.3% of respondents were in the low-level following by medium (14.6%) and high (2.1%) levels of animal health management. Furthermore, on the environmental health management shows, 27.1% of respondents were in the low level, 60.4% in the medium level, and 12.5% in the high level. There was a significant relationship between farmers’ characteristics (informal education, livestock farming experience, and the number of sheep) and animal health management practice. A significant relationship was also shown between formal education, livestock purpose, livestock experience, and number of sheep by farmers toward environmental health management practice. It may conclude that the low and medium levels of animal and environmental health management practices were dominant in Batur Village.
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La Rosa and Grammatikos. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Cotton and Other Natural Fibers for Textile Applications." Fibers 7, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7120101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Among natural fibers, such as cotton, silk, wool, flax, hemp, etc., cotton is the one that takes up the highest percentage in the textile market. Nevertheless, there are obstacles associated with its cultivation; it is restricted to sub-tropical climates, and it is dependent upon high amounts of water, as well as the use of agrochemicals to ensure good yields. The use of pesticides and other types of chemical products give a negative impact on the environment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in the present study in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of cotton cultivation and fibers production for textiles. Comparisons among traditional and organic cropping have been carried out. Further comparisons are described with other natural fibers, such as jute, hemp and kenaf, in order to identify the strong and weak points of each product. Weak (e.g., lack of supply, transportation and storage of biomass, infancy of the value chain, lack of production/distribution chains, etc.) and strong aspects (e.g., market potential, rural development, environmental benefits, etc.) are considered for the production of each type of fiber.
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Raimundo, António M., Afonso M. Sousa, and A. Virgílio M. Oliveira. "Assessment of Energy, Environmental and Economic Costs of Buildings’ Thermal Insulation–Influence of Type of Use and Climate." Buildings 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020279.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Among the aspects with major impacts on the energy and environmental performance of a building, the thermal insulation of the opaque elements of its envelope stands out. This work assesses the influence of the application of thermal insulation to the opaque elements of the building’s envelope on the thermal comfort conditions indoors; moreover, the influence of the thermal insulation on the energy, environmental, and economic costs over the building’s complete life cycle is evaluated. For this purpose, the three most commonly used thermal insulating materials (expanded polystyrene—EPS, extruded polystyrene—XPS, and mineral wool—MW), thicknesses between 0 (without insulation) and 40 cm, five climates (hot, warm, moderate, cold, and very cold), and six types of use (apartment, housing, clinic, school, bank branch, and supermarket) were considered. EPS reveals itself to be the most promising thermal insulation material, both in economic and environmental terms, so it was selected for this study. The EPS’ optimal thickness depends on the building’s type of use, the climate, and the perspective from which the assessment is carried out (energy, environmental, or economic). The results show that the economically optimal thicknesses of thermal insulation are significantly lower than the corresponding ones in environmental terms. Furthermore, the application of thermal insulation to the opaque building’s envelope is more beneficial in energy and environmental terms than from an economic perspective.
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Saeed Sedeeq, Murad, Shadan Kareem Ameen, and Ali Bolatturk. "Environmental Impact and Life Cycle Assessment of Economically Optimized Thermal Insulation Materials for Different Climatic Region in Iraq." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.37 (December 13, 2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.24094.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems facing the world, even it is the most dangerous. Therefore, it becomes necessary to combine all efforts to reduce or eliminate it. Iraq is at the forefront of countries that suffer from major environmental problems. The present study aims to perform a comparative environmental assessment for three commonly available thermal insulation materials in Iraq namely expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS), and rock wool (RW) to select least environmental impact material. A cradle to gate life cycle assessment is performed to assess the environmental impact of each insulation material taking into account manufacturing, transportation, and installation and disposal stages. A life cycle assessment program SimaPro is used to model thermal insulation materials during its life cycle. A life cycle impact analysis method CML 2001 has been selected to assess the environmental aspects associated with two global damage categories as ozone layer depletion and global warming and two regional damage categories as acidification and eutrophication. Economically optimized amount of each insulation material is selected to represent the functional unit of life cycle assessment. The results illustrate that the EPS has the lower contribution in all environmental impact categories for all climatic regions. So, the EPS can be select as a proper thermal insulation material for the building sector from an economic and environmental perspective. The results of LCA are used to determine the amount of CO2 can be reduced per meter square of the exterior wall by using the economical amount of EPS during the lifetime of insulation material. The environmental impact results show that using EPS will contribute in CO2 emission reduction at about 81.5 % in all climatic regions in Iraq.
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Iflahen, Fatima-Zohra, and Fatima Ez-zahra Benkhallouq. "Environmental Transmission by the Mountain Dwellers: Case of the Moroccan Middle-Atlas Women." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 7, no. 22 (November 30, 2022): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i22.4178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The role of indigenous people in the preservation and transmission of local knowhow and wisdom is well documented. In its different aspects, storytelling is the most important form of expression reflecting the essence of the Amazigh (native) population in the Middle Atlas. Amazigh storytelling displays several social indicators and modes of capturing the world and its resources, crystallizing representations that highlight a shared culture transmitted from one generation to another. Spoken language is an omnipresent instrument for concluding acts, establishing pacts, and preserving natural heritage through the likes of proverbs, tales, myths, focusing on central societal activities such as: harvesting, plowing, threshing, sheep mowing, wool work, milk processing, weaving, wedding ceremonies, etc. Amazigh women more often than not tend to act as the living repositories of this culture. Their strong ties with their close environment, the sustainability knowledge that they pass from one generation to another, and their strong resilience capacity has been observed, studied, and recognized in other environments. Based on conversations, life stories, and testimonies of men and women, and observation of different practices and rituals led by women, we managed to closely examine a feminine faunal and floral knowledge and showcase this homogeneous and solid structure labeled “woman knowledge”. This article thus aims to report the transmission within this environment and the role of Amazigh women in the sustainability of local knowledge. Keywords: Environment; Local; Transmission; Amazigh-women eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i22.4178