Статті в журналах: "Wool Genetic aspects"

1

Oliveira, Nelson Manzoni de, and José Carlos Ferrugem Moraes. "ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC EFFECTS ON PRODUCTION TRAITS OF EWES ORIGINALLY FROM DISTINCT ENVIRONMENTS." Ciência Rural 23, no. 3 (December 1993): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84781993000300019.

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Wool production and reproductive performance components of similar genotypes, brought from distinct production areas, were evaluated during five years trial at similar environments, such as, joining season and stocking rate on winter improved pasture. The least squares means revealed that the origin (breed) effect concentrated upon the Corriedale ewes wool production, whereas in Romney females it affected the reproductive performance. In the abscence of interaction between origin (breed) and year for most variables, it was assumed that the farm management procedures and/or selection criteria applied on hoggets were determinant of the subsequent lifetime production within each genotype examined. Expecting a better reproductive performance in Romneys, mainly rate of lambs born, weaned and lambs weaning weight, comments were made on the selection criteria employed on this breed over many years. The work has demonstrated that "property of origin (breed)" of sheep composing any experiment aiming at breed comparisons, should be considered as a potential factor capable of biasing information on productive aspects.

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2

Nagorcka, BN. "The reaction-diffusion (RD) theory of wool (hair) follicle initiation and development. I. Primary follicles." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 2 (1995): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950333.

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A spatial prepattern mechanism based on a biochemical reaction referred to as a reaction-diffusion (RD) system is able to account for many aspects of the initiation and development of primary wool follicles. The RD system can spontaneously produce spatial patterns in the distribution of its chemical components within the epidermis and epithelium. The first pattern produced in the epidermis by the chosen RD system is a spotted pattern which gives rise to the first generation of primary central follicles. Follicles initiate at the location of the spots, i.e. the localized regions where maxima exist in the concentration of the chemical components of the RD system. As the primordial follicles begin to grow, changing their shape and size, the RD system is able to produce a time sequence of spatial prepatterns within the follicles. These spatial prepatterns have the capacity to regulate the development of the follicles, causing them to grow at an angle to the skin surface and providing a temporo-spatial cue for the initiation of a sweat gland. The same prepatterns which regulate the development of the primordial follicles also cause the early stage follicles to function as organizers. They do this by causing the spatial prepattern in the epidermis to change, resulting in the initiation of new generations of follicles. The prepatterns are able to cause the formation of trio groups of primary follicles, the alignment of these groups, and the rapidly increasing density of primary follicles observed during the early stages of wool follicle initiation. The prepattern mechanism also predicts the existence of an inverse genetic correlation between the density of spots and the size (diameter) of the spots produced by the RD system in the epidermis. As a result we expect a strong genetic correlation to exist between the density of primary follicles and the diameter of the fibres which those follicles produce. The same prepattern mechanism is able to account for many aspects of secondary follicle initiation and development, as described in an accompanying paper.

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3

Williams, AJ, and AJ Williams. "Some comparative studies of sulfate metabolism in Merino sheep genetically different in wool production." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 2 (1995): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950415.

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Several aspects of sulfate metabolism were compared in sheep from two selection flocks, selectively bred for either high (Fl+) or low (FI-) clean fleece weight per head. These were studied within a 23 factorial design: 2 flocksx2 levels of formaldehyde treated casein in diet (0 or 80 g day-1)x2 levels of subcutaneous L-thyroxine (0 or 1 mg day-1) with 4 sheep per cell. The treatments influenced the rates of wool growth and the output of sulfur in wool (P < 0.05), but with interactive effects (P < 0.05). The F1+ sheep produced 24 and 32 8g sulfur in wool cm-2 day-1at the midside when consuming the control and casein supplemented diet. The outputs of sulfur in wool by F1- sheep consuming these two diets were 16 and 17 8g cm-2 day-1. The thyroxine treatment increased the rate of growth of wool by 11% (P < 0.05), but did not increase average fibre diameter or the sulfur content of wool. Sulfate was cleared more rapidly (P < 0.05) from the plasma of sheep consuming the casein supplemented diet, with a rate constant of 0.134 h-1, compared to 0.099 h-1for the control sheep. The rate constants for Fl+ and F1- sheep were 0.102 and 0.131 h-1 respectively (P < 0.05). The concentration of sulfate in plasma was similar in all treatment groups: 1.3 mmol L-1The differences in the clearance of sulfate from plasma were reflected in similar differences in the proportion of the injected 35S-sulfate excreted in urine during the following 24 h. The sheep of the F1- flock and those consuming the casein-supplemented diet excreted significantly greater proportions of the injected 35S in urine (P < 0.05). In a second experiment, adult sheep (n = 24), the progeny of F1+ or F1- rams mated with a flock of medium wool Merino ewes, were randomly allocated to a low (c. 0.8 maintenance, 1 g sulfur day-1) or high (c. 2xM, 3 g sulfur day-1) dietary regime. [35S] sodium sulfate was again injected intravenously. There were no significant differences between the genetic groups for (i) sulfate concentration in plasma, (ii) total and net rates of irreversible loss of sulfate from plasma, (iii) the proportion of the injected [35S] sodium sulfate excreted in urine, (iv) the proportion of the excreted 35S present in urine as sulfate, and (v) the quantity of sulfate excreted in urine daily. However, the dietary treatments significantly influenced all these traits, except the concentration of sulfate in plasma. The direction of these effects was consistent with the proposition that sheep regulate excretion of sulfate from kidneys to maintain homeostasis of sulfate within the body. The smaller phenotypic difference in wool production between the two half-bred flocks in the second experiment, probably limited the chances of detecting any differences in the metabolism of sulfate.

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4

Nagorcka, BN. "The reaction-diffusion (RD) theory of wool (hair) follicle initiation and development. II. Original secondary follicles." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 2 (1995): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950357.

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In an accompanying paper it was shown that a spatial prepattern mechanism based on a biochemical reaction referred to as a reaction-diffusion (RD) system is able to account for many aspects of the initiation and development of primary (P) wool follicles. In this paper the same RD system is applied to the initiation and development of original secondary (SO) follicles. Prepatterns are generated by solving the equations describing the reaction and diffusion of the chemical components of the RD system in early stage follicles. It is demonstrated that the prepattern mechanism can account for the loss of a sweat gland causing a change from P follicle initiation to SO follicle initiation. The RD system equations are also solved in the epidermis. The time sequence of prepatterns obtained in the epidermis account for the tendency of SO follicles to group with P follicles, by initiating in-between members of the trio group of P follicles as well as in between existing SO follicles. The prepatterns obtained did not account for the tendency of secondary follicles to initiate on the posterior side of the trio group. Good agreement was obtained between the predicted increase in total follicle density and the increase in follicle density observed during follicle initiation by Carter and Hardy (1947), provided full account was taken of the interaction between existing follicles and each new future generations of follicles. The prepattern mechanism provides a fundamental basis for an inverse genetic correlation between total P and SO follicle density and fibre diameter.

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5

Costa, Pablo Tavares, Jaqueline Schneider Lemes, Gilson de Mendonça, Michelle da Silva Gonçalves, Rômulo Tavares Costa, and Thiago Pereira Vieira. "Meat quality of white and natural colored male lambs raised in the Pampa Biome." Revista Ceres 64, no. 2 (April 2017): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201764020001.

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ABSTRACT Sheep meat quality is influenced by a number of factors either intrinsic (species, breed, sex, and age) or extrinsic (nutrition, environment, and pre- and post-slaughter handling) to the animal. However, it is not known whether wool fibre color variations within the same breed can influence the instrumental and sensory characteristics of the meat. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the genetic group on the instrumental and sensory characteristics of meat of white and natural colored Corriedale lambs. The 29 lambs (13 natural colored and 16 white) used in the experiments were raised on natural pasture under extensive grazing conditions in the region of the Pampa Biome, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The animals were slaughtered at average age of 18 months. Meat evaluations were performed on samples from longissimus dorsi muscles. The analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effect of the genetic group and the means were compared by the F test. The instrumental analysis showed that meat of natural colored lambs had darker red color, higher 24 h pH, and higher scores for fat cover and texture. Sensory profiling was performed by nine trained panelists in four sessions. The sensory evaluation showed that natural colored lambs had darker red color, higher scores of fat taste and characteristic taste to the species. Despite significant differences in some sensory aspects, the samples were equally accepted by the panelists. Meat of natural colored Corriedale lambs had different instrumental and sensory profiles from that of white lambs.

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6

Adams, N. R., J. R. Briegel, J. C. Greeff, and E. N. Bermingham. "Feed intake, body composition, and plasma metabolic hormones in Merino sheep that differ genetically in fleece weight or fibre diameter." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 1 (2006): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05086.

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Negative genetic correlations result in sheep selected for fleece weight having reduced fatness and reproductive turnoff. Both of these characteristics depend mainly on energy metabolism, but the links between wool growth and energy metabolism are poorly defined. The present study examined aspects of energy metabolism (body composition, feed intake, and metabolic hormones) in Merino sheep with high or low estimated breeding values for clean fleece weight (CFW) or fibre diameter (FD). The groups were selected to have similar mean liveweights. High CFW sheep had a lower proportion of fat (P < 0.01) and more lean tissue (P < 0.05) in their body, and ate more of a medium-quality diet (P < 0.05). Intake of a straw diet with low digestibility that imposed a physical constraint on feed intake was not associated with CFW. When fed at the same level (1.2 × calculated maintenance), high CFW sheep had lower plasma concentrations of glucose (P < 0.01), insulin (P < 0.05), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (P < 0.05), and higher concentrations of growth hormone (P < 0.001). Responses of plasma insulin or glucose to treatment with insulin, adrenaline, or propranolol were independent of CFW. No differences were found between the high and low FD groups, except that the plasma cortisol response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) was higher in sheep with low FD. Calculations indicate that the lower fat reserves and plasma insulin and glucose concentrations in the high CFW sheep are sufficient to account for previous reports of reduced number of lambs weaned in high CFW sheep. Furthermore, the results indicate that high CFW sheep have smaller metabolic energy reserves to withstand unfavourable feed conditions, and so may be less able to thrive and reproduce successfully in harsh feed environments.

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7

McKenney, Dan. "Thinking about the economics of genetic resource management for Canadian forestry." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77105-1.

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This paper reviews the rationale and approach to economic analysis of practices aimed at managing the genetic aspects of forests. Some forest genetics, like tree improvement, involve costs aimed at increasing wood production. Other "forest genetics" activities may be aimed at managing populations of both commercial and non-commercial values. Economic analysis is relevant to both categories but it can be misapplied and mis-interpreted. Good economic analysis should confront the notion of trade-offs head-on, whether assessing intensive silviculture or options to achieve the non-wood objectives so mired in current management. The paper provides a background on forest economics in both settings, an actual tree improvement example, and some conjecture on future directions in applied forest economics. Key words: forest economics, forest genetics and tree improvement, evolutionary processes, trade-offs

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8

Assis, Teotônio Francisco, and Marcos Deon Vilela de Resende. "Genetic improvement of forest tree species." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11, spe (June 2011): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332011000500007.

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Brazilian forestry sector is considered one of the most developed in the world, being the base for important industrial segments which use wood as raw material. Tree breeding has played an important role on improving the competitiveness of Brazilian forestry-based companies, especially for its positive reflexes on increasing adaptation, forestry productivity and wood quality. In spite of the importance of other forest trees for the economy, such as Schizolobium, Araucaria, Populus and Hevea, the main genera under genetic improvement in the country are Eucalyptus, Pinus, Acacia and Tectona. They are used by industries like pulp and paper, siderurgy, tannin, chips for exportation and lumber, constituting an important source of revenues for the Brazilian's economy, besides their positive social and environmental impacts. This paper presents a generic approach to genetic improvement aspects of these four major genera currently undergoing breeding in Brazil.

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9

Adutwum, Jerry Oppong, and Junji Matsumura. "Spatiotemporal variation and covariation of heartwood color in planted teak wood from Ghana." BioResources 17, no. 4 (September 19, 2022): 6178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.6178-6190.

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Heartwood color is a complex trait that affects the economic and aesthetic value of the wood but is highly variable. How the color of the heartwood varies spatially and temporally is poorly understood. To illustrate how heartwood color varies within a tree, two opposite aspects of wood within the same tree, representing differential growth rate, were used to model the long-short axis system jointly. The color of the heartwood on the long and the short axis was considered to be two different traits. By jointly modeling the long and short axes, the correlation was examined between aspect (spatial) and contemporaneous correlations (within aspect). Spatial and temporal correlations and their interactions describe the indirect physiological, genetic, and environmental changes in wood formation with time and position in the trunk. Spatial correlations were consistently lower than temporal correlations but were positive and significant. Between the heartwood color parameters, b* showed a relatively higher spatial correlation. The results suggest that there is a spatial correlation in the long-short axis for all color parameters and in the two surfaces. Variations between aspects were not statistically significant for any color parameter. The bivariate mixed model method revealed hidden physics behind heartwood color formation. Models need to be developed to account for both spatial and temporal dependence in studies of wood property change.

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10

Hussain, Tanveer, Muneeb Musthafa, Masroor Ellahi Babar, Faiz Marikar, Fiaz Hussain, Saeed Akram Khan, Shahid Sherzada, and Ahmad Ali. "Genomic Analysis and Comparison of Pakistani Camels (Camelus dromedarius) by Prion Gene." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.79378.

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Background: In many parts of the Old World, domesticated camels (genus - Camelus) are an essential resource, providing food, labor, commodities, and sport to millions of people Of the three extent species, two have been domesticated (singlehumped dromedarius, Camelus dromedarius, and two humped Bactrian camels Camelus bactrianus) and one remains wild (two-humped wild Bactrian camels Camelus ferus). All three species possess a variety adaptations to harsh desert conditions, including mechanisms to tolerate of extreme temperatures, dehydration, and sandy terrain. People residing in harsh climate zones of the world are being benefitted by raising camels in terms of draft, milk, meat, hides and wool from centuries. There are different breeds of dromedary camels distributed in various parts of Pakistan; however there have been scarcity of research work on camels in Pakistan. Identification of novel link between Camel breeders with fatal neurodegenerative disorders is presence or not can be detect by a Prion gene and it was not carried out in Pakistan soil to date. Prion diseases which are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders affect both animals and humans. It is believed that the prions are infectious agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In this study we report the first study on Prion protein gene in dromedary camels of Pakistan.Material, Methods & Results: Genes are the blueprint of life and determine the functional aspects of cellular mechanisms. Genomic DNA of the enrolled blood samples was extracted using the Nucleospin® DNA extraction kit. Genomic DNA was run on Agarose gel electrophoresis, checked the Genomic DNA quality and amplified using prion region specific primer pair. Prion protein gene was amplified (770 bp) in 35 individuals of seven dromedary camel breeds from the province Balochistan and Punjab of Pakistan. Samples having required fragment size were selected and sent for sequencing through Sanger Sequencing. All the sequences were aligned through multiple sequence alignment and edited using Codon Code aligner and explored for phylogenetic analysis. A portion of 667 bp was finally selected for phylogenetic analysis of dromedary camels from Pakistan with 61 different mammalian species (drawn from GenBank) that revealed five different clades. We found 99.9% nucleotide sequence similarities among Dromedary camels (Germany), Dromedary camels (Iran), and Dromedary camels (Pakistan). We observed deletion in dromedary camels in codon region 66-69 except wild Bactrian camels that might be the causative factor for Prion protein gene resistance in camels. The Neighbor-Joining method with bootstrap analysis of 1000 replicates was used to draw phylogenetic tree.Discussion: This study documents the presence of 14 PrP polymorphisms and shows the relationship between different camel breeds. The deletion had not previously been examined PrP allelic variation, and was found to segregate in these breeds. However, additional data are necessary to demonstrate PrP and genetic approach will be ideal for the future studies and, more investigations are necessary to demonstrate PrP genetic resistance in camels. The utility of these techniques in identifying Prion genes and selecting superior animals and culling the weak animals and making them parents of the next generation that will lead to producing more meat and milk with fewer animals are well discussed and by slaughtering of high Prion incidence will eliminate human animal fatal neurodegenerative disorders.

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11

Tulik, M., J. Zakrzewski, J. Adamczyk, A. Tereba, B. Yaman, and JA Nowakowska. "Anatomical and genetic aspects of ash dieback: a look at the wood structure." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor2080-010.

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Llorente, José Luis, Jhudit Pérez-Escuredo, César Alvarez-Marcos, Carlos Suárez, and Mario Hermsen. "Genetic and clinical aspects of wood dust related intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma: a review." European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 266, no. 1 (June 17, 2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00405-008-0749-y.

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13

Emelyanova, Olga Yu. "Scientific and practical aspects of using the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding arboretum genetic collection (Oryol Region)." Transaction Kola Science Centre 12, no. 6-2021 (December 31, 2021): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2021.6.12.9.020.

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The article presents aspects of using the adapted gene pool of economically valuable wood species of the VNIISPK arboretum to improve the environment, increase the potential of resource indicators, and create comfortable living conditions for people. The genetic collection of the arboretum, which includes 329 species, forms and varieties, representing 17 orders, 31 families and 57 genera, has enormous potential and fulfills a number of important tasks: scientific, educational, environmental, aesthetic and recreational.

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14

Bett, Larissa Amanda, Celso Garcia Auer, Susan Grace Karp, and Leila Teresinha Maranho. "Forest biotechnology: economic aspects and conservation implications." Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 9, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v9n1.bett.

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The importance of forest ecosystems for ecological balance and as a reservoir of genetic heritage and biodiversity is evident, the need for conservation is further exalted by the great anthropic pressure suffered by these ecosystems due to the increasing demand of the forest sector. The possibility of using biotechnological practices to combine conservation with sustainable economic development emerges as a promising alternative for the recovery and use of forest species, especially those threatened with extinction. The aims of the article is to demonstrate the main aspects of Forest Biotechnology with regard to conservation and the continuity of the supply of the demand of the economic sector. The central role of wood in economic development has led to the intense exploitation of forest ecosystems, which has resulted in the loss of biodiversity and reduced capacity to meet the demands of the sector. The tools of forest biotechnology, when employed in the optimization of conservation, allow a compatibilization with commercial production, acting as instruments of sustainable development. Forestry Biotechnology acts as an instrument to reconcile conservation with economic development, including forests at the heart of a strategy for a sustainable future.

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15

Stefen, Clara, Jörg Habersetzer, and Ulrich Witzel. "Biomechanical aspects of incisor action of beavers ( Castor fiber L.)." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 2 (January 21, 2016): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv209.

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Abstract Beavers are known for their gnawing performance, e.g., felling trees. Even though this is well known, the biomechanics of it are not, and so this is the focus of this study. The lower incisors work as main cutting tools so that their technical parameters were studied. There are 3 angles (adding to 90°) of importance in cutting: 1) the wedge angle, the angle of the incisor tip; 2) the clearance angle between tooth and material (tree trunk); and 3) the chip angle between incisor tip and the perpendicular to the surface of the trunk. Cutting is usually oblique to the wood fibers. For technical wood cutting tools, an optimal wedge angle of 27° is known under certain conditions, and for the incisor of Castor fiber the wedge angle was determined using micro-Computed Tomography (µCT) scans to be 26.95°. Potential cutting forces of beavers were estimated for wood chips (2mm in thickness) of 3 sample tree species. For plum trees hardness forces ranged from 246 to 328N, and for maples from 190 to 254N. Finite element analyses were performed to determine stresses in the incisor under different loads on the incisor tip. Three hypotheses concerning gnawing were posed and are supported by the data: 1) The shape of the cutting blade of the incisor determines the geometry of wood chips and ultimately the maximum wood hardness that can be cut. 2) Clearance angle and maximum gape determine the maximum diameter of a tree that can be cut (if rough bark is neglected). 3) Functionally most importantly the lower incisors are optimized in shape and supporting tissue for compression stress with all forces being transmitted along the locations of the center of gravity in theoretical cross sections within the tooth, so that only compression occurs under load.

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16

Estey, Ralph H. "A history of mycology in Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-095.

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This brief history of mycology in Canada has comments on the activities of more than 200 men and women. Emphasis is on those aspects of mycology in which Canadian mycologists, plant pathologists, forest pathologists, and geneticists have pioneered or excelled. It includes their studies on fossil fungi, aeromycology, the identity of wood destroying fungi in their mycelial stages, the coevolution of parasitic fungi and their host plants, mycotoxicology, psychrophilic fungi, predacious fungi, fungal genetics, and mycorrhizae, in addition to systematics, numerical taxonomy, and the use of computers in mycology. Key words: fossil fungi, fungal genetics, coevolution, predacious, mycorrhizae, taxonomy.

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17

Ortiz-Quintero, Blanca, Israel Martínez-Espinosa, and Rogelio Pérez-Padilla. "Mechanisms of Lung Damage and Development of COPD Due to Household Biomass-Smoke Exposure: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, MicroRNAs, and Gene Polymorphisms." Cells 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12010067.

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Chronic exposure to indoor biomass smoke from the combustion of solid organic fuels is a major cause of disease burden worldwide. Almost 3 billion people use solid fuels such as wood, charcoal, and crop residues for indoor cooking and heating, accounting for approximately 50% of all households and 90% of rural households globally. Biomass smoke contains many hazardous pollutants, resulting in household air pollution (HAP) exposure that often exceeds international standards. Long-term biomass-smoke exposure is associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in adults, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, chronic bronchitis, and other lung conditions. Biomass smoke-associated COPD differs from the best-known cigarette smoke-induced COPD in several aspects, such as a slower decline in lung function, greater airway involvement, and less emphysema, which suggests a different phenotype and pathophysiology. Despite the high burden of biomass-associated COPD, the molecular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are poorly understood. This review describes the pathogenic mechanisms potentially involved in lung damage, the development of COPD associated with wood-derived smoke exposure, and the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors on the development of this disease.

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Morales-Quintana, Luis, and Patricio Ramos. "A Talk between Flavonoids and Hormones to Reorient the Growth of Gymnosperms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 12630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312630.

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Plants reorient the growth of affected organs in response to the loss of gravity vector. In trees, this phenomenon has received special attention due to its importance for the forestry industry of conifer species. Sustainable management is a key factor in improving wood quality. It is of paramount importance to understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying wood formation, together with the hormonal and environmental factors that affect wood formation and quality. Hormones are related to the modulation of vertical growth rectification. Many studies have resulted in a model that proposes differential growth in the stem due to unequal auxin and jasmonate allocation. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that in auxin distribution, flavonoids act as molecular controllers. It is well known that flavonoids affect auxin flux, and this is a new area of study to understand the intracellular concentrations and how these compounds can control the gravitropic response. In this review, we focused on different molecular aspects related to the hormonal role in flavonoid homeostasis and what has been done in conifer trees to identify molecular players that could take part during the gravitropic response and reduce low-quality wood formation.

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19

Jonasson, Simon, Anne Bünder, Linn Berglund, Totte Niittylä, and Kristiina Oksman. "Characteristics of Cellulose Nanofibrils from Transgenic Trees with Reduced Expression of Cellulose Synthase Interacting 1." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (October 2, 2022): 3448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193448.

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Cellulose nanofibrils can be derived from the native load-bearing cellulose microfibrils in wood. These microfibrils are synthesized by a cellulose synthase enzyme complex that resides in the plasma membrane of developing wood cells. It was previously shown that transgenic hybrid aspen trees with reduced expression of CSI1 have different wood mechanics and cellulose microfibril properties. We hypothesized that these changes in the native cellulose may affect the quality of the corresponding nanofibrils. To test this hypothesis, wood from wild-type and transgenic trees with reduced expression of CSI1 was subjected to oxidative nanofibril isolation. The transgenic wood-extracted nanofibrils exhibited a significantly lower suspension viscosity and estimated surface area than the wild-type nanofibrils. Furthermore, the nanofibril networks manufactured from the transgenics exhibited high stiffness, as well as reduced water uptake, tensile strength, strain-to-break, and degree of polymerization. Presumably, the difference in wood properties caused by the decreased expression of CSI1 resulted in nanofibrils with distinctive qualities. The observed changes in the physicochemical properties suggest that the differences were caused by changes in the apparent nanofibril aspect ratio and surface accessibility. This study demonstrates the possibility of influencing wood-derived nanofibril quality through the genetic engineering of trees.

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20

Hein, Paulo R. G., Hannu K. Pakkanen, and António A. Dos Santos. "Challenges in the use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy for improving wood quality: A review." Forest Systems 26, no. 3 (January 31, 2018): eR03. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2017263-11892.

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Aims of study: Forestry-related companies require quality monitoring methods capable to pass a large number of samples. This review paper is dealing with the utilization of near infrared (NIR) technique for wood analysis.Area of study: We have a global point of view for NIR applications and characterization of different kind of wood species is considered.Material and methods: NIR spectroscopy is a fast, non-destructive technique, applicable to any biological material, demanding little or no sample preparation. NIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis serve well in laboratories where the conditions are controlled. The main challenges to NIR spectroscopy technique in field conditions are moisture content and portability.Results: In this review, the methods and challenges for successfully applying NIR spectroscopy in the field of wood characterization are presented. Portable equipment need to record NIR spectra with low noise and low sensitivity to temperature and humidity variations of the air in forest environments. Studies concerning the sample preparation effects on the robustness of the calibrations are thus required.Research highlights: This paper examines traditional applications and practical aspects as well as innovative modern adaptations applied, for example, in hyperspectral imaging and genetic studies.

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21

Lande, Stig, Mats Westin, and Marc H. Schneider. "Eco‐efficient wood protection." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 15, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830410553979.

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This paper aims to show the potential decay resistance of furfurylated wood and investigate possible eco‐toxicity of such materials produced. This paper deals with the environmental aspects and durability of furfurylated wood, both laboratory and field tests are included in the investigations. Results from several decay tests, emission analysis studies and ecotox tests are presented. The results show that furfurylated wood is highly decay resistant. Furthermore, no significant increase in eco‐toxicity of leaching water was found and degradation through combustion does not release any volatile organic compounds or poly‐aromatic hydrocarbons above normal levels for wood combustion. Durability enhancement by furfurylation of wood is not believed to be harmful to the environment. Wood modified with furfuryl alcohol, “furfurylated wood”, is currently being marketed as a non‐toxic alternative to traditional preservative treated wood (wood impregnated with biocides). This paper summarises much of the long term exposure of furfurylated wood ever caried out, and present the first eco‐tox tests on such material ever done.

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Koseniuk, Anna, Katarzyna Ropka-Molik, Dominika Rubiś, and Grzegorz Smołucha. "Genetic background of coat colour in sheep." Archives Animal Breeding 61, no. 2 (April 19, 2018): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-173-2018.

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Abstract. The coat colour of animals is an extremely important trait that affects their behaviour and is decisive for survival in the natural environment. In farm animal breeding, as a result of the selection of a certain coat colour type, animals are characterized by a much greater variety of coat types. This makes them an appropriate model in research in this field. A very important aspect of the coat colour types of farm animals is distinguishing between breeds and varieties based on this trait. Furthermore, for the sheep breeds which are kept for skins and wool, coat/skin colour is an important economic trait. Until now the study of coat colour inheritance in sheep proved the dominance of white colour over pigmented/black coat or skin and of black over brown. Due to the current knowledge of the molecular basis of ovine coat colour inheritance, there is no molecular test to distinguish coat colour types in sheep although some are available for other species, such as cattle, dogs, and horses. Understanding the genetic background of variation in one of the most important phenotypic traits in livestock would help to identify new genes which have a great effect on the coat colour type. Considering that coat colour variation is a crucial trait for discriminating between breeds (including sheep), it is important to broaden our knowledge of the genetic background of pigmentation. The results may be used in the future to determine the genetic pattern of a breed. Until now, identified candidate genes that have a significant impact on colour type in mammals mainly code for factors located in melanocytes. The proposed candidate genes code for the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), agouti signaling protein (ASIP), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF, and v-kit Hardy–Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KIT). However, there is still no conclusive evidence of established polymorphisms for specific coat colour types in sheep.

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Liu, Runhua, Zhuxin Mao, and Zhihao Yang. "Validating the Well-Being of Older People (WOOP) Instrument in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010277.

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Generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures have been used for estimating utility value, which is then used for calculating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). HRQoL measures may not capture many of the relevant and important non-health aspects of quality of life. The well-being of older people (WOOP) instrument was first developed in the Netherlands. This study aimed to validate this new instrument among older people in China. WOOP was first translated into simplified Chinese (for use in Mainland China) by two experienced translators. From July to August 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of 500 older people in Southwestern China. Older people who provided consent reported their demographic information and completed the simplified Chinese version of the WOOP instrument using a pencil and paper. The feasibility of WOOP was determined by the percentage of missing responses. Then, using the data without any missing responses, we examined the item response distributions, pairwise Spearman correlations, underlying factors, and known-group validity of WOOP. Among the nine items of WOOP, three had more than 10% missing responses. The response distributions of the nine items were overall good without signs of ceiling and floor effects. The correlations among the WOOP items were low. A two-factor exploratory factor analysis model suggested that the WOOP items can be categorized into either internal or external well-being items. Good known-group validity results were found. Some WOOP items may not be easily understood by a small proportion of rural residents. However, other results have suggested WOOP to be a valid instrument for measuring the well-being of the elderly in China. The availability of WOOP enables the measurement of well-being-related utility.

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Topalidou, Eleni, Alexandra D. Solomou, Susana S. Santos, Evdokia Krystallidou, Styliani Kakara, and Konstantinos Mantzanas. "Dynamic Role and Importance of Multi-Kingdom Communities in Mediterranean Wood-Pastures." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 10179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810179.

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Wood-pastures are among the most valuable types of farmland for ecosystem services, including biodiversity, landscape, soil protection, water management and cultural values. This paper reviews the scientific literature regarding the dynamic role and importance of plant, fungal and ruminant communities in Mediterranean wood-pastures and assesses the favorable and unfavorable aspects of their occurrence through grazing management. The grasslands of the Mediterranean region play an important role both in forage material production and the conservation of biodiversity in plant communities and at the landscape level. These two management purposes are not conflicting but complementary when the management is based upon the knowledge of the effect of grazing on the ecology of these ecosystems. Conclusively, vascular plant, fungal and ruminant communities have a strong influence on ecosystem structure and functioning and they play a key role in many ecological services. Hence, integrated studies which combine multi-level ecological research are essential in order to identify regional and/or national needs in terms of biodiversity, genetic resources, sustainable rural development and conservation policies.

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Tereba, Anna, Agata Konecka, and Justyna A. Nowakowska. "Application of selected molecular markers in studies on forest trees." Folia Forestalia Polonica 59, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2017-0014.

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AbstractThe paper describes a number of molecular methods used in the past and now to analyze forest tree species. Taking into account the economic importance of forest trees and in view of the timber economy, wood properties and characteristics are essential factors subjected to control, observation and research. Molecular techniques that support traditional selection methods allow for genetic diversity analyses considering a range of research aspects. The development of these techniques at the turn of the last two decades has enabled wide-ranging use of molecular data in studies on forest tree populations. On the example of pine (Pinus L.), the paper presents data based on molecular studies as well as a variety of possibilities to apply the obtained results.

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Liu, Rang Tong, Feng Hua Liu, and Yan Fei Yang. "Content System and Characteristics of Fabric Property." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.787.

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Content system and characteristics of fabric property is investigated in this paper. The connotation of fabric property is of diversity and colorful. Fabric property has its logical level, which can be primarily classified into basic physical and chemical properties (BPCP) and application derivative properties (ADP). According to experiences and practice that people applied fabric, several common integrated concepts (handle, luster, comfort and function) are set up. Fabric properties manifest in durability, aesthetics, permeability, fabric handle. Fabric property is a generic term of various characteristics and abilities of fabric, which is a kind of external reflections of internal structures of fabric. No matter what fabric it is, it possesses every property in content system. Fabric property depends on material and structure of fabric, and fabric of wool or cotton with plain or satin have differences on individual property. Content system of fabric property has the different measurement requirements to different application fields. The requirement to fabric property on different aspects of the same application is different on level.

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Thakur, Ram Bichari, and Joachim Schmerbeck. "Role of Tree Breeding in Timber and Wood Supply in World and India: Status and Outlook." Initiation 5 (April 19, 2014): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10266.

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Tree breeding is an important component of tree improvement which involves the application of genetic principles for the mass production of seedlings with desired traits in order to achieve higher productivity, better adaptability of the environment and vigorous growth rate. It helps in increasing yields and shortened rotations so it has a large potentiality to supply timber and wood demand of the world. Species choice, provenance selection and propagation method are the major aspects of tree breeding. Plus tree selection, progeny testing, provenance test and vegetative propagation have been used since early of civilization and often regarded as conventional tree breeding techniques while seed orchards, clonal propagation, somatic embryogenesis, micro-propagation or in-Vitro propagation, and biotechnology are modern tree breeding techniques. Different countries have been developing tree breeding techniques and achieving maximum benefits from it. Southeast Asia is using Acacia mangium, A. crassicarpa, Gmelina arborea, and Eucalyptus spp.; Populus deltoids, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus spp. have been using by India; Teak has been vegetative propagated in Thailand; Salix babylonica has been growing in Greece for biomass production. Increasing yield and shortened rotation are the major prospects while loss of genetic diversity, higher production costs and requirement of constant upgrading are the major hindrances of tree breeding. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10266 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 153-163

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Amorim, Erick Phelipe, João Roberto Menucelli, Aline Delfino Germano, Rubens Francisco Pereira de Faria, Juraci de Andrade Barbosa, Franciane de Andrade Pádua, Miguel Luiz Menezes de Freitas, et al. "Technological potential of fibers from 20 Hevea brasiliensis clones for use as pulp, paper, and composite materials." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 10 (August 18, 2021): e549101019102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19102.

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Based on the use of Hevea brasiliensis in latex production, the species has a consolidated role in the Brazilian economy. However, at the end of the production cycle, which lasts from 25 to 30 years, resulting wood, in general, has no added value and is normally used for firewood, without further exploring its technological properties. Seeking to introduce this species into the pulp and paper industry, we aimed to determine the fiber quality of 20 commercial clones. Wood samples were collected from planted trees (11 to 12 years old) in the municipality of Selvíria - MS. We calculated wood quality indexes of H. brasiliensis for cellulose and paper, including Flexibility coefficient, Wall proportion, Runkel ratio, Slenderness ratio (Aspect ratio), and Luce's Shape Factor. The fiber quality indexes that best indicate the potential use of wood from Hevea brasiliensis clones for cellulose and paper production were Wall Fraction, Runkel Ratio and Luce's Shape Factor, indicating that H. brasiliensis fibers, if used for proper industrial purposes, will give origin of a rigid paper with greater bonding contact on the surface. The clones that presented better results for fiber quality indexes were IAC 311, IAC 41, IAN 873, IAC 326, IAC 40 and RRIM 725. Enabling the use of wood after the latex exploratory cycle for pulp and paper will serve as a basis for genetic improvement of these clones and expansion of forest plantations for this purpose.

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Dutkowski, G. W., and B. M. Potts. "Geographic Patterns of Genetic Variation in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus and a Revised Racial Classification." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 2 (1999): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97114.

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The geographic patterns of genetic variation in a wide variety of quantitative traits were studied in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus and its intergrades, leading to a revised racial classification. The analysis was based on 35 traits assessed in five field trials in northern Tasmania from approximately 500 open-pollinated families, encompassing 49 collection localities in native stands. There were significant differences between the collection localities for most traits. While growth and survival traits exhibited weak spatial structuring, there were clear regional patterns in bark thickness, wood basic density, flowering precocity and some aspects of juvenile leaf morphology. There were a number of significant correlations between trait locality means, but few simple correlations between the regional patterns observed and climate. Multivariate analyses indicated that the localities could be effectively amalgamated into larger, geographically concordant races. A hierarchy of five major groupings of 13 races and 20 subraces is proposed to account for most of the quantitative genetic variation while allowing for outliers and intermediate populations. Some areas of the distribution may need further sampling to more accurately elucidate their racial affinities, especially those with traits of high economic importance.

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Mair-Bauernfeind, Claudia, Martina Zimek, Raphael Asada, Daniel Bauernfeind, Rupert J. Baumgartner, and Tobias Stern. "Prospective sustainability assessment: the case of wood in automotive applications." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 25, no. 10 (August 24, 2020): 2027–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01803-y.

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Abstract Purpose The introduction of renewable materials into automotive applications is perceived as an innovative lightweight solution. Wood-based materials are advantageous in that they have potentially lower environmental impacts as compared with other materials such as steel. However, using wood per se does not automatically ensure more sustainability. Few prospective sustainability assessment methods or studies on the use of wood-based materials in automotive applications have been carried out, although these are needed to reduce unintended, negative sustainability effects and to support sustainable oriented research and innovation. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the potential sustainability effects and consequences of introducing a wood-based component into an automotive application. Methods A combination of methods was used to analyze the potential sustainability effects when introducing wood into automotive applications. This prospective life cycle sustainability analysis solely relied on secondary data. The environmental impacts were analyzed using a simplified environmental life cycle assessment on the product level. A multi-regional input-output-based assessment was conducted to model the country-specific environmental and socioeconomic consequences. The potential shift in social risks and opportunities on a national scale was analyzed by conducting a generic social life cycle assessment. Various aspects of each approach differ, with each providing a specific perspective of the system under study. Results and discussion The results indicate that implementing wood into automotive application can have environmental, social, and economic benefits, according to most of the indicators analyzed. Mostly due to the product weight reduction due to the use of a wood-based component, the results show that environmental impacts decrease. Some possible consequences of using wood-based materials are increased value added and increasing the number of jobs in European countries. Similarly, the social risks and opportunities are shifted from countries all over the world to European countries, which perform better than developing countries according to several indicators. However, some indicators, such as migrant acceptance or local supplier quantity, perform better in the current situation. Conclusions The presented case study is particularly notable, because the results clearly indicate the advantages of using wood-based materials in automotive applications, although the application of such relatively holistic and complex approaches often may lead to rather indifferent pictures. Policy makers, researchers, and companies can apply this combination of methods that rely solely on generic data to obtain both feasible and informative results. These methods also allow users to link the product level assessment with a regional and social perspective and screen critical topics to support sustainability research and innovation.

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Landi, Lucia, Sergio Murolo, and Gianfranco Romanazzi. "Colonization of Vitis spp. Wood by sGFP-Transformed Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, a Tracheomycotic Fungus Involved in Esca Disease." Phytopathology® 102, no. 3 (March 2012): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-11-0165.

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To evaluate wood colonization and interactions with Vitis spp. of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, a fungal agent involved in Esca disease, isolate CBS 229.95 was transformed using a pCT74 construct which contained the genetic markers for synthetic green fluorescent protein (sGFP) and hygromycin B phosphotransferase. Nine stable P. chlamydospora fungal transformants (Pch-sGFP lines) were obtained using polyethylene-glycol-mediated transformation of protoplasts. These were characterized for sgfp and hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) genome insertions and for sGFP fluorescence emission, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorimetric systems, respectively. No correlation was observed between sgfp copy number genome insertion and sGFP fluorescence expression. Cuttings of Vitis vinifera ‘Montepulciano’, ‘Verdicchio’, ‘Sangiovese’, ‘Biancame’, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’; and the grapevine rootstocks ‘Kober 5BB’, ‘SO4’, ‘420A’, ‘1103P’, and V. rupestris were inoculated by immersion in a conidial suspension of the selected fungal Pch-sGFP71 line and incubated at 4 ± 1 and 25 ± 1°C. Wood colonization was estimated through epifluorescence microscopy and was affected by incubation temperature. After 6 months at 4 ± 1°C, the fungal growth was completely inhibited. At 25 ± 1°C, the highest extent of wood colonization was recorded in Montepulciano and Verdicchio, with the lowest in the rootstocks SO4 and V. rupestris. The expression of the Pch-sGFP71 transformed line was localized in the xylem area, primarily around the vessels. The use of sGFP-transformed P. chlamydospora helped to clarify different aspects associated with the location of this pathogen in grapevine tissue, before disease symptom expression.

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Garrick, Ryan C. "Genetic insights into family group co-occurrence inCryptocercus punctulatus, a sub-social woodroach from the southern Appalachian Mountains." PeerJ 5 (March 23, 2017): e3127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3127.

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The wood-feeding cockroachCryptocercus punctulatusScudder (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae) is an important member of the dead wood (saproxylic) community in montane forests of the southeastern United States. However, its population biology remains poorly understood. Here, aspects of family group co-occurrence were characterized to provide basic information that can be extended by studies on the evolution and maintenance of sub-sociality. Broad sampling across the species’ range was coupled with molecular data (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences). The primary questions were: (1) what proportion of rotting logs contain two or more different mtDNA haplotypes and how often can this be attributed to multiple families inhabiting the same log, (2) are multi-family logs spatially clustered, and (3) what levels of genetic differentiation among haplotypes exist within a log, and how genetically similar are matrilines of co-occurring family groups? Multi-family logs were identified on the premise that three different mtDNA haplotypes, or two different haplotypes among adult females, is inconsistent with a single family group founded by one male–female pair. Results showed that of the 88 rotting logs from which multiple adultC. punctulatuswere sampled, 41 logs (47%) contained two or more mtDNA haplotypes, and at least 19 of these logs (22% overall) were inferred to be inhabited by multiple families. There was no strong evidence for spatial clustering of the latter class of logs. The frequency distribution of nucleotide differences between co-occurring haplotypes was strongly right-skewed, such that most haplotypes were only one or two mutations apart, but more substantial divergences (up to 18 mutations, or 1.6% uncorrected sequence divergence) do occasionally occur within logs. This work represents the first explicit investigation of family group co-occurrence inC. punctulatus, providing a valuable baseline for follow-up studies.

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Reiss, Angela Hall and Michael. "Little Red Riding Hood and the big, bad wolf: Biochemical pathways in advanced level biology." Biochemist 29, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio02901039.

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Many students learning biology at advanced level (16 to 19 year olds) find biochemistry difficult. This is despite the fact that they say the topic is interesting and important1. Our contention is that students find it difficult to see the wood for the trees. They may be able to learn aspects of biochemistry off by heart, but find it difficult to have a memorable overview of the subject.

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Galibina, Natalia A., Yulia L. Moshchenskaya, Tatiana V. Tarelkina, Olga V. Chirva, Kseniya M. Nikerova, Aleksandra A. Serkova, Ludmila I. Semenova, and Diana S. Ivanova. "Changes in the Activity of the CLE41/PXY/WOX Signaling Pathway in the Birch Cambial Zone under Different Xylogenesis Patterns." Plants 11, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 1727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11131727.

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The balance between cell proliferation and differentiation into other cell types is crucial for meristem indeterminacy, and both growth aspects are under genetic control. The peptide-receptor signaling module regulates the activity of the cambial stem cells and the differentiation of their derivatives, along with cytokinins and auxin. We identified the genes encoding the signaling module CLE41-PXY and the regulator of vascular cambium division WOX4 and studied their expression during the period of cambial growth in the radial row: the conducting phloem/cambial zone and the differentiating xylem in two forms of Betula pendula, silver birch and Karelian birch. We have shown that the expression maximum of the BpCLE41/44a gene precedes the expression maximum of the BpPXY gene. Non-figured Karelian birch plants with straight-grained wood are characterized by a more intensive growth and the high expression of CLE41/44-PXY-WOX4. Figured Karelian birch plants, where the disturbed ratio and spatial orientation of structural elements characterizes the wood, have high levels of BpWOX4 expression and a decrease in xylem growth as well as the formation of xylem with a lower vessel density. The mutual influences of CLE41-PXY signaling and auxin signaling on WOX4 gene activity and the proliferation of cambium stem cells are discussed.

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Dmytruk, Y. M. "Some aspects of a multidimensional analysis of the evolution of ecological-geochemical soil state." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 17, no. 3-4 (December 2, 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041610.

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Soil saturation index and its calculating are demonstrating multicollinear correlations between ecological-geochemical soil state and environmental circumstances. There are wood ecosystems on the research area with Phaeozem, Luvisol, Retisol and Fluvisol. We have also studied the buried soil. Their burials occurred as a result of natural processes (about 5000 BP) and as a result of human impact (about 1000 BP). Age of separate genetic horizons (from 360±50 to 1870±160 ВР) indicates soils genesis during the last stage of the Holocene – Subatlantic. In our opinion the dynamics of the climate during last stage of the Holocene is the main cause of the complex structure of the soil cover on quite small area (5 km2). Second reason is difficult geomorphological environment (rough topography). On the basis of factor analysis proved efficiency of soil saturation index by trace elements: analytical work only with the indicated index reveals an unambiguous reduce the number of determining factors (up to two) and, thus, the proportion of the variance, which is determined by two factors is 100 %. While the using in the analysis of the total content, or a mobile forms of trace elements, or of some and the others together as a combined using of content mobile forms and their mobility will lead to an increase factor up to four and the simultaneous decrease in the proportion of the variance which is due to these factors to 74–88 %. We did not find decisive influence of any factor on saturation of studied soil types by trace elements. There is always a combination of processes that contribute to the accumulation of trace elements and processes of their migration. There are illuvial and lower transition to soil parent material horizons of the background content of trace elements for all investigated soil except Fluvisol (S-1). Belong to actual places of trace elements accumulation, which is generally quite small are some lower soil horizons both buried soils and lower transition to horizon of soil parent material (in soil R-3). Thus, the upper parts of the soils which were formed during the last centuries (780 years of age to today dated) are characterized by dissipation of most of trace elements. The genetic features of Fluvisol (S-1) have confirmed very high correlation. These features are the result of the genesis of this soil under the influence both soil and sedimentation processes. This is well illustrated in the analysis of the structure of the soil profile, which have characterized by stratification (during soil formation has not resulted in the development of any diagnostic subsurface horizon) genetic horizons and the presence of buried after the accumulation of alluvial material as a humus, as a transitional horizons. Perhaps, it is partly confirmed by the radiocarbon analysis, this soil should be regarded as younger age, which obviously explains persistent inflow of fresh materials. All other soils including the buried ones were formed under various elementary soil formation processes. These processes have replacing each other in time did not stop, and the normal evolution of the soil profile took place to bottom, in contrast to the fluvisol which evolution was to upper as have happened by the fresh alluvial and probably deluvial sedimentation. Recognizing of the «normal» soil genesis process as a basis for the formation of zonal soils in the Holocene, we are interpreting Factor 1, conducted by the context of factor analysis, as the environmental conditions for such soil formation. The results of factor analysis regarding to ecological-geochemical soil state Factor 1 should be considered as the basic parameters of soils (soil organic matter, pH, indicators of soil absorbing complex, mineralogical composition and particle size distribution). Under this condition Factor 2 is associated with the processes (fluvial, sedimentation, erosion) denudation, or transfer and accumulation of different material that would cause disturbance "normal" soil genesis. For that reason ecological-geochemical soil state is determined by soil formation factors for a specific time stage and dominant conditions for some processes.

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Waghorn, G. C., I. D. Shelton, and W. C. McNabb. "Effects of condensed tannins in Lotus pedunculatus on its nutritive value for sheep. 1. Non-nitrogenous aspects." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 1 (August 1994): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067824.

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SummaryLotus pedunculatus was grown under high fertility conditions and its nutritive value was determined in a feeding trial with sheep at Palmerston North, New Zealand in 1989. The condensed tannins (CT) accounted for 5·5 % of lotus dry matter (DM) and its effect on digestion was evaluated by giving an intraruminal infusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to six of the sheep (PEG group). PEG preferentially binds with CT so that the lotus becomes essentially CT-free.The experiment was carried out with 14 sheep (six PEG and eight ‘Tannin’) held in metabolism crates indoors and given freshly cut lotus hourly, for 32 days. This paper presents data relating to carbohydrate and mineral digestion, together with aspects of rumen function.Digestibility of lotus DM was 68%, and the digestibility of fibre was not affected by CT. Infusion of PEG increased rumen concentrations of NH3 and volatile fatty acids (P < 0·001) but effects on molar ratios of VFA were inconsistent with time. CT reduced rumen degradation and absorption of sulphur and increased net absorption of both phosphorus and zinc, but other effects on mineral digestion were small.Although the lotus was offered at c. 90% of ad libitum, intakes of the tannin sheep began to decline after c. 15 days of feeding and were c. 12% lower than those of the PEG sheep at the end of the trial (P < 0·05). At slaughter, rumen pool sizes were similar for the two treatments but the Tannin sheep had a lower fractional outflow rate, which suggests a slower rate of digestion in the rumen. Growth rate and wool production were similar for sheep on both treatments. It is concluded that the CT in Lotus pedunculatus grown under high fertility conditions had little effect on fibre and mineral digestion but the depression in DM intake reduced its nutritive value for sheep.

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Schmidt, Marcus V. Chamon, José Newton Cardoso Marchiori, André R. Terra Nascimento, and Adelino Alvarez Filho. "Relações histórico - florísticas, fitossociologia e aspectos ecológicos do Alecrim (Holocalyx balansae Mich.) em floresta primária, na região de Formigueiro – RS." Ciência e Natura 15, no. 15 (December 13, 1993): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x26381.

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The forests of the Depressão Central in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, are in an advanced process of fragmentation, as a consequence of the expansion of the agriculture area. These fragments are in different degrees of conservation due to selective wood extraction and the action the cattle reising. The lack of studies about floristic composition, structure, reproductive strategies of arboreal species and the fragmentation effects on ecosystems, turn impratical any practice that garantee the conservation of forest genetic resourses in situ. This work relies on results obtained in a fragment untouched in Formigueiro county. Floristic data presented here are inserted in the dynamic context of the southern Brazil vegetation, under the influence of climatic changes in the Quaternary, identifing the original flora and the recent features of these forests. The structural analysis detected the occurence of alecrim (Holocalyx balansae Mich), a specie that in spite of being rare in the Depressão Central, presented high density in the study area. Based on the results obtained in loco, we conclude that alecrim is characterisis itself as a climax specie and, therefore, vulnerable to fragmentation. These informations, although incomplete, is of great importance in the conservation of produtive characteristics of forest. The lack of it, turns impratical the permanence of these fragments in rural properties.

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Greaves, B. L., N. M. G. Borralho, C. A. Raymond, and A. Farrington. "Use of a Pilodyn for the indirect selection of basic density in Eucalyptusnitens." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-185.

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Six hundred 7-year-old Eucalyptusnitens (Dean & Maid.) trees from 50 open-pollinated families were measured for wood density and Pilodyn penetration across two contrasting sites in eastern Victoria, Australia. Eight Pilodyn observations, two from each of four aspects, were made at a height of 1.3 m. Density was measured on whole disks cut from 1.3 m. Heritability of Pilodyn penetration and disk density at 1.3 m were 0.60 and 0.73, respectively. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between Pilodyn penetration and density at 1.3 m were −0.59 and −0.92, respectively. The high repeatability of Pilodyn penetration (0.90) suggests that only two observations per tree would be required for indirect selection of density. Direct index selection for density gave an expected 13% gain (assuming a selection intensity of 1%), compared with a 11% gain by using indirect Pilodyn selection, a selection efficiency of 84%. However, Pilodyn sampling is faster, cheaper, and not destructive, thus resulting in overall higher expected gains for selection of trees or culling of seedling seed orchards in comparison with the more destructive direct assessment of density.

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Krabel, Doris, Matthias Meyer, Alexander Solger, Rosi Müller, Pedro Carvalho, and John Foulkes. "Early root and aboveground biomass development of hybrid poplars (Populus spp.) under drought conditions." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 10 (October 2015): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0126.

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Currently, the genus Populus is one of the favourite objects for research of molecular genetics of woody plants. A high growth rate and the broadly applicable timber as raw material for different types of products made of wood make poplar attractive for industrial usage. Despite the positive aspect of its growth capacity and wood composition, one major problem in cultivating fast-growing tree species in a forestry plantation system is the comparably high water demand of the plants. In this context, a rapid development of an efficient adventitious root system from dormant hardwood cuttings is an essential requirement for the successful establishment of short-rotation cultures. It reduces the establishment costs of plantations, and the developing plant can be transferred into favourable conditions due to varying environmental conditions. Results of greenhouse pot and soil-column experiments on the development of shoots and adventitious roots from hardwood cuttings of seven hybrid poplar cultivars and the reaction of the plants performance on varying water availability will be presented. We estimated root and shoot length, root and shoot growth and biomass accumulation over time, root-to-shoot length ratio, and root morphological traits.

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40

Susanty, Aries, Diana Puspita Sari, Dyah Ika Ika Rinawati, Ratna Purwaningsih, and Faisal Hasbullah Sjawie. "Policy making for GSCM implementation in the wooden furniture industry." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 30, no. 5 (August 5, 2019): 925–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-11-2018-0193.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to implement the combined approach of Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and system dynamic (SD) for examining the impacts of several elements on the implementation of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices in the furniture industry concerning the amount of wood waste resulted and the demand of wood materials. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops an SD-based model by using four approaches, i.e., “demand of furniture”, “raw material”, “revenue of furniture industry” and “the implementation of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices”. Findings The simulation results have shown that the best conditions occur in the fourth scenario or a combined scenario. This scenario can guarantee a decrease in need of wood and discarded wood waste due to the use of wood waste for raw material by some industries. This scenario can thus increase the share of wood waste used as raw materials. Research limitations/implications The first limitation of this study is on the calculation of the amount of wood, which has used the data of wood products obtained from the Central Java Provincial Agency of the Environment and Forestry. This calculation has not taken into account the forest area degradation. Second, the demand for furniture has been converted from the historical data of domestic and foreign sales. Third, the model used in this study has not considered the decrease of the production cost and the increase of the profit gained by the wooden furniture small- and medium-sized enterprises that use the wood waste as part of their raw material. Practical implications This research provides essential insights into the context of implementing the policies to increase the implementation of GSCM practices. Originality/value This research can make a difference in two aspects. First, it has tested policies, not in isolation. It has simultaneously tested various combinations of policies because the furniture industry can be seen as a system with complex relationships among the elements. Second, this study can broaden scientific insights related to the use of the DEMATEL method in the SD methodology.

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Boyle, C. David, and Bradley R. Kropp. "Development and comparison of methods for measuring growth of filamentous fungi on wood." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-173.

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Measures of fungal growth with potential for use on wood-chip media were developed. These included (i) visual inspection, (ii) substrate dry weight loss, (iii) rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, (iv) extractable protein content, and (v) chitin content of the colonized substrate. The responses of the various assays to different growing conditions were assessed by using them on measured weights of mycelium, collected at intervals from liquid media with various composition. Growth of various species on either nutrient supplemented or unsupplemented wood chips was then measured. Each assay measured a different aspect of growth. The relationship between these changed in a distinctive way for each species during growth. Chitin gave the best measure of biomass, whereas fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis was a measure of growth-related metabolic activity. The protein and substrate dry weight loss data gave information about fungal protein and carbohydrate metabolism of the species, respectively. Addition of nutrient supplement to the wood increased both biomass and growth-related metabolic activity. It also increased the amount of wood used to produce a given amount of biomass by about 500% with some species. Some species showed a strong capacity to lower their cellular protein concentration during growth, which is probably of advantage for growth on a low-N substrate such as wood. Used together, the assays gave insight into different strategies fungi use to grow on wood. Key words: fungi, growth, chitin, fluorescein diacetate.

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42

Shevchenko, Sergei Yu. "Ethics of Uncertainty As an Extension of Virtue Epistemology." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 58, no. 1 (2021): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202158116.

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Uncertainty can’t be understood without taking into account both properties of the problem situation and agent’s knowledge about it. The correspondence of knowledge and situation of decision-making is crucial for understanding the onto-epistemological nature of uncertainty. At the same time, this correspondence is the key topic in virtue epistemology, especially in its ‘non-classical’, regulatory, branch, related to works of R. Roberts and W.J. Wood. In this article, genetic consultation is chosen as an example of such a problematic situation since a doctor and a patient explicitly deal with the uncertainty of genetic risks. The problems of communication and joint decision-making in the context of medical-genetic consultation are comprehensively described in bioethics. At the same time, its social dimension is limited to the direct interaction of two individual agents, that allows us to use it as a model for constructing the ethics of uncertainty. In this article, four forms of uncertainty are identified: descriptive, normative and radical uncertainties, and translation uncertainty. Referring to the approaches of virtue epistemology, the author brings each of these forms into conformity with the proposed regulatory principle. The regulations assume that generating or disseminating knowledge under conditions of uncertainty require taking into account the incompleteness of the presented model of reality in its four aspects. A modelled fragment of reality could change in a predictable (descriptive uncertainty) or unexpected (radical uncertainty) way. The goals and values of a model’s user can not be hierarchically ordered, and may also change in the future (normative uncertainty). User’s interpretations of the model may be diverse, and can never be strictly defined by the intentions of the model’s author (indeterminancy of translation, or uncertainty whether success of co-reference is achieved).

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43

Owens, Jonathan. "Idiomatic Structure and the Theory of Genetic Relationship." Diachronica 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 283–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.2.05owe.

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SUMMARY It has been an assumption of many practitioners of comparative linguistics that genetic relations are defined between languages as holistic entities. A recent explicit expression of this position is Thomason &Kaufman (1988). An alternative viewpoint, probably a minority position, is that expressed (inter alia) by Allen (1953), which defines genetic relations in terms of linguistic components. Assuming the correctness of the first position, which is the more stringent one, I examine one aspect of linguistic structure in Nigerian Arabic, idiomatic expressions, showing that Nigerian Arabic belongs to what I term a Lake Chad Basin areal type, which is quite distinct from Arabic of the Middle East. On the other hand, the Arabic heritage is unmistakeably dominant in its phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax. It follows from this comparative study that either the second, componential conception of linguistic relatedness must be adopted, or language families of the world will need to be radically rethought. RÉSUMÉ On suppose généralement que la notion de parenté génétique s'applique aux langues, définies comme entités indivisibles (voir, par exemple, Thoma-son et Kaufman 1988). Un autre point de vue, minoritaire, soutient que la parenté génétique doit plutôt s'établir entre les diverses composantes linguistiques (voir, entre autres, Allen 1953). Partant de l'hypothèse que le premier des deux points de vue est le bon, on examine une composante linguistique — les expression idiomatiques — de l'arabe nigérian. On constate que cette langue se rattache au type des langues du bassin du Lac Tchad, fort différent de celui de l'arabe du Proche-Orient. Par contre, la phonologie, la morphologie, le lexique et la syntaxe relèvent nettement du type arabe. Deux conclusions possibles s'offrent à nous: ou bien le second des points de vue, qui traite de composantes linguistiques, est le bon, ou alors il faut revoir au complet la classification des langues du monde. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Normalerweise wird angenommen, daß genetische Verhältnisse auf der Basis von Sprachen als gesamte Einheiten zu definiëren sind (z. B. Thomason &Kaufman 1988). Eine andere wohl weniger verbreitete Meinung behauptet dagegen, daB nicht gesamte Sprache sondera deren einzelne linguistische Komponenten (z.B. Morphologie) die zu vergleichenden Einheiten darstellen (Allen 1953). Beide Ansichten werden an Hand von idiomatischen Aus-drücken im Arabischen vom Tschad-See-Gebiet erörtert. Einerseits wird ge-zeigt, daB sich diese Varietät des Arabischen in ihrer idiomatischen Struktur an andere Sprachen des Gebiets angepaBt hat, andererseits allerdings, daB sie in anderen linguistischen Komponenten (Phonologie, Morphologie, Lexikon, Syntax) eine Varietät des Arabischen ist. Als SchluBfolgerung ist daraus zu ziehen, daB entweder ein komponentielles Modell der genetischen Verwandt-schaft anzuwenden wäre oder die Sprachfamilien der Welt radikal umgedacht werden müßten.

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Lee, J., P. M. Harris, B. R. Sinclair, and B. P. Treloar. "Whole body metabolism of cysteine and glutathione and their utilization in the skin of Romney sheep: consequences for wool growth." Journal of Agricultural Science 121, no. 1 (August 1993): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076863.

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SUMMARYInfusion of [35S]-labelled cysteine into the jugular of Romney sheep of different ages was used to estimate the extent of combined cysteine and cystine (cyst(e)ine) and glutathione (GSH) interchange in various tissues, including skin, and to measure whole body irreversible loss rates (1LR) for cyst(e)ine. The studies were undertaken at Palmerston North, New Zealand during 1990 and 1991.Reverse phase HPLC using a fluorigenic reagent, 7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulphonate (SBD-F) was used for the simultaneous determination of thiols (cysteine and GSH) in whole blood (bound and free fractions), liver, kidney, small intestine, muscle, pancreas and skin. The appearance of [35S]-label in thiol compounds and their oxidation products was determined by ion-exchange HPLC. Specific radioactivities (SRA) for cyst(e)ine and GSH derived from this data showed equivalence for cysteine and GSH SRAs in all tissues, except for whole blood, indicating rapid withintissue interconversion between these thiols. In whole blood, however, the very low SRA for GSH (< 4 DPM/nmol) compared to cyst(e)ine (250 DPM/nmol) indicated markedly slower or negligible exchange with red blood cell GSH, and hence little inter-organ transport of [35S]-label as GSH.Close infusion of [35S] cysteine into a defined patch of skin and collection of the venous outflow permitted directin vivomeasurement of the proportional uptake of cysteine by the skin. Results indicated considerable variation in the uptake of cysteineper se(20–40%) but no, or very little, oxidation of cysteine in the skin and no net export of GSH.The combination of whole body, tissue and skin specific studies of [35S]-labelled cysteine metabolism quantitatively confirmed the very high proportion of circulating cyst(e)ine in sheep which is directed to skin and wool protein synthesis alone, and highlighted those aspects of this metabolism which are of most importance to wool production.

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de Medeiros, Elisa M., Henk Noorman, Rubens Maciel Filho, and John A. Posada. "Multi-Objective Sustainability Optimization of Biomass Residues to Ethanol via Gasification and Syngas Fermentation: Trade-Offs between Profitability, Energy Efficiency, and Carbon Emissions." Fermentation 7, no. 4 (September 23, 2021): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7040201.

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This work presents a strategy for optimizing the production process of ethanol via integrated gasification and syngas fermentation, a conversion platform of growing interest for its contribution to carbon recycling. The objective functions (minimum ethanol selling price (MESP), energy efficiency, and carbon footprint) were evaluated for the combinations of different input variables in models of biomass gasification, energy production from syngas, fermentation, and ethanol distillation, and a multi-objective genetic algorithm was employed for the optimization of the integrated process. Two types of waste feedstocks were considered, wood residues and sugarcane bagasse, with the former leading to lower MESP and a carbon footprint of 0.93 USD/L and 3 g CO2eq/MJ compared to 1.00 USD/L and 10 g CO2eq/MJ for sugarcane bagasse. The energy efficiency was found to be 32% in both cases. An uncertainty analysis was conducted to determine critical decision variables, which were found to be the gasification zone temperature, the split fraction of the unreformed syngas sent to the combustion chamber, the dilution rate, and the gas residence time in the bioreactor. Apart from the abovementioned objectives, other aspects such as water footprint, ethanol yield, and energy self-sufficiency were also discussed.

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Lindstedt, Carita, Kaisa Suisto, Emily Burdfield-Steel, Anne E. Winters, and Johanna Mappes. "Defense against predators incurs high reproductive costs for the aposematic moth Arctia plantaginis." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 3 (April 15, 2020): 844–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa033.

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Abstract To understand how variation in warning displays evolves and is maintained, we need to understand not only how perceivers of these traits select color and toxicity but also the sources of the genetic and phenotypic variation exposed to selection by them. We studied these aspects in the wood tiger moth Arctia plantaginis, which has two locally co-occurring male color morphs in Europe: yellow and white. When threatened, both morphs produce defensive secretions from their abdomen and from thoracic glands. Abdominal fluid has shown to be more important against invertebrate predators than avian predators, and the defensive secretion of the yellow morph is more effective against ants. Here, we focused on the morph-linked reproductive costs of secretion of the abdominal fluid and quantified the proportion of phenotypic and genetic variation in it. We hypothesized that, if yellow males pay higher reproductive costs for their more effective aposematic display, the subsequent higher mating success of white males could offer one explanation for the maintenance of the polymorphism. We first found that the heritable variation in the quantity of abdominal secretion was very low (h2 = 0.006) and the quantity of defensive secretion was not dependent on the male morph. Second, deploying the abdominal defensive secretion decreased the reproductive output of both color morphs equally. This suggests that potential costs of pigment production and chemical defense against invertebrates are not linked in A. plantaginis. Furthermore, our results indicate that environmentally induced variation in chemical defense can alter an individual’s fitness significantly.

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47

Panaretto, BA. "Gene expression of potential morphogens during hair follicle and tooth formation: a review." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 5, no. 4 (1993): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9930345.

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Early work on the morphogenesis of hairs and teeth was largely descriptive histology and established the times and order of visible initiation of anlagen and their patterns of development. However, in the last 30 years, many growth factors have been discovered; more recently, their expression during morphogenesis has been determined and immunohistochemistry has enabled the visualization of structural elements of organs. This review is concerned primarily with aspects of these recent phases of research with respect to the formation of hairs and, to a lesser degree, teeth. The expression of several growth factors including bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4, the glycoprotein tenascin, the proteoglycan syndecan, and the expression of the mammalian homologue of Notch, cadherins and epimorphin is examined here during the early stages of organogenesis, primarily to review the type of research that should be extended to the organogenesis of wool fibres in Merino sheep. Signal transduction, the third and increasingly complex phase of research that is now rapidly developing, follows the establishment of ligand-receptor complexes during morphogenesis and is included here in a preliminary way.

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48

Haas, Mirjam, and Leonie Kirchhoff. "Genre Maketh Dog?" Volume 60 · 2019 60, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ljb.60.1.277.

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In The New Biography, Virginia Woolf notes that there is a paradox inherent to the genre of biography, i. e. that of »truth« and »personality«. »[P]ersonality«, she argues further, can only be truly conveyed through aesthetic selection and manipulation of the facts of a life, through fiction. Animal biography challenges both of these categories: what is a true dog character and how close can an author come to a life-like depiction of it? Virginia Woolf’s Flush: A Biography (1933) as well as the earliest English example of animal biography, Francis Coventry’s The History of Pompey the Little or The Life and Adventures of a Lap Dog (1751), are, in their own way, concerned with this issue. Influenced by their generic predecessors, the texts explore the narratological possibilities which an animal biography can offer, from satirical purposes to aesthetic objectives, from mere functionalisation to sentient animals. Woolf is essentially affected by contemporary discussions of biography and the challenges imposed by creating a dog »personality«. This is fundamental for the depiction of Flush as having an individual (anthropomorphised) character, rather than being depicted as a mere, and changeable type. Pompey the Little, in contrast, serves as a mostly silent and apparently objective observer of society, who, by watching and imitating his masters’ manners, offers eighteenth-century society a ruthlessly unembellished look into the mirror. Consequently, his animal character is, for satirical purposes, reduced to a mere type rather than a complex, not to mention »truth[ful]«, depiction of a nonhuman character. In this paper, we argue that genre expectations interact with two further aspects, i.e. literary history and historical as well as philosophical developments, and all three decisively influence how the two texts understand and relate human as well as non-human experience.

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Ciuvăț, Alexandru Liviu, Ioan Vasile Abrudan, Cristiana Georgeta Ciuvăț, Cristiana Marcu, Adrian Lorenț, Lucian Dincă, and Bartha Szilard. "Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Romanian Forestry." Diversity 14, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14100780.

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This paper presents a literature review of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and the knowledge accumulated by Romanian foresters and researchers, covering species propagation, stand management, and vulnerability issues. As highlighted by numerous authors, black locust manifests dual features, both as an exogenous species and one that is already naturalized. The main drivers for this species’ expansion in Romania is its ecological adaptability on degraded lands, fast growth, and high biomass yields, in addition to other economic benefits. Black locust plantations and coppices also offer an important range of ecosystem services such as CO2 sequestration, landscape reclamation, fuel wood, or maintaining traditional crafts in regions with little to no forest cover. Highlighted disadvantages include short lifespan, invasiveness when introduced on fertile sites, and dieback in drought/frost prone areas. The results of extensive research and studies are captured in technical norms, although aspects such as species genetics, invasive potential, and adaptation to climate change dynamics call for more research and optimizing in species management. As Romania rallies its efforts with those of the international community in order to address climate change and desertification, black locust stands out as a proven solution for reclaiming degraded lands when native species are not an alternative.

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Medarevic, Milan, Stanisa Bankovic, Dragan Karadzic, Ljubodrag Mihajlovic, Damjan Pantic, and Snezana Obradovic. "Dendrometric, phytopathological and entomological characteristics of a wych elm tree on mt. Goc." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 104 (2011): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf1104125b.

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Valuable broadleaves, including also wych elms, belong to the category of rare tree species in the growing stock of Serbia. The conservation of Serbian forest diversity and the genetic potential of these tree species require a multidisciplinary study. In this respect, we undertook a dendrometric and health analysis of a wych elm tree on Goc, as it is a rarity by its dimensions, not only from the local, but also from the regional aspects. The tree is 266 years old, its diameter at breast height is 2.09 m, height 42.1 m, and volume (d>3 cm) 56.35 m3. Current height increment culminated early, at the age of 20-30 years, attaining 0.5 m, and current diameter increment at the age of 40-50 years when its value was 14.4 mm. The above data point to a high productivity of this elm tree and to favourable site and stand conditions of its development. On the other hand, its current diameter increment and height over the last period (1.7 mm, and 0.03 m respectively) indicate that the tree was in the phase of physiological dying. 10 species of fungi were identified on the tree (facultative parasites or saprophytes), the most significant being Armillaria mellea and Aurantioporus fissilis, which caused central heartwood decay. Other fungi developed saprophytically in the dead part of the stem or in dead branches. Eight insect species (secondary and tertiary pests) were identified, including the two most dangerous elm beetles (Scolytus scolytus and S. multistriatus). Together with the species Saperda punctata and Cerambyx scopolii, they accelerated the dying process of twigs and branches, as well as of the whole tree. Ambrosia beetle Xyleborus monographus infested the stem and the large dead branches and caused minor technical damage in wood. The species Dorcus paralelopipedus, Oryctes nasicornis and Valgus hemipterus supported the faster progress of wood-rotting fungi and thus contributed to physiological weakening and shortened the life cycle of the study elm tree.

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