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1
Chambers, Paul GS, and Nuno MG Borralho. "A simple model to examine the impact of changes in wood traits on the costs of thermomechanical pulping and high-brightness newsprint production with radiata pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A number of functions were investigated that related the costs of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and high-brightness newsprint production, using Pinus radiata D. Don, to important pulp and paper quality (breeding objective) variables, including specific energy consumption and pulp handsheet tear and tensile strength, brightness, and opacity. Pulp handsheet quality traits were considered to be reasonable two-dimensional predictors of paper quality traits in this context. A specific production process that requires the use of a reinforcement kraft pulp and an artificial clay filler to improve the quality of paper produced from the bleached TMP fibres was investigated, similar to the production process used by Australian Newspaper Mills' Boyer Mill in Tasmania, Australia. Pulp and pulp handsheet quality variables could be explained by significant (P > 0.05) wood traits using multiple linear regression equations. This provided a method to predict the economic importance of each wood trait in relation to the thermomechanical production process investigated. The results showed that tracheid length, wood density, wood brightness, and tracheid coarseness were the best predictors of costs. Increases in tracheid length, wood density, and wood brightness and decreases in tracheid coarseness resulted in decreasing the total costs of TMP and high-brightness newsprint production.
2
Miettinen, Jenni, and Markku Ollikainen. "Economics of forest bioeconomy: new results." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 52, no. 3 (March 2022): 426–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2021-0178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We examine the emerging forest bioeconomy as an integrated, multi-product industrial ecosystem, where the traditional pulp mills allocate the use of side streams to independent biochemical companies manufacturing bioproducts in the vicinity of the pulp mills. Biochemical companies benefit from the proximity by receiving wood-based side streams at lower costs, and at the same time, pulp mills benefit from having a new source of revenue from selling side streams. We focus on the economic interaction between the pulp mill and the biochemical company, and we study the impacts on the use of wood and profits under perfect and imperfect competition. We demonstrate that the new industrial ecosystem uses more wood than traditional pulp mills, but depending on the side stream, it may promote cascading use of wood-based side streams.
3
HART, PETER W. "Seasonal Variations in Wood: Percieved and Rea Impacts on Pulp Yield." March 2009 8, no. 3 (April 1, 2009): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.3.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the course of a year, mills experience substantial variations in reported pulp yields per green ton of wood. In the spring, more wood must be consumed to produce the same amount of good-quality pulp. This paper examines the extent of seasonal changes and the seasonal reproducibility of wood moisture in chips. Seasonal changes in the amounts of bark, pin chips, and fines in the chips going to the digester are also examined. Other potential seasonal accounting impacts on reported pulp yield and costs are also considered. Assuming a 1000-TPD mill with a nominal wood cost of $45/green ton, these seasonal changes can account for a variance of almost $600,000/month between the best and the worst operating month. In the worst month, an additional 0.5 green tons of wood per ton of pulp must be processed.
4
Mohta, Dinesh, and D. N. Roy. "Forests, fiber, and the environment – In view of the fiber supply to the pulp and paper industry." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75247-2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Forests play a vital role in the social, economic, and environmental development of any country. Paper, composed principally of wood fiber, is an essential commodity in promoting literacy, communication, documentation, and packaging. However, there is much concern about the world's forests being over-utilized. This has led to serious repercussions, not only to humanity, but also to the earth's biodiversity as a whole. It is now time that forests be used in a more responsible and ethical manner. Because of reduced forest area, increasing pulpwood costs, and an increasing demand for pulp and paper products, it might be expected that the focus would shift to high yield pulping processes or to the use of cellulosic non-wood raw materials. Non-woods are available in good supply all over the world, but are currently under-utilized. It is estimated that replacing 5–10% of wood pulp with non-wood pulp would have an important impact on the conservation of forests and the environment. This replacement of wood pulp by non-wood pulp could be environmentally and economically acceptable even in developed countries. By doing so, pulp and paper mills would have a lead role in reducing their dependency on forests for fiber. This determination and commitment would enhance the long-term sustainability of forests and the pulp and paper industry. Above all, it would be a sustainable step towards "our common future." Key words: forest, sustainable development, fiber supply, pulp and paper, non-woods
5
ANDREWS, JOHN D., and PETER W. HART. "Improving pulp yield for integrated southern hardwood kraft mills—significance and impact on chemical recovery, steam and power generation, and bleaching." TAPPI Journal 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.2.41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Researchers have been attempting to improve the yield of bleachable-grade kraft pulp for several decades. Wood is typically one of the major costs associated with kraft pulping. Therefore, it is typically assumed that improving pulp yield or conversely, reducing the amount of wood required to make a specific mass of pulp, is a cost-effective, lucrative endeavor. Although this may be true, it is important to understand the impact of increasing pulp yield on the interconnected processes within an integrated pulp and paper mill and to fully evaluate the cost implications on these processes. The current work employed several sets of laboratory pulping conditions and a WinGEMS model of a pulp mill, fully integrated with chemical recovery, power, and recausticization, and pulp drying islands to determine where the largest cost impact associated with improved pulp yield may be experienced.
6
Zanuncio, Antonio Jose Vinha, Amelia Guimaraes Carvalho, Marcela Gomes da Silva, and José Tarcisio Lima. "IMPORTANCE OF WOOD DRYING TO THE FOREST TRANSPORT AND PULP MILL SUPPLY." CERNE 23, no. 2 (June 2017): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201723022223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The forest transportation represents a great proportion of raw material cost for pulp and paper production and, for this reason, the wood moisture content should be low to reduce these cost. The objective was to relate the wood moisture with fuel consumption per kilometer in each vehicle and the number of trips to supply a pulp mill. Three trees of Eucalyptus urophylla clone and three of Corymbia citriodora from seeds were used. These trees were felled and their logs removed from its base and at 50 and 100% of the commercial height. The basic density and initial moisture of wood were determined and the air drying monitored during 90 days. The fuel consumption to transport one ton of dry wood and the number of trips required to supply a pulp mill were estimated based on the number of air drying days. Air drying reduced the fuel consumption and the number of trips to supply the pulp mill. The accuracy of models to estimate the wood moisture, fuel consumption and the number of trips based in days of drying was high. Therefore, wood drying is an essential tool to reduce forest transport costs.
7
KORPUNEN, HEIKKI, PEKKA VIRTANEN, OLLI DAHL, PAULA JYLHÄ, and JORI UUSITALO. "An activity-based cost calculation for a kraft pulp mill." September 2012 11, no. 9 (October 1, 2012): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.9.19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study introduces an activity-based costing (ABC) method for a kraft pulp mill. Our ABC model defines the production resources and costs for each process in a chemical pulp mill and allocates the costs to pulp, energy, bark, turpentine, and crude tall oil. The production processes include receiving, unloading and debarking of pulpwood, chipping, chip screening, chip storing, cooking and in-digester washing, pulp washing and screening, oxygen delignification, bleaching, drying, and chemical recovery. We also tested the effect of Scots pine pulpwood properties on the profitability of a virtual greenfield pulp mill located in Finland, where it produced 600000 air-dried (a.d.) metric tons of bleached market pulp annually. Total annual production costs were approximately EUR 216 million (USD 285 million), of which chemical recovery comprised the biggest share (almost 39%). According to the results, the price of market pulp had the most significant effect on the profitability of the mill. The pulpwood properties did not clearly affect pulp production costs; the wood procurement costs had more influence on the profitability of the value chain. Our results also indicate that the profitability of pulp making is strongly dependent on the prices of electricity and heat. This is because the mill is customer and seller in energy markets. ABC proved to be a useful tool and accurate method for cost calculation in this highly competitive branch of the forest industry.
8
Béland, Mathieu, Evelyne Thiffault, Julie Barrette, and Warren Mabee. "Degraded Trees from Spruce Budworm Epidemics as Bioenergy Feedstock: A Profitability Analysis of Forest Operations." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 4609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184609.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural disturbances are common in Canadian boreal managed forests. For example, during and after insect epidemics, foresters must deal with significant amounts of degraded or dead wood that cannot be processed into sawn timber or pulp. Bioenergy could be an alternative pathway for this wood. A case study in Quebec (Canada) was used to evaluate the profitability of pellet production for bioenergy using degraded trees from insect epidemics. A bioenergy scenario was simulated in which degraded trees were harvested for bioenergy alongside sound wood for timber and pulp. This scenario was compared to a reference scenario in which degraded trees were left on cutovers. Using wood pellets as a case study, the results showed that at current market prices, harvesting degraded trees for pellet production is not as profitable as leaving them in the forest. Nevertheless, the overall forest operations for procuring wood for timber and pulp were still profitable, even with very high degradation levels. Procuring degraded trees reduced the overall fixed costs per harvested m3 and allowed average savings of C$2.83/harvested m3. The silvicultural savings associated with lower site preparation needs following procurement of degraded trees ranged from C$0/ha to C$500/ha, resulting in average savings of C$2.31/harvested m3. Depending on the stand conditions, the distribution of fixed costs and silvicultural savings of biomass procurement could be either low or significant.
9
RUNGE, TROY, JACKIE HEINRICHER, and DAN MEIER. "Co-cooking moso bamboo with hardwoods." June 2014 13, no. 6 (July 1, 2014): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.6.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bamboo is one of the world’s fastest growing feedstocks and represents a promising nonwood resource that can be utilized in the pulp and paper industry. The timber varieties offer low feedstock costs, can be processed similarly to trees from a logistics standpoint, and have useful fiber properties for papermaking. Plantations have not yet been established due to propagation costs, limiting adoption of bamboo as a pulp feedstock to smaller pulp mills primarily in China, where there are native forests. Recent advances in micropropagation may allow lower establishment costs, but gradual introduction into the supply chain will be required. One concept is to gradually include bamboo feedstock into an established pulp mill as plantations are established, using co-cooking with a wood species. Previous work has shown that bamboo cooks fairly easily using the kraft process with conditions similar to hardwood species.
10
Sun, Guo Yu, and Wei Li. "Cleaner Production Technology on Controlling Emissions of Unintentionally Produced PCDD/Fs from Non-Wood Pulp and Paper Mills in China." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 1120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.1120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As one of the main emission sources of PCDD/Fs, the pulp and paper industry has always been public concerns. In China, the consumption of non-wood fiber as raw material of pulp accounts for a relatively larger proportion in the total productivity. Here, the unintentionally produced PCDD/Fs emissions of five Chinese non-wood pulp and paper mills were investigated. The results showed that the increment of PCDD/Fs after bleaching with chlorine was about 1.71-28.19 times in pulp and 3.96-28.82 times in wastewater based on the existing technologies. In order to reduce the unintentional production of PCDD/Fs, the BAT/BEP transformation program was proposed as cleaner production initiatives featured by less or free use of chlorine in bleaching process, and evaluated by reduction effects and costs. The study showed the application of Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) sequences in bleaching process with improving technologies in other production stages would effectively decrease the generation of PCDD/Fs, other pollutant load as well as the water consumptions.
11
Hedlund, Alexander, Olof Björkqvist, Anders Nilsson, and Per Engstrand. "Energy Optimization in a Paper Mill Enabled by a Three-Site Energy Cooperation." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082715.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although there are opportunities to reduce electrical energy demand in unit processes of mechanical pulp-based paper and paperboard production, this may not be financially beneficial. This is generally because energy optimization opportunities connected to reduced refiner electricity demand in mechanical pulping systems also results in less steam available for the drying of the paper. As modern high consistency refiner systems produce approximately one ton of steam for each MWh of electricity when producing one ton of pulp, a reduction in electric energy demand leads to increased fuel demand in steam boilers to compensate for the steam shortage. In this study, we investigated what the financial and environmental situation would look like if we were to expand the system border from a paper mill to a larger system consisting of a mechanical pulp-based paper or paperboard mill, a district heating system with an incineration boiler and a chemical pulp mill. Mechanical pulp production has a wood to product yield of >90%, a high electric energy demand to separate woodchips to pulp and is a net producer of heat and steam while chemical pulp-based production has a wood to product yield of 50%, a low electric energy demand and is a net heat and electricity producer due to the combustion of dissolved wood polymers. The aim of this research is to create useful and robust models of how to use excess heat from certain industry sites to cover the steam shortage in other industry sites by means of utilizing and optimizing the district heating systems connecting these sites. For this purpose, we used a simulation tool which dynamically allows us to evaluate different scenarios. Our results shows that there is great potential to reduce both carbon dioxide emissions and production costs for industry sites and society by means of these tools.
12
Patil, Ravikant, Joseph Genco, Hemant Pendse, and Adriaan Van Heiningen. "Process for producing acetic acid in hardwood kraft pulp mills." May 2017 16, no. 05 (2017): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj16.5.287.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To determine the economic feasibility of producing acetic acid from commercial hardwood chips in kraft pulp mills, laboratory experiments were conducted to obtain sufficient data to perform a preliminary economic analysis for a proposed acetic acid recovery process. The acetyl groups in northeast hardwood were hydrolyzed from the xylan polymers in the wood to obtain sodium acetate. The extraction experiments were performed by using 4%–6% sodium hydroxide at low temperature (50°C–80°C). Sodium acetate from the extract was concentrated and then converted into acetic acid and sodium hydroxide by salt splitting using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED). Flow diagrams were prepared and cost estimates made for the capital and operating costs for the proposed acetic acid recovery process. The discounted cash flow rate of return on investment was estimated for pulp mills in the range of 1000–2000 tons/day. A preliminary economic analysis showed that the discounted cash flow rate of return on investment is primarily a function of (1) the plant size, (2) the selling price of acetic acid, and (3) the content of acetyl groups present in wood species. The income for the process and thus the rate of return on investment increases with increasing acetyl content in the wood and selling price of the acetic acid. When food grade acetic acid is produced, for example, the rate of return varies between 9% and 16% depending upon the size of the pulp mill, assuming the wood contains 3.5% acetyl groups on a dry basis and the selling price of acetic acid is US$900/ton.
13
RUNGE, TROY, CARL HOUTMAN, ALBERTO NEGRI, and JACKIE HEINRICHER. "Timber bamboo pulp." TAPPI Journal 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.2.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fast-growing biomass, such as bamboo, has the potential to serve an important future role in the pulp and paper industry with potential to both lower resource costs and improve a product’s sustainability. Moso bamboo is particularly interesting due to its fast growth and size, which allows it to be handled and chipped similarly to wood resources. In this study, we will share results of the chip preparation, kraft cooking, and ECF bleaching of this bamboo species and compare its pulpability, bleachability, and physical properties to a fast growing hybrid poplar tree. Results indicate that the bamboo chips cooked and bleached similarly to the poplar hardwood, allowing for co-cooking. The resulting pulps had superior tensile properties at low refining, but did have higher fines that lowered drainability as measured by Canadian Standard Freeness. The bamboo fiber morphology was also measured, indicating the fiber to have length weighted average fiber lengths and coarseness values to be greater than the poplar wood studied, which should allow this material to be used in many paper grades.
14
Małachowska, Edyta, Marcin Dubowik, Aneta Lipkiewicz, Kamila Przybysz, and Piotr Przybysz. "Analysis of Cellulose Pulp Characteristics and Processing Parameters for Efficient Paper Production." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 7219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177219.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For economic reasons, increasing the use of various fibrous pulps with high lignin contents—i.e., chemothermomechanical pulp (BCTMP and CTMP), thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and semichemical pulp—is desirable. The relatively good quality and increased efficiency of these pulps make them attractive paper semi-products. In particular, they could alleviate the severe shortage of paper semi-products. Although mechanical pulp and semichemical pulp are achieving increasing quality with substantially increased wood efficiency, their production is often characterised by high consumption of electricity to defibre chips or refine high-lignin-content fibrous pulps. Technological, environmental, and economic evaluations of the manufacture and application of increased efficiency cellulose pulps that take into account potential profits from increased cellulose pulp efficiency and losses due to energy costs and degradation in the properties of the resulting paper are relevant and essential to paper mills. This article reports such an analysis. The authors have analysed the usable properties of ten cellulose pulps with various degrees of digestion and identified the optimum pulp that yields the optimum product properties, considering the yield; pulp refining time, which determines the cost of paper manufacture; and strength properties of the obtained paper.
15
Watson, P. A., and J. V. Hatton. "Increasing the use of supplemental fibre sources in pulping." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 5 (October 1, 1996): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72501-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The highlights of a recent two-day workshop to address problems of fibre shortages and increasingly high delivered wood costs show that, based on their quality, availability and impact, several supplemental fibre sources can be used effectively in chemical and mechanical pulping. The workshop, held in Vancouver, British Columbia, was hosted jointly by the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada and the Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada.
16
Isokangas, Ari, Kari Ala-Kaila, Markku Ohenoja, Aki Sorsa, and Kauko Leiviskä. "Effect of log loading on the performance of wood room." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 29, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2014-29-02-p201-210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse the log loading process of wood room, which is typically the first processing unit in pulp and paper mills. The aim is to improve the log loading process to obtain production with a constant log flow of well de-iced logs to the debarking drum. This way it is possible to reduce costs and enhance product quality. The research was carried out utilising a log loading simulator. The parameters of the simulation model were selected on the basis of process observations on a mill. The results indicate that it is essential to adjust the process and equipment parameters, raw material properties and truck loader operation together in order to reach the target capacity with minimum costs. Especially the speed of the infeed conveyor affects all performance criteria and should be selected carefully. In addition, wood yard logistics and raw material properties have a remarkable effect on the wood room performance. The results can be utilised in mills to allow the upper level control perform in a planned way so that small wood loss and good product quality can be obtained.
17
Nakagaito, Antonio Norio, Yusuke Katsumoto, and Hitoshi Takagi. "Extraction of cellulose nanofiber from parenchyma cells of agricultural residues." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 14n15 (May 28, 2019): 1940012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919400128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cellulose nanofiber is an environmentally friendly reinforcing phase extractable from plants, with potential application in composites. Due to the cell wall structure differences, plant parenchyma cells might be easier to nanofibrillate than sclerenchyma cells of wood pulp fibers, resulting in lower extraction costs. This study assessed the extraction of nanofibers from residues like corn husk, banana peel, cabbage leaf, and taro leaf using a kitchen blender. Fibrillation was evaluated based on the strength of paper-like sheets produced from the nanofibers. Corn husk was nanofibrillated by the shortest blending time among the sources considered, and delivered the highest sheet strength. The blending time needed was significantly shorter than that needed to fibrillate hardwood pulp fibers.
18
Gayle, W. B. "What Does the Forest User Require from the Forest Manager." Forestry Chronicle 61, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61154-2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The forest users' needs can be stated simply: "A continuous and sustained supply of wood at a constant real cost".Forest manufacturing is highly capital intensive. A pulp mill costing $500 million needs five 65-million-dollar sawmills and five 35-million-dollar logging operations to supply the necessary volume of chips. The total costs $1 billion and $150 million per year must be put back into the business. To obtain the money, there must be not only a secure forest tenure, but for Crown lands, an incentive for wood users to make a solid commitment to forest management.The logger needs a year-round operation with relatively consistent timber types and topography. The sawmiller needs wood of consistent size and quality at an economical hauling distance from the mill. Mills will go under if hauling distances increase year by year, hence the need for total regeneration and rehabilitation of the backlog of NSR Land. The pulp mills require raw material of consistent quality to sell pulp on the open market.Threats to these requirements are lack of regeneration of denuded lands, ever decreasing annual allowable cuts with increased haul distances, and withdrawal of forest land from production.The solution is to provide incentives for the user to manage the forests under contract with the owner. Then there will be long-term management — a time frame not compatible with the fiscal policies of politicians and hence governments. Key words: forest management, forest industry, financial requirements, forest economics.
19
Azlin Azmi, Annur, and Siti Amira Othman. "Fabrication of magnetic sugarcane bagasse paper." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1231, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1231/1/012013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Generally, development in the pulp and paper industry requires extensive cutting of trees, which in effect contributes to deforestation. The dramatic growth in demand for wood supply, combined with the increasingly increasing cost of timber, has created a surge of interest in the use of non-wood plant fibres for paper production in widely developed countries. The use of waste material in pulping and paper-based industries could be beneficial as it helps prevent the need for disposal, which currently increases agricultural costs and causes environmental deterioration due to pollution and fires. In this research, the sugarcane bagasse was dry and chopped into 5 cm in lengths. The fibre and pulp were separated and put in a pulp disintegrator then it was weighed and mixed with water. The paper that fabricates will be irradiated with gamma-ray and then followed by characterizing with Scanning Electron Microscope- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SEM-EDX result shows that the weight and atomic percentage of the ferrite (Fe) increase after the irradiation. While for the FTIR, the entire sample exhibit the absorption range of 3400 to 2400 cm−1 region. The paper will be compared with the properties of multipurpose paper.
20
Han, Xiao Fang, and Hong Qing Hu. "Application of Bleaching Reed Pulp by Xylanase-Producing Alkalophilic Bacillius." Advanced Materials Research 830 (October 2013): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.830.207.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reeds are the reeds of the Gramineae Lo bamboo family and they are major non-wood papermaking raw materials. Based on the importance of the reed in the papermaking, many useful discussions have been carried out about its pulping and bleaching processes (Shatalov et al.,2001).Finnish scholars reported a pulp by the xylanase treatment could reduce the segment of chloride to chlorine consumption of 25% for the first time in 1986 (Viikari et al., 1986),and it was soon put into industrial production after then. Xylanase can reduce the amount of chemical additives by improving the bleach ability of the pulp, thereby reducing environmental pollution and reduce production costs, and increase the brightness of the paper (Anatoly et al., 2007).Although many scholars have done a lot of research in biobleaching, and have made some progress, but most of the selection of microorganisms are fungi and neutrophilic bacteria, the production of xylanase is usually in the pH 5 - 7, 40-50°C which often leads to maximal activity, thus lack of compatibility with the conventional chemical pulping process. In recent years, the thermal stability of alkaline xylanase has been paid much attention (Shatalov et al.,2003). Alkalophilic bacteria secreted extracellular enzyme with heat, basophilic characteristics, can be used directly to the biopulping pretreatment and bleaching of wood and non wood raw materials. The recent study on organic solventbased pulping of giant reed showed that competitive papermaking fibres could be produced using this advanced pulping technology (Shatalov and Pereira, 2001). The amount of enzyme not only directly affects the size of pulp hardness, degree of polymerization and brightness, but also was the basis for investigating the economic of dealing with enzyme.The results of alkaline bacteria xylanase bleaching ramie fiber have been reported previously (Zheng et al., 2000). In this study, the xylanase of alkalophilic Bacillus is used in reed pulp bleaching pretreatment, and the physical and chemical properties of the enzyme to deal with the reed pulp are analyzed.
21
Hamilton, Clive. "The Economics of Logging High Conservation Value Native Forests." Economic and Labour Relations Review 6, no. 2 (December 1995): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469500600201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper analyses various aspects of the economics of logging high conservation value native forests. After outlining the multiple uses of these forests, evidence is reviewed that suggests that subsidisation of logging is extensive. Next the paper reviews work that indicates that when account is taken of the environmental values lost due to logging (including the value of water with alternative uses) there are net social costs from logging high conservation native forests. Finally, changes to the structure of the wood products industry are analysed and it is argued that the growth of plantation timber, although rapid, has been constrained by subsidisation of native forests logging. Despite this, the data show that plantation-sourced wood will capture most of the market for sawn timber and pulp within a decade. There is thus the opportunity for Australia to have its timber needs met without the environmental costs associated with logging of native forests.
22
Nuengwang, Wipawadee, Thongchai R. Srinophakun, and Matthew J. Realff. "Real-Time Optimization of Pulp Mill Operations with Wood Moisture Content Variation." Processes 8, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060651.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In tropical countries, such as Thailand, the variation of tree moisture content can be significant based on seasonal variations in rainfall. Pulp mill operation optimization accounting for wood moisture variation was used to determine optimal operation conditions and minimize production cost. The optimization models were built using empirical modeling techniques with simulated data from the IDEAS software package. Three case studies were performed. First, a base case of nominal annual operation at a fixed production rate was used to calculate production cost that varies with wood moisture content. The second case is annual optimization where production was allowed to vary monthly over an annual cycle to minimize production cost. For the third case, real-time optimization (RTO) was used to determine optimal production rate with the wood moisture content varying every 3 days. The rolling horizon approach was used to schedule production to keep inventory levels within bounds and with a penalty applied to deviations from the annual expected values of inventory. The advantage of RTO in accounting for moisture content variation was confirmed by annual production costs results simulated for 20 years. These results statistically demonstrated that the overall cost was reduced compared to the second case of monthly production targets.
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Fiskari, Juha, Rita Ferritsius, Sinke H. Osong, Anders Persson, Tomas Höglund, Peter Immerzeel, and Magnus Norgren. "Deep eutectic solvent delignification to low-energy mechanical pulp to produce papermaking fibers." BioResources 15, no. 3 (June 17, 2020): 6023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.6023-6032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A novel process based on low-energy mechanical pulp and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was evaluated with the goal of producing fibers suitable for papermaking. Ideally, these fibers could be produced at much lower costs, especially when applied to an existing paper mill equipped with a thermomechanical pulp (TMP) production line that was threatened with shutdown due to the decreasing demand for wood-containing paper grades. The efficiency of DES delignification in Teflon-coated autoclaves and in a specially designed non-standard flow extractor was evaluated. All tested DESs had choline chloride ([Ch]Cl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor. Lactic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, or urea acted as hydrogen bond donors. The temperatures and times of the delignification tests were varied. Chemical analysis of the pulp samples revealed that DESs containing lactic acid, oxalic acid, or urea decreased the lignin content by approximately 50%. The DES delignification based on [Ch]Cl and urea exhibited good hemicellulose retention while DES systems based on organic acids resulted in varying hemicellulose losses. The [Ch]Cl / urea mixture did not appear to be corrosive to stainless steel, which was another advantage of this DES system.
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Chaurasia, Shardesh, Prakashchandra Mervana, Satyapal Singh, and Sanjay Naithani. "Biological Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Material for Biopulping: A Review." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2016-mir5p1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biopulping has the potential to improve pulp quality, paper properties and to reduce energy costs and environmental impact relative to traditional pulping approaches. The technology has focused on the white rot fungi that are known to be degrader of wood constituents. This group of fungi have complex extracellular ligninolytic enzyme systems that can selectively degrade/ alter lignin structure and allow cellulose fibres to be relatively unaffected. It colonizes either on living or dead wood and decomposes almost all plant cell wall polymers including lignin and extractives making it to be extremely potential to be used in biopulping. Biopulping reduces the chemical load in paper industry and thus partially limiting environmental threats caused by conventional pulping. It has been advised that energy savings alone could make the process economically viable. Other benefits include improved burst strength and tear indices of product and reduced pitch deposition.
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Turvey, Nigel D., and John N. Cameron. "Site preparation for a second rotation of radiata pine: growing costs and production of wood and kraft pulp." Australian Forestry 49, no. 3 (January 1986): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1986.11978487.
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Bakhtiar, Arfan, Aries Susanty, and Cynthia Yenitasari Sinuraya. "ANALISIS PENENTUAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE TIME DRIVEN ACTIVITY BASED COSTING (TDABC) PADA PT IIB." J@ti Undip : Jurnal Teknik Industri 11, no. 3 (January 3, 2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jati.11.3.129-134.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PT IIB, merupakan perusahaan manufaktur pengemasan dengan produk utama Carton box packaging dan produk sampingan berupa Pulp Tray dan Pallet. Produk tersebut menggunakan bahan material kertas karton, sisa kertas dan kayu. Perusahaan menggunakan perhitungan dengan penambahan biaya material, biaya gaji karyawan pada tiap aktivitas dan % profit. Ukuran produk yang besar membutuhkan tempat luas, yang menuntut system suplai Just In Time (JIT), bersifat tepat waktu yang di produksi hanya sesuai pesanan, apabila ada tambahan harus melakukan lembur. Sehingga dibutuhkan perhitungan waktu standar agar dapat diperkirakan lama pengerjaan. Maka, membutuhkan metode untuk menentukan harga pokok yang akurat yang dapat menyatukan biaya tiap aktivitas, biaya pendukung dan waktu standar. Metode yang digunakan adalah Time Driven Activity Based Costing (TDABC). TDABC merupakan metode yang merumuskan biaya atas dasar waktu, semua sumber daya yang digunakan dalam produksi dikonversi menjadi unit waktu. Hasil penelitian ini untuk memperoleh seluruh biaya yang terkait proses produksi dan biaya material, mendapatkan waktu standart yang dibutuhkan dalam membuat 3 jenis produk dan memperoleh perhitungan harga pokok produksi untuk Box RSC Rp 4.006,-, Box DC Rp 4.449,-, Pulp Tray Rp 350,- dan Pallet Kayu Rp 155.902,-,serta memperoleh perbandingan hasil perhitungan metode TDABC dan perhitungan perusahaan. ABSTRACT PT IIB is a manufacturing companywith major product Carton box packaging and Pulp Tray and Pallet as side products. This products using materials cardboard, scrap paper and wood. Company using calculations with adding material costs, employees’ salary costs in each activity and% profit. The bigsize product need large space, demanding supply system of Just In Time (JIT), is timely in production only to order, if there is an additional need to do overtime. So it takes time calculation standard that can be estimated lead time. So, need a method to determine an accurate cost to unify the cost of each activity, support costs and standard time. The method used is the Time-Driven Activity Based Costing (TDABC). TDABC is a method of formulating the charges on the basis of time, all of the resources used in the production are converted into units of time. The results of this research to acquire all of the costs related to production processes and support costs, gain time standard that is necessary to make three types of products and obtain a calculation of the cost of production for Box RSC Rp 4.006,-, Box DC Rp 4.449,-, Pulp Tray Rp 350,- and Pallet Kayu Rp 155.902,-,and obtain comparative results of the calculation TDABC method and company.
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Stier, Jeffrey C., Thomas W. Steele, and Robert J. Engelhard. "Pulpwood Procurement Practices in the Wisconsin-Upper Michigan Pulp and Paper Industry." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 3, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/3.1.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Pulpwood constitutes the largest component of the annual timber harvest in Wisconsin. A study was conducted in 1983-84 to determine how pulp mills in Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan obtain their pulpwood supplies and how pulpwood procurement practices have changed over the past two decades. Results indicate that mills rely strongly upon public and private sources of timber, that they are highly dependent on truck transportation of wood supplies, and that they have built up strong procurement departments with links to a broad base of pulpwood producers. Competition and the emphasis on better business practices have increased in recent years as evidenced by the consolidation of woodsheds and greater attention to inventories and promotion of company-sponsored tree farms, especially among those firms that rely on the relatively more scarce long-fibered softwoods. Future procurement strategies suggest possible greater reliance on short-haul rail transportation in those situations where favorable rates can be obtained and expanded use of satellite chipping plants as a vehicle for ensuring a regular wood supply and reducing inventory costs. North. J. Appl. For. 3:10-14, Mar. 1986.
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Cruz, Luis, Pedro Ramos, Eduardo Barata, and João-Pedro Ferreira. "The forestry products value chain and the costs of reshaping it: Multi-regional impacts of shrinking the pulp and paper industries in Portugal." Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research 51 (November 9, 2021): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.21.023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Forestry industry macroeconomic assessments typically concentrate on the production, harvesting, and earliest processing of wood products, underestimating the full range of forests impacts in regional economies.
This work proposes a broader concept – forestry products value chain – that ponders the contribution of the downstream activities relying (directly and indirectly) on Silviculture and Forestry products.
The paper adopts a methodology based on a Multi-Regional Input-Output framework. We apply this approach to the Portuguese economy. Results clarify the role of eucalyptus in “Pulp”, “Paper and Cardboard” and “Paper and Cardboard Articles”. Finally, the projected wider macroeconomic consequences from a reduction of these productions is evaluated.
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Panneerselvam, L. "Water Pollution Abatement in Small Paper Mills in India." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to reduce the demand for the forest based raw materials by the organised industrial sectors like the large integrated pulp and paper mills, the Government of India started promoting several small-scale pulp and paper mills based on non-wood agricultural residue raw materials. However promotion of these small mills has created another environmental problem i.e. severe water pollution due to non-recovery of chemicals. Because of the typical characteristics like high silica content etc. of the black liquor produced and the subsequent high capital investment needed for a recovery system, it is not economically feasible for the small Indian mills to recover the chemicals. While the quantity of wastewater generated per tonne of paper produced by a small mill is same as from a large integrated pulp and paper mill with a chemical recovery system, their BOD load is four times higher, due to non recovery of chemicals. However the existing wastewater disposal standards are uniform for large and small mills for e.g. 30 mg BOD/l. To meet these standards, the small mills have to install a capital intensive wastewater treatment plant with heavy recurring operating costs. Therefore the feasible alternative is to implement various pollution abatement measures, with the objective of not only reducing the fibre/chemical loss but also to reduce the investment and operating costs of the final wastewater treatment system. To illustrate this approach, a case study on water pollution abatement and control in a 10 TPD mill, will be discussed.
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Isokangas, Ari, Kari Ala-Kaila, Aki Sorsa, Markku Ohenoja, and Kauko Leiviskä. "Characterisation of log loading process." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 29, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2014-29-02-p195-200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The objective of this work was to develop a log loading simulator of the wood room in pulp and paper industry. In the first stage the log loading process is modelled. Then the criteria for evaluating the effects of log loading on the wood room performance are defined. The motivation for the research is that log loading can be identified as playing a central role if the production and cost-effectiveness of the wood room is to be increased. The lack of reliable process measurements and changes in raw material quality, which are not measured on-line, make the data-based modelling of an industrial log loading process difficult. For these reasons, the research was performed via mathematical modelling of the process. The simulated results confirm that the same production can be obtained in many ways, but there can be differences in costs. Especially too high speed of the infeed conveyor in relation to capacity leads to several drawbacks, which typically result in increased wood loss and decreased chip quality. For this reason it is important to consider all aspects of log loading for the best performance. The results give insight into the log loading process and may help to improve the log loading process.
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Bosco, Mtweve, Ekael Mbise, and Rwaichi Minja. "Production of Paper Pulp Using Sisal Fiber Waste from Sisal Spinning Processes." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 41, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v41i2.788.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Disposal of large volumes of textile waste is an escalating problem for textile industries. Sisal spinning industry is the one of the textile industries releasing large volumes of textile waste in the landfills. The rising costs, and reduction of available space together with increasing stringent environmental measures are making burying and land filling of textile waste, a declining option. This study therefore explores recycling options where the potential of using sisal fiber waste produced during sisal spinning processes as raw materials for the production of paper pulp was investigated. Sampling was done at 21stCentury Holdings Limited allocated at Chang’ombe industrial street Dar es Salaam mainly dealer of sisal yarns production. Materials were prepared and cut into small pieces of about ½ inches to reduce the fiber into unit lengths so as to achieve pulping required performance. Pulping process was achieved through Soda pulping techniques with two different effective alkali charges (EA-20% and EA-24%) for 240 minutes under maximum temperature 140 C, and liquor to fiber ratio 4:1by using Mathis Labomat dyeing Machine. The kappa number obtained was (25.5, 34.5) for material treated under EA 24% and EA 20% respectively, Percentage pulp yield were (47.1, 54.4) for EA 24% and EA20% pulp respectively. Freeness (630CFS, 555CSF) after refining at 4500rpm. Finally, the resulting pulp was used for hand sheet making and the sheets were tested for their mechanical properties; Grammage (61.1, 61.1) g/m2, Tensile index (9.9, 22.3) Nm/g, Tear index (13.3, 17.4) Nm2/g, burst index (1.7, 3.7 and 1.6) k.pa.m2/g and Elongation at break (2.02, 2.22) % for EA24% pulp, EA20% pulp respectively. The findings shows that sisal fiber wastes have a promising potential for paper pulp production compared to other non-wood raw material.
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Orori, O. B., L. Etiégni, K. Senelwa, M. M. Mwamburi, K. B. Balozi, G. K. Barisa, and E. S. Omutange. "Electro-coagulation treatment efficiency of graphite, iron and aluminum electrodes using alum and wood ash electrolytes on a Kraft pulp and paper mill effluent." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 1526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.936.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Specific power consumption and reduction of BOD, COD, TS, pH, and chemical elements were used to determine the treatment efficiency of Fe, graphite and Al electrodes with alum and wood ash as supporting electrolytes on the effluent from a Kraft pulp and paper mill in Kenya. Five sampling points were selected along mill's effluent treatment system: primary settling tank (SP1), first aerated lagoon (SP2), second aerated lagoon (SP3), stabilization pond (SP4), and at discharge point (SP5). Operating costs were also compared between treatments. Graphite electrodes combined with alum showed the lowest power consumption (0.5 to 3.9 mWh/m3), followed by Al and Fe. All the electrodes reduced color from a maximum of 3,200°H to the minimum local standard of 15°H. However Al electrode with alum was the most effective method for BOD and COD reduction by over 60% and 58.8% respectively and generated less sludge at all sampling points. The cost of treatment was lowest with graphite electrode (US$0.006 to 0.0008 per m3 of effluent), but highest with Al electrodes combined with wood ash (US$31.74 to 8.34 per m3). Further study is required for the effectiveness of increasing the concentration of wood ash leachate at higher concentration and current density.
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Hoa, Doan Thai, Tran Dinh Man, and Ngo Viet Hau. "PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS FOR ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 25, no. 2 (November 22, 2017): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cost of raw materials continues to be a limiting factor in the production of bio-ethanol from traditional raw materials, such as sugar and starch. At the same time, there are large amount of agricultural residues as well as industrial wastes that are of low or negative value (due to costs of current effluent disposal methods). Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of elephant grass and wood residues for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose has been investigated in this study. Elephant grass (agricultural residue) and sawdust (Pulp and Paper Industry waste) with a small particulate size were treated using different dilute sulfuric acid concentrations at a temperature of 140-170°C within 0.5-3 hours. The appropriate pretreatment conditions give the highest yield of soluble saccharides and total reducing sugars.
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Larson, E. D. "Biomass-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration in the Pulp and Paper Industry." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906640.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion is raising new interest in using renewable biomass for energy. Modest-scale cogeneration systems using air-blown gasifiers coupled to aeroderivative gas turbines are expected to have high efficiencies and low unit capital costs, making them well-suited for use with biomass. Biomass-gasifier/gas turbine (BIG/GT) technology is not commercial, but efforts aimed at near-term commercialization are ongoing worldwide. Estimated performance and cost and prospects for commercial development of two BIG/GT systems are described, one using solid biomass fuel (e.g., wood chips), the other using kraft black liquor. At an energy-efficient kraft pulp mill, a BIG/GT cogeneration system could produce over three times as much electricity as is typically produced today. The mill’s on-site energy needs could be met and a large surplus of electricity would be available for export. Using in addition currently unutilized forest residues for fuel, electricity production would be nearly five times today’s level. The total cost to produce the electricity in excess of on-site needs is estimated to be below 4 cents per kWh in most cases. At projected growth rates for kraft pulp production, the associated biomass residue fuels could support up to 100 GW of BIG/GT capacity at kraft pulp mills worldwide in 2020 (30 GW in the US). The excess electricity production worldwide in 2020 would be equivalent to 10 percent of today’s electricity production from fossil fuels.
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Pitt, Doug G., Len Lanteigne, Michael K. Hoepting, and James Farrell. "Effects of precommercial thinning on the forest value chain in northwestern New Brunswick: A fifty-year legacy of forest research continues." Forestry Chronicle 89, no. 04 (August 2013): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reduction of the stem density of young, naturally regenerating stands through precommercial thinning (PCT) is widely accepted as beneficial for controlling tree species composition, selecting crop trees and improving their growth, and preparing stand structure for subsequent commercial thinning. Less understood and accepted are the forest-level benefits associated with wood fibre yield and value as they relate to the financial returns of PCT. The Green River PCT trials were established between 1959 and 1961 in naturally regenerating balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)-dominated stands an average of eight years after overstory removal. Three nominal spacings of 4 ft (1.2 m), 6 ft (1.8 m) and 8 ft (2.4 m) were compared to an unthinned control in six replicate blocks. In the fall of 2008, following completion of the ninth sequential evaluation of the study’s 48 permanent sample plots, three of the six replicates were clearcut harvested and data were collected to quantify the effects of PCT on the forest value chain. This paper is the introduction to a series of six papers that quantify the rotation-length effects of PCT on: 1) stand dynamics and the yield of roundwood products; 2) harvesting and wood handling costs; 3) root and butt rot incidence, severity, and effects on volume recovery; 4) lumber and fibre-based panel recovery and value; 5) pulp and paper recovery and value; and 6) the overall integration of these costs and benefits.
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Brumfield, Robin G., Alyssa J. DeVincentis, Xueni Wang, R. Thomas Fernandez, Susmitha Nambuthiri, Robert L. Geneve, Andrew K. Koeser, et al. "Economics of Utilizing Alternative Containers in Ornamental Crop Production Systems." HortTechnology 25, no. 1 (February 2015): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.1.17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As high-input systems, plant production facilities for liner and container plants use large quantities of water, fertilizers, chemical pesticides, plastics, and labor. The use of renewable and biodegradable inputs for growing aesthetically pleasing and healthy plants could potentially improve the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of current production systems. However, costs for production components to integrate sustainable practices into established systems have not been fully explored to date. Our objectives were to determine the economic costs of commercial production systems using alternative containers in aboveground nursery systems. We determined the cost of production (COP) budgets for two woody plant species grown in several locations across the United States. Plants were grown in plastic pots and various alternative pots made from wood pulp (WP), fabric (FB), keratin (KT), and coconut fiber (coir). Cost of production inputs for aboveground nursery systems included the plant itself (liner), liner shipping costs, pot, pot shipping costs, substrate, substrate shipping costs, municipal water, and labor. Our results show that the main difference in the COP is the price of the pot. Although alternative containers could potentially increase water demands, water is currently an insignificant cost in relation to the entire production process. Use of alternative containers could reduce the carbon, water, and chemical footprints of nurseries and greenhouses; however, the cost of alternative containers must become more competitive with plastic to make them an acceptable routine choice for commercial growers.
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Gan, Jianbang. "Forest certification costs and global forest product markets and trade: a general equilibrium analysis." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-100.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The impacts of forest certification costs on the output, price, and trade of forest products were assessed via computable general equilibrium modeling under various scenarios representing tropical, temperate, and global forest certification. Despite causing more severe and extensive impacts, global certification seems more acceptable than regional certification to major timber-producing countries. The regions that would suffer the most from global certification would not be major timber-producing regions, but major net importers of forest products like East Asia. With 5%25% increases in forestry production costs resulting from certification, the world's forestry output would decline by 0.3%5.1%, while the world price would rise by 1.6%34.6%; impacts on global lumber and pulp and paper markets would be much more moderate. In general, forest certification would have larger impacts on trade and price than on output. While causing trade diversion and substitutions between tropical and temperate forest products and affecting regional forest product markets, forest certification would not substantially induce substitutions between wood and nonwood products at the global aggregate level. Because of the possible leakages (deforestation elsewhere) associated with regional certification and the land-use shifts resulting from sectoral production shifts at the regional level, forest certification may not necessarily curb tropical deforestation.
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Avila, G., and L. A. Berndt. "Release of a new biological control agent Cotesia urabae against Uraba lugens in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (January 8, 2011): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5983.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In July 2010 the Environmental Risk Management Authority New Zealand gave approval to Scion to release the parasitoid Cotesia urabae (Hymenoptera Braconidae) as a biological control agent for the gum leaf skeletonizer Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in New Zealand as part of a project supported by the Sustainable Farming Fund To date four releases of the biological control agent have been made three at the Auckland Domain and one at the Manukau Memorial Gardens Further releases will be made to ensure establishment Three C urabae cocoons were found 1 month after the first release suggesting initial establishment Monitoring is continuing to determine if the population persists It is predicted that the introduction of C urabae into New Zealand will (1) lead to a decrease in the existing population of U lugens (2) have no impacts on nontarget species and (3) provide socioeconomic benefits such as reducing the number of encounters between humans and caterpillars (and therefore decreasing the incidence of allergic responses) and reducing the substantial costs associated with maintaining the utility of eucalypts for wood and pulp production and the costs of protecting or replacing amenity trees
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Merwin, Ian, Dave Rosenberger, and Cathy Engle. "073 A COMPARISON OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC MULCHES WITH CONVENTIONAL ORCHARD-FLOOR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 438d—438. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.438d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In several northeastern USDA Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture (LISA) projects, we compared natural (hay-straw, wood-chips, recycled newspaper pulp) and synthetic (polypropylene films and polyester fabrics) mulch materials with mowed sodgrass, tillage, and residual herbicides, as orchard groundcover management systems (GMS). Treatments were applied in 2m-wide strips under newly planted apple (Malus domestica cvs. Liberty, Empire, Freedom. and others) trees on MARK rootstock, planted at 3 by 5m spacing, in 1990. Edaphic, economic, tree nutritional and fruit yield impacts of these GMS were evaluated for four years in five Hudson Valley orchards. All the mulches cost more to establish and maintain ($450 to 4500/ha) than mowed sod ($150/ha), tillage ($120/ha), or residual herbicide ($50/ha) systems. There were few differences in soil water or nutrient availability, leaf nutrient content, tree growth or fruit yield in the mulch systems compared with herbicide or tillage GMS. Meadow voles (Microtus spp.) caused considerable damage to trees in the synthetic and straw mulches, despite the use of trunk guards. Wood-chips were the most enduring, least expensive, and most effective natural mulch. There were insufficient short-term benefits to offset the greater costs of synthetic mulch fabrics or films, in comparison with conventional herbicide snip systems for orchard floor management.
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ANDREW, JEROME E., JONAS JOHAKIMU, and NKANYISO E. NGEMA. "Ozone bleaching of South African Eucalyptus grandis kraft pulps containing high levels of hexenuronic acids." August 2013 12, no. 8 (September 1, 2013): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.8.9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ozone use in conjunction with chlorine dioxide during pulp bleaching offers several advantages over conventional bleaching sequences that make use of chlorine dioxide only. Despite this, in South Africa, only one mill uses ozone. The current study was a preliminary investigation into the use of ozone in bleaching sequences for kraft pulps produced from South African Eucalyptus grandis wood chips, which typically contained high amounts of hexenuronic acids (HexA). The objective of the study was to compare the performance of ozone to other technologies used to remove HexA, such as acid hydrolysis (A) and hot chlorine dioxide (DHT) stages. Bleaching sequences using chlorine dioxide (i.e., OAD0ED1D2 and ODHTED1D2) were compared to bleaching sequences using ozone (i.e., OZD0ED1 and OAZD0ED1). The results showed that ozone preferentially reacted with HexA in the presence of lignin. When applied after oxygen delignification, ozone had the same HexA removal efficiencies as the A- and DHT- stages at dosages in excess of 0.6%. When used in combination with the A-stage, the HexA removal efficiencies of ozone reached 96%. Consequently, up to 15% savings in the estimated bleaching chemical costs were achieved when the OAZD0(EP)D sequence was used, compared to the standard reference sequence (OAD0ED1D2). The residual HexA in the bleached pulp affected brightness reversion of the pulps, but this was only evident for the bleaching sequences that used chlorine dioxide, not for those that included ozone.
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Dykiel, Magdalena, Bernadetta Bienia, Barbara Krochmal-Marczak, and Jolanta Baran. "PRODUCTION OF SELECTED PACKAGING IN POLAND." Academic Review 1, no. 56 (June 2022): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper discusses the latest data on the production of selected paper and paperboard, plastic, glass, wood and metal packaging. During the study period 2016-2020/2021, there was an increase in the production of selected paper and paperboard packaging compared to 2016. There has been an increase in the production of paper sacks and bags, cartons made of paper or paperboard other than corrugated and cartons made of paper or paperboard. Among plastic packaging, the production of plastic bags and sacks played a significant role and has been growing steadily since 2016. The production of glass packaging (clear glass bottles with a capacity of less than 2.5 liters for beverages and food) increased between 2016 and 2021. Flat pallets were the dominant product among wood packaging in 2020. The decline in box pallet production was significant not only relative to 2019, but also relative to 2016. In the group of metal packaging with a capacity not exceeding 300 liters, the highest production was recorded for barrels and similar containers for any material (excluding gas), made of aluminium. It reached 93228 tonnes in 2020 and was 2.4% higher than in 2019. The packaging market in Poland and worldwide has been gradually increasing its value over the past years. The production of packaging in Poland in the coming years should grow dynamically, although not as fast as before. Undoubtedly, today the biggest challenge for the packaging industry is the rising prices of raw materials, which can negatively affect the profitability and liquidity situation of manufacturers. In particular, the prices of plastics have gone up considerably, but the costs of pulp, metals, wood and glass are also increasing, so the raw material pressure is now affecting the entire packaging industry.
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Merwin, I. A., D. A. Rosenberger, C. A. Engle, D. L. Rist, and M. Fargione. "Comparing Mulches, Herbicides, and Cultivation as Orchard Groundcover Management Systems." HortTechnology 5, no. 2 (April 1995): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.5.2.151.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural (hay, wood chips, recycled paper pulp) and synthetic (polypropylene film and polyester fabric) mulches were compared with mechanical tillage and residual herbicides as orchard groundcover management systems (GMSS). In two New York orchards-the Clarke farm and Hudson Valley Lab (HVL—GMSS were applied from 1990 to 1993 in 1.8-m-wide strips under newly planted apple (Malus domestica; `Liberty', `Empire', `Freedom', and advanced numbered selections from the disease-resistant apple breeding program at Geneva, N.Y.) trees. GMS impacts on soil fertility, tree nutrition and growth, yields, crop value, and vole (Microtus spp.) populations were evaluated. After 3 years at the Clarke orchard, extractable NO3, Mn, Fe, B, and Zn concentrations were greater in soil with herbicides than synthetic mulches; soil K and P concentrations were greater with herbicides and wood chips than synthetic mulches. At the HVL orchard, topsoil NO3, K, and Mg concentrations were greater with hay mulch than herbicides or other mulches; Mg, Fe, and B concentrations were lower in soil with wood chips than other GMSs. Soil organic matter content was not affected by GMS. Apple leaf N, K, Cu, and Zn concentrations were greater with herbicides, hay mulch, and polypropylene mulch than cultivation or recycled paper mulch at the HVL orchard during hot, dry Summer 1991. Despite transient differences among GMSS during the initial years, after 4 years of treatments there were no consistent GMS trends in cumulative tree growth or gross yields. The higher establishment and maintenance costs of several mulches were offset by their prolonged efficacy over successive years; crop market values from 1992 to 1994 were considerably greater for trees with polypropylene film, polyester fabric, and hay mulches than herbicides, cultivation, or other mulches. Voles caused more serious damage to trees in synthetic and hay mulches, despite the use of mesh trunk guards and rodenticide bait.
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Nobre, Silvana Ribeiro, Luis Diaz-Balteiro, and Luiz Carlos Estraviz Rodriguez. "A Compromise Programming Application to Support Forest Industrial Plantation Decision-Makers." Forests 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111481.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The conflicts that arise between natural resources consumption and the desire to preserve them make the multicriteria decision theory necessary. Brazil, one of the 10 largest timber producers globally, uses optimization models that represent the growth of forests integrated with decision support systems. Brazilian forest plantation managers often face conflicts when continuously seeking efficiency gains (higher productivity at lower costs) and efficacy (higher profits with minimum social and environmental impacts). Managers of leading producing countries on timber, pulp, and fiberboard constantly interact to fine-tune industry processing demands vis-a-vis the demands of highly productive fast-growing forest plantations. The decision process in such cases seeks a compromise that accommodates short-term industry productivity optimization and long-term forestry production capacity. This paper aims to apply a forest management decision support system (FMDSS) to a case study that represents the challenges that industrial plantations in Brazil usually face. A vertically integrated pulp company situation was simulated to provide a real scenario. In this scenario, forest managers tend to shorten the rotations due to Brazil’s usually high-interest rates; meanwhile, industrial managers tend to ask for longer ones due to the positive correlation between age and wood density. Romero®, a Forest Management Decision Support System, developed by following the multi-criteria decision theory, was used to process the case study. Expressly, the hypothesis that mill managers initially have, that older ages rotation could improve mill production, was not confirmed. Moreover, mill managers lean towards changes in the short term, while the case study shows that changes in rotation size and genetic material take time, and decisions have to be made involving both interests: forest and mill managers.
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McLaren, Brian, and Jason Pollard. "Restructuring of the boreal forest and the forest sector in Newfoundland, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 772–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85772-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Newfoundland pulp logs were once considered an abundant resource available for export, but over the last part of the 20th century became a shrinking commodity, imported to the island to keep 3 paper mills supplied. What were the concurrent changes in the human and the forested landscapes? Faced with increasing resource and labour costs, forest operations became increasingly centralized and mechanized during the second half of the 20th century. Labour productivity increased and, until the mid-1970s, pulpwood processing also increased as a means for forest companies to remain competitive. By the mid-1970s, processed volumes began to fall, but the number of employees in the forest sector continued to decline, resulting in a steady increase in the volume of pulpwood required to support a forest sector job. Forests accessed by loggers were first concentrated around waterways and then became more dispersed across the landscape, as a result of changes in wood extraction and transportation technologies. Beginning in the 1950s and increasingly through the 1980s, pulpwood was cut from targeted, high-volume stands. Eventually 2 of the 3 paper mills was forced to close, in part because of higher costs associated with accessing pulpwood. Newfoundland’s history of forestry restructuring is similar to the experience elsewhere in Canada. We suggest that signals of overexploitation have been often overlooked by policy-makers and changes in the forest sector can be more easily viewed as a response to new technologies and global markets than policy-making. Key words: Canada, employment, history, landscape, logging, Newfoundland and Labrador, policy, restructuring, sustainability
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Ridho, Muhammad Rasyidur, Erika Ayu Agustiany, Muslimatul Rahmi Dn, Elvara Windra Madyaratri, Muhammad Ghozali, Witta Kartika Restu, Faizatul Falah, et al. "Lignin as Green Filler in Polymer Composites: Development Methods, Characteristics, and Potential Applications." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (April 30, 2022): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1363481.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After cellulose, lignin is the most commonly used natural polymer in green biomaterials. Pulp and paper mills and emerging cellulosic biorefineries are the main sources of technical lignin. However, only 2–5% of lignin has been converted into biomaterials. Making lignin-based polymer biocomposites to replace petroleum-based composites has piqued the interest of many researchers worldwide due to the positive environmental impact of traditional composites over time. In composite development, lignin is being used as a filler in commercial polymers to improve biodegradability and possibly lower production costs. As a natural polymer, lignin may have different properties depending on the isolation method and source, affecting polymer-based composites. The application has been affected by the characteristics of lignin and the uniform distribution of lignin in polymers. The review’s goal was to provide an overview of technical lignin extraction, properties, and its potential appropriate utilization. It was also planned to revisit the lignin-based composites’ preparation procedure as well as their composite characteristics. Solvent casting and extrusion methods are used to fabricate lignin from polymeric matrices such as polypropylene, epoxy, polyvinyl alcohol, polylactic acid, starch, wood fiber, natural rubber, and chitosan. Packaging, biomedical materials, automotive, advanced biocomposites, flame retardant, and other applications for lignin-based composites has existed. As a result, the technology is still being refined to increase the performance of lignin-based biocomposites in several applications. This review could assist explain lignin’s position as a composite additive, which could lead to more efficient processing and application strategies.
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Isemin, Rafail, Fouzi Tabet, Artemy Nebyvaev, Vadim Kokh-Tatarenko, Sergey Kuzmin, Oleg Milovanov, Dmitry Klimov, Alexander Mikhalev, Semen Dobkin, and Yuri Zhulaev. "Prediction of the Behavior of Sunflower Husk Ash after Its Processing by Various Torrefaction Methods." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 7483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207483.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biomass can be considered an alternative to coal in the production of heat and electricity. Many types of biomass are waste from agriculture and the food industry. This waste is cheap, readily available, and replenished annually. However, most agricultural and food industry wastes (sugar cane pulp, olive and sunflower oil production wastes, straw, etc.) have ash with a low melting point. This leads to a rapid growth of ash deposits on the heating surfaces of boilers; as a result, the actual efficiency of boilers in which waste from agriculture and the food industry is burned is 45–50%. Known biomass pre-treatment technologies that allow for the fuel characteristics of biowaste. For example, leaching of biowaste in water at a temperature of 80–240 °C makes it possible to drastically reduce the content of alkali metal compounds in the ash, the presence of which reduces the melting point of the ash. However, this biomass pre-treatment technology is complex and requires additional costs for drying the treated biomass. We proposed to use torrefaction for pre-treatment of biomass, which makes it possible to increase the heat of combustion of biomass, increase the hydrophobicity of biomass, and reduce the cost of grinding it. However, we are not aware of studies that have studied the effect of torrefaction on the chemical composition of ash from the point of view of solving the problem of preventing the formation of agglomerates and reducing the growth rate of ash deposits on the convective heating surfaces of boilers. In this paper, the characteristics of sunflower husk subjected to torrefaction in an environment of superheated steam at a temperature of 300 °C and in an environment of gaseous products at a temperature of 250 °C are studied. All experiments were conducted using fluidized bed technology. The resulting biochar has a calorific value of 14.8–23% higher than the initial husk. To assess the behavior of sunflower husk ash, predictive coefficients were calculated. Torrefaction of sunflower husks does not exclude the possibility of slagging of the furnace but reduces the likelihood of slagging by 2.31–7.27 times. According to calculations, the torrefaction of sunflower husks reduces the likelihood of ash deposits on the convective heating surfaces of the boiler by 2.1–12.2 times. According to its fuel characteristics, the husk, after torrefaction in an environment of superheated steam, approaches wood waste, i.e., can be burned separately without additives or mixtures with other fuels with refractory ash.
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Marchenko, Oleg, Sergei Solomin, Vitaly Shamanskiy, and Igor Donskoy. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Joint Use of Wood and Other Renewable Energy Sources in the Baikal Region." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031254.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper addresses the assessment of woody biomass resources in Russia and the Baikal region. The analysis of the literature demonstrates that the Baikal region has considerable amounts of waste from the logging, timber processing, and pulp and paper industries (up to 220 PJ). A review of utilization technologies for woody biomass demonstrates that the existing technologies based on biomass gasification are promising for energy purposes. The gasification of biomass for small-capacity power plants has some advantages compared to its combustion. This paper considers an autonomous power system that consists of photovoltaic converters, wind turbines, storage batteries, a biomass gasification power plant, and a diesel power plant. A mathematical model used to optimize the system’s structure finds the minimum of the total discounted costs for the creation and operation of the system with some constraints met. Based on mathematical modeling, the cost-effectiveness of such a power supply system is assessed for different climatic zones of the Baikal region and the coastal area of Lake Baikal. The findings indicate that the optimal solution is the integration of various renewable energy sources in hybrid power systems. The proportion of energy sources of different types in the installed capacities is found. The study demonstrates that the optimal structure of the power system can provide significant savings (the total discounted costs are reduced by almost 2.5 times compared to the option using a diesel power plant alone).
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Corradi, Isadora Silva, Fernando José Borges Gomes, Felipe Pedersoli Borges, and Thales Augusto Pinto Coelho Nogueira. "Effects of localized environment on the eucalypt clones quality aiming kraft pulp production." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, April 13, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2022-0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Wood is the most expensive fraction in the pulp production costs. Therefore, strategies for increasing wood quality such as faster growth, higher wood basic density and lower lignin content are drivers to pulp mills. The cultivation site as well as the eucalypt clones influence the wood quality, which, in turn, affects the pulp production performance. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the effect of the site on the wood quality for the pulp production. Three eucalypt clones from five different sites in Brazil were used in this study. These samples were selected aiming to represent a gradient of environmental stress. It was possible to observe a reduction in the content of extractives and lignin and an increase in the content of glucans in the sites with less environmental stress, reflecting in the production of pulp with less effective alkali demanded (reduction of 13.5 %) and an increase of 10.5 % in the kraft pulp screened yield. MAIP values of 22.7 ton/ha/year were obtained in the sites with less environmental stress, presenting a lower specific wood consumption. Through the production indicators, it was observed that the C1 clone is more adaptable to the regions of greater environmental stress than the other clones analyzed.
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Claesson, Tommy, Sirkku Sarenbo, Peter Mellbo, and Olof Stålnacke. "Nutrient recycling by using residues from forest industry." Linnaeus Eco-Tech, January 29, 2020, 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/eco-tech.2005.005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A major part of residues from pulp industry are deposited as waste at high disposal costs. Thispaper summarizes a five-year research project concerning implementation of an industrial,automatic roll-pelletizing method at a heating plant in the city of Kalmar, Sweden and presentsthe visions of the newly initiated research project where pulp industry residues are recycledtogether with wood ash. Also combustion issues are included.
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Kumar, Amit, Mukesh Yadav, and Workinesh Tiruneh. "Debarking, pitch removal and retting: Role of microbes and their enzymes." Physical Sciences Reviews 5, no. 10 (May 27, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2019-0048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMicrobial enzymes are green and clean alternatives for several processes in the pulp and paper industry. Enzyme treatment decreases the energy requirement and minimizes the wood losses during drum debarking. Lipophilic wood extractives are known as pitch. Pitch deposition adversely affects the pulp quality and increases equipment maintenance and operating costs during paper manufacturing. Several chemical additives have been used to remove pitch deposits. Natural seasoning of wood is used to minimize pitch content in wood, but it has some disadvantages including yield losses and decreased brightness. Controlled seasoning with white-rot fungi or albino strains of sapstain fungi is an effective tool for degradation and removal of wood extractives. Enzymes including lipase, laccase, sterol esterase, and lipooxygenase have also been used to minimize pitch-related problems. Enzymatic retting has been proved an eco-friendly and economical solution for chemical degumming and traditional retting.