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Статті в журналах з теми "Wood-pulp Costs"
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Chambers, Paul GS, and Nuno MG Borralho. "A simple model to examine the impact of changes in wood traits on the costs of thermomechanical pulping and high-brightness newsprint production with radiata pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A number of functions were investigated that related the costs of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and high-brightness newsprint production, using Pinus radiata D. Don, to important pulp and paper quality (breeding objective) variables, including specific energy consumption and pulp handsheet tear and tensile strength, brightness, and opacity. Pulp handsheet quality traits were considered to be reasonable two-dimensional predictors of paper quality traits in this context. A specific production process that requires the use of a reinforcement kraft pulp and an artificial clay filler to improve the quality of paper produced from the bleached TMP fibres was investigated, similar to the production process used by Australian Newspaper Mills' Boyer Mill in Tasmania, Australia. Pulp and pulp handsheet quality variables could be explained by significant (P > 0.05) wood traits using multiple linear regression equations. This provided a method to predict the economic importance of each wood trait in relation to the thermomechanical production process investigated. The results showed that tracheid length, wood density, wood brightness, and tracheid coarseness were the best predictors of costs. Increases in tracheid length, wood density, and wood brightness and decreases in tracheid coarseness resulted in decreasing the total costs of TMP and high-brightness newsprint production.
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Miettinen, Jenni, and Markku Ollikainen. "Economics of forest bioeconomy: new results." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 52, no. 3 (March 2022): 426–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2021-0178.
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We examine the emerging forest bioeconomy as an integrated, multi-product industrial ecosystem, where the traditional pulp mills allocate the use of side streams to independent biochemical companies manufacturing bioproducts in the vicinity of the pulp mills. Biochemical companies benefit from the proximity by receiving wood-based side streams at lower costs, and at the same time, pulp mills benefit from having a new source of revenue from selling side streams. We focus on the economic interaction between the pulp mill and the biochemical company, and we study the impacts on the use of wood and profits under perfect and imperfect competition. We demonstrate that the new industrial ecosystem uses more wood than traditional pulp mills, but depending on the side stream, it may promote cascading use of wood-based side streams.
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HART, PETER W. "Seasonal Variations in Wood: Percieved and Rea Impacts on Pulp Yield." March 2009 8, no. 3 (April 1, 2009): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.3.4.
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Over the course of a year, mills experience substantial variations in reported pulp yields per green ton of wood. In the spring, more wood must be consumed to produce the same amount of good-quality pulp. This paper examines the extent of seasonal changes and the seasonal reproducibility of wood moisture in chips. Seasonal changes in the amounts of bark, pin chips, and fines in the chips going to the digester are also examined. Other potential seasonal accounting impacts on reported pulp yield and costs are also considered. Assuming a 1000-TPD mill with a nominal wood cost of $45/green ton, these seasonal changes can account for a variance of almost $600,000/month between the best and the worst operating month. In the worst month, an additional 0.5 green tons of wood per ton of pulp must be processed.
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Mohta, Dinesh, and D. N. Roy. "Forests, fiber, and the environment – In view of the fiber supply to the pulp and paper industry." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75247-2.
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Forests play a vital role in the social, economic, and environmental development of any country. Paper, composed principally of wood fiber, is an essential commodity in promoting literacy, communication, documentation, and packaging. However, there is much concern about the world's forests being over-utilized. This has led to serious repercussions, not only to humanity, but also to the earth's biodiversity as a whole. It is now time that forests be used in a more responsible and ethical manner. Because of reduced forest area, increasing pulpwood costs, and an increasing demand for pulp and paper products, it might be expected that the focus would shift to high yield pulping processes or to the use of cellulosic non-wood raw materials. Non-woods are available in good supply all over the world, but are currently under-utilized. It is estimated that replacing 5–10% of wood pulp with non-wood pulp would have an important impact on the conservation of forests and the environment. This replacement of wood pulp by non-wood pulp could be environmentally and economically acceptable even in developed countries. By doing so, pulp and paper mills would have a lead role in reducing their dependency on forests for fiber. This determination and commitment would enhance the long-term sustainability of forests and the pulp and paper industry. Above all, it would be a sustainable step towards "our common future." Key words: forest, sustainable development, fiber supply, pulp and paper, non-woods
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ANDREWS, JOHN D., and PETER W. HART. "Improving pulp yield for integrated southern hardwood kraft mills—significance and impact on chemical recovery, steam and power generation, and bleaching." TAPPI Journal 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj12.2.41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Researchers have been attempting to improve the yield of bleachable-grade kraft pulp for several decades. Wood is typically one of the major costs associated with kraft pulping. Therefore, it is typically assumed that improving pulp yield or conversely, reducing the amount of wood required to make a specific mass of pulp, is a cost-effective, lucrative endeavor. Although this may be true, it is important to understand the impact of increasing pulp yield on the interconnected processes within an integrated pulp and paper mill and to fully evaluate the cost implications on these processes. The current work employed several sets of laboratory pulping conditions and a WinGEMS model of a pulp mill, fully integrated with chemical recovery, power, and recausticization, and pulp drying islands to determine where the largest cost impact associated with improved pulp yield may be experienced.
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Zanuncio, Antonio Jose Vinha, Amelia Guimaraes Carvalho, Marcela Gomes da Silva, and José Tarcisio Lima. "IMPORTANCE OF WOOD DRYING TO THE FOREST TRANSPORT AND PULP MILL SUPPLY." CERNE 23, no. 2 (June 2017): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201723022223.
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ABSTRACT The forest transportation represents a great proportion of raw material cost for pulp and paper production and, for this reason, the wood moisture content should be low to reduce these cost. The objective was to relate the wood moisture with fuel consumption per kilometer in each vehicle and the number of trips to supply a pulp mill. Three trees of Eucalyptus urophylla clone and three of Corymbia citriodora from seeds were used. These trees were felled and their logs removed from its base and at 50 and 100% of the commercial height. The basic density and initial moisture of wood were determined and the air drying monitored during 90 days. The fuel consumption to transport one ton of dry wood and the number of trips required to supply a pulp mill were estimated based on the number of air drying days. Air drying reduced the fuel consumption and the number of trips to supply the pulp mill. The accuracy of models to estimate the wood moisture, fuel consumption and the number of trips based in days of drying was high. Therefore, wood drying is an essential tool to reduce forest transport costs.
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KORPUNEN, HEIKKI, PEKKA VIRTANEN, OLLI DAHL, PAULA JYLHÄ, and JORI UUSITALO. "An activity-based cost calculation for a kraft pulp mill." September 2012 11, no. 9 (October 1, 2012): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.9.19.
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This study introduces an activity-based costing (ABC) method for a kraft pulp mill. Our ABC model defines the production resources and costs for each process in a chemical pulp mill and allocates the costs to pulp, energy, bark, turpentine, and crude tall oil. The production processes include receiving, unloading and debarking of pulpwood, chipping, chip screening, chip storing, cooking and in-digester washing, pulp washing and screening, oxygen delignification, bleaching, drying, and chemical recovery. We also tested the effect of Scots pine pulpwood properties on the profitability of a virtual greenfield pulp mill located in Finland, where it produced 600000 air-dried (a.d.) metric tons of bleached market pulp annually. Total annual production costs were approximately EUR 216 million (USD 285 million), of which chemical recovery comprised the biggest share (almost 39%). According to the results, the price of market pulp had the most significant effect on the profitability of the mill. The pulpwood properties did not clearly affect pulp production costs; the wood procurement costs had more influence on the profitability of the value chain. Our results also indicate that the profitability of pulp making is strongly dependent on the prices of electricity and heat. This is because the mill is customer and seller in energy markets. ABC proved to be a useful tool and accurate method for cost calculation in this highly competitive branch of the forest industry.
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Béland, Mathieu, Evelyne Thiffault, Julie Barrette, and Warren Mabee. "Degraded Trees from Spruce Budworm Epidemics as Bioenergy Feedstock: A Profitability Analysis of Forest Operations." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 4609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184609.
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Natural disturbances are common in Canadian boreal managed forests. For example, during and after insect epidemics, foresters must deal with significant amounts of degraded or dead wood that cannot be processed into sawn timber or pulp. Bioenergy could be an alternative pathway for this wood. A case study in Quebec (Canada) was used to evaluate the profitability of pellet production for bioenergy using degraded trees from insect epidemics. A bioenergy scenario was simulated in which degraded trees were harvested for bioenergy alongside sound wood for timber and pulp. This scenario was compared to a reference scenario in which degraded trees were left on cutovers. Using wood pellets as a case study, the results showed that at current market prices, harvesting degraded trees for pellet production is not as profitable as leaving them in the forest. Nevertheless, the overall forest operations for procuring wood for timber and pulp were still profitable, even with very high degradation levels. Procuring degraded trees reduced the overall fixed costs per harvested m3 and allowed average savings of C$2.83/harvested m3. The silvicultural savings associated with lower site preparation needs following procurement of degraded trees ranged from C$0/ha to C$500/ha, resulting in average savings of C$2.31/harvested m3. Depending on the stand conditions, the distribution of fixed costs and silvicultural savings of biomass procurement could be either low or significant.
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RUNGE, TROY, JACKIE HEINRICHER, and DAN MEIER. "Co-cooking moso bamboo with hardwoods." June 2014 13, no. 6 (July 1, 2014): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.6.9.
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Bamboo is one of the world’s fastest growing feedstocks and represents a promising nonwood resource that can be utilized in the pulp and paper industry. The timber varieties offer low feedstock costs, can be processed similarly to trees from a logistics standpoint, and have useful fiber properties for papermaking. Plantations have not yet been established due to propagation costs, limiting adoption of bamboo as a pulp feedstock to smaller pulp mills primarily in China, where there are native forests. Recent advances in micropropagation may allow lower establishment costs, but gradual introduction into the supply chain will be required. One concept is to gradually include bamboo feedstock into an established pulp mill as plantations are established, using co-cooking with a wood species. Previous work has shown that bamboo cooks fairly easily using the kraft process with conditions similar to hardwood species.
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Sun, Guo Yu, and Wei Li. "Cleaner Production Technology on Controlling Emissions of Unintentionally Produced PCDD/Fs from Non-Wood Pulp and Paper Mills in China." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 1120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.1120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As one of the main emission sources of PCDD/Fs, the pulp and paper industry has always been public concerns. In China, the consumption of non-wood fiber as raw material of pulp accounts for a relatively larger proportion in the total productivity. Here, the unintentionally produced PCDD/Fs emissions of five Chinese non-wood pulp and paper mills were investigated. The results showed that the increment of PCDD/Fs after bleaching with chlorine was about 1.71-28.19 times in pulp and 3.96-28.82 times in wastewater based on the existing technologies. In order to reduce the unintentional production of PCDD/Fs, the BAT/BEP transformation program was proposed as cleaner production initiatives featured by less or free use of chlorine in bleaching process, and evaluated by reduction effects and costs. The study showed the application of Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) sequences in bleaching process with improving technologies in other production stages would effectively decrease the generation of PCDD/Fs, other pollutant load as well as the water consumptions.
Книги з теми "Wood-pulp Costs"
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Duncan, Austin, and World Resources Institute, eds. Coming clean: Corporate disclosure of financially significant environmental risks. Washington, D.C: World Resources Institute, 2000.
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Luken, Ralph Andrew. Efficiency in environmental regulation: A benefit-cost analysis of alternative approaches. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.
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Luken, Ralph Andrew. Efficiency in environmental regulation: A benefit-cost analysis of alternative approaches. Norwell, Mass: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.
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4
Rajagopal, Dagmar. The Corporation income tax and the user cost of capital in the Canadian pulp and paper industry. Toronto: University of Toronto, Dept. of Economics, and Institute for Policy Analysis, 1988.
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Bjuggren, Per-Olof. A transaction cost approach to vertical integration: The case of the Swedish pulp and paper industry. Lund: [s.n.], 1985.
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Municipal Industrial Strategy for Abatement Program (Ontario) and Ontario. Ministry of the Environment. Policy and Planning Branch., eds. Monitoring costs and their implications for direct dischargers in the Ontario pulp and paper industry: Municipal-Industrial Strategy for Abatement (MISA) : final report. Toronto: The Ministry, 1989.
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Japan pulp and paper review: The market and industry in the 1990s : historical analysis and base cost forecast. [S.l.]: Asia Forest Products Economics, 1991.
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Efficiency in environmental regulation : a benefit-cost analysis of alternative approaches. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1990.
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L, White Allen, Becker Monica, Goldstein James, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Pollution Prevention Division, and Tellus Institute, eds. Total cost assessment: Accelerating industrial pollution prevention through innovative project financial analysis : with applications to the pulp and paper industry. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 1992.
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Cost implications for thermomechanical pulping and brightening of blue-stained chips. Victoria, B.C: Pacific Forestry Centre, 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Wood-pulp Costs"
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Leshchinskaya, Alexandra. "A. Leshchinskaya. MICROWAVE WOOD CHIP TREATMENT USE IN CHEMICAL PULP MANUFACTURING (TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC ASSESMENT)." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9706.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
MICROWAVE WOOD CHIP TREATMENT USE IN CHEMICAL PULP MANUFACTURING (TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC ASSESMENT) A. Leshchinskaya Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. 36 Stremyannyy Pereulok, 115093 Moscow, Russia, e-mail: alixfl@mail.ru] Keywords: chemical pulping, microwave wood modification, pulp, softwood, wood chips. Large volumes of cellulose are produced from wood chips by chemical methods. Low permeability of many wood species causes problems in the chemical pulp industry. These include: very long cooking times, high chemical consumption, large material losses, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution. New microwave (MW) wood modification technology can provide an increase in wood permeability for liquids and gases, which solves many of these problems. The technology works by applying intensive MW power to green wood, which generates steam pressure within wood cells. High internal pressure destroys weak elements of wood structure, opens pores and forms micro and macro cracks. A several thousand-fold increase in wood permeability can be achieved in species previously found to be impermeable to liquids and gases. It allows a significant increase in the speed of pulp cooking and improves a production processes. The study of the technology showed radical potential improvements in the pulp industry through: increase in mill throughput significant reduction of chemical consumptionreduction of energy consumption • increase in pulp quality and yield improvement of environmental performance. Pulp manufacturing process includs timber chipping, microwave chip treatment, steaming, cooking, washing, and pulp making. The use of MW wood chip treatment in pulp mills with outputs of 50,000 to 500,000 air dry tons (ADT) per year requires MW equipment with power from 1000 to 10,000 kW. Economic modelling of this technology used in different pulp mill conditions allowed assessment of the effect of capital costs, electricity costs, labour costs and other cost components to specific total costs of MW chip processing. Economic assessment of MW technology application showed that specific costs of softwood chip processing at electricity costs of 0.08 - 0.12 US$/kWh are 25.4 -33.7 US$/ADT of pulp. Electricity costs form the most significant part of the total specific costs of MW processing and form 51-69% shear in the total specific costs. Under the same conditions capital costs form 15-20% shear, and labour costs form 5-18% shear of the total specific costs. The electricity cost increase from $0.04 to $0.24/kWh provides specific MW processing cost rise by 2.7 to 3.1 times at pulp mill output range 50,000 to 500,000 ADT/year. New technology use allows benefits up to 7 – 22 Mil US$ per year for pulp mills with output of more than 200,000 ADT/year. The technology can be used by pulp mills with batch and continuous digesting and is not limited by mill throughput. Ecological impacts and high economic advantages of this MW technology application in pulp and paper industry provide good opportunity for commercialisation.
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Larson, Eric D. "Biomass-Gasifier/Gas-Turbine Cogeneration in the Pulp and Paper Industry." In ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-280.
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Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion is raising new interest in using renewable biomass for energy. Modest-scale cogeneration systems using air-blown gasifiers coupled to aeroderivative gas turbines are expected to have high efficiencies and low unit capital costs, making them well-suited for use with biomass. Biomass-gasifier/gas-turbine (BIG/GT) technology is not commercial, but efforts aimed at near-term commercialization are ongoing worldwide. Estimated performance and cost and prospects for commercial development of two BIG/GT systems are described, one using solid biomass fuel (e.g. wood chips), the other using kraft black liquor. At an energy-efficient kraft pulp mill, a BIG/GT cogeneration system could produce over three times as much electricity as is typically produced today. The mill’s on-site energy needs could be met and a large surplus of electricity would be available for export. Using in addition currently unutilized forest residues for fuel, electricity production would be nearly five times today’s level. The total cost to produce the electricity in excess of on-site needs is estimated to be below 4 cents per kWh in most cases. At projected growth rates for kraft pulp production, the associated biomass residue fuels could support up to 100 GW of BIG/GT capacity at kraft pulp mills worldwide in 2020 (30 GW in the US). The excess electricity production worldwide in 2020 would be equivalent to 10% of today’s electricity production from fossil fuels.
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Cichocki, Marek, Ilona Salamonik, Marcin Bielecki, Ever Fadlun, and Artur Rusowicz. "Gas Turbine Direct Exhaust Gas Integration in Process Industry: Applications Review." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15818.
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Abstract The typical combined heat and power plants requires the introduction of additional heating medium. The alternative solution is the direct integration of the exhaust gases from heat engine. High temperature, surplus oxygen and low water content of the Gas Turbines exhaust gases enabled the successful integration at industrial scale as: preheated combustion air for industrial furnaces, heat source for drying and for absorption chillers. The article comprises the reference list for direct exhaust gas integration of GTs produced by Baker Hughes formerly GE), the processes overview, GTs selection criteria, as well as the review of documented GTs applications in process industry focusing on technical and economic considerations. Majority of referenced applications for industrial furnace are in the steam methane reformers used in fertilizer industry, as well as steam crackers in petrochemical industries. Several GTs were integrated with crude oil furnace in refinery. Direct drying utilizing exhaust gas from GT, is commonly applied in ceramic, wood derivative, pulp & paper and inorganic chemicals industries. Integrating GTs with absorption chillers was introduced to serve the district heating and cooling system. The described solutions allowed to reduce specific energy consumption by 7–20% or the costs of energy consumption associated with large volume production by 15–30%. The reduction of specific energy consumption allows to decrease the amount of CO2 emitted. The overall efficiency of cogeneration plant above 90% was achieved.
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Toma, Peter, Karl Miller, and J. Mark A. Hoddenbagh. "Reducing the Deposition of Scale in the Evaporator of a Mechanical Vapour Recompression System for Concentration of Pulp Mill Effluents." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39599.
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A numerical model was developed, validated with the aid of pilot evaporator tests, and used to assess practical methods of minimizing scaling observed in a mechanical vapour recompression (MVR) plant at Millar’s Western’s Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan pulp mill. On average, 8,000 m3/day of effluent (approximately 7 m3/Bone Dry Tonne product) resulting from bleached-chemi-thermo-mechanical wood processing, are purified and the recovered water is returned to the plant while the effluent is concentrated to 75% TD&SS in a recovery boiler. The evaporators are used in the first stage of the feed concentration process. The system uses a heat pump principle: steam produced during the boiling of the falling liquid film is mechanically compressed and condensed on the outer surface of a vertical tube evaporator. Most of the condensation and compression heat is recovered. Reducing the rate of scale deposition and increasing the interval between two successive cleaning operations of vertical evaporators used in the MVR scheme was identified as an essential component of operation costs and given special attention. To assist the mill in assessing practical methods for achieving this goal an experimental pilot evaporator and a numerical model were developed and used first at the Alberta Research Council in Edmonton, Canada, and then at the mill location. The mill uses a different model for control and supervision of system parameters. The magnitude of the (critical) temperature difference (CTD) across the laminar sub-layer of boiling liquid film is calculated and is recommended in this paper to be used to quantify the fouling tendency. Further to recommendations resulting from previous experimental investigations [1,2] as well as in this study, the mill introduced additional process control parameters to reduce and maintain the temperature drop across the effluent boiling film to a maximum range of 2–4°C. In addition to CTD, the wall (top-bottom) axial temperature difference (ATD) has been identified as another criteria for assessing potential scale deposition during evaporation-concentration. Calculations and experimental measurements performed with the pilot evaporator [3] suggest that increasing the circulation rate of effluent pumped from the sump to feed the liquid film at the top of evaporator tubes has a positive effect on reducing the CTD and the ATD. During four months of laboratory investigations with a pilot evaporator, non-uniform liquid distribution among vertical evaporator tubes of the evaporator was observed and is discussed separately. This paper will present the model and mill observations and summarize the main results and suggested practical strategies for reducing the rate of scale deposition and improving the system economics.
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Šneler, Filip, Gordana Brcković, and Trina Mjeda. "Evaluating Environmentally Sustainable Production Practices in Rural Areas." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.299.
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Forests and forestry are the ecological and economic infrastructure of every state. The EU strategy for the forest-based sector is particularly related to rural development, since, in such areas, forests are mostly spread, thus representing an opportunity for more balanced development, or in other words - survival of rural areas. Croatia is no exemption. The goal of forest management in the Republic of Croatia is the sustainable and harmonious use of all forest functions and the permanent improvement of their condition, by promoting environmentally sustainable production practices in such a way that the local or rural environment has financial benefits. Looking at forests as perfect factories, ranging from the production of wood pulp as raw materials, oxygen and food, water purifiers, carbon tanks and all the way to the intangible and generally useful functions of forests, it is necessary to observe their all-encompassing importance. We are facing global climate change, which significantly influences the restoration and erection of new forest stands, that is one of the most important procedures for sustainable forest management in Croatia. Current techniques and knowledge that are being applied contribute to discouraging results, therefore it is crucial to introduce and promote new environmentally friendly practices, aiming to increase the productive function of forest land and forest as an ecosystem. In accordance with the sustainable development of forest land, research was conducted in the lowland part of Sisak-Moslavina County in Croatia. The aim of the research is to study the cost-effectiveness and compare the adaptation of new methods and practices of reforestation, with the end result of the forested area as a production unit, and that was conducted working on two land sections. On the surface of the first section, which was previously chemically prepared, a classic renovation was performed by sowing acorns employing a spreader. The acorn was collected by the local population. Processing of the second section included planting seedlings, while the section was previously mechanically prepared by grinding biomass and an integral method of soil preparation in rows with a spacing of 3 m. The internal planting distance between the plants was 0.80 - 1.0 m, and work was carried out with the help of external contractors, the local population. The use of new environmentally sustainable technologies has resulted in 29% higher financial costs of forestation. However, using new practices compared to the classical ones, the financial viability in terms of economic profit of the rural area was determined. The application of new silvicultural practices is initially more expensive, but results in a shorter period of time to achieve targeted results, while the increase in costs refers to the involvement of the local community that participated in the works.
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Powell, Charles A., and Thomas W. Johnson. "Renewable Energy: Myths, Legends, and Reality." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50044.
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With many States setting goals in the 2010–2020 timeframe for increased U.S. electricity production from renewable energy sources totaling nearly 100,000 MW nationwide, innovative solutions are required; as well as the suspension of several myths of conventional wisdom concerning renewable energy. Since Wind, Hydro and Solar are “opportunity” energy supplies not necessarily available when electricity demands are high; there is a great need for a renewable, “dispatchable” energy source that would be available anytime. Building on the experience of the Pulp and Paper Industry, waste-wood fueled IGCC units of 100MW size are practical today; and new gasification technologies being developed for power plants promise high efficiency, and competitive electricity pricing. With these new IGCC technologies, the US Department of Agriculture estimates there is more than enough wood waste to meet the renewable energy goals currently being considered, cost-competitively and environmentally responsibly.
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Toikka, Tero, Olli-Pekka Hilmola, and Juha P. Saranen. "Evaluating Different Railway Wagon Alternatives for Timber Transportation by Discrete Event Simulation." In IEEE/ASME/ASCE 2008 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2008-63061.
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Finland with Sweden is one of the most important pulp producing countries in Europe, and in paper production these two countries are accompanied with Germany and France as being most important countries of production. For the production of pulp, most important parts are (1) the quality and scale of production process as well as (2) cost efficient and high quality raw material. In addition to using its own raw material sources, Finland purchases wood from various different regions, including Russia. In a frequent number of cases raw material transports is completed with rail transports, especially in the case of Russia where distances are relatively long for transports (several thousand kms). Until now Russian timber has had a cost advantage in comparison to Finnish raw material. The availability of a cheaper alternative has also kept the price of domestic raw material at a relatively low level. However, Russia has announced a schedule to increase tariffs for timber exports. As a consequence the exporters of Russian timber need to examine and fine tune their cost structure of timber procurement to correspond to this new demanding environment. In this paper we examine the transportation cost of forest industry raw material using different types of railway wagons. The case network consists of four Russian terminals and two mills located in Finland. The evaluation is based on a discrete event system simulation model concentrating on timber transport within the case network in question. To make this evaluation even more interesting, Russian railway deregulation has its own special feature: Railway customers are allowed to own railway wagons, but nationally owned RZD owns the locomotives and charges for traction. Our research results show that the traction charge of RZD and competing road transport prices are the most influential factors, when determining the most cost efficient wagon type and network structure for timber transportation.
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Consonni, Stefano, Eric D. Larson, and Niklas Berglin. "Black Liquor-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-273.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The kraft process dominates pulp and paper production worldwide. Black liquor, a mixture of lignin and inorganic chemicals, is generated in this process as fiber is extracted from wood. At most kraft mills today, black liquor is burned in Tomlinson boilers to produce steam for on-site heat and power and to recover the inorganic chemicals for reuse in the process. Globally, the black liquor generation rate is about 85,000 MWfuel (or 0.5 million tonnes of dry solids per day), with nearly 50% of this in North America. The majority of presently-installed Tomlinson boilers will reach the end of their useful lives during the next 15 to 20 years. As a replacement for Tomlinson-based cogeneration, black liquor-gasifier/gas turbine cogeneration promises higher electrical efficiency, with prospective environmental, safety, and capital cost benefits for kraft mills. Several companies are pursuing commercialization of black liquor gasification for gas turbine applications. This paper presents results of detailed performance modeling of gasifier/gas turbine cogeneration systems using different black liquor gasifiers modeled on proposed commercial designs.
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Long, Wes. "Advanced Applications for HDPE Pipe With New PE-RT Material." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65224.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Canfor, a producer of lumber, pulp and paper needed a solution to replace aging 30-inch (760mm) fiberglass reinforced pipe. A new PE-RT product now expands PE into industrial applications requiring resistance to high temperatures and having a Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) of 800psi (55 bar) at 180°F (82.2°C). Through chemical processes, Canfor cooks, washes, and extracts pulp fiber from wood that results in both acidic and caustic effluent with temperatures normally in the 50–60°C range or as high as 70–75°C. Traditional fiberglass pipes have experienced repeated joint failures over time, whereas heat-fused HDPE pipe provides solutions reducing unnecessary maintenance and a longer service life. Standard PE4710 High Density Polyethylene Pipes (HDPE) have pressure ratings limited to 140°F (60°C) and are not normally acceptable for such high temperature acidic and caustic effluent. Additionally, the potential for higher oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) from residual chlorine levels and bleaching also justified turning to a different material based on the potential oxidative attack at high temperatures. The new PE-RT resin protects against oxidative attacks at high temperatures and the flexible heat-fused HDPE pipe provides considerable cost savings during installation. Compared to fiberglass, up to eight 40-foot lengths of HDPE pipe can be joined by heat fusion per day, whereas only two 6-meter (20-foot) lengths of FRP pipe can be wrapped per day. The presentation will highlight photos during the installation process and report the advantages of using the new pipe material. This project provides reference for expanding HDPE pipe into new applications using PE-RT materials.
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Eggerstedt, Kyle, Xia Wang, James Leidel, and Krzytoff Kobus. "Initial Development of Optimum Biomass Pellets." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54464.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Renewable energy has become a major focus in today’s world of depleting energy resources. Biomass is starting to be utilized because it can be continually created within a reasonable period of time. Biomass particles are pressurized together in a pellet shape. The pellets are fed into a combustion chamber (stove) and burnt to create energy. The objective of this research is to test a range of pellet compositions and investigate their corresponding characteristics in the combustion process in order to maximize their energy output. The pellets investigated include single materials such as wood or various mixtures such as wood and grass. The pellets were tested to check the various criteria including the moisture content, density and energy content. Moisture content was found using a scale and desiccators. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to determine the burning temperature of biomass, its weight composition and ash content. A calorimeter was used to find energy content. The Coats-Redfern Method along with a TGA was chosen for the analysis of the activation energy of biomass pellets. Among four types of pellets tested, the hardwood premium pellets has the lowest ash content of .66%. Premium Pellets also had the best energy content of 19.16 MJ/kg. Beet Pulp Pellets had the lowest activation energy of all the materials with 99.92 kJ/mol activation energy. Overall the hardwood pellets performed the best but could be improved with the addition of other biomasses. An optimum pellet may be created with a mixture of multiple materials.