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Статті в журналах з теми "Wood geography"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 28 вересня 2024

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1

Warnock, Peter, and Michael Pendleton. "The Wood of the Ulu Burun Diptych." Anatolian Studies 41 (December 1991): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642933.

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In the fall of 1988, Cemal Pulak, acting field director and assistant director of the Ulu Burun excavations, asked the authors to identify the wood used in the diptych found on the fourteenth- or very early thirteenth-century Ulu Burun shipwreck. Although it has been stated generally that Greco-Roman writing tablets were made of boxwood, other woods were also used for writing tablets in various periods of antiquity. The second oldest known writing-boards, from 8th-century Nimrud, were made of walnut (Juglans nigra), and from Assyrian records we know that writing-boards were constructed of tamarisk, cypress and cedar woods. Geography clearly played a role in the choice of wood. At the port of Roman London, for example, “most of the twenty-two fragments of writing tablets recovered from the recent waterfront excavations were of the wax-impressed type made from larch, cedar or silver fir, suggesting that they … were brought over [from the continent] as finished products”; the only boxwood tablet, perhaps locally made, was not of the type that held wax.

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2

Hess, M. "Economic Geography. Places, Networks and Flows * Andrew Wood and Susan Roberts." Journal of Economic Geography 12, no. 4 (February 7, 2012): 927–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs001.

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3

Nishihara, Noriko, Lisa Ito, Leticia dos Muchangos, and Akihiro Tokai. "Life Cycle Assessment of Power Generation from Imported Woody Biomass Fuels." Journal of Sustainable Development 16, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v16n2p50.

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With the promotion of woody biomass power generation in Japan, wood fuel imports have increased yearly. However, the environmental impact of the transportation process is expected to increase compared to procuring the fuel domestically. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the environmental impact of biomass power generation using imported woody fuel. Human health, ecosystem, and global warming were evaluated using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method under four scenarios: three scenarios for importing woody fuel and one scenario for procuring woody fuel domestically. The results reveal that replacing heavy oil with liquefied natural gas (LNG) or ammonia as ship fuel at the time of importation could reduce the environmental impact to the same level or up to 86% compared to the case wherein wood fuel is procured domestically. Thus, using next-generation vessels to import wood fuel and generate biomass power effectively reduces environmental impact. Furthermore, the use of wood fuel—a renewable energy source whose generation can be adjusted—should be promoted toward achieving carbon neutrality.

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4

Garrido, Pablo, Lars Edenius, Grzegorz Mikusiński, Anna Skarin, Anna Jansson, and Carl-Gustaf Thulin. "Experimental rewilding may restore abandoned wood-pastures if policy allows." Ambio 50, no. 1 (March 9, 2020): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01320-0.

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AbstractLarge herbivores play key roles in terrestrial ecosystems. Continuous defaunation processes have produced cascade effects on plant community composition, vegetation structure, and even climate. Wood-pastures were created by traditional management practices that have maintained open structures and biodiversity for millennia. In Europe, despite the broad recognition of their biological importance, such landscapes are declining due to land-use changes. This calls for finding urgent solutions for wood-pasture conservation. To test whether introducing an ecological replacement of an extinct wild horse could have positive effects on wood-pasture restoration, we designed a 3-year rewilding experiment. Horses created a more open wood-pasture structure by browsing on seedlings and saplings, affected tree composition via selective browsing and controlled the colonization of woody vegetation in grassland-dominated areas. Thus, rewilding could be a potential avenue for wood-pasture restoration and biodiversity conservation. However, such benefits may not materialize without a necessary paradigm and political shift.

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5

Morente Pacheco, Francisco J. "Wood, Andrew y Roberts, Susan (2011). Economic Geography: places, networks and flows." Documents d'Anàlisi Geogràfica 59, no. 3 (September 19, 2013): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.102.

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6

Vanchan, Vida. "Economic Geography: Places, Networks and Flows - By Andrew Wood and Susan Roberts." Economic Geography 88, no. 4 (June 18, 2012): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2012.01165.x.

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7

Wohl, Ellen. "Wood process domains and wood loads on floodplains." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 45, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4771.

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8

Pandey, C. N., and T. S. Rangaraju. "India's industrial wood balance." International Forestry Review 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.10.2.173.

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9

Rahayu, Istie Sekartining, Aqila Alya Nabila Sabarna, Irma Wahyuningtyas, Rohmat Ismail, Esti Prihatini, Wayan Darmawan, Gilang Dwi Laksono, and Irsan Alipraja. "The Effect of Synthetic and Commercial Nano-Magnetite on the Electromagnetic Absorbance Behavior of Magnetic Wood." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 12, no. 2 (April 9, 2024): 366–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v12i2.889.

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Magnetic wood with good electromagnetic wave absorption properties was prepared by comparing synthetic and commercial nano-magnetite (Fe3O4-NP) as sengon (Falcataria moluccana) wood impregnation solution. The co-precipitation method produced a synthetic nano-magnetite with NH4OH as a weak base precursor. Meanwhile, the commercial one was purchased from a supplier. Three levels of nano-magnetite concentration (1%, 2.5%, and 5%) were dispersed in deionized water. The impregnation process was done by applying a vacuum of 0.5 bar for 120 minutes, followed by a pressure of 1 bar for 120 minutes. The results showed that the commercial nano-magnetite caused more improvements in weight percent gain, density, and hardness than the synthetic nano-magnetic, although they were insignificantly different. There was also a reduction in brightness with the overall color change being categorized into other colors because the color became darker with increasing nano-magnetite concentration in both woods. The absorbance capacity of the synthetic nano-magnetite-treated wood was larger than the commercial nano-magnetite-treated wood. This synthetic nano-magnetite-treated wood had been optimally treated at a 5% concentration, making it suitable for use as electromagnetic wave shielding material because it can absorb almost 100% electromagnetic waves. Keywords: Fe3O4, impregnation, nano-magnetite, sengon wood, shielding materials

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10

Erni, Matthias, Vanessa Burg, Leo Bont, Oliver Thees, Marco Ferretti, Golo Stadelmann, and Janine Schweier. "Current (2020) and Long-Term (2035 and 2050) Sustainable Potentials of Wood Fuel in Switzerland." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 9749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229749.

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Wood fuel has become central in environmental policy and decision-making processes in cross-sectoral areas. Proper consideration of different types of woody biomass is fundamental in forming energy transition and decarbonization strategies. We quantified the development of theoretical (TPs) and sustainable (SPs) potentials of wood fuel from forests, trees outside forests, wood residues and waste wood in Switzerland for 2020, 2035 and 2050. Ecological and economic restrictions, timber market situations and drivers of future developments (area size, tree growth, wood characteristics, population growth, exporting/importing (waste wood)) were considered. We estimated a SP of wood fuel between 26.5 and 77.8 PJ/a during the three time points. Results demonstrate that the SP of wood fuel could be significantly increased already in the short term. This, as a moderate stock reduction (MSR) strategy in forests, can lead to large surpluses in SPs compared to the wood fuel already used today (~36 PJ/a), with values higher by 51% (+18.2 PJ) in 2020 and by 59% (+21.3 PJ) in 2035. To implement these surpluses (e.g., with a cascade approach), a more circular economy with sufficient processing capacities of the subsequent timber industries and the energy plants to convert the resources is required.

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11

Moreira, Letícia da Silva, Fernando Wallase Carvalho Andrade, Bruno Monteiro Balboni, and Victor Hugo Pereira Moutinho. "Wood from Forest Residues: Technological Properties and Potential Uses of Branches of Three Species from Brazilian Amazon." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 11176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811176.

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Branch wood presents potential volumetry that may have several applications, and its use may improve forest management efficiency in the Amazon. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the properties of branch wood when compared to the stem or what its potential applications might be, considering the possible variability of wood formation in branches. This study aimed to characterize physically and mechanically the branch wood of Dipteryx odorata, Hymenolobium petraeum and Hymenaea courbaril and to compare them with their respective stems. No significant statistical differences were observed for the basic density between the branch and stem woods. The branch wood of Dipteryx odorata and Hymenaea courbaril showed a lower coefficient of anisotropy (1.23 and 1.99, respectively) than the stem wood (1.62 and 2.49, respectively). D. odorata showed similar mechanical properties between the branch and stem, except for hardness, while H. petraeum and H. courbaril branch wood showed lower strengths when compared to the stem wood for all mechanical tests, except for the shear strength test. Branch wood has similar potential uses to stem wood and can be used for non-structural purposes such as small artifacts, decorative items, furniture, tools and panels composed of short, glued pieces.

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12

Bacha, Carlos Jose´ Caetano. "The Evolution of Wood-based Industries in Brazil and their Means of Securing Wood." Oxford Development Studies 31, no. 2 (June 2003): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600810307430.

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13

Kelly, Jeffrey F. "STABLE ISOTOPE EVIDENCE LINKS BREEDING GEOGRAPHY AND MIGRATION TIMING IN WOOD WARBLERS (PARULIDAE)." Auk 123, no. 2 (2006): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[431:sielbg]2.0.co;2.

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14

Kelly, Jeffrey F. "Stable Isotope Evidence Links Breeding Geography and Migration Timing in Wood Warblers (Parulidae)." Auk 123, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.2.431.

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AbstractTracking seasonal movements of songbirds is a key step in understanding the annual cycle of migrants. To better understand autumn migration of wood warblers, I analyzed stable-hydrogen isotope ratios of feathers collected from three species captured during stopover at the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico. To assess the form and strength of the relationship between timing of migration and breeding origins, I regressed stable-hydrogen isotope ratios of feathers against date of capture. These analyses indicated that Orange-crowned Warblers (Vermivora celata) and Common Yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) breeding in the southern portion of these species' ranges precede their northern conspecifics in autumn migration. By contrast, Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia) from northern breeding sites arrived before more southerly breeding conspecifics. This pattern is similar to that reported previously in Wilson's Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). These findings suggest that, among wood warblers, (1) timing of autumn migration is often strongly related to breeding location and (2) interspecific variation in the direction of this relationship is large. The direction and strength of these patterns have implications for our understanding of inter- and intraspecific geographic variation in the life histories of migrants.Evidencia de Isótopos Estables Conecta la Geografía de Nidificación con el Momento de la Migración en Especies de Parulidae

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15

Gullo, Francesca, Andrea Marangon, Alessandro Croce, Giorgio Gatti, and Maurizio Aceto. "From Natural Woods to High Density Materials: An Ecofriendly Approach." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032055.

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Recently, different methods have been proposed to develop wood materials, termed “densified woods”, with density increment and improvement in mechanical proprieties. Almost all the proposed methods involve the use of reducing agents and strong bases. In this work, a new method has been developed involving the use of less polluting agents. The formation of densified woods is divided into two steps: delignification involves the removal of lignin, hemicelluloses, and shorter chains of cellulose, whereas densification involves the plastering of the delignified woods. The obtained materials showed a density increase of two to four times. The obtained densified woods were characterized by spectroscopic, microscopic, and thermogravimetric techniques and mechanical tests. The characterizations aimed at determining the variations of chemical and structural compositions of the samples after delignification and densification processes, showing, respectively, a decrease in lignin and a significant increase in the density and force necessary to bring the materials to yield. The final density of wood was two to three times higher and the force necessary to reach the yield point reached more than three times the initial one for some of the studied samples. These characterizations showed how different woods, with different properties, reach comparable densities and final mechanical properties after delignification and densification process. The increased mechanical properties of the materials allow their application in place of other composite woody materials.

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16

Mo, Rongjian, Yongqi Wang, Shulong Dong, Jiangming Ma, and Yanhua Mo. "Ecosystem Service Evaluation and Multi-objective Management of Pinus massoniana Lamb. Plantations in Guangxi, China." Forests 14, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020213.

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Research on forest ecosystem service (ES) assessments is currently a topic of much interest in forest ecology combined with geography. Forests are the mainstay of terrestrial ecosystems and provide a wide range of welfare supports for humans. Pinus massoniana (PM) Lamb. is a major silvicultural timber species in southern China and plays an important role in meeting domestic timber demand as well as providing ESs. The assessment of the ESs of PM plantation forests is beneficial for their sustainable management. In this study, we used the woody biomass method, the InVEST water content model and the USLE, a generalized soil loss equation model to assess the values of four Ess, including wood supply, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, water conservation, and soil conservation, in PM plantations in the Guangxi Paiyangshan Forest Farm, which is a national PM seed base. A spectral clustering method was used to identify the ecosystem service clusters (i.e., partitions) in the case study area, and certain strategies were provided for different partitions to form a management strategy for the sustainable management of PM plantation forest ecosystems. This study showed that the value of each ES per hectare in the northern tropical pine plantation, ranked from the largest to the smallest, was water conservation; carbon sequestration and oxygen release; wood supply; and soil conservation, with the values of the wood supply in addition to carbon sequestration and oxygen release per hectare increasing with the age of the plantation. Based on the different service characteristics within the service clusters, the northern tropical PM plantation area was divided into wood supply, ecological nourishment and ecological restoration areas, which can focus more on wood supply and ecological nourishment.

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17

Rawat, Y. S., and A. T. Tekleyohannes. "Sustainable forest management and forest products industry development in Ethiopia." International Forestry Review 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554821832952780.

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The objective of this study was to examine existing knowledge on forest products development and to promote sustainable forest management in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the paper aimed to assess the development and status of Ethiopia's forest products industry in terms of resource base, manufacturing and marketing. It was found that the current annual fuelwood consumption is about 133M m3, with 90% of cooking energy obtained from woody biomass. Wood consumption for primary and secondary forest products manufacturing is expected to increase from the current 112M m3 to 158M m3 by 2033. This review reveals that the development and innovation of a sustainable forest products industry in Ethiopia should balance the production and ecological functions of forest resources. To meet Ethiopia's primary and secondary forest products needs, it is recommended that a clear policy framework be advanced and promoted, including wood technology, forest science and education, silviculture, and post-plantation management practices.

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18

Hillier, Jean. "Can't See the Trees for the Wood." Planning Theory & Practice 1, no. 1 (January 2000): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649350050135202.

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19

Ashaari, Z., S. H. Lee, F. L. Nabil, E. S. Bakar, A. Ghani, and M. R. Rais. "Physico-mechanical properties of laminates made from Sematan bamboo and Sesenduk wood derived from Malaysia's secondary forest." International Forestry Review 19, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554817828562323.

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A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of laminated composite made from phenolic resin-treated wood and bamboo strips. Sesenduk (Endospermum diadenum) wood and Sematan bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii) strips were impregnated using 30% phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin and assembled in different configurations and orientations prior to compreg nation. The assembled samples were then compressed in a hot press at 150 ± 2 °C for 60 minutes. Dimensional stability, hardness, bending, shear and compression strength of the products were assessed. The results revealed that the properties of the compreg laminates were significantly affected by the treatment variables. Laminated compreg wood had inferior mechanical properties compared to laminated compreg bamboo and bamboo/wood hybrid. However, the dimensional stability of laminated compreg wood is the best among the three types of laminates. Samples assembled parallelly possessed better properties. Mixed application of wood and bamboo had imparted respective advantages to the compreg laminates.

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20

Allam, Hassan, Khaled Yosry, Mohamed Adham, Mohamed Darwish, and Khaled Nassar. "Design and Characteristics of a Hybrid Wood-Soil System Made from Casuarina glauca Wood." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 3579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043579.

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Wood has been used in construction has for several millennia; however, global warming has created situations in which the wood needs to be utilized in a more eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective manner. Using wood from trees farmed on wastewater is an ideal option that has been found to be sound for this use. Casuarina glauca wood has been farmed on wastewater for years, making it eco-friendly and cost effective, in addition to being of relatively high strength when compared to soft woods. Hence, within this research, Casuarina glauca wood is used within a hybrid wood-soil system. A scaled model of the structure was constructed and tested structurally until failure in two horizontal planes: the lateral and transverse. The points of weakness in the connections were identified in order to adjust the design, which mainly involved the nails connecting the studs to the upper and lower beams. The adjusted model was constructed including additional X-braces and tested structurally, and was proven to have sufficient strength compared to the wind loads according to the Egyptian Code of Loading. The design was compared to its reinforced concrete alternative to assess its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness in terms of the cost per unit area and the carbon emissions per unit area. The system proved to be more cost-effective and eco-friendly when compared to its reinforced concrete counterpart.

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21

Schmitt-Harsh, Mikaela L., and Eric Wiseman. "Household Perceptions and Practices of Recycling Tree Debris from Residential Properties." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 6476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166476.

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Thousands of trees are lost in urbanizing areas of Virginia each year to land development, storms, and pests. As a result, large amounts of tree debris, much of which could be suitable for high-value wood products, are flowing from Virginia’s urban forests annually. Finding cost-effective, sustainable strategies for recycling this debris, particularly into durable wood products that keep carbon stored, could benefit the local economy and the local environment throughout the state. To inform outreach and technical assistance efforts of multiple groups across the state, a survey study was conducted in the City of Harrisonburg to determine household perceptions and practices of tree debris recycling. A random sample of owner-occupied, single-family dwellings was contacted using a mixed-mode survey approach to determine why and how trees were removed from the properties in the past and how the debris was disposed of or recycled. Survey responses were received from 189 households, with survey responses pointing toward a strong community sentiment for trees and their care. Nearly all respondents agreed that wood from street trees, park trees, and other neighborhood trees should be recycled into products rather than disposed of in a landfill; however, the majority of households do not currently recycle woody debris from trees removed on these properties. The three most important factors that would facilitate future participation in tree recycling include timely removal of the wood, free curbside pick-up of the wood, and knowledge of who to contact to handle the wood. Overall, these results point to household interest and willingness to participate in wood recycling programs given appropriate information to guide their decisions and local services to facilitate transfer of wood to the municipality or commercial woodworkers. This suggests a need for greater availability of neighborhood or municipal wood recycling programs, ideally coupled with greater education and outreach about the economic and environmental benefits of recovering and utilizing wood from felled trees.

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22

Reboredo, F. "Illegal wood in Europe: a review." International Forestry Review 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554813806948512.

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23

Thompson, Herb. "Indonesia's wood resource: Trends and policies." Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report 12, no. 1 (January 1996): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14041049609409426.

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24

Aguilar, Francisco X. "Effect of Centrifugal Forces on Cluster Patterns in the Softwood Lumber Industry of the United States." Forest Science 54, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/54.2.242.

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Abstract Although previous reports have identified clustering in the secondary wood products industry, there are no previous studies on the factors influencing spatial patterns in the primary wood products sector. This study explores the perceptions of members of the softwood lumber industry in the United States concerning factors driving location and promoting cluster patterns in this particular industry. The analysis builds on the core-periphery framework of New Economic Geography to identify centrifugal and centripetal forces and determines the most salient advantages and disadvantages derived from industry clustering. The most essential location factors are linked to the availability of raw materials and skilled labor. The results of the factor analysis, reinforced by bootstrapping estimation, suggest that centrifugal forces outweigh centripetal forces. Greater dispersive effects of centrifugal forces result in a peripheral primary wood products industry pattern. Clustering of softwood sawmills is perceived as detrimental to this industry segment because it results in higher costs of inputs, congestion, and undesired competition. However, geographical coincidence between primary and secondary wood product manufacturers that fosters collaboration can result in an enhanced competitive industry structure.

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25

Joshi, Omkar, Donald L. Grebner, Anwar Hussain, and Stephen C. Grado. "Landowner knowledge and willingness to supply woody biomass for wood-based bioenergy: Sample selection approach." Journal of Forest Economics 19, no. 2 (April 2013): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2012.11.003.

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26

De Araujo, V., J. Vasconcelos, M. Gava, A. Christoforo, F. Lahr, and J. Garcia. "What does Brazil know about the origin and uses of tree species employed in the housing sector? Perspectives on available species, origin and current challenges." International Forestry Review 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554821833992794.

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Timber consumption is a complex discussion for the industry, in part because the issue has been marked by doubts about lineage and origin. This paper aimed to identify challenges related to species, origins and wood use in the Brazilian construction sector. Searches on corporate websites and face-to-face interviews were used to identify involvement by species and origin in the domestic production of timber for housing. Relevant results were obtained for both methods since their margins of error were low. Forty exotic and nine native species were revealed to contribute significantly to the construction sector. 'Grapia' and 'Angelim pedra' native woods and eight eucalypt and pine species were shown to be the most popular through both methodologies. Pine timber was found to be in greater demand than that of Eucalyptus species. Despite some lack of clarity relating to the origin of certain species, the sector's status was better than expected. However, it still requires assertive actions to increase the use of legalized wood in order to favour product certification and integration into foreign markets.

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27

Gurnell, Angela. "Wood in world rivers." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32, no. 8 (2007): 1129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1546.

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28

Brannstrom, Christian. "Was Brazilian Industrialisation Fuelled by Wood? Evaluating the Wood Hypothesis, 1900-1960." Environment and History 11, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 395–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734005774462727.

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29

Hulscher, Willem, and Patrick Durst. "Global Availability of Wood Energy." AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 29, no. 3 (May 2000): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-29.3.180.

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30

Udayana, Cicik, Harry P. Andreassen, and Christina Skarpe. "Wood and non-wood forest products of Central Java, Indonesia." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 38, no. 8 (April 28, 2019): 715–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2019.1606720.

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31

Eugenio Da Silva, C., C. S. Nascimento, J. A. Freitas, R. D. Araújo, F. M. Durgante, C. E. Zartman, C. C. Nascimento, and N. Higuchi. "Alternative identification of wood from natural fallen trees of the Lecythidaceae family in the Central Amazonian using FT-NIR spectroscopy." International Forestry Review 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554824838457844.

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The scientific identification of natural fallen trees in tropical forests is complex due to the lack of fertile material in field collection. The study evaluated the use of near-infrared spectroscopy with Fourier-transform (FT-NIR) in the discrimination of wood from fallen trees of the Lecythidaceae family. Seven trees were collected in the Central Amazonian region (Brazil), from which 63 specimens were prepared from the wood, and NIR spectra were obtained on different wood surfaces (total 756 spectra). Chemometric models were developed with a spectral data set, and the Mahalanobis algorithm was applied. The discriminant model with 2nd derivative spectra improved the identification capacity, resulting in errors < 5% in the identification of genus Couratari (3 ssp.), Eschweilera (2 ssp.), Holopyxidium (1 sp.) and Lecythis (1 sp.). The comparison of the spectral signatures of samples of fallen trees and wood library revealed that even when wood was exposed to environmental weathering, around 50% of the original bands were preserved, favouring discrimination at the genus level. The accuracy of the chemometric models developed indicates the applicability of FT-NIR spectroscopy integrative in identifying fallen trees from the Lecythidaceae family in the tropical forests.

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Abe, Yuta, Sartsin Phakdimek, and Daisuke Komori. "The Relationship between Large Wood Export and the Long-Term Large Wood Budget on an Annual Scale in Japan, Using Storage Function with the Lumped Hydrological Method." Water 16, no. 7 (March 22, 2024): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16070920.

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In this study, we aimed to verify the two relationships on large wood export, as follows: (1) the relationship between large wood recruitment and landslides triggered by intense rainfalls and (2) the relationship between large wood export and the long-term large wood budget on an annual scale, based on the direct export of large wood caused by an increase in large wood recruitment with extreme rainfall events, as well as the baseflow of large wood, which is mainly old large wood recruitment stored at the slopes and in the stream. To reproduce these two relationships, the model consisted of two frameworks, as follows: (1) the rainfall-induced analytical shallow landslide model, with 30 m spatial resolution for large wood recruitment and (2) the double/triple storage function, with the lumped hydrological method at a watershed scale for large wood entrainment. Application of the model to 212 dam reservoir watersheds across Japan resulted in reproducibility in the estimation of large wood export volumes in 134 of the target dam reservoir watersheds, which contribute 63.2% of the target basins. This indicated that our results verified these two relationships as primary relationships. To analyse the difference in large wood export systems, a frequency analysis was conducted using correlation analysis based on large wood export volume and the cumulative values of six patterns of large wood recruitment volumes. The results indicated that there might be differences in large wood export systems between the watersheds represented by the double storage function model and those represented by the triple storage function model.

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33

Thee, Kian Wie. "The Indonesian wood products industry." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 14, no. 2 (April 2, 2009): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547860902785971.

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Prihatini, Esti, Irma Wahyuningtyas, Istie Sekartining Rahayu, and Rohmat Ismail. "Modification of Fast-Growing Wood into Magnetic Wood with Impregnation Method Using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 11, no. 2 (May 13, 2023): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v11i2.651.

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Fast-growing wood is rarely used by the community because of its low quality. This study aimed to modify the sengon (Falcataria moluccana) and jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) into magnetic wood so they have new functions. In this study, the modification process was performed by impregnating five-level concentrations of Fe3O4 nanoparticles dissolved in two different dispersants, namely water and a mixture of furfuryl alcohol and water. The impregnation process is initiated by a vacuum of -0.5 bar, followed by a pressure of 1 bar for 120 min. The addition of furfuryl alcohol to the impregnation solution significantly increased the physical properties of magnetic wood. The presence of Fe3O4 in wood is also proven by the Fe-O groups observed from the FTIR spectrum analysis. The magnetic field strength also increased as the concentration level of Fe3O4 increased. Based on the results of this research, the best treatment was obtained on magnetic wood of sengon and jabon with furfuryl alcohol and Fe3O4 nanoparticles concentration of 7.5%. Keywords: Fast-growing wood, impregnation, magnetic wood, nanoparticles, nano Fe3O4

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35

Kambugu, R. K., A. Y. Banana, P. Byakagaba, C. Bosse, M. Ihalainen, C. Mukasa, G. Schoneveld, A. Zziwa, and P. O. Cerutti. "The informal sawn wood value chains in Uganda: structure and actors." International Forestry Review 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554823836902635.

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With increasing scarcity and spatial dispersion of tree resources, Uganda's forest sector – similarly to several other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa – has experienced a shift from the large-scale concessionary model historically used to access and harvest forests, to more versatile models involving smaller-scale operators. The timber they produce is sold not only locally in producer countries but also across borders and beyond. Yet small-scale operators largely work outside established regulatory frameworks and as such remain invisible to national and international production and trade statistics, rendering these players voiceless during policy-reform processes. Uganda is no exception, and little is known about the nature of people involved in various small-scale forestry activities, the constraints they face in day-to-day operations, and the dynamics that influence these aspects. Through 452 interviews, of a random sample of actors engaged directly in the sawn wood value chain, conducted between 2016 and 2019, this paper describes sawn wood flows from production areas to markets in Uganda. It assesses the socioeconomic characteristics of operators and the organisation of activities. Findings indicate that the majority of actors in the informal sawn wood value chain are adult males, belonging to a limited number of ethnic groups, exogenous to logging areas and generally deriving their income from the timber business. The sawn wood value chain shows a high degree of fragmentation, with low levels of organisation and lack of vertical and horizontal integration. We conservatively estimate the total volumes sold annually between 386,000 and 467,000 cubic meters of sawn wood. With the expected progressive shift from natural forests to plantations as the primary source of wood, it is key for the Government of Uganda to embrace a paradigm shift on the current policy framework, to ensure that it facilitates rather than constrains the sawn wood value chain, since most of the timber will be sourced from privately owned forests instead of State-owned forests. If most legal provisions remain based on the latter, it is likely that legality will remain the exception rather than the norm.

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Damyanova, Sonya, and Violeta Dimitrova. "Chemical Composition and Stocks of Nutrients in Dead Wood of Beech (Fagus Sylvatica L.) Forests." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 19 (May 16, 2023): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.44.

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The research was carried out in four beech communities in two mountains, Stara Planina and Vitosha in Western Bulgaria. The object of the study was dead beech wood. The aim was to determine the chemical composition and stocks of nutrients in different parts of dead wood in both mountains. The content of macro- and micronutrients in different fractions (stumps, standing, and lying dead wood) of dead wood was determined. The elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N) were in the largest quantities of all the chemical elements studied. Next in order were Ca, Mg, K, and P. Micronutrients were arranged as follows in descending order of their content in the dead wood: Mn, Fe, Zn, Na, Pb, Cu. The calculated stocks of these elements showed that Stara Planina had a larger stock of elements than Vitosha mountain due to the greater amount of dead wood. The results proved that the dead wood is primarily a carbon reservoir, stored mainly in the lying dead wood fraction. The average carbon stock was 983 kg/ha for Vitosha and 4635 kg/ha for Stara Planina. The stocks of all other elements that are contained were several times less in quantity.

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Ruzmetov, Rasul, Ikram Abdullaev, Muzaffar Bekchanov, Shirin Atajanova, Zafar Matyakubov, Manzura Doschanova, Jalol Doschanov, Shodlik Ibragimov, and Abdulla Iskandarov. "Tendencies of Termites of the Genera Anacanthotermes Jacobson to Damage the Wooden Parts of Buildings." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 19 (October 10, 2023): 978–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.92.

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We have focused our research on determining whether the timbers used as a building material by the population today are resistant or nonresistant to termite damage. The main purpose of this was to learn which types of trees cannot be used as building materials for houses or other structures. In this, we used Salix, Populus, Aleagnus, Ulmus, Pinus, and Betula wood species. We carried out research both in the laboratory and in the field (termite nests and residential buildings). In this case, damage by termites of these pieces of wood placed around termite nests accounts for one year. Salix and Populus wood materials were 86.6±6/50.0±4 percent in laboratory conditions, 93.3±5/90±5 in home, and Pinus and Betula wood materials were 6.6±0.7/0 in laboratory conditions and 13, 3±2/3.3±0.8 percent in home were damage noted. The causes of serious damage to wooden materials by termites are mainly due to the increase of humidity and the growth of fungi. When fungal cultures were isolated from damaged wood and their morphological characteristics were studied, it was found that wood decay fungi belonging to the genera Alternaria and Cladosporium were present. When studying the content of substances difficult to decompose by enzymes and microorganisms in the wood materials, it was found lignin that 20.1±0.3% was present in Salix and 41.2±0.3% in Betula wood. It has been found that in areas with high humidity, wood materials are decomposed by fungi and other microorganisms and the microorganisms multiply faster, As a result, wood more damage by termites. Lignin and some of its compounds prevent the growth of microorganisms. Wood materials made from trees belonging to the genera Pinus and Betula are resistant to termite damage due to their high lignin content.

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Fadia, Saviska Luqyana, Istie Sekartining Rahayu, Deded Sarip Nawawi, Rohmat Ismail, and Esti Prihatini. "Physical and Magnetic Properties of Sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq.) Impregnated with Synthesized Magnetite Nanoparticles." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 11, no. 3 (August 31, 2023): 408–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v11i3.761.

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Sengon is one of the fast-growing wood that dominates Indonesian plantation forests and has been used as industrial raw material, fuel, and construction material. To enhance the physical characteristics of sengon wood, it needs technology of wood quality improvement, such as impregnation method by using Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Beside to enhance the quality of sengon wood, this technology can also expand the utilization of fast-growing wood. The presented research aims to examine the effects on physical and magnetic properties of sengon wood after being treated by magnetite nanoparticles impregnation. Magnetite nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation method with a precursor solution of iron ions mixture and weak base (NH4OH). The treatments of the magnetic wood consisted of 3 different concentrations that is untreated, 1% and 5% magnetite nanoparticles impregnation solution with demineralized water as a dispersant. Dimensional stability parameters, such as weight percentage growth, bulking impact, and effectiveness against swelling are increasing along the increase of concentration. Characterization tests such as SEM–EDX analysis showed the existence of Fe deposition in the wood cell membranes and pores of the wood. XRD analysis showed the appearance of magnetic peaks in the diffractogram in accordance with the decreased of crystallinity while the concentration increased and FTIR analysis showed Fe-O functional groups. Sengon wood magnetic was identified based on the VSM study, as a superparamagnetic components with mild magnetic characteristics.

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39

McDonough, Michael Sean. "One Union in Wood." Monthly Review 38, no. 4 (September 7, 1986): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-038-04-1986-08_7.

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40

Ashley, Caroline. "Wood-burning stoves in Kenya: Sale or subsidy?" Development in Practice 3, no. 2 (January 1993): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096145249100077131.

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41

Roche, Chris. "Impact assessment: Seeing the wood and the trees." Development in Practice 10, no. 3-4 (August 2000): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520050116703.

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42

Pagliara, Simone, Deep Roy, and Michele Palermo. "Scour Features at Wood Bundles." Water 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152118.

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Structures like blunt-nosed chevrons, log deflectors and double-winged log frames help in modifying the flow regime in the channel by concentrating the flow and increasing navigability. Moreover, they create scour pools in the downstream stilling basin, which can be used either as fish refuge or as an in-stream storage site for previously dredged material. In this respect, the use of wood debris in the channel in the form of wood bundles has gained attention for the ability of these structures to integrate into the surrounding fluvial habitat and to divert the flow partially towards the central part of the channel when placed in curves. Considering the absence of studies dealing with wood bundles as a restoration structure, the aim of this paper is to analyse the scour mechanism and equilibrium scour morphology of wood bundles in straight and curved channels. In doing so, a wide range of hydraulic conditions, structure positions and configurations were tested. Thereafter, dimensional analysis was carried out to derive useful empirical relationships to predict the maximum scour depth and length as well as the maximum dune height based on a novel, equivalent Froude number, which accounts for the effects of channel curvature and structure position. Moreover, the various resulting scour morphology types were classified, and conditions of their existence were determined depending on the abovementioned Froude number and other key hydraulic parameters.

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43

Koopmans, Auke. "Wood fuels sources and markets." International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 1, no. 4 (2003): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetp.2003.003854.

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44

Rodwell, John, and David Hey. "The King's Wood in Lindrick." Landscapes 11, no. 1 (May 2010): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lan.2010.11.1.47.

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45

Boungou, Whelsy, and Bossoma Doriane N’Doua. "Climate Change and Wood Production." Journal of Forest Economics 39, no. 1 (2024): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/112.00000572.

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Sackey, Lyndon N. A., Klára A. Mocová, and Vladimír Kočí. "Ecotoxicological Effect of Aged Wood Leachates to Aquatic Organisms." Water 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 2091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082091.

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Wood is an important natural resource used for various human activities. Toxicity of wood leachate in aquatic organisms has been previously established, but whether storage over time has an impact on the quality of leachate has not been assessed. Hence, this research seeks to assess the toxicity of aged wood leachate in aquatic organisms. Five fresh wood samples were randomly selected from the Oboyow forest reserve in the eastern region of Ghana: Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), Cedrela (Cedrela odorata), Emire (Terminalia ivorensis), Wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon), and Ceiba (Ceiba pendandra) to assess their toxicity to aquatic organisms. Algal (Desmodesmus subspicatus) duckweed (Lemna minor) and daphnia (Daphnia magna) were carried out using exposures to concentrations of 20%, 30%, 45%, 67%, and 100% v/v of wood leachate with control media, because they represented various concentration rate levels of wood leachate toxicity in the test organisms. The toxicity of the various wood leachates might be due to high levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC), i.e., metals and phenols. The % IC50 of the various wood leachate ranged from 21.51–66.77% with mahogany exhibiting the highest toxicity and wawa the lowest. It was also observed that toxicity of wood leachates decreased as the wood leachate aged. The % IC50 showed both confirmed and potential toxicity among the various wood leachates.

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47

CLARO, EDMUNDO, and GEOFF A. WILSON. "Trans-Pacific Wood Chip Exports: the Rise of Chile." Australian Geographical Studies 34, no. 2 (October 1996): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8470.1996.tb00115.x.

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Hynynen, Ari. "Future in Wood? Timber Construction in Boosting Local Development." European Spatial Research and Policy 23, no. 1 (July 7, 2016): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2016-0007.

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Large scale timber construction has been on the upswing for some time in many European countries. Besides the building cluster, also regions and cities have taken advantage of the ongoing timber boom in their economic and spatial development. In this article the focus is on the South Ostrobothnia region and the city of Seinäjoki in Western Finland, where the potential of the business is quite weakly exploited regardless of favourable preconditions. By studying the key actors of the innovation network we are able to better understand the premises of the local development platform that should aim at boosting timber construction.

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Lentz, David L., Carlos R. Ramírez, and Bronson W. Griscom. "Formative-Period Subsistence and Forest-Product Extraction at the Yarumela Site, Honduras." Ancient Mesoamerica 8, no. 1 (1997): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001577.

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AbstractAnalysis of paleoethnobotanical remains from the Yaramela site in central Honduras has provided insights into subsistence activities, resource-extraction preferences from surrounding ecological zones, and the transfer of plant materials through interregional exchange networks during the Formative and Late Classic periods. Remains of maize (Zea mays) and squash (Cucurbitasp.) were found as well as the wood of a number of tree species, for example, pine (Pinussp.), oak (Quercussp.), fig (Ficussp.), timber sweet (Licariasp.), andguanacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum). These woods were obtained from the upland pine-oak savanna, the tropical deciduous forest of the Comayagua Valley, and the circum-riverine community along the Humuya River. In an unusual discovery, the wood of cashew (Anacardiumcf.occidentale) was found in Middle Formative contexts. This, most likely an introduced domesticate from South America, appears to be the earliest record ofAnacardiumfor Honduras. Paleoethnobotanical data along with root-processing artifacts indicate a diversified subsistence pattern based on domesticates of Mesoamerican and South American origin.

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50

Polubojarinov, Oleg I., Anatoly N. Chubinsky, and Owe Martinsson. "Decay Resistance of Siberian Larch Wood." AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 29, no. 6 (September 2000): 352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-29.6.352.

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