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1
Richardson, Morgan, and Richie Roberts. "Modern Women and Traditional Gender Stereotypes: An Examination of the Roles Women Assume in Thailand’s Agricultural System." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2020.27407.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Previous research has demonstrated that empowering women in developing nations has been shown to enhance agricultural productivity and rural development. Although women in Southeast Asia are often considered to be more empowered than in other parts of the world, in Thailand, women still experience persistent barriers to gender equality. In response, this case study examined the positionality of women in Thailand’s agricultural sector by describing their underlying beliefs and values regarding their careers. As a result, three distinct themes emerged: (1) dichotomous gender roles, (2) the perpetuation of gender stereotypes, and (3) positive perceptions and beliefs in gender equality and women’s abilities. The findings illuminated that despite having a distinctly positive perception of themselves and their abilities, women internalize prescribed gender stereotypes in the agricultural industry in Thailand. Such views appeared to impede the participants’ sense of empowerment in the agricultural workforce. Moving forward, we recommend that extension professionals design programming to empower women in Thailand by tailoring professional development opportunities based on regional differences in regard to gendered customs, norms, and traditions. Further, additional research should be conducted to distill the specific topic areas that could be used to stir critical reflection and action among women in Thailand’s agricultural sector. Keywords: agricultural development; gender equality; Thailand; women empowerment
2
Samrit Yossomsakdi. "Women’s Movement and Women Development in Thailand." HUFS Law Review ll, no. 25 (February 2007): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17257/hufslr.2007..25.9.
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3
Dania, Maya. "Rethinking Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) among Karen “Longneck” Women Hill Tribe in Northern Thailand." KAMBOTI: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora 1, no. 1 (October 9, 2020): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51135/kambotivol1issue1page85-95.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Suku Karen, yang berasal dari cabang kelompok etnis Kayan Burma, kini menjadi bagian terbesar dari populasi etnis dataran tinggi Thailand. Suku tersebut telah bermigrasi ke seluruh perbatasan pegunungan Thailand-Myanmar, sebagai dampak dari konflik bersenjata antara nasionalis Karen dan pemerintah Burma sejak 1950-an dan ketika proses demokrasi tersendat di Myanmar. Dalam dua dekade terakhir, jumlah orang Karen yang bermigrasi ke Chiang Rai telah meningkat karena industri baru pariwisata suku di provinsi tersebut. Namun bagi masyarakat Thailand, masyarakat suku pegunungan masih dianggap makhluk asing, namun mau tak mau, keberadaan mereka harus diintegrasikan ke dalam masyarakat Thailand. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah Thailand mengeluarkan kartu identitas khusus untuk suku pegunungan yang mengidentifikasi mereka sebagai orang dari etnis minoritas, namun bukan warga negara Thailand. Saat ini ada tiga kategori untuk mengakui orang suku pegunungan di Thailand berdasarkan resolusi Kabinet dan undang-undang yang disahkan untuk mencerminkan tingkat penerimaan negara atas status kewarganegaraan. Namun, kebijakan ini membawa makna yang kontradiktif, terutama dalam hal hak kewarganegaraan dan pemenuhan SDGs bagi suku pegunungan. Penelitian ini berfokus pada perempuan Karen "leher panjang" yang tinggal di tambon Nanglae, Amphoe Mueang Chiang Rai, bernama Kayan Lahwi, atau Padaung, sub-kelompok dari Karen Merah. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk secara khusus melihat dampak undang-undang kewarganegaraan Thailand terhadap keberlanjutan sosial-ekonomi perempuan Padaung Karen yang tinggal di tambon Nanglae, Amphoe Mueang, Chiang Rai, saat ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan data literatur, wawancara, dan observasi partisipan untuk mengumpulkan informasi. Hasil penelitian mengungkap masalah yang masih menjadi tantangan bagi perempuan suku Padaung Karen di Chiang Rai untuk mencapai target pembangunan keberlanjutan (SDG) dalam pendapatan (SDG 1), ketahanan pangan (SDG 2), kesehatan (SDG 3), dan pendidikan (SDG 4) bagi komunitas mereka.
4
Dania, Maya. "Rethinking Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) among Karen “Longneck” Women Hill Tribe in Northern Thailand." KAMBOTI: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora 1, no. 1 (October 9, 2020): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51135/kambotivol1iss1pp85-95.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Suku Karen, yang berasal dari cabang kelompok etnis Kayan Burma, kini menjadi bagian terbesar dari populasi etnis dataran tinggi Thailand. Suku tersebut telah bermigrasi ke seluruh perbatasan pegunungan Thailand-Myanmar, sebagai dampak dari konflik bersenjata antara nasionalis Karen dan pemerintah Burma sejak 1950-an dan ketika proses demokrasi tersendat di Myanmar. Dalam dua dekade terakhir, jumlah orang Karen yang bermigrasi ke Chiang Rai telah meningkat karena industri baru pariwisata suku di provinsi tersebut. Namun bagi masyarakat Thailand, masyarakat suku pegunungan masih dianggap makhluk asing, namun mau tak mau, keberadaan mereka harus diintegrasikan ke dalam masyarakat Thailand. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah Thailand mengeluarkan kartu identitas khusus untuk suku pegunungan yang mengidentifikasi mereka sebagai orang dari etnis minoritas, namun bukan warga negara Thailand. Saat ini ada tiga kategori untuk mengakui orang suku pegunungan di Thailand berdasarkan resolusi Kabinet dan undang-undang yang disahkan untuk mencerminkan tingkat penerimaan negara atas status kewarganegaraan. Namun, kebijakan ini membawa makna yang kontradiktif, terutama dalam hal hak kewarganegaraan dan pemenuhan SDGs bagi suku pegunungan. Penelitian ini berfokus pada perempuan Karen "leher panjang" yang tinggal di tambon Nanglae, Amphoe Mueang Chiang Rai, bernama Kayan Lahwi, atau Padaung, sub-kelompok dari Karen Merah. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk secara khusus melihat dampak undang-undang kewarganegaraan Thailand terhadap keberlanjutan sosial-ekonomi perempuan Padaung Karen yang tinggal di tambon Nanglae, Amphoe Mueang, Chiang Rai, saat ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan data literatur, wawancara, dan observasi partisipan untuk mengumpulkan informasi. Hasil penelitian mengungkap masalah yang masih menjadi tantangan bagi perempuan suku Padaung Karen di Chiang Rai untuk mencapai target pembangunan keberlanjutan (SDG) dalam pendapatan (SDG 1), ketahanan pangan (SDG 2), kesehatan (SDG 3), dan pendidikan (SDG 4) bagi komunitas mereka.
5
Phatihattakorn, Chayawat, Artit Wongsa, Kirakorn Pongpan, Sanitra Anuwuthinawin, Sakita Mungmanthong, Manthana Wongprasert, and Boonrat Tassaneetrithep. "Seroprevalence of Zika virus in pregnant women from central Thailand." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): e0257205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Zika virus (ZKV) infection in a pregnant woman, especially during the first trimester, often results in congenital anomalies. However, the pathogenic mechanism is unknown and one-third of ZKV infected pregnancies are asymptomatic. Neutralizing antibodies against ZKV has been reported in 70% of Thai adults, but the prevalence among pregnant women is unknown. Currently, vaccines and specific treatments for ZKV are under development. A better understanding of the immune status of pregnant women will increase the success of effective prevention guidelines. The prevalence of ZKV infection in pregnant women in antenatal care clinics was investigated during the rainy season from May to October 2019 at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. We recruited 650 pregnant women (39.42% first, 52.26% second and 7.36% third trimester) and found that 30.77% had ZKV-specific IgG, and 39.81% had neutralizing antibodies (nAb) against ZKV (titer ≥10). Specific and neutralizing antibody levels varied by maternal age, trimester, and month. We further characterized the cross-reaction between ZKV and the four Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes by focused reduction neutralization test (FRNT) and found that cross-reactions were common. In conclusion, about 60% of pregnant women who living in central Thailand may be at risk of ZKV infection due to the absence of neutralizing antibodies against ZKV. The functions of cross-reactive antibodies between related viral genotypes require further study. These findings have implications for health care monitoring in pregnant women including determining the risk of ZKV infection, assisting the development of a flavivirus vaccine, and informing the development of preventative health policies.
6
Liew, Hui-Peng. "Contraceptive Use among Women Migrants in Nang Rong, Thailand: An Exploratory Study." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 16, no. 3 (September 2007): 383–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680701600304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Understanding the dynamics of contraceptive use among women migrants is considered important, especially to a country like Thailand that is undergoing many changes, and an increasingly female-dominated migration during the last few decades. Using survey data collected in 2000, this study seeks to examine the determinants of modern contraceptive use among women migrants in Nang Rong, Thailand. The study found that several demographic and socioeconomic factors are significant predictors of contraceptive use among women migrants and the magnitude of such effects varies across different migrant types.
7
Sereyvath, Prak, Kyoko Kusakabe, Ubolratana Suntornratana, and Napaporn Sriputinibondh. "Gendering Border Spaces: Impact of Open Border Policy Between Cambodia-Thailand on Small-scale Women Fish Traders." African and Asian Studies 7, no. 1 (2008): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921008x273079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe study examined how the commodity chain of freshwater fresh fish trade between Thailand and Cambodia developed and became sex segregated, and how women small-scale traders are positioned in the chain. The open border policy increased trade and demand for fish, and made it more difficult for small-scale traders to secure fish. Lack of state control led to rent-seeking, which further closed opportunities for resourceless small-scale traders. Women small-scale border traders tried to counter the marginalization through establishing social networks, but with limited success. Field interviews with 86 traders at the border areas of Thailand and Cambodia were conducted to explore these points.
8
Klanarong, Nisakorn. "Border crossing of Muslim women in southern-border provinces of Thailand." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 50, no. 1 (April 2009): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2009.01382.x.
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9
Tangtipongkul, Kaewkwan. "Rates of Return to Schooling in Thailand." Asian Development Review 32, no. 2 (September 2015): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using 2007–2010 data from Thailand's National Labor Force Survey, this paper examines the rates of return to schooling. The Mincer-type rate of return to investment in schooling was estimated. The rates of return to schooling for work experience are significantly positive, but at a decreasing rate. Region of residence and variation in gross provincial product per capita are significant factors in determining the private rate of return. The rates of return to schooling by type of industry reveal higher earnings in mining, utilities, construction, manufacturing, and services than in agriculture. The private and social returns on vocational secondary education attainment are greater than on general secondary education. Finally, the private returns on university attainment for women exceed men by about 1.5 percentage points.
10
Bualar, Theeraphong, and Mokbul Morshed Ahmad. "Why does Community-Based Rehabilitation fail physically disabled women in northern Thailand?" Development in Practice 19, no. 1 (January 16, 2009): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520802576351.
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11
Sritanyarat, Dawisa, and Malinvisa Sakdiyakorn. "Vicarious Learning From Innovative Women Entrepreneurs in Thailand." Advances in Developing Human Resources 22, no. 2 (March 22, 2020): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422320907049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Problem The number of Thai women entrepreneurs has increased to nearly half of all Thai entrepreneurs over the past years with 80% of them reported to have entered into opportunity-driven entrepreneurship. This growing social phenomenon, however, remains underexplored by limited numbers of academic studies on Thai women entrepreneurship. Extending the understanding of opportunity-driven women entrepreneurs in the changing Thai context is therefore significant for developing national human resources. The Solution This study highlights the opportunity-driven category of women entrepreneurs defined by Cromie and Hayes as Innovators. Taking the phenomenological approach as a research method, in-depth interviews from 13 innovative women business owners in Thailand were analyzed to understand their motivations, challenges, and success factors, as well as the contemporary worldview of the Thai culture and values concerning gender roles and social norms. The Stakeholders National policymakers, educators, human resource development professionals, and parents can craft policies and practices that align with key learnings from the lived experiences of women entrepreneurs. Aspiring women entrepreneurs can also vicariously learn from the study participants who serve as role models.
12
Peng, Xuefang. "Education for Hmong Women in Thailand." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 36, S1 (2007): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1326011100004750.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe Hmong are the second largest tribal group in Thailand. Hmong society is stratified by both age and gender. Women were considered inferior to men in Hmong traditional society. There was a strong bias against education for Hmong women in the past. Hmong women’s access to education has improved with recent developments in the socio-economy and modern educational system. Today there does not appear to be discrimination against girls in continuing their education beyond the compulsory level. However, the conventional ideas that “marrying early, bearing early, and having many children are blessings” are popular in the Hmong community. Many girls of school age leave school for marriage. These traditional conventions are an obstacle for females in continuing their formal education. Today, the Hmong’s traditional subsistence economy is undergoing change, and many Hmong women are actively involved in business. Adult and vocational education is also an important way for Hmong women to improve their educational level and gain new skills for making a living. This paper is based on anthropological field research carried out in northern Thailand from December 2003 to September 2004, supported by the Asian Scholarship Foundation.
13
Walter, Pierre. "Literacy practices in development: An ethnographic study of women in Northeastern Thailand." Studies in the Education of Adults 37, no. 1 (March 2005): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02660830.2005.11661508.
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14
Porpora, Douglas V., Mah Hui Lim, and Usanee Prommas. "The Role of Women in the International Division of Labour: The Case of Thailand." Development and Change 20, no. 2 (April 1989): 269–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1989.tb00348.x.
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15
Chaochuti, Thosaeng. "Rewriting Ibsen's Nora: Fiction and the New Woman in Thailand (1920s–1940s)." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, no. 3 (September 2020): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463420000521.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Previous research has shown that the New Woman was a global phenomenon and that fiction was crucial to the emergence of this New Woman. One work that was of particular importance was Henrik Ibsen's A doll's house. This article examines the rise of the New Woman in early twentieth century Thailand. It traces the campaigns for gender equality that Thai women waged in local newspapers and magazines. It also examines the reactions towards these campaigns by three major authors, all of whom turned to Ibsen's play in their engagement with the New Woman phenomenon.
16
Buranajaroenkij, Duanghathai, Philippe Doneys, Kyoko Kusakabe, and Donna L. Doane. "Expansion of Women’s Political Participation through Social Movements: The Case of the Red and Yellow Shirts in Thailand." Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909616654508.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examines the political implications of women’s participation in social movements in Thailand. Based on interviews at protest sites and focus group discussions with movement participants as well as interviews with leaders and key informants, the study suggests that political socialization within what is commonly called the color-coded movements has resulted in women acquiring political knowledge and learning about political engagement while being increasingly accepted as competent political actors. Consequently, women have utilized the Red and Yellow Shirt movements to increase their engagement in politics in three different ways. First, women form groups to enhance their political roles and opportunities within the movements. Second, women are expanding their political roles beyond those offered by the color-coded movements by becoming informal representatives, bridging their communities with formal political agents and institutions. Finally, women are increasingly entering into formal politics through the support of their movements.
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Kamdee, Bumpen, and Khanitta Nuntaboot. "Cultural Based Care for Hmong Pregnant Women and Postpartum Mothers in Northern Thailand: Qualitative Study." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 3643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115123643.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: This qualitative research was to explore the cultural care for Hmong pregnant women and mothers in postpartum period in Northern of Thailand in order to better understand the past operations in relation to the culture, knowledge which derived from the social and ethnic cultural contexts of the Hmong community in Northern Thailand Methods: This was a qualitative study using participatory observation, in-depth interview, group discussion techniques. The data was analyze using content analysis. Key informants were recruited based on specific criteria. Results: The findings revealed that there were 7 Hmong pregnant women, 15 postpartum mothers, 20 caregivers for pregnant women and postpartum mothers. There were three main themes found in the research: 1) Premarital life: marriage is very important for Hmong women; and it is even more important than having education for women. 2) Pregnancy period: pregnancy is considered a normal period for a woman. and 3) Postpartum period: this is the period when Hmong women have a debilitating physical conditions from childbirth. A woman’s physical body must be rehabilitated with herbal medicine and certain healthy food during the postpartum period. Conclusion: The findings showed important issues for the development of a cultural based care model among pregnant woman and postpartum mothers that is consistent with the social and cultural contexts of Hmong ethnicity. Empowering Hmong women in term of caring for herself and encouraging husbands, family members, community volunteers and local government organization to design the joint care for Hmong pregnant women. Keywords: Qualitative Research, Cultural Based Care, Hmong Pregnant Women, Postpartum Mothers.
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Kamdee, Bumpen, and Khanitta Nuntaboot. "Cultural Based Care for Hmong Pregnant Women and Postpartum Mothers in Northern Thailand: Qualitative Study." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 3717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115123717.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: This qualitative research was to explore the cultural care for Hmong pregnant women and mothers in postpartum period in Northern of Thailand in order to better understand the past operations in relation to the culture, knowledge which derived from the social and ethnic cultural contexts of the Hmong community in Northern Thailand Methods: This was a qualitative study using participatory observation, in-depth interview, group discussion techniques. The data was analyze using content analysis. Key informants were recruited based on specific criteria. Results: The findings revealed that there were 7 Hmong pregnant women, 15 postpartum mothers, 20 caregivers for pregnant women and postpartum mothers. There were three main themes found in the research: 1) Premarital life: marriage is very important for Hmong women; and it is even more important than having education for women. 2) Pregnancy period: pregnancy is considered a normal period for a woman. and 3) Postpartum period: this is the period when Hmong women have a debilitating physical conditions from childbirth. A woman’s physical body must be rehabilitated with herbal medicine and certain healthy food during the postpartum period. Conclusion: The findings showed important issues for the development of a cultural based care model among pregnant woman and postpartum mothers that is consistent with the social and cultural contexts of Hmong ethnicity. Empowering Hmong women in term of caring for herself and encouraging husbands, family members, community volunteers and local government organization to design the joint care for Hmong pregnant women. Keywords: Qualitative Research, Cultural Based Care, Hmong Pregnant Women, Postpartum Mothers.
19
Theobald, Sally. "Employment and environmental hazard: Women workers and strategies of resistance in northern Thailand." Gender & Development 4, no. 3 (October 1996): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/741922174.
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20
Mammen, Kristin, and Christina Paxson. "Women's Work and Economic Development." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (November 1, 2000): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.4.141.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using a cross-country dataset and microdata from India and Thailand, we examine how women's work status changes with economic development. Several clear patterns emerge: women's labor force participation first declines and then rises with development; women move from work in family enterprises to work as paid employees; fertility declines; and gender gaps in education narrow. Women's education levels, and those of their spouses, appear to be important determinants of women's labor market activities. Broad welfare indicators, such as mortality rates and education levels, indicate that women's well-being improves on average with development, both in absolute terms and relative to men.
21
Bualar, Theeraphong. "Barriers to employment: voices of physically disabled rural women in Thailand." Community, Work & Family 17, no. 2 (June 8, 2013): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2013.806125.
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22
Zhang, Herbary. "From Thailand to Hong Kong: reinventing womanhood in the journeys of migrant women." South East Asia Research 29, no. 2 (April 3, 2021): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0967828x.2021.1934723.
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Pravattiyagul, Jutathorn. "Thai transgender women in Europe: Migration, gender and binational relationships." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 30, no. 1 (March 2021): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196821998361.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article identifies subtle structural and socio-political issues behind kathoeys’ (Thai male-to-female transgender) migration decisions and categorizes the structural aspirations of their migrations to Europe and their goals to be in binational relationships in their search for a “better life.” The research was conducted in Thailand, Belgium, the Netherlands, the UK and Denmark. The article also reveals kathoeys’ irregular migration and outlines relevant literature in the light of gender, sexuality and migration, as well as their sentimental dynamic and feminine identity formation validated by their binational relationships under crypto-colonized cultural ideologies.
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Somnasang, Prapimporn, Geraldine Moreno, and Kusuma Chusil. "Indigenous Knowledge of Wild Food Hunting and Gathering in North-East Thailand." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 19, no. 4 (January 1998): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659801900412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rural people in north-east Thailand depend on locally gathered or hunted wild food, such as fish, crabs, snails, shrimps, birds, red ants' eggs, frogs, toads, rabbits, rats, insects, and many kinds of plants. Twenty rural villages in north-east Thailand were surveyed, and one village was studied in depth. The objective was to identify knowledge about hunting and gathering of wild food and gender-based differentiation associated with this knowledge. The study showed that the knowledge related to hunting and gathering wild food was different for women and men. Men had more knowledge of fishing and hunting; women had more knowledge of gathering plants and insects and of scooping for shrimp. These findings should be used in developing appropriate programmes to help the local people.
25
COLLINS, STEVEN, and JUSTIN MCDANIEL. "Buddhist ‘nuns’ (mae chi) and the teaching of Pali in contemporary Thailand." Modern Asian Studies 44, no. 6 (April 21, 2010): 1373–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09000079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper presents an ethnographic account of Buddhist ‘nuns’ involved in the teaching of Pali language and Abhidhamma in contemporary Thailand. It also reflects on both the emic-Buddhist (Pali and modern vernacular) and etic-interpretative (English-language) vocabularies which have been used to describe these women and their social role(s) and status(es). The aims of the paper are to go beyond the Weberian vocabulary usually used to describe what we will call ‘professionally celibate Buddhist women’, to escape from the ubiquitous emphasis on the issue of re-establising the Nuns’ Order (bhikkhunī-s) in the modern world in scholarship dealing with such women, and to encourage further ethnography and further civilizational interpretation of gender and asceticism.
26
Muttamara, S., and H. P Ricarte. "Sanitation Program Development for Rural Thailand in Relation to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0273.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The sanitation level in the villages of Thailand is still generally low despite the past efforts of the Sanitation Division of the Department of Health. Consequently, the Royal Thai Government (RTG) is embarking on a national sanitation program with a view to minimizing the occurrence of excreta-related diseases in the rural communities, which will be implemented together with the rural water supply program, so as to produce the optimum effects on health. This dual program, otherwise known as the “Thailand Decade Plan,” will be initiated in 1985 and will continue until the end of 1991. The realization of this plan will serve as Thailand's commitment to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD). With only 2.8 million pour-flush (PF) latrines installed up to the end of 1983, accounting for 44.3% of the total number of households, the plan calls for the provision of an additional 2.5 million PF latrines in order to achieve the target, which is to provide 75% of households with PF latrines by the end of 1991. Considering the attitudes and economic status of the Thai rural people, the proposed strategies for the implementation of the sanitation program will be the provision of material subsidies and/or “revolving funds,” with strong support from such activities as health education, especially for women and children, and the necessary training of personnel. Implementation of the plan will require an investment of approximately Baht 1,792.6 million (roughly U.S.$ 66.4 million).
27
Thang, Leng Leng, Sachiko Sone, and Mika Toyota. "FreedomFound? The Later-Life Transnational Migration of Japanese Women to Western Australia and Thailand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 21, no. 2 (June 2012): 239–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719681202100206.
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Russell, Tristan, Samantha Jeffries, Hennessey Hayes, Yodsawadi Thipphayamongkoludom, and Chontit Chuenurah. "A gender-comparative exploration of women’s and men’s pathways to prison in Thailand." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 53, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 536–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865820954463.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In feminist criminology, there is a growing body of research exploring gendered pathways into prison. However, this research has focussed predominantly on women. There are few gender comparative studies. Further, most feminist pathways research is western centric having, for the most part, been undertaken in the United States. Utilising categorical principal components analysis alongside descriptive statistics and illustrative case study examples, this paper adds to the feminist pathways research by describing and comparing women’s and men’s pathways to prison in Thailand. Three common pathways to prison emerged for both women and men: (1) peer group association/deviant lifestyle, (2) harmed and harming, (3) economically motivated. However, gendered variance was found within these common pathways. Further, two pathways emerged exclusively for women: (1) adulthood victimisation and dysfunctional intimate relationships, (2) naivety and deception. These results substantiate the notion that trajectories into prison are gendered, add empirical support to the feminist pathways perspective beyond the west, contribute to knowledge on how both women and men come to be in prison in Thailand, and in doing so, have utility for the development of gender-informed prison policies, and practices as per the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules).
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Singpliam, Porranee. "Women’s Disintegrated Participation: Hierarchy and Gender Relations Re-Examined in Khru Somsri." Manusya: Journal of Humanities 22, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-02201003.
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The reality of global capitalism and development ideology has made Thailand uncertain. In the 1980s, Thailand’s reduced political activity accelerated the export-oriented economy. The move in policy from political control to development ideology for the pursuit of economic advancement can be argued to have presented a collective threat to the people. The economic disparity prevalent in Thai society shows that people at the community level must face hazardous and insecure treatment from the more dominant party. In this paper, I have conducted an in-depth analysis of the film Khru Somsri (1986) which is a “social mirror” of Thai society amid this economic growth. I argue that statist development ideology, which is interchangeable with modernity, engenders two things. They are, firstly, the discourse on participation pertaining to class and gender and, secondly, the empowerment discourse, particularly of women. This paper shows that people at the local level must struggle in order to prolong their survival in the slum community. Furthermore, how the discourse of participation is being maneuvered is manifold. Participation, as seen in this film, is hierarchical and gendered. The latter aspect of gender relations amid the accelerated market economy ultimately challenges the propriety of how Thai women embody their femininity. This paper re-examines the enmeshed affiliations between the development discourse and disintegrated participation with special attention to gender relations where women’s participation in the development discourse unveils them as ardent, impassioned actors and empowered women.
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Tripiboon, Dinlaga. "A HIV/AIDS Prevention Program for Married Women in Rural Northern Thailand." Australian Journal of Primary Health 7, no. 3 (2001): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py01051.
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HIV/ AIDS transmission is a major threat to married women around the world and especially in developing areas such as rural northern Thailand. Heterosexual transmission is the dominant route by which this disease is acquired. Married women routinely have unprotected sex with their husbands and have limited ability to change this behaviour to protect themselves. Specific intervention is needed to enable married women to take action to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. The study aims to develop, conduct and evaluate the effectiveness of an HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention program in rural northern Thailand. It used a community development model to enable married women to improve their internal factors of self-efficacy, self-esteem and hope and to increase their behavioural skills for negotiation of safe sex practices and condom use with their husbands. The method was used in which eight villages were randomly assigned to either treatment or control conditions, with the village as the unit of randomisation. The intervention program was delivered by health volunteers and trained as agents of change to motivate and mobilise married women in the program. The intervention was implemented through community mobilisation and a grass roots community-based initiative. Pretest and post-test questionnaires were administered to assess internal factors and behaviour skills among 607 married women aged between 18-49 who were living in the villages participating in the study. The results of the intervention program showed enhanced internal factors among the married women. Most importantly, the number of married women demonstrating ability in negotiation skills increased from 33% to 92%, and the percentage of couples using condoms more frequently increased from 24% to 59%. In conclusion, the trial demonstrated that HIV/AIDS prevention intervention increases married women?s ability to protect themselves against HIV infection. This inexpensive education and skills building package to help the prevention level of HIV/AIDS could be widely implemented throughout Thailand and in other developing countries, which have similar social structures
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Kusakabe, Kyoko, and Ruth Pearson. "Transborder Migration, Social Reproduction and Economic Development: A Case Study of Burmese Women Workers in Thailand." International Migration 48, no. 6 (November 23, 2010): 13–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00630.x.
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Liamputtong, Pranee, Susanha Yimyam, Sukanya Parisunyakul, Chavee Baosoung, and Nantaporn Sansiriphun. "When I become a mother!: Discourses of motherhood among Thai women in Northern Thailand." Women's Studies International Forum 27, no. 5-6 (November 2004): 589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2004.09.017.
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Oceanio, Viola D. "Maternity Leave and Gender Equality: Comparative Studies of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand." Populasi 30, no. 2 (December 14, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jp.80183.
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This article discusses the implications of maternity leave on gender equality by taking comparative cases in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. This article focuses on three important issues, namely the implementation of maternity leave policies, the funding system for maternity leave policies, and the implications of these policies on gender equality in the workplace. This article uses secondary data from official government documents, and documents from international institutions, such as International Labor Organization, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and related studies. The results of the study show that maternity leave in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand complies with the recommendations of the International Labor Organization conventions 1952 and 2000. The benefits provided by maternity leave accommodate women to work and take care of children. In funding maternity leave, Indonesia and Malaysia use the employer liability scheme, while Thailand uses a combination of employer liability and the social security act. These funding schemes are aimed at employees in the private and informal sectors. To promote gender equality in the workplace, the benefits of maternity leave are influential in this effort. The more companies adopt this family-friendly work environment, the more it encourages enhancing gender equality in the workplace. The study finds women are barely in managerial positions due to their responsibility in the family matter. The discussion of maternity leave in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand cases leads to a better understanding of the implementation of maternity leave in developing countries, for which there is currently a research gap.
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Habibah, Yasmin Nur, Januar Aditya Pratama, and Mesagus Muhammad Iqbal. "Globalisasi dan Penerimaan LGBTQ+ di ASEAN: Studi Kasus Budaya Boys’ Love di Thailand." Jurnal Sentris 2, no. 1 (May 7, 2021): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v2i1.4615.87-103.
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ABSTRAK Dorongan global terkait LGBTQ+ masih menghadapi banyak tantangan, terutama di kawasan-kawasan timur, tak terkecuali di Asia Tenggara. Kebanyakan hukum nasional mengidentifikasi penganut LGBTQ+ sebagai gangguan kejiwaan yang pantas diberi hukuman-hukuman tertentu. Fenomena ini tentu berdampak pada bagaimana masyarakat menerima kaum ini secara sosial. Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan Pew Research Center, penerimaan publik terkait gerakan LGBTQ+ telah meningkat sejak tahun 2002, bahkan di negara-negara yang dapat disebut cukup konservatif, tak terkecuali Thailand. Budaya yang menjadi aset industri, yaitu ladyboy atau wanita-pria (waria), pun menjadi indikasi penerimaan Thailand terhadap gerakan LGBTQ+. Kini, sejak tahun 2018, industri perfilman Thailand bertemakan Boys’ Love (BL) mendapatkan banyak dukungan dari para pencinta film dan drama, khususnya di negara-negara ASEAN. Dalam tulisan ini, akan dibahas mengenai perkembangan budaya BL di Thailand, yang kemudian berpotensi memunculkan dampak terhadap penerimaan publik negara-negara anggota ASEAN terkait isu LGBTQ+. Berdasarkan teori queer, budaya BL—yang kerap dipandang sebagai dampak globalisasi sosial-budaya—dapat menjadi kekuatan yang “memicu” fluiditas masyarakat dalam hal seksualitas, bahkan dalam lingkungan kultural Asia Tenggara yang dikenal konservatif. Kata Kunci: ASEAN; boys’ love; globalisasi; Thailand; queer ABSTRACT The global push related to LGBTQ+ still faces many challenges, especially in eastern regions, and Southeast Asia is no exception. Most national laws identify LGBTQ + people with a psychiatric disorder who deserve certain punishments. Such a phenomenon certainly has an impact on how society accepts these people socially. According to research conducted by the Pew Research Center, public acceptance of the LGBTQ+ movement has increased since 2002, even in countries that can be described as quite conservative, Thailand is no exception. The culture which becomes an industrial asset, namely ladyboys or women-men, is also an indication of Thailand's acceptance of the LGBTQ+ movement. Since 2018, the Thai film industry with the theme Boys' Love (BL) has received a lot of support from film and drama lovers, especially in ASEAN countries. In this paper, we will discuss the development of BL culture in Thailand, which then has the potential to have an impact on public acceptance of ASEAN member countries regarding LGBTQ + issues. Based on the queer theory, BL culture - which is often seen as the impact of socio-cultural globalization - can be a force that "triggers" the fluidity of society in terms of sexuality, even in a cultural environment in Southeast Asia which is known to be conservative. Keywords: ASEAN; boys’ love; globalization; Thailand; queer
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Chokprajakchat, Srisombat, and Wanaporn Techagaisiyavanit. "Women Prisons in North-Eastern Thailand: How Well Do They Meet International Human Rights Standards?" International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 8, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v8i4.1186.
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Thailand has one of the highest incarceration rates of women in the world. With an increasing prison population overall as well as an increasing proportion of female inmates, the country faces one of its most challenging tasks in penitentiary administration: reforms to its legal landscape and its correctional practices in line with international standards. A response to such a crisis is to undertake a prison evaluation project to ensure proper implementation of the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (also known as the ‘Bangkok Rules’). The primary objective of this research article is to assess and identify a prison model that can inspire the development of other prison facilities, while supporting a firm commitment to maintain and improve the status of current model facilities.
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Jiemin, Bao. "The Gendered Biopolitics of Marriage and Immigration: A Study of Pre-1949 Chinese Immigrants in Thailand." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 34, no. 1 (February 2003): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463403000079.
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This first attempt to include women in the pre-1949 history of Chinese immigration to Thailand examines the dialectical relationship between immigration and marital practices through a gender lens. It is argued that labour immigration is not simply an economic endeavour, but rather a complex process of cultural production in which Thai and Chinese regimes compete to produce gendered citizens.
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Dewi, Kurniawati Hastuti. "Women’s Role and Position During Democratic Transition Period: A Comparison of Indonesia and Thailand." HUMANISMA : Journal of Gender Studies 6, no. 1 (July 8, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/humanisme.v6i1.5475.
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<p><em>This paper observes the historical, cultural, political, and social aspects of Indonesian and Thailand women to understand the progress of the women’s role and position in the two countries, especially during the democratic transition period. This is qualitative research that utilized library sources to collect information and data through various resources such as books, documents, historical books, and webistes dated back from 1970s to 2000s in Indonesia and Thailand. Although there are similarities in development programs to address women's role and position before democratization in Indonesia and Thailand as both of them mainly focused on “practical gender interests”. Interestingly, this paper reveals that during the democratic transition period, Indonesian women’s role and position in politics are one step ahead. This is due to the political stability, persistent commitment of the government to the gender equality agenda, and growing support from progressive Muslim leaders. In contrast, political turbulence due to often military coups which result in the government’s slow performance for women’s advancement combined with less support from Buddhist leaders slowed the progress of Thailand women. This paper highlights the important role of the government policy on gender equality for women’s advancement, political stability, and the role of the majority religion (Islam in Indonesia and Theravada Buddhism in Thailand) to support women's role and position in politics</em>.</p><p>Tulisan ini mengkaji aspek sejarah, budaya, politik, dan sosial perempuan Indonesia dan Thailand untuk memahami perkembangan peran dan posisi perempuan di kedua negara, terutama pada masa transisi demokrasi. Ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang memanfaatkan sumber perpustakaan untuk mengumpulkan informasi dan data melalui berbagai sumber seperti buku, dokumen, buku sejarah, dan situs web dari tahun 1970-an hingga 2000-an di Indonesia dan Thailand. Meskipun ada kesamaan dalam program pembangunan untuk mengatasi peran dan posisi perempuan sebelum demokratisasi di Indonesia dan Thailand karena keduanya berfokus pada “kepentingan gender praktis”. Menariknya, tulisan ini mengungkapkan bahwa selama masa transisi demokrasi peran dan posisi perempuan Indonesia dalam politik selangkah lebih maju. Hal ini disebabkan oleh stabilitas politik, komitmen pemerintah yang gigih terhadap agenda kesetaraan gender dan dukungan yang semakin besar dari para pemimpin Muslim progresif. Sebaliknya, gejolak politik akibat seringnya kudeta militer yang mengakibatkan lambatnya kinerja pemerintah untuk kemajuan perempuan ditambah dengan kurangnya dukungan para pemimpin Buddhis memperlambat kemajuan perempuan Thailand. Tulisan ini menyoroti pentingnya peran kebijakan pemerintah tentang kesetaraan gender untuk kemajuan perempuan, stabilitas politik, dan peran agama mayoritas (Islam di Indonesia dan Buddhisme Theravada di Thailand) untuk mendukung peran dan posisi perempuan dalam politik.</p>
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Koldunova, E. V. "POLITICAL CRISIS AND SOCIAL PROTEST IN THAILAND." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-222-228.
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The article focuses on socio-political activism, main features of socio-political contradictions and the couses of the recent social protests in Thailand. Thailand has the longest democratic tradition among ther countries of South-east Asia. Yetbackin 1932 the country has changed the absoulute monarchy to a constitutional one. However in the XXth century Thailand had lived through more than five decades of authoritarianism. The number of military coupd'etats which took place in Thailand now equals to almost twenty. At the same time, despite such a long authoritarian rule the country witnessed the formation of various elements of civil society. In the second part of the XX century the student protests of 1973–1976 became the most vivid example of civic activism. The social protest in Thailand reached its most active phase in the first decade of this century when the country splitted into two camps – one of thes-o-called «Red Shirts» and Another One of the «Yellow Shirts». The «Red Shirts» supported billionere Thaksin Shinawatra, a Prime Minister of Thaialnd in 2001–2006. The «Yellow Shirts» opposed him. Thet women tioned camps created new social movements – «People's Alliance for Democracy» («Yellow Shirts») and «United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship» («Red Shirts»). Since 2006 Thailand has seen several stages of the development of the social protest. The most recent one starte din November 2013 and end edin May 2014 when after more than half a year of mass meetings in the country's capital Bangkok the military took power again.
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Suksomboon, Panitee. "Remittances and ‘Social Remittances’: Their Impact on Livelihoods of Thai Women in the Netherlands and Non-migrants in Thailand." Gender, Technology and Development 12, no. 3 (January 2008): 461–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097185240901200309.
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van Griensven, Frits, Nittaya Phanuphak, Chomnad Manopaiboon, Eileen F. Dunne, Donn J. Colby, Pannee Chaiphosri, Reshmie Ramautarsing, et al. "HIV prevalence and incidence among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Bangkok, 2014–2018: Outcomes of a consensus development initiative." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): e0262694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262694.
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To reach its goal of ending AIDS by 2030, Thailand has adopted antiretroviral treatment as prevention and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) as its core HIV control strategy. However, in the absence of reliable epidemiologic indicators, the impact of these policies on the course of the HIV epidemic in these groups remains unknown. To help answer this question, we formulated an HIV epidemic consensus initiative for Bangkok, Thailand, to analyze epidemiologic and program data and reach agreement between experts and stakeholders on the evolving state of the HIV epidemic among MSM and TGW. A customized Delphi process was used to consult and consolidate viewpoints of experts and stakeholders. Experts presented and discussed HIV prevalence and incidence data from recent and ongoing studies among MSM and TGW in Bangkok (2014 to 2018) during a meeting with stakeholders representing government, donors, and civil society. Agreement about the course of the HIV epidemic among MSM and TGW was attained by voting consensus. Based on presented data, meeting participants agreed that HIV prevalence and incidence had decreased among Bangkok MSM from 2014 to 2018. Despite these declines, HIV prevalence and incidence were found to remain high. This was particularly the case among younger MSM. Participants agreed that there was no evidence for a decrease in HIV prevalence and incidence among Bangkok TGW. Introduction of antiretroviral treatment as prevention and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis may have contributed to these declines. However, HIV prevalence and incidence remained high, and no signs of a decrease were reported among Bangkok TGW. At the current rate of new HIV infections in MSM and TGW, Thailand will not reach its goal of ending AIDS by 2030. This HIV consensus initiative may serve as a model for building agreement and advocacy on epidemiologic and program data and their implications for a large metropolitan city.
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Leventon, Melissa, and Dale Carolyn Gluckman. "Modernity Through the Lens: The Westernization of Thai Women’s Court Dress." Costume 47, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 216–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0590887613z.00000000025.
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Photography came to Thailand in the mid-nineteenth century and was adopted first by King Mongkut (Rama IV, r. 1851–1868) and subsequently by his son King Chulalongkorn (Rama V, r. 1868–1910). Earlier reigns had forbidden the creation of images of the king. However, King Mongkut, eager to demonstrate that Siam was a modern state on the world stage, willingly sat for daguerreotype portraits modelled after those of European royalty. These were distributed to foreign visitors to the Thai court and sent as gifts to Western heads of state. King Chulalongkorn, who became an enthusiastic patron of photography and an accomplished amateur photographer himself, commissioned countless portraits of himself and his family, especially the women and children of the court. By the end of his reign, portraits of members of the royal family, especially the women, became routine. These portraits offer an unmatched record of the dress of an otherwise invisible population and served as inspiration for Thailand’s reigning queen in her development of modern court dress. This essay, the first of its kind in English, attempts to chart the changes in court attire from c. 1860–1930, as it gradually evolved from fully Thai to fully Western.
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Thassri, Jeranoun, Napaporn Kala, Ladda Chusintong, Julianna Phongthanasarn, Salee Boonsrirat, and Sansnee Jirojwong. "The development and evaluation of a health education programme for pregnant women in a regional hospital, southern Thailand." Journal of Advanced Nursing 32, no. 6 (December 2000): 1450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01617.x.
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Polnyotee, Maythawin, and Suwattana Thadaniti. "Community-Based Tourism: A Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development of Patong Beach, Phuket Island, Thailand." Asian Social Science 11, no. 27 (November 22, 2015): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n27p90.
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<p>This study proposes community-based tourism as a strategy for sustainable tourism development of Patong Beach. Direct observation, questionnaire and interview are research instruments. A result of analyzing 120 questionnaires of local people which displayed a negative impact including economic impact which was very high )= 4.53(, social impact )= 4.28( and environmental impact) = 4.42( which were high so the total mean score was high )= 4.41(. The Community-Based Tourism was adapted for solution all negative impacts which were mentioned earlier. The sreategies are namely 1. Political development strategy: (1.1) Enabling the participation of local people, (1.2) Giving the power of the community over the outside and (1.3) Ensuring rights in natural resource management. 2. Environmental development strategy: (2.1) Studying the carrying capacity of the area, (2.2) Managing waste disposal and (2.3) Raising awareness of the need for conservation.3. Social development strategy: (3.1) Raising the quality of life, (3.2) Promoting community pride, (3.3) Dividing roles fairly between women/men, elder/youth and (3.4) Building community management organizations. 4. Cultural development strategy: (4.1) Encouraging respect for different cultures, (4.2) Fostering cultural exchange and (4.3) Embedding development in local culture and 5. Economic development strategy: (5.1) Raising funds for community development, (5.2) Creating jobs in tourism and (5.3) Raising the income of local people.<strong></strong></p>
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Cho, Yonjoo, Jessica Li, and Sanghamitra Chaudhuri. "Women Entrepreneurs in Asia: Eight Country Studies." Advances in Developing Human Resources 22, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422320907042.
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The Problem Asia as a research context is significantly different, in many ways, from Western contexts where a majority of studies on women in leadership have been conducted. First, traditional culture and religious beliefs in Asia dictate the inferior status of women in their daily lives. Second, women’s appointment to high-ranking leadership roles in Asia has been a continuing challenge. Third, many organizations in Asia remain as gendered workplaces where cultural, religious, and organizational constraints coexist. This special issue on women entrepreneurs in Asia, therefore, makes specific contributions to research on Asian women in leadership in the context of entrepreneurship. The Solution The purpose of this special issue is to investigate women entrepreneurs’ motivations, challenges, and opportunities in eight Asian countries (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam). The special issue provides insights into developing the potential of aspiring women entrepreneurs who are set in rapidly developing Asian countries where traditional cultural and religious expectations and modernized values coexist. Despite challenges and difficulties that women entrepreneurs face, the opportunities that they create in business development can serve as a model for aspiring women entrepreneurs in Asia and other countries. The Stakeholders As women entrepreneurs’ challenges are of global interest, this special issue represents an effort to transcend national boundaries in understanding how to address the challenges they face. Scholars and practitioners who are interested in international Human Resource Development can better understand how Asia’s fast-growing economies and culture have influenced women entrepreneurs in positive and negative ways.
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Ockey, James. "Thai Political Families: The Impact of Political Inheritance." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 3, no. 2 (March 27, 2015): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2015.1.
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AbstractStudies of political families in the West focus on political inheritance, or the pattern of children following the careers of their parents. In contrast, studies of political families in other parts of the world focus on nepotism, corruption, and capturing of the political system in a particular area. In this study of political families in Thailand, I seek to distinguish between political inheritance and capturing a local political system. I then focus on political inheritance, finding that it is much more common than capturing a locality in Thailand. Working with a database of all members of the Thai parliament since 1932, I find that political inheritance benefits younger candidates and female candidates, with members of political families able to enter parliament at a younger age, and with women members of parliament more likely to come from a political family than men. I find further that political inheritance is found in all regions of Thailand, including Bangkok, and is not associated with different levels of development or regional cultures. With the strengthening of political parties and a declining birth rate, the number of families in the Thai parliament has declined, but has stabilised at a lower level. This indicates that political families are adapting to change, and can be expected to continue to play an important role in Thai politics.
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Pasciana, Rostiena, and Ieke Sartika Iriany. "Asean Integration In Improving Indonesian Women Education: A Literature Review." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Politik dan Humaniora 1, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36624/jisora.v1i2.16.
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The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an organization of countries in Southeast Asia established in Bangkok, Thailand, on August 8, 1967 under the Bangkok Declaration by Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. For more th an five decades ASEAN has experienced many positive and significant developments towards a more integrative and forward - looking stage with the establishment of an ASEAN Community by 2015. The ASEAN Community not only affects the economic sector, but also other sectors, including "education" as an effort to build competitive human resources. The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) challenges in education that will be faced are the proliferation o f foreign educational institutions, standardization of orientation in education, which is pro - market, and markets labor that will be flooded by foreign workers. Therefore, the era of ASEAN free trade should be welcomed by the world of education quickly, so that the human resources (HR) of Indonesia, especially by women who still have low resource. They should be prepared for facing an intense competition with other countries. ASEAN countries have considered synchronizing the certification standards, streng thening, and improving the skills and knowledge of ASEAN youth and women in the regional integration process. Therefore, ASEAN countries have always been active in encouraging cooperative relations in various levels of education and training, at the same t ime encouraging all organizations and schools in each country to seek cooperation partners in other countries of the ASEAN region.
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Caouette, Therese M. "Thailand's Hidden Workforce: Burmese Migrant Women Factory Workers." Gender & Development 21, no. 1 (March 2013): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2013.767539.
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Baumert, Brittney O., Nancy Fiedler, Tippawan Prapamontol, Panrapee Suttiwan, Warangkana Naksen, Parinya Panuwet, Supattra Sittiwang, et al. "Investigation of Prenatal Pesticide Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Deficits in Northern Thailand: Protocol for a Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study." JMIR Research Protocols 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): e31696. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/31696.
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Background Prenatal exposure to pesticides has been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Gaps exist in the current literature about the timing and magnitude of exposures that result in these adverse outcomes. Objective The Study of Asian Women and their Offspring’s Development and Environmental Exposures (SAWASDEE) cohort was established to investigate the impact of prenatal exposure to pesticides on early indicators of cognitive and motor skills, inhibitory control, emotion regulation, and memory that have been found to be important in the development of subsequent neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental diseases. The overarching goal is to find earlier predictors of potential adverse neurologic outcomes in order to enable earlier interventions that could result in better outcome prognoses. Methods Recruitment of this prospective, longitudinal birth cohort began in July 2017 and was completed in June 2019 in Chom Thong and Fang, 2 farming districts in Chiang Mai Province in northern Thailand. Follow-up of the study participants is ongoing. During pregnancy, 7 questionnaires were administered. Time-resolved biospecimen samples were collected monthly (for urine) and during each trimester (for blood) during antenatal care visits. Medical records were abstracted. Infants were administered the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) test at 1 month of age. A total of 322 mother-child pairs completed the NNNS test. All children will be followed until 3 years of age and undergo a series of neurodevelopmental tests. We will complete several additional exposure related analyses. Results A total of 1298 women were screened, and of those, 394 (30.35%) women were enrolled. The mean gestational age at enrollment was 9.9 weeks (SD 2.6). Differences in literacy were observed between Chom Thong and Fang participants. In Fang, about 54 of 105 (51.4%) participants reported being able to read in Thai compared to about 206 of 217 (94.9%) participants in Chom Thong. The percentages were comparable for reporting to be able to write in Thai. Conclusions This longitudinal birth cohort study will inform risk assessment standards for pregnant women in Thailand and other countries. Building awareness of how insecticide exposure during specific windows of pregnancy affects the neurodevelopmental trajectories of children in developing countries is a specific need recognized by the World Health Organization. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/31696
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Ya-Anan, Matchakarn. "Leadership Effect on the Retention of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Employees in Thailand." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 3, no. 2 (August 15, 2011): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v3i2.266.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examines the affect of leadership on the retention of employees in NGOs. Four Thai NGOs representing a variety of organizational types were selected as a case study: the Paveenahongsakul Foundation, the Duang Prateep Foundation, the Potektueng Foundation, and the Chaipattana Foundation. They all work largely in the field of social and community development, with specific interests varying from: literacy, education, health, child and women welfare, environment, advocacy, animal welfare, volunteer promotion, etc. All of these NGOs are large enough to require skilled employees and an executive staff that is concerned about retaining these employees. This research aims to understand and critique the success factors for employee retention and examine if these factors hold true against the broad diversity of NGOs. In particular this study focuses on how leadership, which maintains the mission and vision of the NGO, impacts employee retention and what effect employee changeover has on maintaining mission and vision.
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Pienwisetkaew, Teerapong, Peerapong Wongthahan, Phaninee Naruetharadhol, Sasichakorn Wongsaichia, Chonnipa Vonganunsuntree, Siraphat Padthar, Santi Nee, Ping He, and Chavis Ketkaew. "Consumers’ Intention to Purchase Functional Non-Dairy Milk and Gender-Based Market Segmentation." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 11957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911957.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increasing awareness of the benefits of functional non-dairy milk has been growing significantly due to the increasing recognition of the benefits of functional foods. Functional non-dairy milk provides a valuable alternative for lactose-intolerant people with other dietary restrictions preventing them from consuming dairy milk. However, some evidence suggests that not all consumers benefit equally from food. Previous research indicated that women more often purchase foods that are perceived to be healthy, while men are more likely to purchase foods that are perceived to be hedonistic. Thus, this study aimed to examine the significant relationships among factors influencing functional non-dairy milk purchase intention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and to identify behavioral differences between men and women. We conducted a quantitative study using structured questionnaires and with 413 valid respondents that consume functional non-dairy milk in six regions of Thailand. Further, we used a multi-group structural equation modeling approach to explore and compare consumers’ intentions across genders. The results showed that trust and health consciousness positively influence an individual’s perceived behavioral control and then directly affect their attitude and purchase intention of functional non-dairy milk products. Additionally, the multi-group analysis proposed that men and women consumers significantly differ in their requirements for enjoyable experiences while consuming functional non-dairy milk. More specifically, hedonic eating value has a greater impact on men’s attitudes than women’s attitudes. This study deepens our understanding of the functional non-dairy milk industry in Thailand in terms of market segments based on gender.