Дисертації з теми "Wire transmission lines"

In this thesis we present new approaches in the domains of soft fault detection and location in complex wire networks, based on the properties of time reversal. When addressing the detection of soft faults, the idea is to adapt the testing signal to the network under test, instead of being predefined for all the tested networks, as opposed to standard reflectometry techniques. We prove that this approach, which we name the Matched Pulse approach (MP), is beneficial whenever the system is more complex, i.e., its response is richer in echoes, which is opposed to common understanding. The MP analysis is conducted via a formal mathematical analysis, followed by simulation and experimental results validating the proposed approach. In the domain of soft fault location, and based on the DORT (Décomposition de l'Opérateur de Retournement Temporel) properties, we derive a distributive non-iterative method able to synthesize signals that focus on the fault position. Through a statistical study we analyze some of the influencing parameters on the performance of the method, and then simulation and experimental results show that the method is able to synthesize signals directly focalizing on the soft fault position, without the need for iterations.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Магістерська дисертація складається з пояснювальної записки на 106 сторінках та графічної частини на 8 листах. В роботі наведено 46 рисунків та 13 таблиць. Робота містить такі розділи: 1. Загальні відомості щодо ожеледно-вітрових навантажень та коливань проводів ПЛ. 2. Моделювання коливань проводів ПЛ з урахуванням ожеледно-вітрових навантажень. 3. Методи та засоби захисту ПЛ від вібрації та галопування. 4. Методи та засоби захисту ПЛ від ожеледно-вітрових навантажень. Актуальність роботи: Одним з найголовніших принципів сучасної енергетики є забезпечення надійної та безперебійної роботи обладнання електроенергетичних систем і електричних мереж. Для повітряних ліній електропередавання одним з актуальних є питання їх захисту від зовнішніх впливів природного походження, таких як вітрові та ожеледно-вітрові навантаження. У зарубіжних країнах немає єдиної методики нормування розрахункових кліматичних умов для проведення їх районування за інтенсивністю ожеледоутворення, тому питання організації боротьби з різними видами відкладень на проводах ліній електропередавання на сьогоднішній день поставлене першочергово і є дуже актуальним. Для швидкого та точного вирішення цього питання необхідним є уточнення всіх існуючих знань та матеріалів щодо вітрових та ожел едно-вітрових навантажень, створення комп'ютерних моделей аналізу та прогнозування даних відкладень на проводах ліній електропередавання і створення нових методів та типів захисту ліній електропередавання від впливів природного походження Мета дисертаційної роботи: Аналіз і вивчення повного циклу виникнення ожеледних відкладень на лініях електропередавання з врахуванням впливу дії вітру, аналіз впливу та створення комп'ютерної моделі ожеледно-вітрових навантажень на проводи ліній електропередавання, запропонування методик та типів захисту ліній електропередавання від ожеледно-вітрових навантажень. Об’єкт дослідження: проводи повітряних ліній електропередавання усіх класів номінальних напруг. Предмет дослідження: процес виникнення ожеледних відкладень під дією вітру та їх вплив на проводи ліній електропередавання усіх класів номінальних напруг. Ключові слова: проводи ліній електропередавання, ожеледні відкладення, ожеледоутворення, ожеледно-вітрові навантаження, захист від ожеледно-вітрових навантажень.
The master's dissertation consists of an explanatory note on 106 pages and graphic part on 8 paper. There are 46 pictures and 13 tables. The work contains the following sections: 1. General information on ice-wind loads and fluctuations of wires. 2. Modeling of fluctuations of wires of the power lines, taking into account the ice-wind loads. 3. Methods and means of protection of the submarine from vibration and galloping. 4. Methods and means of protection of submarines from ice-wind loads. Actuality of work: One of the most important principles of modern energy is to ensure reliable and uninterrupted operation of equipment of electric power systems and electric networks. One of the most urgent issues is to protect them from external influences of natural origin, such as wind and ice-wind loads. In foreign countries there is no uniform method of normalization of the calculated climatic conditions for their zoning based on the intensity of ice-forming, so the issue of organizing the fight against various types of deposits on the lines of transmission lines has been put to the fore today and is very topical. In order to quickly and accurately resolve this issue, it is necessary to clarify all existing knowledge and materials concerning wind and ice-wind loads, to create computer models of analysis and forecasting of these deposits on wires of power transmission lines and to create new methods and types of protection of transmission lines from natural influences. The purpose of the dissertation work: Analysis and study of the full cycle of occurrence of iced deposits on transmission lines, taking into account the influence of the wind, impact analysis and the creation of a computer model of ice-wind loads on the transmission lines, offering methods and types of protection of transmission lines from ice-wind loads. Object of research: conducting of overhead transmission lines of all classes of nominal voltages. Subject of research: the process of occurrence of iced ice deposits under the influence of wind and their influence on conduction lines of electric power transmission of all classes of nominal voltages.

Le vieillissement des lignes de transport d’énergie électrique est une problématique majeure des réseaux. D’ailleurs, des problèmes se posent au plan de l’évaluation de l’état des conducteurs qui, soumis aux vibrations éoliennes, sont vulnérables à l’endommagement en fatigue. Surtout présent aux pinces de suspension, ce phénomène est encore difficile à quantifier, notamment quant à la prédiction de la durée de vie résiduelle des conducteurs. D’autre part, avec le besoin croissant d’optimiser l’exploitation du réseau tout en maintenant sa fiabilité, une estimation précise de l’état d’endommagement des conducteurs est primordiale. Pour cela, une caractérisation des sollicitations à l’échelle des brins est d’abord requise. L’objectif principal de cette thèse vise donc le développement d’une stratégie de modélisation et d’analyse des conducteurs sollicités en vibrations éoliennes permettant une évaluation précise des conditions de chargement locales à l’échelle des brins, tout en tenant compte de l’effet de la géométrie des pinces de suspension. Une stratégie de modélisation 3D des solides toronnés est d’abord développée avec la méthode des éléments finis selon une discrétisation individuelle des brins par éléments poutres, capable de traiter toutes les interactions inter-filaires en frottement. Cette modélisation traduit efficacement la cinématique des torons tout en donnant accès aux charges locales. Son caractère général lui permet aussi d’être appliquée à tout problème impliquant des torons. Appliquée à l’étude des conducteurs sous l’effet des vibrations éoliennes, la stratégie conduit à une description précise de leur comportement tant au plan global en flexion que de la description des contraintes aux brins. Des estimations réalistes de durées de vie en fatigue des conducteurs sont même possibles par l’application de critères d’endommagement aux contraintes. Ensuite, les pinces de suspension sont intégrées à la stratégie de modélisation selon une représentation surfacique traitant le contact pince/conducteur. Une comparaison à des mesures expérimentales met en relief la précision de l’approche. L’analyse de la solution numérique permet l’identification des zones critiques d’endommagement en contact à chacune des couches du conducteur et révèle des informations nouvelles quant à la nature de la sollicitation des brins à la pince de suspension. Finalement, des travaux exploratoires proposent un nouveau concept d’analyse multi-échelles en combinant la modélisation numérique d’un système pince/conducteur à des essais de fatigue sur brins individuels. Une mise en œuvre préliminaire de l’approche permet de valider le concept et en jette les bases en vue de son application future. En somme, la stratégie de modélisation développée dans cette thèse constitue un puissant outil d’analyse qui ouvre maintenant la voie à une caractérisation appropriée de la fatigue des conducteurs en vue ultimement de prédire leur durée et vie résiduelle.
Abstract : The aging of overhead transmission lines is a major concern for utilities. In particular, problems arise in assessing the integrity of conductors whose exposure to Aeolian vibrations renders them vulnerable to fatigue damage. Occurring mainly at the suspension clamps, conductor fatigue is still difficult to quantify, especially regarding the prediction of their residual life. With the increasing need to optimize the power grid while maintaining its reliability, accurate evaluations of the conductor damage state become crucial. To this matter, a characterization of the stress levels at the wire scale is first required. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to develop a strategy for the modeling and analysis of conductors subjected to wind induced vibrations, allowing an accurate description of the local load conditions, while accounting for the effects of the suspension clamps. A finite element wire strand modeling strategy is first developed based on a 3D beam element discretization, considering all frictional wire interactions. The modeling approach efficiently reproduces the wire strand kinematics while giving access to the local loads. Its general formulation also allows it to be applied to any problem involving strands. Applied to the study of conductors subjected to Aeolian vibrations, the strategy leads to an accurate description of their behavior at both the global strand deformations and the wire stress description. Realistic conductor residual life estimates are even possible with the use of common damage criteria. The suspension clamps are then incorporated into the modeling strategy using a surface representation of the conductor/clamp contact. Comparisons with experimental measurements highlight the precision of the approach. The model response analysis allows now the identification of the critical damage zones within each conductor layers and reveals new information about the nature of the wire stresses at the suspension clamp. Finally, exploratory works propose a new concept of multi-scale analysis combining the numerical conductor/clamp modeling strategy to experimental fatigue tests on individual wires. A preliminary implementation of the approach validates the concept and lays the foundations for its future application. In summary, the modeling strategy developed in this thesis constitutes a powerful analytical tool which now opens the way to an appropriate characterization of conductor fatigue with the ultimate objective to eventually predict their residual life.

This thesis tackles issues of particular interest regarding analysis and design of passive components at the mm-wave and Terahertz (THz) bands. Innovative analysis techniques and modeling of complex structures, design procedures, and practical implementation of advanced passive devices are presented. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to THz passive components. These days, THz technology suffers from the lack of suitable waveguiding structures since both, metals and dielectric, are lossy at THz frequencies. This implies that neither conventional closed metallic structures used at microwave frequencies, nor dielectric waveguides used in the optical regime, are adequate solutions. Among a variety of new proposals, the Single Wire Waveguide (SWW) stands out due to its low attenuation and dispersion. However, this surface waveguide presents difficult excitation and strong radiation on bends. A Dielectric-Coated Single Wire Waveguide (DCSWW) can be used to alleviate these problems, but advantages of the SWW are lost and new problems arise. Until now, literature has not given proper solution to radiation on bends and, on the other hand, rigorous characterization of these waveguides lacks these days. This thesis provides, for the first time, a complete modal analysis of both waveguides, appropriated for THz frequencies. This analysis is later applied to solve the problem of radiation on bends. Several structures and design procedures to alleviate radiation losses are presented and experimentally validated. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to mm-wave passive components. These days, when implementing passive components to operate at such small, millimetric wavelengths, to ensure proper metallic contact and alignment between parts results challenging. In addition, dielectric absorption becomes significant at mm-wave frequencies. Consequently, conventional hollow metallic waveguides and planar transmission lines present high attenuation so that new topologies are being considered. Gap Waveguides (GWs), based on a periodic structure introducing an Electromagnetic Bandgap effect, result very suitable since they do not require metallic contacts and avoid dielectric losses. However, although GWs have great potential, several issues prevent GW technology from becoming consolidated and universally used. On the one hand, the topological complexity of GWs difficulties the design process since full-wave simulations are time-costly and there is a lack of appropriate analysis methods and suitable synthesis procedures. On the other hand, benefits of using GWs instead of conventional structures are required to be more clearly evidenced with high-performance GW components and proper comparatives with conventional structures. This thesis introduces several efficient analysis methods, models, and synthesis techniques that will allow engineers without significant background in GWs to straightforwardly implement GW devices. In addition, several high-performance narrow-band filters operating at Ka-band and V-band, as well as a rigorous comparative with rectangular waveguide topology, are presented.
Esta tesis aborda problemas actuales en el análisis y diseño de componentes pasivos en las bandas de onda milimétrica y Terahercios (THz). Se presentan nuevas técnicas de análisis y modelado de estructuras complejas, procedimientos de diseño, e implementación práctica de dispositivos pasivos avanzados. La primera parte de la tesis se dedica a componentes pasivos de THz. Actualmente no se disponen de guías de onda adecuadas a THz debido a que ambos, metales y dieléctricos, introducen grandes pérdidas. En consecuencia, no es adecuado escalar las estructuras metálicas cerradas usadas en microondas, ni las guías dieléctricas usadas a frecuencias ópticas. Entre un gran número de recientes propuestas, la Single Wire Waveguide (SWW) destaca por su baja atenuación y casi nula dispersión. No obstante, como guía superficial, la SWW presenta difícil excitación y radiación en curvas. El uso de un recubrimiento dieléctrico, creando la Dielecric-Coated Single Wire Waveguide (DCSWW), alivia estos inconvenientes, pero las ventajas anteriores se pierden y nuevos problemas aparecen. Hasta la fecha, no se han encontrado soluciones adecuadas para la radiación en curvas de la SWW. Además, se echa en falta una caracterización rigurosa de ambas guías. Esta tesis presenta, por primera vez, un análisis modal completo de SWW y DCSWW, adecuado a la banda de THz. Este análisis es aplicado posteriormente para evitar el problema de la radiación en curvas. Se presentan y validan experimentalmente diversas estructuras y procedimientos de diseño. La segunda parte de la tesis abarca componentes pasivos de ondas milimétricas. Actualmente, estos componentes sufren una importante degradación de su respuesta debido a que resulta difícil asegurar contacto metálico y alineamiento adecuados para la operación a longitudes de onda tan pequeñas. Además, la absorción dieléctrica incrementa notablemente a estas frecuencias. En consecuencia, tanto guías metálicas huecas como líneas de transmisión planares convencionales presentan gran atenuación, siendo necesario considerar topologías alternativas. Las Gap Waveguides (GWs), basadas en una estructura periódica que introduce un efecto de Electromagnetic Bandgap, resultan muy adecuadas puesto que no requieren contacto entre partes metálicas y evitan las pérdidas en dieléctricos. No obstante, a pesar del potencial de las GWs, varias barreras impiden la consolidación y uso universal de esta tecnología. Por una parte, la compleja topología de las GWs dificulta el proceso de diseño dado que las simulaciones de onda completa consumen mucho tiempo y no existen actualmente métodos de análisis y diseño apropiados. Por otra parte, es necesario evidenciar el beneficio de usar GWs mediante dispositivos GW de altas prestaciones y comparativas adecuadas con estructuras convencionales. Esta tesis presenta diversos métodos de análisis eficientes, modelos, y técnicas de diseño que permitirán la síntesis de dispositivos GW sin necesidad de un conocimiento profundo de esta tecnología. Asimismo, se presentan varios filtros de banda estrecha operando en las bandas Ka y V con altas prestaciones, así como una comparativa rigurosa con la guía rectangular.
Aquesta tesi aborda problemes actuals en relació a l'anàlisi i disseny de components passius en les bandes d'ona mil·limètrica i Terahercis. Es presenten noves tècniques d'anàlisi i modelatge d'estructures complexes, procediments de disseny, i implementació pràctica de dispositius passius avançats. La primera part de la tesi es focalitza en components passius de THz. Actualment no es disposen de guies d'ona adequades a THz causa que tots dos, metalls i dielèctrics, introdueixen grans pèrdues. En conseqüència, no és adequat escalar les estructures metál·liques tancades usades en microones, ni les guies dielèctriques usades a freqüències òptiques. Entre un gran nombre de propostes recents, la Single Wire Waveguide (SWW) destaca per la seua baixa atenuació i quasi nul·la dispersió. No obstant això, com a guia superficial, la SWW presenta difícil excitació i radiació en corbes. L'ús d'un recobriment dielèctric, creant la Dielecric-Coated Single Wire Waveguide (DCSWW), alleuja aquests inconvenients, però els avantatges anteriors es perden i nous problemes apareixen. Fins a la data, no s'han trobat solucions adequades per a la radiació en corbes de la SWW. A més, es troba a faltar una caracterització rigorosa d'ambdues guies. Aquesta tesi presenta, per primera vegada, un anàlisi modal complet de SWW i DCSWW, adequat a la banda de THz. Aquest anàlisi és aplicat posteriorment per evitar el problema de la radiació en corbes. Es presenten i validen experimentalment diverses estructures i procediments de disseny. La segona part de la tesi es centra en components passius d'ones mil·limètriques. Actualment, aquests components pateixen una important degradació de la seua resposta a causa de que resulta difícil assegurar contacte metàl·lic i alineament adequats per a l'operació a longituds d'ona tan menudes. A més, l'absorció dielèctrica incrementa notablement a aquestes freqüències. En conseqüència, tant guies metàl·liques buides com línies de transmissió planars convencionals presenten gran atenuació, sent necessari considerar topologies alternatives. Les Gap Waveguides (GWs), basades en una estructura periòdica que introdueix un efecte de Electromagnetic Bandgap, resulten molt adequades ja que no requereixen contacte entre parts metàl·liques i eviten les pèrdues en dielèctrics. No obstant, tot i el potencial de les GWs, diverses barreres impedixen la consolidació i ús universal d'aquesta tecnologia. D'una banda, la complexa topologia de les GWs dificulta el procés de disseny atés que les simulacions d'ona completa consumeixen molt de temps i no existeixen actualment mètodes d'anàlisi i disseny apropiats. D'altra banda, és necessari evidenciar el benefici d'utilitzar GWs mitjançant dispositius GW d'altes prestacions i comparatives adequades amb estructures convencionals. Aquesta tesi presenta diversos mètodes d'anàlisi eficients, models, i tècniques de disseny que permetran la síntesi de dispositius GW sense necessitat d'un coneixement profund d'aquesta tecnologia. Així mateix, es presenten diversos filtres de banda estreta operant en les bandes Ka i V amb altes prestacions, així com una comparativa rigorosa amb la guia rectangular.
Berenguer Verdú, AJ. (2017). Analysis and design of efficient passive components for the millimeter-wave and THz bands [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/84004
TESIS

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Compared with conventional measurements from supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, phasor measurement units (PMUs) provide time-synchronized and direct measurements of phasors. The availability of synchronized phasor measurements can significantly improve power system protection and analysis. This dissertation is specifically committed to using synchronized measurements for estimation of fault locations in transmission systems. Transmission lines are prone to various short-circuit faults. Accurate fault location is critical for rapid power recovery. Chapter 2 proposes a new fault location method based on sparse wide area measurements. One distinguishing feature of this method is its applicability to both transposed and untransposed transmission lines. In addition, the method is developed based on sparse-wide area measurement that may be taken far away from the faulted line. Shunt capacitances of transmission lines are also fully considered by the algorithm. Moreover, when synchronized measurements from multiple buses are available, an optimal estimator can be used to make the most use of measurements, and to detect and identify potential bad measurements. Most of the existing fault location literatures discuss common shunt faults, including single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, line-to-line-to-ground faults, and three-phase faults. However, in addition to common shunt faults, some complex faults may also occur in power systems. Among these complex faults, evolving fault and inter-circuit fault are two typical examples. Chapter 3 extends the method developed in Chapter 2 to deal with evolving faults. The proposed wide-area fault location methods are immune to fault type evolution, and are applicable to both transposed and untransposed lines. Chapter 4 discusses location of inter-circuit faults. Inter-circuit fault is a type of simultaneous fault, and it is the most common simultaneous fault type. Inter-circuit faults between each circuit in a double-circuit line is the most common inter-circuit fault. A fault location method for inter-circuit faults on double-circuit lines are developed and evaluated in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 puts forward a fault location algorithm, which does not require line parameters information, for series-compensated transmission lines. Two-end synchronized voltage and current measurements are utilized. The proposed method is independent of source impedance and fully considers shunt capacitances of transmission lines.

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la détection de défauts d'isolement dans des lignes de transmission de grandes longueurs. Il s'agit de détecter des défauts non francs liés à l'isolant entre les conducteurs d'un câble de grande longueur qui sont représentés par le paramètre de conductance de fuite. Détecter ces défauts, signes d'un possible futur court-circuit, est un enjeu important mais nécessite une méthode non invasive. Par exemple, dans le cas des câbles de signalisation SNCF, il s'agit de développer une méthode de diagnostic de très faibles conductances de fuite dans les câbles de signalisation le long des voies ferrées compatible avec la circulation des trains. Il faut savoir estimer, à partir de mesures en un seul point du câble, de fortes résistances distribuées sur plusieurs centaines de mètres sans perturber la bande de fréquences du continu à 40 kHz, réservée aux signaux de service. En effet, les câbles de signalisation de la SNCF qui nous intéressent ont une longueur moyenne de 1500 m et sont utilisés dans la bande de fréquence 0-40 kHz. Nous proposons donc une méthode fréquentielle permettant d'estimer de faibles défauts à moyenne fréquence dans des lignes de transmission uniformes avec pertes. Elle repose sur deux idées principales : une analyse fine des effets conjoints de la dissipation et de la dispersion et une méthode de comparaison de deux lignes ayant les mêmes caractéristiques et ne différant que du paramètre de conductance de fuite. Cette méthode de comparaison a été généralisée dans le cas de lignes multiconducteurs en adoptant une démarche statistique.\\Cette thèse a apporté de nouveaux résultats : des formules d'estimation de pertes découlant de l'analyse fine d'une part des effets conjoints de la dissipation et de la dispersion et d'autre part de la méthode de comparaison de deux lignes. Des simulations numériques ont été faites dans les deux cas afin de valider la méthode fréquentielle proposée. Des expériences ont été réalisées afin de valider l'analyse statistique développée dans le cas de lignes multiconducteurs
This thesis work focuses on the detection of insulation faults in very long transmission lines. This is detecting soft defects related to the insulation between the conductors of a long cable which are represented by the leakage conductance parameter. Detect these faults, signs of a possible future short-circuit, is an important issue but requires a noninvasive method. For example, in the case of railway signaling cables, it is to develop a method of diagnosis of very low leakage conductances in signaling cables along railways compatible with the movement of trains. Be aware estimate from measurements in one point of the cable, strong resistance distributed over several hundred meters without disturbing the continuous frequency range to 40 kHz, reserved for service signals. Indeed, the signal cables from the train that interest us have an average length 1500 m and are used in the frequency band 0-40 kHz.We propose so a frequency method for estimating low defects to medium frequency in uniform transmission lines with losses. It is based on two main ideas : a detailed analysis of joint effects of dissipation and dispersion and a method of comparing two lines having the same characteristics and differing only leak conductance parameter. This method of comparison was widespread in the case of multiconductor lines by adopting a statistical approach.This thesis has brought new results : losses estimation formulas resulting from the detailed analysis of a share of joint effects of dissipation and dispersion and also the method of comparing two lines. Numerical simulations were made in both cases to validate the proposed frequency method. Experiments were performed to validate the statistical analysis in the case of multiconductor lines

La détection des défauts non francs est un passage obligé dans la gestion de la maintenance des câbles (Wire Health Monitoring) et permet d’anticiper l’apparition de défauts francs engendrés par l'aggravation de défauts non francs. Ces travaux de thèse visent à étudier la problématique de défauts non francs dans les câbles électriques. L'étude proposée consiste à étudier le problème direct : modélisation électromagnétique et compréhension des phénomènes physiques liés à la présence des défauts non francs, et impact des défauts sur leurs signatures obtenues par réflectométrie. Il est proposé dans ce travail de caractériser des défauts non francs représentatifs de situations réelles, ce qui peut servir ultérieurement dans la résolution du problème inverse : déterminer la localisation et la sévérité des défauts à partir du réflectogramme en vue du diagnostic. L'approche proposée se fait en deux temps. Dans un premier temps, une caractérisation électromagnétique d’une zone localisée d’un câble présentant un défaut non franc est réalisée grâce à une modélisation électromagnétique prenant en compte la géométrie tridimensionnelle du défaut. Deux méthodes numériques ont été exploitées : une méthode de différences finies dans le domaine temporel (FDTD) et une méthode de Galerkin discontinu. Les résultats des simulations permettent d'exprimer les perturbations engendrées par le défaut et de déduire leur influence sur la propagation des signaux dans le câble. Des validations expérimentales menées dans le domaine temporel et le domaine fréquentiel permettent de confronter les mesures aux prédictions numériques. Dans un deuxième temps, des modèles électriques de défauts sont exprimés sous forme de paramètres localisés R, L, C, et G qui peuvent être utilisés dans un modèle de ligne de transmission. Une telle analyse des défauts non francs permet de relier une faible variation locale des caractéristiques physiques et électriques de la ligne à une variation des signaux de réflectométrie et des paramètres électriques de la ligne. L’approche permet de fournir des informations utiles pour caractériser des défauts et peut ainsi contribuer à améliorer les performances des systèmes de détection
The soft fault detection feature is certainly a very important aspect of wire health monitoring and an important process required in electrical wiring system operation. It has a great influence on the security and quality of supply. In transmission line networks, this feature is needed to provide a timely identification of the faulted line thus anticipating the appearance of severe faults that are initially caused by soft fault degradation. This work focuses on soft fault problems in electrical fault diagnosis and their weak impact on coaxial transmission lines. The objective of this work is to carry out a soft fault forward model: electromagnetic modeling and investigating the behavior of the line after soft damages and then to analyze its effects on their signatures obtained by reflectometry. It is proposed in this work to characterize the representative soft damages in real situations, which could be used later in solving the inverse problem: determining the position and severity of defects from the reflectometry response for the diagnosis. The proposed approach is based on the following steps: first, an electromagnetic characterization of a faulty region of a cable is carried out by electromagnetic modeling, by taking into account the three-dimensional geometry of defect. For this purpose, two numerical methods have been used: Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and a Discontinuous Galerkin. The simulation results allow to study the disruption initiated by the fault and to infer their influence on the signal propagation along the cable. The experimental validation provided in frequency- and time-domain allows to confront experimental measurements with simulation predictions. In a second step, electrical fault models are expressed in terms of lumped parameters R, L, C, and G, which can be used in a transmission line model. Such analysis of soft faults allows to relate low local variation of the physical and electrical characteristics of the line to a reflectometry signals variation and electrical parameters changes. The approach can provide useful information to characterize defects and can thus contribute to improve the performance of detection systems

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a proteção de retaguarda de linhas de transmissão de grandes áreas, utilizando dados de um Sistema de Medição Fasorial Sincronizada. O estudo se justifica devido à contínua expansão dos Sistemas de Transmissão, tais como os que fazem parte do Sistema Interligado Nacional. Vale esclarecer que esta expansão pode vir a dificultar a operação e controle do mesmo, o que faz com que seja necessário, um sistema de proteção cada vez mais confiável, que diminua o impacto de eventos danosos de grande porte, e que atenda aos requisitos de um sistema de proteção de grandes áreas. Neste contexto, o modelo do sistema elétrico de potência em análise foi implementado computacionalmente a partir do RSCAD, ambiente computacional e interface gráfica do RTDS® (Real Time Digital Simulator). Como principal passo, o algoritmo desenvolvido verifica a variação da potência ativa em todos os barramentos monitorados do sistema de transmissão e, de acordo com tal variação, associada ao estado dos dois extremos da linha, detecta e aponta a localização de uma situação de falta. Pelos resultados obtidos, a metodologia se mostrou eficiente na detecção e localização da falta em linhas de transmissão para sistemas de grandes áreas. Toda a metodologia desenvolvida, considerações adotadas e os promissores resultados observados serão reportados neste documento.
This work aims to present the development of a methodology for wide area transmission line backup protection, using Synchronized Phasor Measurement Systems. This study is justified due to continuous expansion of Transmission Systems, such as those which are part of the National Interconnected System. It is worth clarifying that this expansion might difficult system operation and control, which makes necessary to have an increasingly reliable protection system, that minimizes the impact of large dangerous events, and, at the same time, supplies the requirements of a wide area protection system. Within this context, the electrical system model under analysis was implemented through RSCAD, which is a RTDS® (Real Time Digital Simulator) computing environment and graphical interface. As main step, the developed algorithm verifies the active power variation in all monitored buses of the transmission system and then, according to such variation, associated with the communication of the variation state of both line sides, detects and indicates the localization of a faulting condition. According to the results obtained, the methodology has shown its efficiency in transmission line faults detection and localization for wide areas of electrical power systems. The entire developed methodology, considerations adopted and promising outcomes will be reported along this document.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук (доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 05.14.02 - Електричні станції, мережі і системи (141 – Електроенергетика, електротехніка та електромеханіка). – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2018. Дисертація присвячена розв'язанню актуальної науково-прикладної задачі у галузі блискавко захисту повітряних ліній електропередавання із захищеними проводами середніх класів напруги від прямих ударів блискавки. В роботі експериментально доведено, що захищені проводи рідше вражаються прямими ударами блискавки, ніж неізольовані проводи. Це пов'язано з захисною оболонкою захищених проводів, оскільки умови виникнення зустрічного лідеру значно ускладнюються, то і зона захоплення блискавки значно зменшується. Діючі методики розрахунку кількості прямих ударів блискавки не враховують тип проводу на ПЛ, що призводить до не коректних розрахунків кількості прямих ударів блискавки, і, як наслідок, кількості вимкнень лінії. Отримані результати дозволили створити новий підхід до блискавкозахисту ПЛ з захищеними проводами, створити комбіновану лінію електропередавання. Ця лінія містить в своїй конструкції захищені проводи і неізольований провід, який виконує роль блискавкозахисного дроту. Створена модель комбінованої лінії була експериментально перевірена, жодного удару блискавки в захищені проводи зафіксовано не було.
Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences (doctor of philosophy) in specialty 05.14.02 - Electric power stations, networks and systems (141 – Power engineering, electrical engineering and electromechanics). – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2018. The thesis is devoted to the solution of the current scientific and applied problem in the field of lightning protection of overhead transmission lines with protected wires of medium voltage classes from direct lightning strikes. In the work it has been experimentally proved that the protected wires are less likely to be struck by direct lightning strikes than bare wires. This is due to the protective envelope of the protected wires, since the conditions for the appearance of the oncoming streamer are significantly more complicated, then the lightning capture zone is significantly reduced. The current methods for calculating the number of direct lightning strikes do not take into account the type of wire on the overhead line, which leads to incorrect calculations of the number of direct lightning strikes, and, as a consequence, the number of line outages. The obtained results made it possible to create a new approach to lightning protection of overhead lines with protected wires, to create a combined power transmission line. This line contains in its design protected wires and bare wire, which acts as a lightning protection cable. The created model of the combined line was experimentally tested, not a single lightning strike into the protected wires was recorded.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук (доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 05.14.02 - Електричні станції, мережі і системи (141 – Електроенергетика, електротехніка та електромеханіка). – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2018. Дисертація присвячена розв'язанню актуальної науково-прикладної задачі у галузі блискавко захисту повітряних ліній електропередавання із захищеними проводами середніх класів напруги від прямих ударів блискавки. В роботі експериментально доведено, що захищені проводи рідше вражаються прямими ударами блискавки, ніж неізольовані проводи. Це пов'язано з захисною оболонкою захищених проводів, оскільки умови виникнення зустрічного лідеру значно ускладнюються, то і зона захоплення блискавки значно зменшується. Діючі методики розрахунку кількості прямих ударів блискавки не враховують тип проводу на ПЛ, що призводить до не коректних розрахунків кількості прямих ударів блискавки, і, як наслідок, кількості вимкнень лінії. Отримані результати дозволили створити новий підхід до блискавкозахисту ПЛ з захищеними проводами, створити комбіновану лінію електропередавання. Ця лінія містить в своїй конструкції захищені проводи і неізольований провід, який виконує роль блискавкозахисного дроту. Створена модель комбінованої лінії була експериментально перевірена, жодного удару блискавки в захищені проводи зафіксовано не було.
Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences (doctor of philosophy) in specialty 05.14.02 - Electric power stations, networks and systems (141 – Power engineering, electrical engineering and electromechanics). – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2018. The thesis is devoted to the solution of the current scientific and applied problem in the field of lightning protection of overhead transmission lines with protected wires of medium voltage classes from direct lightning strikes. In the work it has been experimentally proved that the protected wires are less likely to be struck by direct lightning strikes than bare wires. This is due to the protective envelope of the protected wires, since the conditions for the appearance of the oncoming streamer are significantly more complicated, then the lightning capture zone is significantly reduced. The current methods for calculating the number of direct lightning strikes do not take into account the type of wire on the overhead line, which leads to incorrect calculations of the number of direct lightning strikes, and, as a consequence, the number of line outages. The obtained results made it possible to create a new approach to lightning protection of overhead lines with protected wires, to create a combined power transmission line. This line contains in its design protected wires and bare wire, which acts as a lightning protection cable. The created model of the combined line was experimentally tested, not a single lightning strike into the protected wires was recorded.

In this thesis, we are interested in a wide-area PLC (Power Line Communication) network to provide a communication infrastructure for monitoring and control of energy distribution and consumption. This work has been carried out as a part of REMPLI (Real-time Energy Management via Power Line and Internet) European project and resulted in the definition of REMPLI PLC. For achieving high network performance and real-time data transfer using medium voltage and low voltage electricity grids, major problems such as dynamic packet routing, quality of service management and real-time event reporting are addressed. We designed an efficient routing protocol to cope with dynamic electricity grid topology changes and to relay packets to reach the destination. REMPLI PLC performance is evaluated using simulations and complemented by analytic studies. It is proved that most of the application requirements can be satisfied by REMPLI PLC. We proposed and implemented a new traffic dispatcher providing differentiated quality of service for applications. Based on ALOHA protocol, some variants have been designed and evaluated for enabling efficient real-time event notification
Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la problématique liée à la communication numérique sur courant porteur dans l’objectif de fournir une infrastructure de communication qui permet la surveillance et le contrôle de la distribution et de la consommation de l’énergie. Ce travail a été effectué dans le cadre du projet européen REMPLI (Real-time Energy Management via Power Line and Internet) et a produit la spécification REMPLI PLC (Power Line Communication). Pour fournir une meilleure performance de la communication et effectuer le transfert de données en temps réel, en utilisant les réseaux électriques de moyenne tension et de basse tension, les problèmes principaux qui sont le routage dynamique de paquets de données, la gestion de la qualité de service et la notification des événement en temps réel, ont été traités. Nous avons développé un protocole de routage efficace pour s’adapter au changement dynamique de topologie du réseau électrique. Les performances de REMPLI PLC sont évaluées en utilisant des approches de simulation couplée avec des approches analytiques. Il est prouvé que la majorité des besoins applicatifs peuvent être satisfaite par REMPLI PLC. Nous avons proposé et implanté un nouvel “ordonnançeur de traffic” fournissant différents niveaux de qualité de service pour les applications. Des variantes de protocole ALOHA ont été proposées et évaluées afin de vérifier que les propriétés temps réel requises sur les notifications d’événements sont respectées

Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons une stratégie basée sur une approche hybridedans le domaine temporel, couplant une méthode de résolution des équations de Maxwelldans le domaine 3D (FDTD) avec une méthode de résolution des équations de ligne detransmission, afin de pouvoir simuler des problèmes électromagnétiques de grande échelle. Lemémoire donne les éléments d’hybridation pour deux cadres d’utilisation de cette approche :une approche multi-domaine et une approche multi-résolution ou d’échelle.L’approche multi-domaine est une extension de la méthode FDTD 3D à plusieurs sousdomainesreliés par des structures filaires sur lesquelles on résout une équation de lignes detransmission par un formalisme FDTD 1D. La difficulté est d’abord d’avoir une définitionimplicite du champ électromagnétique dans la théorie des lignes de transmission, et d’autrepart de prendre en compte les effets du sol sur les courants induits au niveau des lignes etsur les champs électromagnétiques.L’approche multi-résolution ou d’échelle est conçue pour étendre les capacités de la méthodeFDTD au traitement du routage de câbles complexes ayant une section plus petite quela taille de la cellule. Ce mémoire présente différentes techniques pour évaluer les paramètresde la ligne, basées sur la résolution d’un problème de Laplace 2D, ainsi qu’une méthode decouplage champs/câbles basée sur le courant de mode commun.L’ensemble de ce travail nous a permis de proposer une méthode numérique efficace pourcalculer les effets électromagnétiques induits par une source (type onde plane ou dipolaire)sur des sites de grande dimension, composés de plusieurs bâtiments reliés entre eux par unréseau de câbles. Dans ce cadre une application à la foudre a été réalisée
In this thesis, we present a strategy based on a hybrid approach in the timedomain, by coupling 3D method (FDTD) with a multi-conductors transmission line (MTL)method, in order to simulate complex large scale electromagnetic problems. This reportgives the theoretical and numerical elements for coupling these approaches for two kindof problems, which are the multi domains approach and the multi scale approach. Themultiple domains approach is an extension of the classical FDTD method taking into accountseveral 3D subdomains, interconnected by a wire network, on which a 1D transmission lineformalism is used. The main issues are, on one hand to have an implicit expression ofthe electromagnetic field in the transmission line approach, and on the other hand to beable to take into account the ground effects on the induced currents, on the transmissionline parameters and on the electromagnetic field. The multi scale approach is developed toextend the capabilities of FDTD to deal with complex cables routing. We assume that thecross section of the cables are smallest than the cell size, and in these problems, the 1Dtransmission line problem is physically included in the 3D global computational domain.The work done in this thesis leaded to a new field to transmission line coupling based onthe common mode current, and an evaluation of the transmission. line parameters basedon a Laplace equation resolution in 2D. In this work, we have elaborated and proposedefficient numerical strategies for the computation of electromagnetic induced effects on largeand complex sites, composed of several interconnected distant buildings. An application tolightning problems have been done

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 - Електричні станції, мережі і системи. Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Харків, 2019. Дисертація присвячена розв’язанню актуальної науково-прикладної задачі у галузі блискавко захисту повітряних ліній електропередавання із захищеними проводами середніх класів напруги від наведених блискавкою перенапруг, виникаючих при ударах блискавки поблизу лінії електропередавння. В роботі експериментально доведено, що лінії електропередавння з захищеним проводами при ударах блискавки поблизу лінії, наводять на своїх фазних проводах перенапруги значно менші, ніж лінії такого ж класу напруг тільки з неізольованими проводами. Це пов’язано з захисною оболонкою захищених проводів, оскільки умови виникнення перенапруги котра може пробити гірлянду ізоляторів значно менш вірогідні . Діючі методики розрахунку кількості грозових відключень ліній класом напруги 6-35 кВ, не враховують тип проводу на ПЛ, що призводить до не коректних розрахунків кількості грозових відключень, і, як наслідок, кількості вимкнень лінії взагалі. Отримані результати дозволили створити новий підхід до блискавкозахисту ПЛ з захищеними проводами, створити пристрій захисту ліній електропередавння без витрат на його виробництво та монтаж. Створена модель захисного пристрою була експериментально перевірена, жодної індукованої перенапруги не пробили ізоляцію проводу.
Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in specialty 05.14.02 - Electric power stations, networks and systems. National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. The thesis is devoted to the solution of an actual scientific and applied problem in the field of lightning protection of overhead power lines with protected wires medium voltage classes from lightning induced overvoltages arising from lightning strikes near a power line. It has been experimentally proved that the lines of electric transmission with protected wires at lightning strikes near the line, pointing at their phase wires, overvoltages are much smaller than the lines of the same class of voltage only with non-insulated wires. This is due to the protective shell of protected wires, since the conditions of an overvoltage which can pierce the garland of insulators are much less likely. Current methods for calculating the number of thunderstorms in the lines of the class of voltage 6-35 kV, do not take into account the type of wire on the PL, which leads to incorrect calculations of the number of thunderstorms and, as a consequence, the number of offsets of the line. The obtained results allowed to create a new approach to lightning protection of PL with protected wires, to create a device for protection of electric lines without the cost of its production and installation. The generated model of the protective device was experimentally tested, no induced overvoltage failed to break the wire isolation.

Les filtres microondes passifs représentent une partie très importante des systèmes de télécommunications modernes: systèmes embarqués sur satellite, système de téléphonie mobile, etc. . . Actuellement, pour répondre aux nouveaux besoins d'intégration et de réduction des pertes d'énergie tout en assurant des performances de filtrage optimales, les concepteurs cherchent à améliorer les dispositifs existants ou à développer de nouvelles structures. Les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse s'inscrivent dans ce contexte. Nous proposons ainsi,l'introduction et l'étude de nouvelles topologies de résonateurs hyperfréquences et filtres microondes passifs présentant de faibles encombrements et des pertes d'énergie réduites comparés aux systèmes traditionnels. Un résonateur en cavité métallique à inserts diélectriques est utilisé pour limiter les pertes ohmiques et ainsi réduire les pertes d'insertion de filtres opérants dans la bande [10,95-12. 75] GHz. La section rectangulaire du résonateur nous permet d'éliminer les vis de couplage (utilisant les modes orthogonaux TE101 etTE011) et éliminer des pics de transmission parasites autour de la bande du filtre. Une nouvelle famille de résonateurs nommés wired-patch a également été introduite. Ces résonateurs présentent différentes configurations (géométrie rectangulaire, circulaire) et technologies (microruban; LTCC multi-niveaux). Ils permettent de réduire considérablement l'encombrement des filtres opérant dans la bande [1. 9-2. 4] GHz, tout en présentant des niveaux de pertes d'insertion équivalents à des filtres comparables réalisés en technologie planaire classique. Les étude théoriques menées au cours de ces travaux sont réalisées à l'aide d'un logiciel d'Eléments Finis développés au sein du laboratoire et/ou par des modèles théoriques adaptés aux résonateurs proposés. Afin de concevoir des filtres hyperfréquences, nous avons appliqué des méthodes de synthèse classiques et développé des outils spécifiques. Enfin, différentes maquettes expérimentales ont été réalisées et testées avec succès, confirmant ainsi l'intérêt des différentes topologies de résonateurs et filtres proposées
Passive microwave filters represent a vey important feature in many modern telecommunications systems. Size and loss reductions are the main goals to achieve and researchers around the world are looking for new structures to match these needs. The research work done and summarized in this thesis is to be insert in this context. Here we propose some new passive resonating and filtering structures showing reduced size and energy loss compared to the classic ones

This thesis presents the study of the model order reduction for power grids and transmission networks. The specific focus has been the transient dynamics. A mathematical viewpoint has been adopted for model reduction. Power networks are huge and complex network, simulation for power grid analysis and design require large non-linear models to be solved. In the context of developing "Smart Grids" with the distributed generation of power, real time analysis of complex systems such as these needs fast, reliable and accurate models. In the current study we propose model order reduction methods both a-priori and a-posteriori suitable for dynamic models of power grids. The model that describes the transient dynamics of the power grids is complex non-linear swing dynamics model. The non-linearity of the swing dynamics model necessitates special attention to achieve maximum benefit from the model order reduction techniques. In the current research, POD and LATIN methods were applied initially with varying degrees of success. The method of TPWL has been proved as the best-suited model reduction method for swing dynamics model; this method combines POD with multiple linear approximations. For the transmission lines, a distributed parameters model in frequency-domain is used. PGD based reduced-order models are proposed for the DP model of transmission lines. A fully parametric problem with electrical parameters of transmission lines included as coordinates of the separated representation. The method was extended to present the solution of frequency-dependent parameters model for transmission lines.
Cette these présente l'étude de la réduction de modeles pour les réseaux électriques et les réseaux de transmission. Un point de vue mathématique a été adopté pour la réduction de modeles. Les réseaux électriques sont des réseaux immenses et complexes, dont l'analyse et la conception nécessite la simulation et la résolution de grands modeles non-linéaires. Dans le cadre du développement de réseaux électriques intelligents (smart grids) avec une génération distribuée de puissance, l'analyse en temps réel de systemes complexes tels que ceux-ci nécessite des modeles rapides, fiables et précis. Dans la présente étude, nous proposons des méthodes de réduction de de modeles a la fois a priori et a posteriori, adaptées aux modeles dynamiques des réseaux électriques. Un accent particulier a été mis sur la dynamique transitoire des réseaux électriques, décrite par un modele oscillant non­linéaire et complexe. La non-linéarité de ce modele nécessite une attention particuliere pour bénéficier du maximum d'avantages des techniques de réduction de modeles. lnitialement, des méthodes comme POD et LATIN ont été adoptées avec des degrés de succes divers. La méthode de TPWL, qui combine la POD avec des approximations linéaires multiples, a été prouvée comme étant la méthode de réduction de modeles la mieux adaptée pour le modele dynamique oscillant. Pour les lignes de transmission, un modele de parametres distribués en domaine fréquentiel est utilisé. Des modeles réduits de type PGD sont proposés pour le modele DP des lignes de transmission. Un probleme multidimensionnel entierement paramétrique a été formulé, avec les parametres électriques des lignes de transmission inclus comme coordonnées additionnelles de la représentation séparée. La méthode a été étendue pour étudier la solution du modele des lignes de transmission pour laquelle les parametres dépendent de la fréquence.
Esta tesis presenta un estudio de la reducción de modelos (MOR) para redes de transmisión y distribución de electricidad. El enfoque principal utilizado ha sido la dinámica transitoria y para la reducción de modelos se ha adoptado un punto de vista matemático. Las redes eléctricas son complejas y tienen un tamaño importante. Por lo tanto, el análisis y diseño de este tipo de redes mediante la simulación numérica, requiere la resolución de modelos no-lineales complejos. En el contexto del desarrollo de redes inteligentes, el objetivo es un análisis en tiempo real de sistemas complejos, por lo que son necesarios modelos rápidos, fiables y precisos. En el presente estudio se proponen diferentes métodos de reducción de modelos, tanto a priori como a posteriori, adecuados para modelos dinámicos de redes eléctricas. La dinámica transitoria de redes eléctricas, se describe mediante modelos dinámicos oscilatorios no-lineales. Esta no-linearidad del modelo necesita ser bien tratada para obtener el máximo beneficio de las técnicas de reducción de modelos. Métodos como la POD y la LATIN han sido inicialmente utilizados en esta problemática con diferentes grados de éxito. El método de TPWL, que combina la POD con múltiples aproximaciones lineales, ha resultado ser el mas adecuado para sistemas dinámicos oscilatorios. En el caso de las redes de transmisión eléctrica, se utiliza un modelo de parámetros distribuidos en el dominio de la frecuencia. Se propone reducir este modelo basándose en la PGD, donde los parámetros eléctricos de la red de transmisión son incluidos como coordenadas de la representación separada del modelo paramétrico. Este método es ampliado para representar la solución de modelos con parámetros dependientes de la frecuencia para las redes de transmisión eléctrica

In last years phenomena of wireless communication technologies became a primary interest of big development laboratories whole world. Domain of point to point links which are realized by laser technology with narrow beam divergence and very sensitive photo-detectors is ordinarily used these days. This trend of using light waves as carrier medium turned interests of scientist to the sphere of wide area networks which is domain of wi-fi radio technologies. One of new trends in this sphere is also in-door free space optics. With expansion which leads to using LED's in everyday applications and with technological progress of last years, also grows tendency of most effective utilization of LED systems. The result of this effort is thought which considerate LED as source of artificial lighting and source of carrier medium for modulated signal. This kind of device must fulfill hygienic standards for illumination and also must be able to work with high frequency by which is signal modulated. These systems can provide links with sufficient capacity in order of hundred megabits.

A more accurate and flexible grid analysis is achieved through an adaptive and dynamic calculation of line parameters. This is needed for future smart grid implementation. The primary objective of this thesis is to analyze the calculation of transmission line parameters. The impact certain assumptions have on the accuracy of line parameters and fault location algorithms are evaluated. In particular, the impact of the grounded shield wire assumption on the accuracy of fault location algorithms is analyzed. This implies that the impedance of towers be taken into consideration, rather than the simplification of a direct connection of the earth wire to ground. Secondly, the phenomenon of skin-effect is analyzed and evaluated in regards to a more accurate representation of line parameters and a minimization of parameter inaccuracy.
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碩士
元智大學
通訊工程學系
97
This paper use the semiconductor manufacturing process in order to microstrip lines and transmission line theory as the basic framework for the production of LST (Line-Series-Shunt) correction pieces in wafer-level measurements corrected machine authentication, and related analysis and research ; LST calibration method, namely the use of two-stage correction technology to design their own pieces of the production of LST-tuning the use of inverse operation to embedded manner of movement, access to test the actual scattering parameters of objects. Finished pieces of LST after correction, can be found by the SEM, the production of the first TEOS oxide layer isolation layer, the thickness of the original design isolation 5500Å, the actual production only after the completion of the thickness of 4780Å, found to have significantly reduced the thickness of 13%. In the production of the second TEOS oxide layer isolation layer, the thickness of the original design 8000Å, in the actual production of the thickness of 7310Å, obviously to reduce the thickness by 10%. However, the thickness of metal is a better master degree; the design of the first layer of metal layer thickness of 2000Å, the actual production by the thickness of 2020Å, the error ratio of only 1%; and in the second layer of metal layer thickness designed 5000Å, the actual produced thickness of 5060Å, the error range of 1%. Of the this experiment found that two layers of metal layer thickness control in the production of better, but the ratio of the width of the control errors; and the thickness of isolation layer deposition Oxide thickness control is also poor. In addition, the second level metal layers due to TEOS without CMP (Chemical mechanical polish) steps because, so to produce the second layer of metal rather formation, thereby affecting the follow-up of high-frequency electrical measurements.

碩士
國立陽明大學
環境衛生研究所
91
The purpose of this study is to survey the power frequency magnetic field (MF) strength of residences from high-voltage (161/345 KV) transmission lines (HVTL). The evaluate short term (spot, 30/60 min) and 24 h MF as surrogates for 72 h MF exposure in residences. Conduct risk assessment for the extra health risks associated with the children aged 0-14 exposed to MF in Taiwan. A total of 80 residences within 70 m of the HVTL were sampled in Hsichuh. The residential magnetic fields were assessed, using EMDEX II at children’s bedroom. The sampling time was 72 h with a sampling rate of 5 min. Statistical analyses use intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) , specificity/sensitivity and multip regression. The compare the MF of short term/24 h and 72 h show on highest agreement. Houses distance to HVTL and measurement time (weekday/weekend) were determined by residential children’s exposures to MF. Based on the assumption that the children population in Taiwan is homogeneously distributed in each township, and by using the Geographic Information System (Arc View 8.2), it is estimated that 337,174 out of 4,975,970 (or 6.8%) children aged under 15 have resided within 70 m of the HVTL. Considering 72 h measurement, percentages of exposed child population within 70 m of HVTL, the specific relative risk estimates (ranging from 0.8 to 3.4) derived from previous international epidemiological studies, and assessing causal links between power frequency magnetic field and childhood leukemia, it was estimated that 8.4 cases and 6.8 cases childhood leukemia per year could be attributable to exposure to elevated MF emitted from 345 KV and 161 KV power lines in Taiwan. This study showed the residential measurement of short term and 24 h MF can reasonable use to estimates 72 h MF exposure. The HVTL are primacy source of residential magnetic field, and the extra health risks of the children aged 0-14 were mainly. With respect to the uncertainly health risks, need more study in the future.

Yes
This paper presents a novel on-chip antenna using standard CMOS-technology based on metasurface implemented on two-layers polyimide substrates with a thickness of 500 μm. The aluminium ground-plane with thickness of 3 μm is sandwiched between the two-layers. Concentric dielectric-rings are etched in the ground-plane under the radiation patches implemented on the top-layer. The radiation patches comprise concentric metal-rings that are arranged in a 3 × 3 matrix. The antennas are excited by coupling electromagnetic energy through the gaps of the concentric dielectric-rings in the ground-plane using a microstrip feedline created on the bottom polyimide-layer. The open-ended feedline is split in three-branches that are aligned under the radiation elements to couple the maximum energy. In this structure, the concentric metal-rings essentially act as series left-handed capacitances CL that extend the effective aperture area of the antenna without affecting its dimensions, and the concentric dielectric rings etched in the ground-plane act as shunt left-handed inductors LL, which suppress the surface-waves and reduce the substrates losses that leads to improved bandwidth and radiation properties. The overall structure behaves like a metasurface that is shown to exhibit a very large bandwidth of 0.350–0.385 THz with an average radiation gain and efficiency of 8.15dBi and 65.71%, respectively. It has dimensions of 6 × 6 × 1 mm3 that makes it suitable for on-chip implementation.
This work is partially supported by RTI2018-095499-B-C31, Funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE), and innovation programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424 and the fnancial support from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant EP/E022936/1.
Research Development Fund Publication Prize Award winner, March 2020