Статті в журналах: "Wire of small diameter"

1

Kuroda, K., T. Kuboki, Y. Imamura, and C. Hayashi. "Design evaluation of multiroll mills for small-diameter wire rolling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 215, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406011520535.

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A comprehensive study on the evaluation of mill designs was carried out for three types of multiroll mill for wire rolling by using both prototype mills and numerical experiments. The laboratory experiments were carried out in order to examine both the deformation and loading characteristics of two-, three- and four-roll mills using a set of rolls of the same diameter. As a result, the data allow a direct comparison of the rolling characteristics among the three types of mill, which is not found in previous work. The analytical results showed a good matching with the experimental results, and evaluation was then carried out on the three mills. It has been found that the four-roll mill ensures the highest reduction and the two-roll mill the lowest reduction under the restriction that certain dimensional precision of the rolled wire be maintained. This tendency becomes greater as wire diameter decreases and in practice it is recommended that a four-roll mill equipped with small-diameter rolls be used when rolling small-diameter wire. As regarding the loading characteristics, similar conclusions apply. Finally, domains were determined where four-roll mills show their marked superiority.

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2

Torra, Vicenç, Sara Casciati, and Michele Vece. "Shape Memory Alloys Wires: From Small to Medium Diameter." Advances in Science and Technology 101 (October 2016): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.101.79.

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The use of Shape Memory Alloys in dampers devices able to reduce the wind, rain or traffic induced oscillations in stayed cables is well represented in the literature. An analysis realized on standard cables at existing facilities shows the reliable efficiency of the SMA wire in damping oscillations. Such studies also provide tools to build the SMA dampers and to account for the effects of the external temperature in the SMA. The particular study reported in this paper focuses on a critical discussion on the relation between the wire diameter and macroscopic behavior and external temperature effects. The damping requires the absorption of the mechanical energy and its conversion to heat via the action of hysteresis cycles. The study was realized on wires of different diameters. In particular, the study centers on wires of diameter 0.2, 0.5 and 2.46 mm. The flat cycles showed by the thin wires (i.e., diameter 0.2 and 0.5 mm) and the non-classical S-shaped cycles of wires of diameter 2.46 mm establish clear differences of the response under external summer-winter temperature actions. Depending of the room temperature and SMA composition, a complete flat transformation in thin wires requires stresses, in general, near 300-400 MPa. A complete transformation for an S-shaped cycle need stresses as higher as 600 MPa. The analysis of the behavior of these wires under the action of warm temperatures in summer and cold temperatures in winter, suggests that thin wires lose their pseudo-elastic state in winter. The S-shaped permits positive working in extended temperature domain and a supplementary investigation establishes that S-shaped can be increased by strain aging. The hysteretic behavior in S-shaped permits practical working under external temperatures as applications in bridges require. From a fundamental point of view, the flat cycles are coherent with the classical treatment of the SMA as a first order phase transition but the S-shaped can be considered associated to an anomaly in heat capacity.

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3

Kar, Soumen, Wenbo Luo, and Venkat Selvamanickam. "Ultra-Small Diameter Round REBCO Wire With Robust Mechanical Properties." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 27, no. 4 (June 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2017.2669727.

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4

Raoof, M., and I. Kraincanic. "Critical examination of various approaches used for analysing helical cables." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v291043.

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Using theoretical parametric studies covering a wide range of cable (and wire) diameters and lay angles, the range of validity of various approaches used for analysing helical cables are critically examined. Numerical results strongly suggest that for multi-layered steel strands with small wire/cable diameter ratios, the bending and torsional stiffnesses of the individual wires may safely be ignored when calculating the 2 × 2 matrix for strand axial/torsional stiffnesses. However, such bending and torsional wire stiffnesses are shown to be first order parameters in analysing the overall axial and torsional stiffnesses of, say, seven wire stands, especially under free-fixed end conditions with respect to torsional movements. Interwire contact deformations are shown to be of great importance in evaluating the axial and torsional stiffnesses of large diameter multi-layered steel strands. Their importance diminishes as the number of wires associated with smaller diameter cables decreases. Using a modified version of a previously reported theoretical model for analysing multilayered instrumentation cables, the importance of allowing for the influence of contact deformations in compliant layers on cable overall characteristics such as axial or torsional stiffnesses is demonstrated by theoretical numerical results. In particular, non-Hertzian contact formulations are used to obtain the interlayer compliances in instrumentation cables in preference to a previously reported model employing Hertzian theory with its associated limitations.

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5

AMANO, Kazuya, Yasutake HARAMIISHI, and Shinsaku HAGIWARA. "Small diameter pipe polishing based on development of Wire polishing tool." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2017 (2017): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2017.354.

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6

Gajda, D., A. J. Zaleski, A. Morawski, T. Cetner, and M. Rindfleisch. "The Influence of Wire Bending and Wire Diameter on Transport Critical Current Density in Small MgB2 Superconducting Coils for Applications in Multi-Section Coils." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 33, no. 11 (August 3, 2020): 3395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-020-05623-x.

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Abstract This article presents the impact of MgB2 wire bending and diameter on transport critical current density and irreversible magnetic field of a resultant coil. Unreacted MgB2 wires 500 mm in length and 0.63 or 0.83 mm in diameter have been used in the fabrication of small diameter (14 mm) superconducting coils. The coils were subsequently annealed under isostatic pressure of 1 GPa for 15 min at 700 °C and 725 °C. Our results indicate that larger wire diameter, higher annealing temperature, and bending lead to slight reduction of critical current density and irreversible magnetic field in the coil.

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7

Hanke, L. D., and K. Schenk. "Sputter etching for microstructure evaluation of small-diameter corrosion-resistant MP35N alloy wire." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 1038–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100167652.

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Metal alloy microstructures are characteristic of the material’s mechanical and physical properties, including the key properties of strength and corrosion resistance. Microstructural evaluations typically use chemical etching to reveal the material’s structure. For corrosion-resistant alloys, chemical etching can be difficult due to the inherent chemical resistance of the material. This is especially true for active-passive alloys, where the etching reaction is highly dependent on the final polishing and even the time delay between polishing and etching.Chemical etching is further complicated for extremely fine microstructures and when two or more metals are joined in the sample. These factors are concerns for fine wires, such as those used in implantable medical devices. A common alloy for wires in many medical applications is a Co-Ni-Cr-Mo alloy, designated as MP35N. Wires with extremely small diameters are produced by severe drawing processes that result in very fine microstructures. The alloy is often used in composite wire products, such as an MP35N outer sheath containing a silver core.

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8

Takada, Yasuhiro, Mitsuru Shinozaki, Minoru Ota, Kai Egashira, Keishi Yamaguchi, and Yoshitaka Hattori. "Development of EDT Equipment Using Wire Tool Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.384.

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Whirling electrical discharge texturing (WEDT) was developed to process microstructures on the inner surface of cylindrical parts made of high hardness materials. However, the minimum processable diameter of the cylindrical parts was φ 5 mm and the equipment could not feed the new tool electrodes. Therefore, the authors devised a novel method of WEDT using a straight wire tool electrode for a cylindrical surfaces with a small diameter. It was confirmed that microstructures could be created on the inner surface of a cylinder of φ 1.1 mm diameter, and that the texture-area ratio could be controlled by the workpiece feed speed. Moreover, new EDT equipment with a feeding system for a wire tool electrode and a bending system for the tip of a wire tool electrode was developed. As a result, the equipment that can process microstructures on the inner surface of a cylinder with a small diameter and feed a wire tool electrode during texturing was successfully developed.

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9

KHANNA, A., S. J. PLESSAS, P. BARRETT, and L. C. BAINBRIDGE. "The Thermal Effects of Kirschner Wire Fixation on Small Bones." Journal of Hand Surgery 24, no. 3 (June 1999): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.1998.0055.

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The aim of this study was to assess bone heating caused by the passage of fine (<2 mm) K-wires of different types. Stainless steel K-wires of trocar and diamond point configurations (0.8–2.0 mm) were drilled into the metatarsal bones from a freshly amputated lower limb at a constant force. Temperature measurements were made by miniature thermocouples inserted into the bones, at 3 second intervals over a period of 3 minutes while each K-wire was drilled three times. The temperature reached varied with the tip configurations and the diameter of the K-wires. Regardless of point configuration, thinner wires generated more heat than thicker ones.

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10

Nam, Jung Min, Jae Hwa Lee, Yun Jung Lee, and Tae Hyun Nam. "Cooling and Heating Characteristics of Ti-Ni Based Shape Memory Alloy Wire Actuators." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1649.

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Ti-51Ni(at%) and Ti-40Ni-10Cu(at%) alloy wires with diameters of 0.3mm, 0.5mm and 0.7mm were prepared by drawing the alloy ingots fabricated by vacuum induction melting. Heating rates of the wires were investigated by measuring changes in temperatures of them while applying currents in the range of 1 A and 6 A to them and cooling rates were investigated by measuring changes in temperatures of them after cutting currents. Heating rate increased with increasing the amount of current, while cooling rate was kept constant. Both heating rate and cooling rate increased with decreasing diameter of wire. This suggested that high amount of current and small wire diameter were required for high heating and cooling rate. Comparing Ti-50Ni alloy wires with Ti-40Ni-10Cu alloy wires, heating rates of the latter was faster than that of the former, although cooling rates were almost same. This suggested that Ti-40Ni-10Cu alloy wires is better than Ti-50Ni alloy wires for the applications requiring high actuating rates.

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11

Lee, Jun-Ku, Soonchul Lee, SeongJu Choi, Dong Hun Han, Jongbeom Oh, Minkyu Kil, and Soo-Hong Han. "Distal interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis using only Kirschner Wires in small distal Phalanges." Handchirurgie · Mikrochirurgie · Plastische Chirurgie 53, no. 05 (September 2021): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1559-2684.

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Abstract Purpose To report the clinical and radiographic results of arthrodesis of relatively small-sized distal interphalangeal joints (DIPJs) using only K-wire fixation. Patients and methods Between January 2000 and December 2018 28 arthrodesis in 21 patients (9 males and 12 females with an average age of 52.1 years) with relatively small-sized DIPJs were performed using only K-wires. Data on patient’s characteristics, such as age, sex, affected finger, and the number and size of the used k-wires were collected from the medical database. The narrowest diameter of the cortex and medulla of the distal phalanx was measured on preoperative plain radiographs. The time to union and the arthrodesis angle was determined using serial X-ray radiography follow-up. Preoperatively and at the latest follow-up examination, pain using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the quick DASH score was registered. In addition, complications were investigated. Results Average follow-up period was 11.4 months. The small finger was mostly affected (n = 12; 42.9 %). The narrowest diameters of the distal phalanx cortex and the medulla measured on preoperative X-ray images were 2.8 mm (SD 0.5) and 1.2 mm (SD 0.4), respectively. Seven fusions were done with use of 1 K-wire, 20 with 2 (71.4 %), and 1 with 3 K-wires. The most common K-wire sizes were 1.1-inch (24 K-wires = 48 %), and 0.9 inch (21 K-wires = 42 %) The preoperative VAS score and quick DASH score improved from 6.1 (range: 0–9) and 25.8 (range: 2–38) to 0.4 (range: 0–2) and 3.4 (range: 0–10.2), respectively. 25 (89.3 %) out of 28 fingers achieved bony union in an average of 96.1 days (range: 58–114) with three non-union. Conclusion Arthrodesis of small DIPJs with K-wire fixation has a high success rate. Therefore, we suggest K-wire fixation as an acceptable alternative for patients with a small phalanx which may be at risk of mismatch with bigger implants. However, concerns remain in terms of fusion delay with K-wire only fixation.

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12

Puchaty, Ryan, Giovanni De Vita, and Raj Vaidyanathan. "Load–Displacement Behavior of Helical Shape Memory Alloy Spring Actuators with Small Spring Diameter to Wire Diameter Ratios." Shape Memory and Superelasticity 6, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40830-020-00295-x.

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13

Soda, H., G. Motoyasu, F. Chabchoub, H. Hu, and A. Mclean. "Casting a Small-diameter Tin Wire by the OCC (Ohno Continuous Casting) Process." Cast Metals 6, no. 4 (January 1994): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09534962.1994.11819154.

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14

Kopera, L., P. Kováč, J. Kováč, T. Melišek, I. Hušek, and D. Berek. "Small diameter wind and react coil made of anodised Al-sheathed MgB2 wire." Superconductor Science and Technology 32, no. 10 (August 12, 2019): 105003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ab3301.

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15

Sakamoto, Satoshi, Keitoku Hayashi, Yasuo Kondo, Kenji Yamaguchi, Tsuyoshi Fujita, and Takao Yakou. "Fundamental Micro-Grooving Characteristics of Hard and Brittle Materials with a Fine Wire Tool." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.299.

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Thinning of the silicon wafers and decrease in kerf loss can minimize the production costs of semiconductor products. Currently, the quantity of kerf loss is about the same as the volume of the wafer itself. If we drastically reduce kerf loss, we can easily lower production costs. Therefore, we studied techniques for slicing silicon wafers with reduced kerf loss using a wire tool. As a first step, we performed micro-grooving with a fine wire tool. In this paper, we discuss the micro-grooving performance of a fine wire tool made of tungsten. A borosilicate glass is used as the work material. The main conclusions are as follows: When a fine wire tool and small-diameter abrasives are used, the kerf loss decreases. However, the strength of fine wire tools is very low. The relative velocity and abrasive diameters have a significant influence on the micro-grooving characteristics. Fine wire tools are easily fractured at fast relative velocities and with large-diameter abrasives. However, the grooving rate increases. Groove depth and grooving efficiency do not depend on the relative velocity and are dependent on the abrasive diameter.

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16

Reshetov, V. V., and A. I. Trushin. "Horizontal CCMs in small-capacity metallurgy." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 7 (August 1, 2021): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-7-776-781.

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Production of light-section rolled products and wire rods of alloyed steel grades differs by small volume of yearly output and wide range of smelted grades. To organize production of light-section rolled products of alloyed steel grades in small volumes, OJSC “Spetsmash” elaborated concept of small-capacity production, which was implemented at several plants. It was shown that horizontal CCM can be effectively applied in the small-capacity production within complexes of light-section rolled stock of alloyed steels production. At the plant “Ferrotrade” (Beloretsk) when creating a complex for production wire rods of 6.5 mm diameter of austenite class steels and nickel-based alloys, a horizontal CCM was constructed. Production of 60 mm diameter billets by the machine was mastered, which enabled to apply a rolling mini-mill, characterizing by small dimensions and power. The horizontal CCM, constructed in 2016 at the steelmaking shop of CJSC “Izhevsk pilot-mechanical plant”, was equipped by electromagnetic stirrer (EMS). It was noted that EMS was applied for the first time in domestic metallurgy at the industrial CCM of horizontal type. In the process of this CCM mastering, more than 60 heats were casted into billets of 80, 200 and 120 mm diameter. EMS application resulted in improving average point on the central porosity to 1.2—1.8 depending on the stirring modes. In 2018 the OJSC “Spetsmash” for the Research Center “Thermodeform” (Magnitogorsk) constructed an experimental horizontal CCM, designed for casting of billets of 40—60 mm diameter by direct casting of melt from the crucible of 60 kg induction furnace into the metal reservoir 776 of the machine. Development of a project of horizontal CCM for PJSC “PlasmaTek” (Ukraine, Vinnitsy) finished, designed for production of billets of 50 and 60 mm diameter within a complex of equipment for manufacturing welding electrodes not only of alloyed but also of carbon steel grades. The designed productivity of the complex is 12,000 t/year. Basic technical characteristics of the CCM presented. Small-capacity production with horizontal CCMs can be organized as independent objects and within existing steel-works for expanding product range.

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17

Stephan, Dominik. "Glass-Insulated Bonding Wire Scales to Support advances in Miniaturization." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 000414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-tp45.

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The semiconductor industry is facing a major challenge today – it must adapt to the constant need to miniaturize, and in order to accommodate this major trend the entire ecosystem must adapt and evolve. While the current standard materials and tools make it possible to scale down to a certain level, it is simply not enough. Although there are efforts to make smaller wires, wire makers, wire drawing equipment and tool makers are working toward a boundary of existing methods. When wire diameter is successfully reduced, more issues correlated with wire uniformity and production control of the low required tension during the drawing process appear, these may result in low yield and higher cost. Another limiting point is the drawing die which experiences yield issue and high erosion at the very small diameter. It is clear that there is a need for smaller wire diameter to support advances in miniaturization. There are, however, intrinsic challenges of physics that may limit the ability to manufacture and use such wire, most of which are related to the mechanical strength, and concerns about wire stability and shorting. This presentation will explore the question of bonding wire scalability, and will discuss a possible solution. Data will be provided to show how glass coated wire may effectively address issues related to the mechanical strength and stability of wire and enable relaxed chip design rules while providing a smaller effective wire diameter on smaller bonds.

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18

Shamsudin, Shaiful Rizam, Mohd Harun, Mohd Noor Mazlee, Azmi Rahmat, and Rohaya Abdul Malek. "Failure Analysis of Crane Wire Rope." Materials Science Forum 819 (June 2015): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.819.467.

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A failure analysis of a broken multi strand wire rope from an offshore platform crane was performed. The wire rope was operated for less than 5 years. The wire consists of seven strands, one central strand and six strands around it. The diameter of the small wires was about 0.78-0.94 mm and the larger wires was a round of 1.52 - 1.78 mm. The large size wires were found fractured by cyclic torsional stresses as characterized by the presence of fatigue cracking originating from the outer surface of the wire. Meanwhile the smaller wires were fractured in a ductile manner under excessive load after the larger wire broken out due to the fatigue mechanism.

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19

Jablonski, Michal, Tadeusz Knych, Andrzej Mamala, and Maciej Palczewski. "Influence of Casting Velocity on Structure and Properties of AlFe0,5 Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 641 (April 2015): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.641.56.

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The effect of iron addition on the structure and properties of aluminium wire rod obtained in the laboratory horizontal direct chill casting process has been analyzed. In addition, the impact of the casting speed on the properties of aluminium bars, containing the 0.5 wt% of Fe, and laboratory wire drawing process has been examined. The addition of iron increase the strength and plasticity of aluminium wire rod in as-cast condition and after wire drawing process, while the electrical conductivity drop acceptable. Moreover, by improving the plasticity of wires became possible to increase the deformability limit, measured by the reduction in the wire diameter by drawing to a level of less than 0.5 mm. Small-diameter wires are used for the construction of automotive wire harnesses, cables battery or winding wires. It has been shown that iron is beneficial for mechanical and technological properties of aluminium, and the horizontal direct chill casting process by graphite crystallizer may be an alternative solution in comparison with industrial scale of continuous casting and rolling by Properzi method (CCR) or Southwire SCR process in the context of the preparation of smaller amounts of material with scrap metals.

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20

Demidov, A. V., and I. A. Muraveiko. "The experience of modernization of mills of wet wire drawing for the metal wire cord." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 4 (January 14, 2019): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-4-97-102.

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There is a tendency in recent years to use by the world’s leading manufacturers of tires metal wires of small diameter (0,175– 0,20 mm) with higher strength, which requires the use of increased total number of extracts on wet drawing. The possibility of increasing the compression can be limited not only by the ductility of the processed metal, but also by the design of the existing drawing mills, in particular, by the insufficient total passport kinematic drawing and, as a consequence, to the excessive sliding of the wire relative to the drawing washers. Results of modernization of mills of different types including increase in number of transitions of drawing to 28 with decrease in private and increase in total passport extracts at the expense of installation of additional drawing washers of small diameter and additional reducing dies are considered. The results show that the positive effect of the improvement of some technological parameters can be offset by the deterioration of other factors. It is shown that the mills with three pairs of drawing cones have more opportunities for this modernization than similar mills, but with two pairs of cones. The criterion of estimation of influence of sizes of drawing washers on plastic properties of a wire for a metal cord based on experience of operation of mills with different construction of kinematics is offered.

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21

Lallemand, G., A. Loredo, B. Martin, P. Sallamand, and A. B. Vannes. "Influence of laser cladding on the surface hardness of small-diameter metallic wire substrates." Materials Science and Engineering: A 277, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(99)00525-0.

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Humud, Hammad R. "Optical emission spectroscopy for studying the exploding copper wire plasma parameters in distilled water." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 15, no. 35 (December 2, 2018): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v15i35.63.

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This work aims to study the exploding copper wire plasma parameters by optical emission spectroscopy. The emission spectra of the copper plasma have been recorded and analyzed The plasma electron temperature (Te), was calculated by Boltzmann plot, and the electron density (ne) calculated by using Stark broadening method for different copper wire diameter (0.18, 0.24 and 0.3 mm) and currentof 75A in distilled water. The hydrogen (Hα line) 656.279 nm was used to calculate the electron density for different wire diameters by Stark broadening. It was found that the electron density ne decrease from 22.4×1016 cm-3 to 17×1016 cm-3 with increasing wire diameter from 0.18 mm to 0.3 mm while the electron temperatures increase from 0.741 to 0.897 eV for the same wire diameters. The optical emission spectrum (OES) emitted from the plasma have Hα line, small peak at 590 nm corresponding to sodium and others peaks belong to Cu I. The relationship between the plasma electron temperature, emission line intensity and number density with the formed copper nanoparticles size and concentration were studied. It was found that the nanoparticles concentration increase with emission line intensity while its size decrease. It can be conclude the existence of a controlled relationship between the plasma parameters and the formed nanoparticles concentration and size.

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23

Vemury, Chandra Mouli, Marco Corradi, Feras Abozaid, Alasdair Charles, and David Hughes. "The behaviour of Nitinol Wire Bundles for Structural Applications." Recent Progress in Materials 03, no. 01 (August 19, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2101009.

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Shape memory alloys (SMA) belong to a family of smart materials, which undergo diffusionless phase transformations when subjected to thermo-mechanical changes making them ideally suitable for utilization in several structural engineering applications. Within this class of materials, Ni-Ti (Nickel-Titanium) alloys are predominantly used due to their non-linear behaviour. Nitinol, one of the Ni-Ti alloys, possesses unique properties such as super-elasticity and shape- memory effect, which makes it suitable for damping vibrations transmitted to structures like buildings and bridges during high wind and seismic events. This paper presents selected results obtained from a series of tests conducted on Nitinol 55 wires and bundles made from wires having diameters of 0.25, 0.5, 0.55, and 1 mm. The tests conducted include microstructure analyses, static tensile tests, hysteresis tests, and cyclic dynamic tests performed on wire bundles of various diameters. It is demonstrated that wires having small diameters (0.25 and 0.5 mm) exhibit greater ultimate strength compared with the ones having a larger diameter (1 mm). The bundles produced from these wires displayed hysteretic behaviour under cyclic-dynamic testing conditions confirming their suitability in structural engineering applications.

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24

Dani, Agus. "DESAIN DAN SIMULASI PEMOTONGAN WIRE CUT DIES PRESS TOOL OUTSIDE DIAMETER MICROMETER SPANNER." INFO-TEKNIK 19, no. 1 (July 25, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/infotek.v19i1.5140.

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Micrometer spanner is a tool that calibrate the micrometer in order to provide precise measurement results. Size of micrometer spanner is relatively small, making it easy lose and easily damaged. Micrometer calibration performed with improper equipment will cause the micrometer not to be precise. This research aims to obtain dies design and simulation process of making dies press tool micrometer spanner by using CAD CAM software. The results of the study are presstool dies design, simulation of wire cut process and G Code of CNC wire cut.

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25

Dyer, Patrick. "Integration of Small Diameter Wire Form SMA for the Creation of Dynamic Shape Memory Textiles." Advances in Science and Technology 80 (September 2012): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.80.53.

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The integration of Nitinol wire directly into flexible textile structures has seen limited successful research outcomes. This has mainly been due to issues with shape training and the accurate positioning of the Nitinol components. A new approach is investigated here, which utilises small diameter (0.15mm - 0.10mm) Nitinol components and the manipulation of the woven structure. This combined approach has the potential to improve the dynamic control of the resulting textiles, giving the textile designer further latitude to adapt a combination of functional and visual properties, as well as expanding application possibilities. This investigation focuses on the development of composite samples that integrate Nitinol directly into woven cotton, Kevlar, polyester and polypropylene textiles, demonstrating the potential for medical and healthcare applications. The prototype composite textiles developed, investigate a range of controlled surface manipulations as well as larger scale shape changes, including the creation of arced forms, pleating, expansion and compression. With supporting data, the evaluation of these samples explores the potential of integrating small diameter Nitinol wires into woven structures and the resultant levels of shape transfer, control and cyclic speed achievable.

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26

Oliver, A., A. C. Smith, M. Husband, M. Bailey, and Yali Feng. "Assessment of Small Bend Diameter Magnesium Diboride Wire for a Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Application." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 19, no. 3 (June 2009): 1942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2009.2018093.

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Choi, Sung-Ho, Won-Ho Cho, Ju-Won Kim, and Jong-Soo Kim. "A study on the development of the wire woven heat exchanger using small diameter tubes." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 28, no. 2-3 (January 2004): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-1777(03)00034-7.

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28

Gondo, Shiori, Shinsuke Suzuki, Motoo Asakawa, Kosuke Takemoto, Kenichi Tashima, and Satoshi Kajino. "Improvement of Ductility with Maintaining Strength of Drawn High Carbon Steel Wire." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.32.

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The effect of areal reduction for one pass on mechanical properties of high carbon steel wire drawn using wet-type non-slip drawing machine was investigated. The wires of 0.443 mm in diameter with carbon 0.98% were drawn to 0.06 mm in diameter by reducing the sectional area of the wire by 14 % and 27 %. Tensile strength increased monotonically with increasing drawing strain and there were very few differences of tensile strength by pass schedule. Elongation had the minimum value at 2.5 of drawing strain and reduction of area also had the maximum value at 1.2 of drawing strain. Elongation and reduction of area were improved in the region of drawing strain more than about 3 by decreasing areal reduction for one pass. Therefore, the wire can be drawn with maintaining strength and ductility under small areal reduction for one pass at latter pass regardless of areal reduction at former passes.

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29

Naval, Alejandro, Hector Sarnago, Ignacio Lope, Oscar Lucia, and José M. Burdio. "Improved Litz wire manufacture process using resonant power converter-based induction heating." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 36, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-05-2016-0208.

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Purpose Litz wire manufacturing using mechanical procedures presents several limitations regarding reliability and repeatability, especially when a small strand diameter is used. This paper aims to propose a power supply design for Litz wire manufacturing using a high-frequency high-performance resonant converter. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes the design of a resonant power supply for induction heating specially designed to tackle with the challenge of heating Litz wires quickly. Findings The proposed converter enables the removal of the isolating coating from the Litz wire through induction heating, improving significantly the manufacturing process. Originality/value The proposed converter improves significantly the manufacturing process of Litz wire through induction heating, with economic and reliability benefits.

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30

Jabłoński, Michał, Tadeusz Knych, and Beata Smyrak. "Effect of Iron Addition to Aluminium on the Structure and Properties of Wires Used for Electrical Purposes." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.459.

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Eight hypoeutectic aluminium alloys with iron content within the range of 0.07-1.09% by weight, were examined. The structure, the mechanical and electrical properties of wires used for electrical purposes were studied. The batch material for the drawing process was wire rod obtained from the continuous casting and rolling line by Continuus-Properzi method. It has shown a linear relationship between mechanical properties of wire rod, a higher plasticity of wire after drawing process and an increase in thermal resistance of the material with increasing iron content. The findings enable to draw conclusions of basic and application characteristics, pointing to the possibility of using aluminium with higher iron content in the wire drawing process of small diameter and microwires for the production of automotive bundles, accumulator cables and winding wires.

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31

Zhang, Meng Jie, Ming Hua He, Ke Gui Xin, Tian Shen Zhang, and Yuan Ma. "Experimental Study on RC Beams Strengthened by a Novel Large Diameter Pre-stressed Stainless Steel Wire Mesh – Mortar Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.911.

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The pre-stressed stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM) –mortar (M) is a pre-stressed laminate structure for structural strengthening and rehabilitation. Pre-stressing the stainless steel wire mesh is the key technology for engineering practice. A jogged anchor is proposed for anchoring large diameter SSWM conveniently. The flexural performances of 5 damaged RC beams strengthened by pre-stressed SSWM-M and one referential RC beam were tested. The experimental results indicates that the large diameter pre-stressed SSWM-M has a better performance in controlling the crack growth, restoring the flexural capacity and stiffness than the small diameter pre-stressed SSWM-M.

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32

Gu, Cai Xiang, Guan Jun Zhu, Xiao Yu Tian, Jian Feng Shi, and Yan Yan Feng. "Tribological Effects of Nano-Copper with Different Diameters in Lubricants." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 1059–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.1059.

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Diameter of nanoparticles plays a vital role in tribological properties of lubricanting oil. Three kinds of nano-copper with different diameters (50nm, 65nm, 80nm) were produced using the electric explosion of metallic wire (EEW), and their diameters were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The tribological properties of the lubricating oils containing nano-copper additives were investigated using friction wear testing machine, and the wear scar morphology photographs were observed by means of continuously multiple microscope. The results show that lubricanting oil with the large diameter of 80nm copper particles and the weight percentage of 1.0% ~ 1.2% has good characteristic of extreme pressure ; while the lubricanting oil with the small diameter of 50nm copper particles and the weight percentage of 1.2% provides good properties of anti-wear and friction reducing. This has a guiding role in selecting nanooil additives.

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33

Xi, Dan, Dayou Wang, Cai Xinwei, Qingyang Wang, Zigeng Huang, Ruijuan Nie, Guo Yan, Furen Wang, and Zizhao Gan. "Preparation of a small-size superconducting joint for C-doped 30-filament MgB₂ wires." Superconductor Science and Technology 34, no. 12 (October 29, 2021): 125009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac2f01.

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Abstract A preparation method of a small-size MgB2 superconducting joint with 2.0 mm diameter for C-doped 30-filament MgB2 wires is presented in this paper. Herein, an unreacted in situ C-doped monofilament wire was utilized as the connecting structure, since it contains a low quantity of dense precursor which needs less pressure during fabrication, avoiding distortion of the multifilament in the parent wires, as shown in SEM images. After heat treatment, the formed C-doped MgB2 bulk with small volume in the joint has the ability to release heat quickly, resulting in good stability. The morphology of the joint proved the MgB2–MgB2 interface between the monofilament and 30-filament wire had been successfully connected. The joint sintered at 600 °C for 2 h shows an apparent superconducting transition with T c-on = 33.49 K and has negligible resistance below 30.56 K as depicted in the R–T curve. It also has approximately 40% Jc value of the parent 30-filament wire, at 4.2 K in 3 T.

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34

Zhao, Yi, Jin Yao, and Chun Tong. "Optimization Design of Rectangular Cross-Sectional Wire Race Ball Bearing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.553.

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Wire race ball bearing with large radial size and small axial size, saves space extremely, and is widely used in rotary devices of large machineries. This paper establishes a mathematical model of optimization design of rectangular cross-sectional wire race ball bearing,and considers minimum friction torque as objective function, and analyses constraints of contact intensity and design specifications of wire race ball bearing, and forges an optical design method that determines the number of balls, the diameter of ball, the contact angle and the diameter of ball center circle as optimal design parameters, to attain the purpose of extending bearings life. Comparing results of Optimization with original sample, the friction torque of ball that bears maximum load reduces by 10.20%. This method provides a reference for conducting further scientific researches on wear of wire race ball bearing.

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35

Dhale Susheel R et al.,, Dhale Susheel R. et al ,. "A Novel Approach to Improve WEDM Performance on Inconel718, by Using Small Diameter Zinc Coated Wire." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 9, no. 2 (2019): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdapr201960.

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36

ZHAI, Lusheng, Ningde JIN, Zhongke GAO, and Xu HUANG. "The Finite Element Analysis for Parallel-wire Capacitance Probe in Small Diameter Two-phase Flow Pipe." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 21, no. 7 (July 2013): 813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1004-9541(13)60501-x.

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37

Kikuchi, Akihiro, Yasuo Iijima, Ataru Ichinose, Masatoshi Kawano, Masaru Yamamoto, Motoyoshi Kimura, Jun Nagamatsu, et al. "Trial Manufacturing of Jelly-Rolled Nb/Al Monofilamentary Wire with Very Small Diameter below 50 microns." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 756 (June 30, 2020): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/756/1/012016.

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38

Amano, Kazuya, Kohei Omote, Yasutake Haramiishi, and Shinsaku Hagiwara. "Inner polishing of small diameter copper pipe using wire polishing tool and estimation of tool life." Proceedings of Yamanashi District Conference 2018 (2018): YC2018–034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeyamanashi.2018.yc2018-034.

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39

Zhang, Wei, Xiao Rui Lv, and Chun Qing Wang. "The Process Optimization of EFO for Copper Wire Bonding." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.763.

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This paper investigated the process optimization of electronic flame-off (EFO) which was the melting of a wire tip by an electrical spark to form a free air ball (FAB) for 1.8mil copper wire bonding. The results showed that sparking current and sparking time rather than tail length were the key factors to influence the form of FAB. The FAB was skew and coarse with very small diameter when sparking current was 110mA. However, the FAB would be burned-out when sparking current was 180mA. And the appropriate sparking current was proved to be 130mA~150mA. When sparking time was too short (0.8ms~1.0ms), the FAB would appear to be pointed ball or golf ball. However, when sparking time was too long (3ms), the diameter of FAB was much bigger which led to offset ball and golf-bond. The suitable sparking time was proved to be 1.2ms~2ms.

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40

Friedman, J., P. Koundakjian, D. Naylor, and D. Rosero. "Heat Transfer to Small Horizontal Cylinders Immersed in a Fluidized Bed." Journal of Heat Transfer 128, no. 10 (March 22, 2006): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2345425.

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Heat transfer to horizontal cylinders immersed in fluidized beds has been extensively studied, but mainly in the context of heat transfer to boiler tubes in coal-fired beds. As a result, most correlations in the literature have been derived for cylinders of 25-50mm diameter in vigorously fluidizing beds. In recent years, fluidized bed heat treating furnaces fired by natural gas have become increasingly popular, particularly in the steel wire manufacturing industry. These fluidized beds typically operate at relatively low fluidizing rates (G∕Gmf<5) and with small diameter wires (1-6mm). Nusselt number correlations developed based on boiler tube studies do not extrapolate down to these small size ranges and low fluidizing rates. In order to obtain reliable Nusselt number data for these size ranges, an experimental investigation has been undertaken using two heat treating fluidized beds; one a pilot-scale industrial unit and the other a lab-scale (300mm diameter) unit. Heat transfer measurements were obtained using resistively heated cylindrical samples ranging from 1.3 to 9.5mm in diameter at fluidizing rates ranging from approximately 0.5×Gmf (packed bed condition) to over 10×Gmf using aluminum oxide sand particles ranging from dp=145-330μm (50–90 grit). It has been found that for all cylinder sizes tested, the Nusselt number reaches a maximum near 2×Gmf, then remains relatively steady (±5-10%) to the maximum fluidizing rate tested, typically 8-12×Gmf. A correlation for maximum Nusselt number is developed.

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41

de Pádua Lima Filho, Antonio, Rafael Shoiti Ikeda, Tales Paschoalino de Castro, and Ricardo Luiz Pugina Filho. "Continuous Production of a Multi-Filament Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite Strip from the Semisolid State." Solid State Phenomena 217-218 (September 2014): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.217-218.265.

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Continuous metal matrix composite strip casting (MMCS-ing) composed of six 0.3-mm diameter annealed bare copper wires in a eutectic SnPb matrix was manufactured by a two-roll melt dragged processing (TRMD-ing) method at a rate of 0.3 m/s. The wires were dragged through a semisolid pool with a fibre contact time of approximately 0.2 s. The required gap between rolls to thixoforge the semisolid material around the wire filaments was approximately 1.4 mm. A successful continuous composite strip casting was achieved with a notably good degree of wire alignment. No cracks were observed at the copper wire/matrix interface. However, regions of porosity occurred in the matrix; their possible formation mechanisms are discussed. The solidification structure of the matrix was analysed, and the analysis results indicated the formation of small globular grains measuring approximately 3 μm in diameter. The specimens were evaluated for their tensile properties and compared with the rule of mixtures. The surface fracture analysis indicated a good matrix/fibre union. MMCS-ing is an economically viable process and has significant advantages over other metal matrix composite (MMC) fabrication methods.

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42

Gao, Jian, Jian Zhong Wang, and Shi Long Zhang. "Study on Variable Diameter Spiral Spring." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 1627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.1627.

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On the foundation of analysis on non-cylindrical spiral spring force state, stress status and corresponding formulas in various segments of spring wire are derived, therefore the concept of varying spring diameter is put forward. Taking oblate prism spiral spring as an example, variable diameter spiral spring and invariable diameter spiral spring are separately designed under the instructions of the concept. An simulation is designed to examine the characteristics of the two springs in strength, stiffness and fatigue. The result shows that: both kinds of springs can meet the design requirements in maximum work force and fatigue, but the new spring are significantly lighter compared with the traditional invariable diameter, and the mechanical properties of material of the new spring are more fully played. This concept can be widely used in various fields of machinery, such as aerospace, vehicle suspension and small arms, and it will have important significance in designing new spring of light-weight and high-reliability.

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43

Duan, Derong, Peiqi Ge, Zhigang Gong, Fuli Huang, and Guangzhou Cao. "Fluid Flow Analysis of Agitation Pipe in the Electroplated Diamond Wire Saw." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2125, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2125/1/012065.

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Abstract Agitation pipe is the important part of the electroplated diamond wire saw in the suspension sanding process. The structure type and the sandblasting configuration in agitation pipe play a role on the flow uniformity. Fluid flow in the different structure forms of agitating pipe was studied and the influence of sandblasting angle and the diameter was also contrasted. Results found that the central water type of agitation pipe has the better performance, generating the flow field distribution in the middle part with high velocity and small velocity on both sides. The order of sandblasting in performance was 30°, 45° and 60°. The better flow uniformity occurred in the configuration of sandblasting with the diameter 7.5 mm, 7 mm and 7.5 mm.

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44

Giordano, N. "Superconductivity and dissipation in small-diameter Pb-In wires." Physical Review B 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.43.160.

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45

Yan, Hongzhi, Bo Wen, Zhibiao Wang, Chu Zhu, De Ni, and Minghao Lin. "Wear Analysis of Support Spring of Sprag Clutch during State of Overrunning." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (March 9, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3417760.

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This paper analyzes the wear of the support spring of sprag clutches for different structural parameters during overrunning state. Specifically, the stiffness model of the support spring is established based on the characteristics of the variable helix angle, and also the supporting force model is established according to the energy conservation law during the working process of the sprag clutch. Meanwhile, the relative rotation speed between the support spring and the wedge is analyzed by dynamic simulation method. Furthermore, the wear model of the support spring in process of overrunning is established based on Archard wear theory. The results show that there is a linear relationship between supporting force and spring radial displacement compression. In addition, increasing free length and wire diameter of springs will aggravate the wear of springs, whereas enlarging pitch diameter of springs will reduce it. When free length is increased from 270 to 290 mm, the wear time is reduced by 20.88%; when wire diameter is increased from 0.5 to 0.7 mm, the wear time is reduced by 42.75%; when pitch diameter is increased from 2 to 2.4 mm, the wear time is increased by 3.35%. The degree of influence of the structural parameters on the spring wear from large to small is free length, wire diameter, and pitch diameter. Exactly speaking, when wear time is 100 hr, the relative sensitivity of structural parameters affecting the wear of the support spring is in order of free length (2.2), wire diameter (0.97), and pitch diameter (0.08). The research provides a reference for the design and optimization of the support spring for highly reliable sprag clutches.

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46

Kitagawa, Ato, Hideyuki Tsukagoshi, and Masaki Igarashi. "Development of Small Diameter Active Hose-II for Search and Life-prolongation of Victims under Debris." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 15, no. 5 (October 20, 2003): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2003.p0474.

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This paper proposes ""Active Hose-II with small diameter"" for search and life-prolongation of victims under debris. Previously proposed Active Hose-I was about 110mm in diameter, which was too large to pass through small spaces. In this paper, an actively curving unit by the ""eccentric wire"" with 45mm diameter is newly introduced as the steering tool. Furthermore, two kinds of propelling unit are proposed. One is ""crawler-hose"" with flexibility, and the other is ""wheel-joint"", both of which are designed so as for all the contact points on the ground to drive to the same direction. The validity of these mechanisms is verified through the mechanical model Active Hose-II and its experimental results are shown in the last part.

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47

Ahmad Hamidi, Shahfuan Hanif, Abdul Ghalib Tham, Yupiter H. P. Manurung, and Sunhaji Kiyai Abas. "Predicting Bead Geometry of 2F-Fillet Joint Welded by Small Wire SAW." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.185.

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The cost of development of WPS will be very expensive if the welding parameter is selected based on trial and error. Optimal welding condition cannot be easily guessed unless the operator has records of good welding. If a calculator that can predict the welding parameter for the desired bead geometry accurately, such tool will be extremely useful for any fabrication industry. This paper intends to investigate the correlation between the welding parameter and weld bead geometry of 2F position T-fillet carbon steel, when welded by 1.2 mm diameter wire submerged arc welding. Keeping only one parameter as variable, 2F fillet weld coupons are welded by SAW with a range of welding current, welding voltage and welding speed. Only weld bead geometry that complied with the quality requirement of code of practice AWS D1.1 is considered. The trendline graph is created to fit the correlation between the heat input and the fillet weld geometry. By incorporating the trendline formulas into the calculator, the weld bead geometry can be predicted accurately for any welding parameter. The mean absolute deviation (MAD) between the predicted geometry and the experimental results is less than 0.50mm.

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48

Guo, Ya Dong, Hui Yan, Yu Hong Xia, and Hong Yuan Jiang. "Study on Filtration Performance of Cylinder Metal Rubber Filtering Material." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.75.

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As a novel porous functional material, metal rubber (MR) had many advantages of high loading capacity, high anti-blocked capacity and adjustable porosity with outside pressure made the MR more suitable as filtration material. However, there was no related study and successful application nowadays except in Russia. This study detailed investigated the filtration performance of MR including the influence of wire line diameter, porosity and molding thickness on initial pressure drop under clean liquid condition and their effects on pressure drop-flow rate property and filtration efficiency under contaminated liquid condition. The results indicate that the initial pressure drop increased with the decrease of porosity and wire line diameter, however decreased with the decrease of molding thickness when the flow was constant. Filtration drop increased significantly with the decrease of porosity. MR material made of small diameter wires showed a high filtration efficiency and large pressure drop because of its’ fine micro-pore. Filtration drop rose with the increase of molding thickness however, the filtration efficiency was little affected. These results provide a suitable guideline for further MR filter appliance and MR material research.

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49

Ogawa, Masumi, Kei Mine, Seiki Fuchiyama, Yasuhiro Tawa, and Tomohisa Kato. "Development of Multi-Wire Electric Discharge Machining for SiC Wafer Processing." Materials Science Forum 778-780 (February 2014): 776–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.778-780.776.

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In order to slice the larger size ingot toward 6 inch of silicon carbide (SiC), we are developing Multi-wire Electric Discharge Machining (EDM). To prevent wire break during slicing, we have developed the electric discharge pulse control system. So far, with 10 multi-wires, we have succeeded in slicing of 4 inch SiC balk single crystal without wire break. High quality slicing surface (e.g. small value of around 10 μm of SORI for 3 inchi wafer) was also achieved. By polishing methode, EDM-sliced wafer was estimated to have the uniform thickness of damaged layer over the entire surface. We confirmed that the wafer sliced by EDM can be processed in the later process, by grinding the 3 inch wafer. And it was confirmed that 6 inch ingot can be sliced with 10 multi-wire EDM, by slicing the boule of SiC poly crystal. For the larger diameter ingot than 4 inch, Multi-wire EDM will be practically used by the effective removal of machining chips from the machining clearance between the wire and work.

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50

Baldini, A. M., G. Cavoto, F. Cei, M. Chiappini, G. Chiarello, C. Chiri, G. Cocciolo, et al. "Detailed analysis of chemical corrosion of ultra-thin wires used in drift chamber detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): T12003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/t12003.

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Abstract Ultra-thin metallic anode and cathode wires are frequently employed in low-mass gaseous detectors for precision experiments, where the amount of material crossed by charged particles must be minimised. We present here the results of an analysis of the mechanical stress and chemical corrosion effects observed in 40 and 50 μm diameter silver plated aluminum wires mounted within the volume of the MEG II drift chamber, which caused the breakage of about one hundred wires (over a total of ≈ 12000). This analysis is based on the careful inspection of the broken wires by means of optical and electronic microscopes and on a detailed recording of all breaking incidents. We present a simple empirical model which relates the number of broken wires to their exposure time to atmospheric relative humidity and to their mechanical tension, which is necessary for mechanical stability in the presence of electrostatic fields of several kV/cm. Finally we discuss how wire breakages can be avoided or at least strongly reduced by operating in controlled atmosphere during the mounting stages of the wires within the drift chamber and by choosing a 25 % thicker wire diameter, which has very small effects on the detector resolution and efficiency and can be obtained by using a safer fabrication technique.

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