Дисертації: "Wind power – Case studies"

1

Krajnovic, Tamara. "Multi-level governance and wind power construction in Sweden : A case study of Norrköping and a current wind power construction plan." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-192866.

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This case study focuses on wind power development in Norrköping using a multi-level governance approach. The aim is to examine the wind power decision-making process from the state to Norrköping municipality and to identify other factors that impact wind power development in the area. A textual analysis comparing national political party platforms and local parties' official stances and interviews has been used to achieve this study's goal. The study shows that the decision-making in vertical multi-level governance is both bottom-up and top-down. It also sheds light on a significant role the Swedish Armed Forces play in this process as an external actor. The study concludes that vertical multi-level governance, including municipal veto, although an important factor, needs to be complemented with external factors to see how it affects wind power development in Norrköping.

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2

Karatas, Bora, and Alina Macovei. "Managing Knowledge for Innovations in Wind Power Industry : A Case Study." Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12439.

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On one side Innovation, innovation systems and knowledge management are two topics have been discussed so much by scholars before. The advantages gained through knowledge management by fostering innovation which entails competitive advantage. On the other side, an emerging interest has represented the relationship between the renewable industry and environmental innovations. The oil crises and some forum discussion of environmental impact have fuelled the interest for Renewable Energy especially on wind energy. Most likely there hasn’t been any research knowledge management in wind power companies which is an emerging and terribly needs knowledge to innovate and bring more products. As a result there is a need to look more into the role of knowledge management in wind mill companies and explore how innovation can be triggered by successful knowledge management and how this process provide competitive advantage in wind power industry.

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3

Ryan, Todd M. "Case-Studies in the Economics of Ancillary Services of Power Systems in Support of High Wind Penetrations." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/750.

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This thesis analyzes two potential means of mitigating the cost increase of ancillary services that is expected with the decarbonization of the U.S. electricity network. The first method, balancing area consolidation, addresses this cost rise by reducing the demand for ancillary services. This research quantifies the economic benefit of consolidation in the frequency regulation market by estimating the resulting reductions in frequency regulation requirements and cost. The results show that this policy leads to a reduction in frequency regulation cost of approximately $0.1 per MWh of total load. These results do not significantly change with the inclusion of 20% wind, suggesting that in the near term, wind’s interaction in the frequency regulation market is not a prime motivation for consolidation. This analysis does not consider all the benefits or costs of BA consolidation, and is not meant as an assessment of net-benefits. Though the results show consolidation could lead to an increase in emissions of some air pollutants, which suggest that there may be significant trade-offs associated with the decision to consolidate balancing areas. The second means of addressing the expected increase in ancillary services costs is to increase the supply of ancillary services by leveraging residential demand response. We developed methods that optimally schedule ancillary service capacity on demand response resources while accounting for the risk of customer response fatigue. The model is used to test the efficacy of hourly caps on demand response penetration in ancillary service markets. The results show that residential demand response could provide a significant portion of the total ancillary service requirements attributable to residential loads: between 50% and 75%. Hourly caps on demand response participation are shown to be economically inefficient. With a 25% market cap, residential demand response is scheduled to 6 provide 25% of the hourly total market value, while the risked-based optimization schedules residential demand response to provide 82% of the total value. Methods like the ones presented in this paper, that can appropriately weight the benefits and risks of committing residential demand response will be critical to efficiently and effectively use this resource for ancillary services.

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4

Lombard, Andrea. "Wind energy landscapes, place attachment and tourism in the Route 27/West Coast Region of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79872.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The West Coast Region (WCR) of the Western Cape Province in South Africa is earmarked for at least 13 windfarm developments. These proposed developments represent an investment in and a movement towards cleaner and alternative ways of energy generation. All developments that will alter the environment or landscape are usually received with some sort of opposition. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the presence of wind turbines in the form of wind farms will have any affect on the sense of place of insiders of (residents) and outsiders (visitors) to the West Coast Region, the insiders’ attachment to their natural landscapes and the outsiders’ experiences of the region. In the context of multiple issues arising from a very complex discourse around the possible effects that the proposed windfarms are perceived to have in the WCR, this study approached the research topic from three perspectives of inquiry: (1) windfarms and people’s place attachment; (2) windfarms and landscape aesthetic and function interference; and (3) windfarms and its effect on tourism. The study area includes 15 towns of three subregions of the WCR, namely the Swartland, West Coast Peninsula and Bergrivier subregions. The research objectives are seven fold, namely (1) to establish a solid base and understanding of the concepts and constructs related to wind energy, landscape aesthetics and place attachment; (2) to review appropriate case studies reported in the international literature and apply relevant methodologies in this study; (3) investigate theories, types and models of public decision making to explore the degree to which these could be applied to windfarm support or objection in the WCR; (4) to critique current policies in windfarm establishment and discover whether and how these shape social objection to or support for windfarm development in the WCR; (5) to establish the perceptions and attitudes relating to wind turbines of three groups of actors (tourism industry, tourists and residents) in the WCR by conducting questionnaire surveys in 15 West Coast towns and villages and interpret these views in relation to the impacts of wind turbines on the local landscape; (6) to determine the insiders’ place attachments to the WCR, whether the presence of wind turbines will affect these attachments and whether their attachments influence decisions to support or oppose the proposed windfarm developments; and (7) to assess the extent to which the presence of wind turbines will affect the tourism value of the region. Primary data was further strengthened by semi-structured interviews, informal conversations and observation at public participation and specialized group meetings. Data was analysed using SPSS, Excel and ArcGIS. The findings indicate that respondents are concerned with issues related to the sustainability of the natural environment and that the residents of the WCR possess a strong sense of attachment to the region, but no clear indication was found that their place attachment serve as a reason for their opposition to the proposed windfarm developments. Although the support for windfarm development decreases from a national to a regional level and to the local level of in or close to the towns in which respondents reside, their opposition to windfarm development in the region cannot only be regarded as simple not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) attitudes. Seventy-five per cent of the respondents regard the physical landscape of the WCR as very special, but would still support the development of windfarms in the region indicating that the respondents do not believe the construction of wind turbines in the WCR landscapes will influence the special character of landscapes negatively. There is no indication presently that the tourism industry would be affected negatively by windfarm development in the region as both residents and visitors do not believe that windfarms deter tourists from visiting certain areas and more than 90% of visitors indicated they would return to the WCR after a number of windfarms have been developed. It is recommended that a post-development impact study be conducted to determine the attitudes toward windfarm development in the WCR following the deployment of wind turbines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Weskus-streek in die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika word geoormerk vir ten minste 13 windplaas ontwikkelinge. Hierdie voorgestelde ontwikkelinge verteenwoordig ‘n belegging in en ‘n beweging na skoner en alternatiewe maniere van energieopwekking. Alle ontwikkelinge wat die omgewing of landskap sal verander word gewoonlik ontvang deur ‘n mate van teenkanting. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of die teenwoordigheid van windturbines in die vorm van windplase enige invloed op die plekbewustheid van inwoners van en besoekers aan die Weskus-streek, hulle gehegdheid aan die streek se natuurlike landskappe en besoekers se ervarings van die streek sal uitoefen. Binne die konteks van verskeie kwessies met hul oorsprong vanuit ‘n baie komplekse diskoers rondom die moontlike effekte wat vermeen word die voorgestelde windplase op die Weskus-streek sal hê, benader hierdie studie die navorsingsonderwerp vanuit drie navraagsperspektiewe: (1) windplase en mense se plekgehegdheid; (2) windplase en landskap estetiese en funksie steuring; en (3) windplase en die effek daarvan op toerisme. Die studie area sluit 15 dorpe uit drie substreke van die Weskus-streek in, naamlik die Swartland, Weskus Skiereiland en Bergrivier substreke. Die navorsingsdoelwitte is sewevoudig, naamlik (1) om ‘n konseptuele basis en verstaan van konsepte en konstrukte geassosieerd met windenergie-opwekking, landskap estetika en plekgehegdheid te kweek; (2) om toepaslike gevallestudies te hersien en sommige relevante metodologie vir die studie aan te wend; (3) om teorieë, tipes en modelle van publieke besluitneming te ondersoek ten einde te bepaal tot watter graad dit aangewend kan word tot windplaasondersteuning of teenkanting in die Weskus-streek; (4) om kritiek te lewer op huidige beleide van windplaasontwikkeling en te ontdek tot watter mate en hoe dit sosiale teenkanting of ondersteuning van windplaasontwikkeling in die Weskus-streek vorm; (5) om die persepsies en houdings van drie groepe deelnemers (die toerisme industrie, toeriste en inwoners) in die Weskus-streek te bepaal deur vraelysopnames in 15 Weskus dorpe te doen en hierdie sienings in verhouding met die impakte van windturbines op die plaaslike landskap te interpreer; (6) om die inwoners se plekgehegdheid tot die Weskus-streek te bepaal en of die teenwoordigheid van wind turbines hierdie gehegdheid sal affekteer en of hul gehegdheid besluitneming rakende die ondersteuning vir, of teenkanting teen, windplaasontwkkeling beïnvloed; en (7) om te bepaal tot watter mate die teenwoordigheid van windturbines die toerisme waarde van die streek sal affekteer. Primêre data is verder versterk deur semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, informele gesprekke en waarneming by publieke deelname sessies en gespesialiseerde groepsvergaderings. Data is ontleed deur middel van SPSS, Excel en ArcGIS. Daar is bevind dat respondente besorg is oor kwessies rondom die volhoubaarheid van die natuurlike omgewing en dat die inwoners van die Weskus-streek ‘n sterk gehegtheid aan die streek het, maar geen definitiewe aanduiding is gevind dat hulle gehegdheid aan die streek as ‘n behoorlike rede vir hul teenstand teen die voorgestelde windplase aangevoer kan word nie. Alhoewel ondersteuning vir windplase afneem vanaf nasionaal na streeksvlak en die plaaslike vlak van binne of naby die dorp waar respondente woon, kan teenkanting teen die ontwikkeling van windplase in die streek nie slegs eenvoudig as ‘n nie-in-my-agterplaas houding (NIMAP) beskou word nie. Vyf-en-sewentig persent van die respondente ag die fisiese landskap van die Weskus-streek as baie spesiaal, maar ondersteun steeds windplaasontwikkeling in die streek wat aandui dat die respondente nie van mening is dat die oprigting van windturbines in die Weskus-streek landskappe die spesiale karakter van hierdie landskappe negatief sal beïnvloed nie. Daar is tans geen aanduiding dat die toerismebedryf negatief deur windplaasontwikkeling beïnvloed sal word nie aangesien beide inwoners en besoekers aangedui het dat hul nie van mening is dat windplase toeriste sal verhinder om sekere areas te besoek nie. Negentig persent van besoekers het aangedui dat hul steeds sal terugkeer na die Weskus-streek ná die ontwikkeling van ‘n aantal windplase. Dit word aanbeveel dat ‘n ná-ontwikkeling impakstudie onderneem word om die houdings jeens windplaasontwikkeling in die Weskus-streek ná oprigting van die turbines te ondersoek.

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5

Kumin, Enid C. "Ecosystem-Based Management and Refining Governance Of Wind Energy in the Massachusetts Coastal Zone: A Case Study Approach." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1438439831.

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6

Sundberg, Gustav. "Resonant overvoltages caused by transformer energization and saturation : Two EMT case studies conducted using models of the grid in Stockholm and an off-shore wind farm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-453406.

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This thesis investigates the impact of resonant overvoltages and their origin. Series and parallel resonances are present in any electrical grid. The frequency of which this resonance occurs is called resonance frequency. For parallel resonance, which is mainly being studied in this thesis, a high impedance peak can be found at the resonance frequency. This impedance peak in conjunction with a harmonic rich current cause a kind of temporary overvoltages called resonant overvoltages. The harmonic content of the current is high following a fault clearing in the grid, due to transformer saturation. The resonance frequency is heavily dependent on the amount of reactance present in the grid, which entail that a change in reactance causes a change in the resonance frequency. The electromagnetic transient tool PSCAD has been used to investigate resonant overvoltages following transformer energization caused by faults and switching in Stockholm. Secondly, a model was created of a grid connecting off-shore wind power to the mainland via long AC submarine transmission cables. These cables, having a high capacitance, lower the resonance frequency. Faults in this model were simulated to investigate the phenomenon of resonant overvoltages in such a grid. This was especially interesting due to Swedens planned expansion of wind power in the Baltic sea. While resonant overvoltages were found in Stockholm they were not deemed significant due to their low magnitude and longevity. However, severe resonant overvoltages were found in the off-shore wind farm model. The worst resonant overvoltages had a maximum amplitude of the 2nd order harmonic voltage of 130 kV which, while eventually damped, were significant for up to 50 periods. Lastly, the phenomenon of an increased resonance frequency during the saturation of a transformer was studied. The most severe resonant overvoltages occured in a model where the frequency scans showed a resonance frequency of 98 Hz. Indicating, caution needs to be had during EMT-studies of resonant overvoltages while choosing what resonance frequency to study.

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7

Olauson, Jon. "Modelling Wind Power for Grid Integration Studies." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302837.

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When wind power and other intermittent renewable energy (IRE) sources begin to supply a signiﬁcant part of the load, concerns are often raised about the inherent intermittency and unpredictability of these sources. In order to study the impact from higher IRE penetration levels on the power system, integration studies are regularly performed. The model package presented and evaluated in Papers I–IV provides a comprehensive methodology for simulating realistic time series of wind generation and forecasts for such studies. The most important conclusion from these papers is that models based on coarse meteorological datasets give very accurate results, especially in combination with statistical post-processing. Advantages with our approach include a physical coupling to the weather and wind farm characteristics, over 30 year long, 5-minute resolution time series, freely and globally available input data and computational times in the order of minutes. In this thesis, I make the argument that our approach is generally preferable to using purely statistical models or linear scaling of historical measurements. In the variability studies in Papers V–VII, several IRE sources were considered. An important conclusion is that these sources and the load have very different variability characteristics in different frequency bands. Depending on the magnitudes and correlations of these ﬂuctuation, different time scales will become more or less challenging to balance. With a suitable mix of renewables, there will be little or no increase in the needs for balancing on the seasonal and diurnal timescales, even for a fully renewable Nordic power system. Fluctuations with periods between a few days and a few months are dominant for wind power and net load ﬂuctuations of this type will increase strongly for high penetrations of IRE, no matter how the sources are combined. According to our studies, higher capacity factors, more offshore wind power and overproduction/curtailment would be beneﬁcial for the power system.

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8

Alhasawi, Faisal Bader. "Advanced methodologies to facilitate wind power integration studies into existing power networks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/advanced-methodologies-to-facilitate-wind-power-integration-studies-into-existing-power-networks(c1588b57-57ea-4209-876d-1b7642594590).html.

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The exponential rate of integrating renewable energy sources, especially wind farms, into existing networks - while environmentally beneficial - impacts the operation of power systems economically as well as technically. Reduction in system damping is one possible outcome of large scale wind power integration while the location of wind power sources could easily lead to long distance power transmission through congested lines - especially if the network load is assumed to be rapidly growing at different sites during different times - which may significantly change the generation profile along with the typical power flows; thus causing a considerable impact on small signal stability. Moreover, wind power cannot be scheduled with the same certainty as conventional power plants and it is not really dispatchable. Therefore, rethinking the methods of power system operation becomes a necessity. The group of generators which are most suitable for manipulation in order to make way for new energy sources, e.g., wind generators that do not provide similar support to the system are identified through a novel method for ranking synchronous generators in a power system according to their contribution to angular and voltage stability. The method is based on the sensitivity analysis of electromechanical modes and takes into account the location of generators, their inertia, active and reactive power outputs and control functions. FACTS devices are utilized to alleviate any power transmission congestion while gaining maximum financial benefits. Economical considerations take into account the cost of generated active and reactive power, the cost of wind power integration, the cost of allocated FACTS devices along with their maintenance cost for a range of operating conditions in each load growth profile. The Identification of congested areas as well as determining the financial benefits relies heavily on the Optimal Load Flow (OPF) while Genetic Algorithms (GA) is assigned the task of allocating the FACTS devices. The Net Present Value (NPV) is integrated into the GA as an objective function; thus providing a good financial assessment of the location at hand. Finally, dynamic benefits of the allocated FACTS devices - where the tuning was accomplished through adaptive control - are analyzed to confirm their consistency on the wide range operating points across the different load growth stages.

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9

Westling, Suzette. "Wind Power Controversies : A Case Study in Ödeshög, Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-81327.

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The interest in further expansion of wind power has increased significantly during the last decades, as it is an environmentally and financially competitive energy source. Wind power is an important part of achieving energy goals and climate commitments in several countries, not least in Sweden. The localisation of the wind turbines has, however, appeared to be controversial and local resistance occurs more frequently as the energy source expands. This creates a complex environmental conflict where various actors struggle to obtain differing goal settings. Such a situation occurred in Ödeshög municipality, when wind power entrepreneurs expressed their interests in establish wind turbines in forest and transition areas of the municipality. This thesis aims to emphasise how wind power expansion became such a controversial environmental conflict in Ödeshög. To be able to do this, the conflict is analysed from an Actor-Network Theory perspective. This theoretical framework has been used with the ambition to describe how the involved actors strategically have acted to possibly influence the outcome of the conflict. The situation in Ödeshög have much to say about how these conflicts occur and by learning from this situation several similar conflicts may be avoided.

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10

Årdal, Atle Rygg. "Feasibility Studies on Integrating Offshore Wind Power with Oil Platforms." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13683.

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This thesis is centered around the possibilities of integrating offshore wind power together with oil and gas platforms. The motivation behind this topic is to reduce the emissions of CO2 and other pollutive gases from conventional offshore power plants. The electrical systems on oil platforms are weaker than an onshore grid, so measures should be taken to let the wind power integration contribute to a more stable operation on the platform. To explore existing and future technologies that can achieve this is an important part of this work. Two different power systems are presented, denoted System 1 and System 2. Their schematics are shown in Fig. 1. Corresponding simulation models are built from fundamental blocks in the software PSCAD/EMTDC. Aggregated models are utilized in order to save computational time.System 1 consists of an offshore wind farm and an oil platform connected together in islanded operation. The oil platform contains an synchronous generator with an associated gas turbine and can adjust both active and reactive power quickly. The load consists of fixed-speed induction motors. The wind farm contains a back-to-back Voltage Source Converter (VSC) which is used for variable speed operation of the turbine. The converter is also used for voltage support to the system, and this functionality reduces voltage oscillations during disturbances. The most critical scenario investigated is to start a large induction motor. It is shown that the transmission cable may contribute to an increasing risk of voltage collapse during the start-up. Another critical event is when the wind power is suddenly disconnected, and the gas turbine has to adjust the power output quickly in order to avoid too large frequency deviations. The simulations show that a disconnection of the whole wind farm does not lead to critical operation or possible instability. This would not be the case in a system with slower control systems in the gas turbine and synchronous generator.System 2 consists of a VSC-HVDC connection between Kollsnes and the platform Troll A. This existing configuration is powering a gas compressor on the platform through a variable speed synchronous motor. This thesis proposes to integrate wind power on the DC-side of the Troll A VSC-terminal. The challenge is to inject wind power in a way such that the operation of the gas compressor is not disturbed. The proposed control system is working as intended, and the selected simulation cases show that the compressor system is not affected by the wind power. The DC voltage control system is able to maintain a constant voltage at the Troll terminal during normal operation. The wind farm reduces the losses in the HVDC-cable, and surplus wind power is sent to the land grid during low-load operation. The DC-voltage drops to 73 % of the rated value for 10 ms when the wind power is suddenly disconnected, but the duration is so short that it does not affect the gas compressor operation.The simulation results indicate that both configurations are feasible. However, the results are heavily dependent on the parameter data, and further research should put more efforts into gaining as correct values as possible. A sensitivity analysis is performed to System 1 as a guideline to which parameters that are most decisive, and therefore should be modeled most accurately. In addition, new simulation cases might reveal challenges that this thesis does not concern.

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11

Sada, Fernando Javier. "Aggregate Model of Large Wind Parks for Power System Studies." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-53747.

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This report describes the need for aggregation of wind farms due to the recent penetration of wind power generation in the power system and the methodology to simplify a distribution network consisting of a number of wind turbines equipped with induction or synchronous generators and MV lines. This methodology leads to an equivalent network which consists of an approximate equivalent wind turbine or groups of wind turbines and an approximate equivalent line or lines. The aim of the methodology is to reduce the complexity of the system and also the simulation time. Simulations are performed using a simulation software package PowerFactory supplied by DIgSilent, which is a tool for short term and long term dynamic analysis. The validation of the methodology and models used are examined by applying different layouts and considerations. The response of both detailed and aggregated models, under the same contingencies are compared. The influence of wind conditions such as wind speed and wind direction, is also considered. The project consists of two main parts. The scope of the first part is to validate an aggregation methodology with DIgSilent PowerFactory Software. The second part aims to verify a wind park aggregation considering the wake effect. In both cases the simulation time improvement is shown.

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12

Medici, Davide. "Experimental studies of wind turbine wakes : power optimisation and meandering." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-598.

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13

Xu, Guanpeng. "Computational studies of horizontal axis wind turbines." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12081.

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14

Baker, N. Francesco. "Instructional Case Studies in the Field of Windfarm Optimization." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8748.

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Wind farm layout optimization is a multidisciplinary undertaking, requiring students and researchers to integrate many skillsets in order to optimize turbine placement. There is currently a lack of useful benchmarking exercises for participants in the field to compare the efficacy of their methods. This work details the construction and completion of a set of four case studies meant to satisfy this need, with the hope of providing some insight into useful layout optimization approaches. These case studies are intended to also serve as instructive introductory exercises with which newcomers researching wind energy may incrementally practice and increase their abilities.The first two case studies were released globally and attracted participants from around the world who attempted the optimization problems. A detailed analysis of their results is presented herein.The second two case studies are currently being worked on by researchers in the field, with initial feed back regarding the formulations also included.

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15

Barry, Martin. "Distributed small-scale wind in New Zealand : advantages, barriers and policy support instruments : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/87.

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16

Mathers, Adam. "Community Benefit Funds and Wind Power: A Scottish Case Study." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-362815.

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The Scottish government’s aim of deriving 100 per cent of the nation’s electricity from renewable sources is dependent on the utilisation of wind energy. Social barriers, however, have continued to threaten these targets. Community benefit funds have often been paraded as the most common way of improving public attitudes towards wind farms in the United Kingdom, although little empirical evidence exists to support this notion. Using the proposed Ourack wind farm, approximately three and a half miles north of Grantown-on-Spey in the Scottish Highlands, this case study, consisting of a sequential explanatory research design comprised of an initial close-ended survey followed by in-depth semi-structured interviews, sought to explore the community’s perceptions of community benefits, identify the type of fund that the community wanted, and investigate the role of such benefit provisions in altering perceptions of wind farms. The key findings indicated that the majority of participants were in favour of benefits being provided, they preferred funding to be directed towards community organisations, and approximately one third of research participants (31.6 per cent) perceived the proposed wind farm in a more positive light after considering the possible benefits the region would accrue. Furthermore, the research indicated the need for community benefits to become a standardised part of the planning process, thus reducing the likelihood of financial benefits being perceived as bribes, and allowing developers to provide greater information about any proposed benefits scheme prior to applying for planning permission. There are implications of this study for academics researching the role of community benefits in wind farm planning, and policymakers and developers for understanding the wants and needs of community members.

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17

Johansson, Magnus. "The Issue of Trust in Swedish Wind Power Planning : A case study of the wind power project in Markbygden, Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-35380.

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Анотація:

Sweden has decided that by the year of 2020, 30 TWh of energy should come from wind power turbines. The wind power developer Svevind AB is planning to build Europe’s largest wind power park in the area of Markbygden in the municipality of Piteå. Thus, the wind power park will be the largest in Swedish history and will bring with it technical and strategic challenges. The main aim for this thesis is to analyze how different factors affect the level of trust in a wind power planning project and doing so through targeting three focus areas; legislation, communication and agreements. The study is based upon case study methodology and where interviews, document studies, literature studies and a media review is used as methods. The theoretical framework is built around communication, power and the privatization of planning. The case study investigates two parallel processes that the planned wind power park in Markbygden has undertaken and what actors that has been most active. The conclusions that can be drawn from the study are that the trust between actors is built up around strategic choices and strategic actions. The means that it can be distinguished distrust towards the purpose behind the actor’s choice of communication and action. Further, the current legislation together with the more and more privatized spatial planning, are two major causes to the that it is increasingly hard to determine who that actually is in charge of planning. This may in turn lead to a lack of trust and understanding towards planning.
Sverige har beslutat att införa en planeringsram för vindkraftsutbyggnaden som innebär att 30 TWh av Sveriges energi skall utvinnas ur vindkraftsverk. Företaget Svevind AB planerar att bygga Europas största vindkraftspark i området Markbygden i Piteå kommun. Vindparken kommer således att bli det största vindkraftsprojektet i Svensk historia vilket medför utmaningar tekniskt men även för den strategiska planeringen. Uppsatsen har till syfte att undersöka huruvida vilka faktor som kan påverka förtroendet som aktörer har mellan varandra och medborgarnas förtroende till samhällsplanering. Studien har begränsats till att fokusera på hur gällande lagstiftning, kommunikation och överenskommelser kan påverka förtroendekapitalet inom samhällsplaneringen. Studien är baserad på en fallstudie där metoderna som ligger till grund är intervjuer, litteraturstudier, dokumentstudier samt mediastudier. Den teoretiska ramen för studien bygger del på teorier kring kommunikativa planeringsteorier, makt och post-politik. Fallstudien är en genomgång av de processer som den planerade vindkraftsparken i Markbygden har genomgått samt vilka aktörer som har varit inblandade. De slutsatser som kan dras av denna studie är att förtroendet mellan aktörerna är byggt på strategiska val. Detta innebär att det kan skönjas en misstro till syftet bakom en aktörs handlingar och kommunikation. Den gällande svenska lagstiftningen samt den allt mer privatiserade samhällsplaneringen är två starkt bidragande faktorer till att det är svårt att urskilja vem som de facto är beslutsfattaren inom dagens samhällsplanering.

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18

Aitken, Mhairi. "Power and wind power : exploring experiences of renewable energy planning processes in Scotland." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/328.

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Energy use and production have become highly salient within both national and international policy. This reflects an international recognition of the need to cut emissions in order to mitigate the threats of climate change. Within the UK there is significant policy support for renewable energy development generally, and wind power in particular. Nevertheless, the UK is not expected to meet its targets for renewable energy production. This is often portrayed as being the result of localised public opposition to particular proposed developments. However, this thesis challenges the notion that local objectors are powerful actors within renewable energy deployment. A detailed, multi-method case study of one planning application for a wind power development was conducted in order to explore how the planning process is experienced and perceived by various different actors involved (i.e. representatives of the developers, local objectors, local supporters). The findings refute the assertion that localised opposition presents significant obstacles for the development of renewable energy; they instead highlight the limited influence of objectors. In order to understand the many different forms of power which may be exercised the research employs Lukes’ three-dimensional view of power as a framework of how the concept is to be understood. Through this framework, the thesis does not only consider the power of objectors, but also of prospective developers and the forms of power that are found within the structures of the planning system. Power is considered to be visible not only in the outcomes of decision-making processes but also in the processes themselves. It is shown that whilst planning processes are presented as being public and democratic, considerable power is exercised in controlling the participation that is allowed and ultimately the range of outcomes which can be achieved.

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19

Pisetta, de Oliveira Maria. "Integrating batteries with large-scale wind power: a Canadian case-study." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278074.

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Canada is a country with a mostly fossil free electricity generation mix, with more than 80% of electricity being produced from hydropower, nuclear and other renewables. The province of Alberta, on the other hand, still has a long way to go in making its electricity less fossil-fuel based, and for that, it aims to invest in renewables in the coming years. This increased deployment of renewables, an intermittent energy source, could mean a good investment opportunity for batteries in the province as well. This thesis investigates the different revenue possibilities of a battery operating in Alberta’s real-time electricity market, reserve market and in a combination of both markets. To understand how wind energy would influence such an operation, these strategies are then analyzed taking into account the wind generation’s annual variability for the charging of the battery. All of these strategies were fixed, meaning the battery had a fixed operation schedule for every day of the year. Lastly, this thesis analyzed an optimal battery operation, with access to perfect information and possibility to optimize revenues between the aforementioned markets.
Kanada är ett land med en hög andel fossilfri elproduktion då 80 % av elektricitetenkommer från vattenkraft, kärnkraft eller förnybara källor. Delstaten Alberta har dock entill största delen fossilbaserad elproduktion och kommer därför investera i förnybarelproduktion de kommande åren. Den ökade mängden förnybar variabel elproduktionkan innebära en bra investeringsmöjlighet för batterier för energilagring. I dennauppsats undersöks inkomsterna för ett batteri som används på Albertas elmarknad,antingen på den vanliga marknaden som körs i realtid, reglermarknaden eller enkombination av båda marknaderna. För att förstå hur vindkraft skulle påverka driftenav batteriet analyseras sedan dessa strategier under förutsättningen att batterietladdas med den variabla produktionen från en vindkraftpark. För alla dessa strategiervar schemat för laddningen av batteriet bestämt i förväg. Som jämförelse analyserasden optimala driften av batteriet under förutsättningen att man har tillgång till perfektinformation och möjlighet att optimera driften mellan de nämnda marknaderna.

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20

Batlle, Linares Oriol. "International Competitiveness of Wind Power Industry: : the case of GAMESA Corp. S.A." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91325.

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The modern lifestyle is highly dependent on the electricity consumption, which demand is expected to continue growing worldwide, especially in those developing areas where the whole economy is transforming. Until now, most of this electricity demand had been supplied through the combustion of fossil fuels or nuclear power. But the utilization of these energy sources to power the human activity is unsustainable because of limitless of the resources and the hazardous emissions and wastes that they generate. That is why since few decades ago thewind power became one of the best-positioned renewable energy in terms of costs effectiveness as a viable alternative to the energetic model based on pollutant fossil fuels. This technology was firstly developed and implemented on those countries with a traditional environmental conscientiousness, but as the global warming issue increased new countries were interested to use wind power as a clean and sustainable energy source. The growing wind power demand of developing countries has changed in few years the entire industry, because new local manufacturers have appeared thanks to the government renewable policy, which main objective is to develop a strong domestic wind power industry capable of lead the world transformation to a clean energy model. The thesis defines the most commons renewable energy policies, and focus in the policy used in China with the aim to analyze if it is promoting or damaging the expansion of wind power use because of the priority is protect its own domestic wind power industry from international firms. The conclusions are that those protectionist policies are useful in the early stage of the industry development but the government must know the exact moment in which these subsidies and supporting mechanisms become counterproductive. If those are used during a prolonged period, then companies become dependent on subsidies and don’t act like in free markets where the innovation is the key to gain and maintain sustainable competitive advantage.

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21

Özer, Serra Özerdem Barış İzmir Institute of Technology Mechanical Engineering. "A Feasibility Study and Evaluation of Financing Models for Wind Energy Projects:A Case Study on Izmir Institute of Technology Campus area/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/makinamuh/T000490.pdf.

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22

DE, DEBRAJ. "Case Studies in Low Power Motion Sensing." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250733474.

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23

Dye, Jared James. "From Leader to Laggard: The Development of Wind Power in Russia." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492725236380155.

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24

Mitchell, Catherine. "The renewable non-fossil fuel obligation : a case study of the barriers to energy technology development." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240632.

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25

Batlle, Oriol. "International Competitiveness of the wind power industry : The case of Gamesa S.A." Thesis, KTH, Industriell dynamik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34750.

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Анотація:

The modern lifestyle is highly dependent on the electricity consumption, which demand is expected to continue growing worldwide, especially in those developing areas where the whole economy is transforming. Until now, most of this electricity demand had been supplied through the combustion of fossil fuels or nuclear power. But the utilization of these energy sources to power the human activity is unsustainable because of limitless of the resources and the hazardous emissions and wastes that they generate. That is why since few decades ago the wind power became one of the best-positioned renewable energy in terms of costs effectiveness as a viable alternative to the energetic model based on pollutant fossil fuels. This technology was firstly developed and implemented on those countries with a traditional environmental conscientiousness, but as the global warming issue increased new countries were interested to use wind power as a clean and sustainable energy source. The growing wind power demand of developing countries has changed in few years the entire industry, because new local manufacturers have appeared thanks to the government renewable policy, which main objective is to develop a strong domestic wind power industry capable of lead the world transformation to a clean energy model. The thesis defines the most commons renewable energy policies, and focus in the policy used in China with the aim to analyze if it is promoting or damaging the expansion of wind power use because of the priority is protect its own domestic wind power industry from international firms. The conclusions are that those protectionist policies are useful in the early stage of the industry development but the government must know the exact moment in which these subsidies and supporting mechanisms become counterproductive. If those are used during a prolonged period, then companies become dependent on subsidies and don’t act like in free markets where the innovation is the key to gain and maintain sustainable competitive advantage.

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26

Odemark, Ylva. "Wakes behind wind turbines - Studies on tip vortex evolution and stability." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-93806.

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The increased fatigue loads and decreased power output of a wind turbine placed in the wake of another turbine is a well-known problem when building new wind power farms. In order to better estimate the total power output of a wind power farm, knowledge about the development and stability of wind turbine wakes is crucial. In the present thesis, the wake behind a small-scale model turbine was investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel. The velocity in the wake was measured with hot-wire anemometry, for different free stream velocities and tip speed ratios. To characterize the behaviour of the model turbine, the power output, thrust force and rotational frequency of the model were also measured. These results were then compared to calculations using the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) method. New turbine blades for the model was constructed using the same method, in order to get an estimate of the distribution of the lift and drag forces along the blades. This information is needed for comparisons with certain numerical simulations, which however remains to be performed.By placing the turbine at different heights in a turbulent boundary layer, the effects of forest turbulence on wind turbine outputs (power and thrust) could also be investigated.The evolution of the tip vortices shed from the turbine blades was studied by performing velocity measurements around the location of the tip vortex breakdown. The vortices' receptivity to disturbances was then studied by introducing a disturbance in the form of two pulsed jets, located in the rear part of the nacelle. In order to introduce a well-defined disturbance and perform phase-locked measurements, a new experimental setup was constructed and successfully tested for two different disturbance frequencies. The mean streamwise velocity and the streamwise turbulence intensity was found to scale well with the free stream velocity and the spreading of the wake was found to be proportional to the square root of the downstream distance. The comparison for power and thrust between measurements and BEM calculations showed good agreement in some cases but worse agreement when the pitch angle of the blades was small.The velocity measurements showed that the tip vortices can be susceptible to disturbances and an earlier breakdown could be detected. However, more measurements need to be made to fully investigate the dependance on disturbance frequency and amplitude.
QC 20120504

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27

SCHÜLKE, ARNAUD. "Scenario-based multi-zone approach of wind power for steady-state network studies." Thesis, KTH, Elektriska energisystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168390.

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The installed wind power capacity has increased rapidly over the last decades and wind power now has a strong impact on the European electric system. The development of wind power is expected to continue in the coming decades and it is therefore crucial to correctly take it into account in network simulations of the future system. Metrix is a model used at EDF R&D for technical and economical simulations of the European electric system. It uses a multi-scenario approach that aims at calculating different possible states of the network for a chosen moment in the future. Until this master thesis, the generation of the wind farms was the same in all the scenarios. This does not reflect the high variability of wind power generation and does not allow to correctly simulate the effects of wind power on the system. The goal of the project presented in this report is to integrate a multiscenario approach of wind power with spatial variations in Metrix in order to represent a range of wind power situations that is representative of what might happen at a simulated moment in the future. The chosen method consists of using wind scenarios from the past, applying them to the future wind park and integrating them in the scenarios used in the simulations. The database of wind situations used in this project allows to have 13 wind zones over Europe. An analysis of the seasonal and diurnal cycles of wind power generation is performed for the abovementioned purpose. The methodology is applied to the study of the winter peak and leads to the choice of up to 1092 suitable wind power scenarios. Then, statistical methods are used to estimate the number of scenarios that is necessary to reach the desired accuracy in the simulation results. Finally, the benefits of the proposed approach of wind power are demonstrated by showing how it allows to analyse the impact of wind power generation on different system quantities and components.

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28

Tavner, Peter John. "Studies in electrical machines & wind turbines associated with developing reliable power generation." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3464/.

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Анотація:

The publications listed in date order in this document are offered for the Degree of Doctor of Science in Durham University and have been selected from the author’s full publication list. The papers in this thesis constitute a continuum of original work in fundamental and applied electrical science, spanning 30 years, deployed on real industrial problems, making a significant contribution to conventional and renewable energy power generation. This is the basis of a claim of high distinction, constituting an original and substantial contribution to engineering science.

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29

Johansson, Bo-Göran. "Market potential in Sweden of small wind power stations : MBA-thesis in marketing." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business Administration and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-4690.

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AIM: As global warming is a fact and the consumption of energy is continuously increasing, alternative sourcing of energy is a must. The use of oil and coal for heating is limited due to it is nature resource which is also limited. Everyone will be forced to evaluate their own usage of energy and look into the alternatives of how to be a part of solving this global issue. For many, alternatives such as sun panels and wind power stations could be an alternative power source.

Today, there is only a limited availability in Sweden of small sized wind power stations and only small local producers or importers that sell the equipment – mostly through internet based market communications.

Method: The theoretical approach to this thesis is based on the MIO model in combination with several other models and tools such as, PESTEL, Marketing Mix, SWOT, Porter’s five forces, EVC and STP.

Result & Conclusions: There is a market for small wind power stations between 5 – 50 kW in Sweden.

The biggest reason why the market segment exist and will increase is due to continuously increasing energy prices and that wind power stations of this size are permitted to be connected directly to household consumption.

Suggestions for future research: How are other energy complements like solar panels influenced? What governmental decisions affect the business of small wind power stations?

Contributions to the thesis: Success in this segment requires a different approach to product offering than what the current competition is doing.

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30

Sjöblom, Anna. "Case studies of the bora wind. Numerical simulations in three dimensions." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Meteorologiska institutionen, 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-392284.

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Two days with bora has been numerically analysed, using a three dimensional hydrostatic mesoscale model developed at the Department of Meteorology, Uppsala University. The two simulated days, 22 March and 15 April 1982, have been compared to aircraft measurements done during the ALPEX-SOP in 1982. The model area was the northeastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. The bora on 15 April was easier to simulate than the one on 22 March, mostly due to the fact that this bora was shallower than the one on 22 March, and since the used model is developed for mesoscale studies, it works better with smaller scales (on the mesoscale). The simulations show that the bora character is a function of both time and space, for example changes in turbulence intensity. Three dimensional effects play an important role, for example channeling effects, which was also confirmed by the simulations. Compared to measurements, the model simulates the two days well, especially 15 April. All the significant features of the bora wind were well simulated, the wind speed maximum at the ridge crest, the descent of isotherms and isolines of specific humidity downstream the crest, channeling effects etc. The turbulence was not always present just above the ridge crest, but at some times and some places it was well simulated. The most difficult variables to simulate was the specific humidity and the potential temperature.

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31

Benjanirat, Sarun. "Computational studies of the horizontal axis wind turbines in high wind speed condition using advanced turbulence models." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-08222006-145334/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Samual V. Shelton, Committee Member ; P.K. Yeung, Committee Member ; Lakshmi N. Sankar, Committee Chair ; Stephen Ruffin, Committee Member ; Marilyn Smith, Committee Member.

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32

Gulatowski-Henk, Marcin. "PUBLIC ATTITUDE TOWARDS WIND POWER IN A DEVELOPED AND A DEVELOPING WIND MARKET – CASE STUDY OF SPAIN AND POLAND." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325803.

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Wind power is currently one of the main sources of renewable energy worldwide. However, despite its numerous advantages, the deployment of wind turbines is not free from encounters with resistance from the society. This report reviews the principal aspects of the public attitude towards wind power. The research aims to define similarities and differences in attitude between residents of a developed and a developing wind market in Europe, Spain and Poland, respectively. A survey reveals that responses from both groups are similar in terms of the strategies employed by wind developers. The highest discordance is found within aspects of wind technology, such as the aesthetics of wind turbines and the perceived cost of wind power.

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33

Arvesen, Anders. "Understanding the Environmental Implications of Energy Transitions. A Case Study for Wind Power." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-20238.

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Анотація:

A fundamental change in the ways in which we provide energy to run our economies, an energy transition, is needed to mitigate climate change. Wind power is an important part of future global energy supply in most energy scenarios. This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the environmental implications of energy transitions, primarily by examining the case of wind power. This involves new investigations of both potential negative impacts of wind power and the positive role of the technology in emission reduction, as well as a critical review of past research. Three papers on wind power are presented: a comprehensive literature review of life cycle assessments (LCA) of wind power, a scenario-based LCA of large-scale adoption of wind power, and an LCA of an offshore wind farm. A hybrid LCA methodology is employed in the scenario-based LCA and LCA of an offshore wind farm. Another paper is presented which is not concerned with wind power in particular, but takes the form of an evaluation of limitations of climate change mitigation literature. It helps to achieve the aim stated above by bringing together knowledge of indirect effects of mitigation measures, and by elucidating how these effects may influence the viability of proposed mitigation strategies. The literature review aims to take stock of insights from past research, with a particular view to identifying remaining challenges. A survey of results indicates 0.063 (±0.061) and 0.055 (±0.037) kWh energy used and 20 (±14) and 16 (±10) CO2e emitted per kWh electricity for onshore and offshore cases. Evidence suggests strong positive effects of scale in the lower end of the turbine size spectrum, but is inconclusive for the megawatt range. LCAs tend to assume higher capacity factors than current real-world averages. Limitations of existing research are discussed; this includes poorly understood toxicity and resource depletion impacts, cut-off errors and seemingly inconsistent modelling of recycling benefits in analyses, lack of detailed considerations of installation and use phases, and lack of future-oriented assessments. The scenario-based LCA is an initial attempt to integrate global energy scenario analysis and LCA in order to assess the economy-wide environmental costs and benefits of wind power. The study estimates aggregated global emissions caused by wind power toward 2050, following the International Energy Agency’s BLUE scenarios. It takes into account replacement at end-of-life and changing electricity mix in manufacturing, and distinguishes emissions occurring prior to, during and after the useful life of wind turbines. Results indicate emissions of 2.3 (3.5) gigatonnes CO2e from wind power in 2007-50 in a scenario with 12% (22%) share of wind in electricity supply in 2050. A second key element of the analysis is that life cycle inventories for fossil fuel-based electricity are used to evaluate emissions savings from wind power; the evaluation is performed on the assumption that additional wind electricity, compared with a baseline, displaces fossil fuel electricity. Results suggest that emissions savings grossly exceed emissions caused by wind power, and thus confirm emission benefits of wind power. Uncertainty and limitations in scope of analysis need to be borne in mind when interpreting results. The LCA of an offshore wind farm places special emphasis on marine vessel activities and supply of spare parts. The proposed Havsul I wind farm, Norway is used as a model. Total carbon footprint is estimated to 34 grams CO2e per kWh. Results indicate greater contributions from vessels and spare parts than has previously been thought: Offshore activities during installation and use phases contribute 25-35% to totals for several impact categories (e.g., climate change, acidification) and 43% for photochemical oxidant formation. Supply of spare parts causes 7% of climate impacts and 13% of freshwater ecotoxicity. Assembling evidence from different research fields, the discussion paper identifies important simplifying assumptions in current climate change mitigation assessments. An argument is presented that because simplifying assumptions represent a systematic neglect of indirect, countervailing effects of greenhouse gas-mitigating measures, they lead to overly optimistic assessments, which then become a basis for unrealistic technology optimism in climate policy. For the thesis as a whole, the most significant contribution may be the contribution to moving beyond a single-minded concentration on static, unit-based assessments in wind power LCA research; another main contribution is the use of a hybrid LCA methodology to assess the environmental impacts of large-scale adoption of wind power and an offshore wind farm. By means of LCA studies of wind power and a wider evaluation study of indirect effects of climate change mitigation measures, the thesis illustrates the significance of taking a holistic view in evaluating the environmental implications of energy technologies and transitions.

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34

Antans, Andis. "Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis in Wind power Project Development: Case study in Latvia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-326455.

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Wind Power Project Development is a complicated, capital and resource-inclusive process, where a wide variety of factors have to be considered and several stakeholders have a significant say in the process. Decision making in such an environment is complex and has to be approached comprehensively. In order to sustain a structured and clear decision-making process, the sustainable energy industry has recognized Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method as a suitable set of tools to aid in the decision-making process. One of the MCDA tools – PROMETHEE II, has been examined in this master thesis, to evaluate its eligibility as a decision making aid in wind power project development. To structurally and realistically evaluate the tool, it has been applied to a case study in Ventspils region, in Latvia. The author of this thesis has a preliminary agreement with the owners of the sites to develop the project, therefore, this thesis has a strong potential for a practical implementation in future. Four scenarios have been developed for an evaluation, contributing to four variations of the different amount of turbines erected, with two different hub heights, on two differently sized sites. The scenarios are assessed based on the interests of six key stakeholders. Their opinion on twelve criteria is examined. Input data for each criterion has been generated via WindPro and MS Excel software or by authors assessment based on the researched literature. PROMETHEE II is used to extrapolate a comprehensive and clear representation of the results. The evaluation of the MCDA method proved that MCDA tools, and PROMETHEE II, in particular, can provide excellent support in decision making in wind power development. A wide variety of input data, as well as the various and often contradicting interests by different stakeholders, can be taken into account, while, at the same time, a clear result that can assist in decision making, is generated. Wind Power Project Development is a complicated, capital and resource-inclusiveprocess, where a wide variety of factors have to be considered and severalstakeholders have a significant say in the process. Decision making in such anenvironment is complex and has to be approached comprehensively. In order to sustaina structured and clear decision making process, sustainable energy industry hasrecognized Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method as a suitable set of tools toaid in the decision making process. One of the MCDA tools – PROMETHEE II, hasbeen examined in this master thesis, to evaluate its eligibility as a decision making aidin wind power project development.To structurally and realistically evaluate the tool, it has been applied on a case study inVentspils region, in Latvia. The author of this thesis has a preliminary agreement withthe owners of the sites to develop the project, therefore, this thesis has a strongpotential for a practical implementation in future. Four scenarios have been developedfor an evaluation, contributing to four variations of different amount of turbines erected, with two different hub heights, on two differently sized sites. The scenarios are assessed based on the interests of six key stakeholders. Their opinion on twelve criteria examined. Input data for each criterion has been generated via WindPro and MS Excel software orby authors assessment based on the researched literature. PROMETHEE II is used to extrapolate a comprehensive and clear representation of the results.The evaluation of the MCDA method proved that MCDA tools, and PROMETHEE II in particular, can provide excellent support in decision making in wind power development. Wide variety of input data, as well as the various and often contradicting interests by different stakeholders can be taken into account, while, at the same time, a clear result that can assist in decision making, is generated.

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35

Wo, Chung. "PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF THE CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITYWIND TURBINE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WIND AVAILABILITY." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1383338732.

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36

Li, You. "Application of GIS tools in locating onshore wind power plants – A case study of Västmanland County, Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171850.

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A rapid development of wind energy has been approved globally within the last few years due to the common recognition of this renewable energy technology. It is seen as one of the most promising substitutions to fossil fuels which have been exploited for over one century but were proved to be a crucial factor of human-induced climate change. However, even though wind energy has been regarded to be clean, resource saving and environmentally friendly, it still poses special problems and concerns to the surrounding social-ecological system. Thereby it requires careful selection of sites of installation. This paper provides an overview of wind energy and its development in the recent decade and focus on elaborating different issues involved in wind energy development. This is done through a case study of applying GIS tools in selecting suitable locations for onshore wind power plants in Västmanland County of Sweden.

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Liu, Zhenyu. "COMPARISON OF THE WIND POWER PRODUCTION MODELS IN THE BALTIC SEA, A CASE STUDY IN THE LILLGRUND OFFSHORE WIND FARM." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448174.

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Wind energy, which is no emission of greenhouse gases, is attracting increasing attention world widely. Compared to onshore wind farms, offshore wind farms can yield greater power production since the wind speeds over the sea are higher and steadier than those over the land. An increasing number of offshore wind farms are being planned and deployed all over the global near-sea areas. Thus, accurate evaluation of wind power production is essential for offshore wind farm development. This study compares two popular models, the minimalistic prediction (MP) model and the linear WAsP model, in the modeling power production of the Lillgrund offshore wind farm in the Baltic Sea. The wind condition data from New European Wind Atlas (NEWA) is used to analyze the wind resources and as input data of the models to calculate wind power production. The calculated results are compared in different years and wind direction sections. The sensitivity of the calculated power production to different influencing factors, including the size of the wind farm and hub heights, are examined. The results show that the WAsP model generally yields higher energy production than the Minimalistic Prediction (MP) model. The requirement for wind condition data and wind farm layout parameters in those two models is different. Compared to the WAsP model, the MP model does not require detailed wind farm layout parameters and wind direction data, which leads to different power production results. From the results of sensitivity experiments, both the size of the wind farm and hub heights have an impact on power production. When the wind farm size increases by 5 times the original size, the wind power production increases by around 50 %. However, when the distances between wind turbines are large, the wake effect would disappear gradually. Therefore, the growth rate decreases with the increase in the size of the wind farm. The wind speed is higher with the increase in hub height. However, due to the smaller turbulence flux, the increase in wind power production with higher hub height is not obvious. When the hub height increased by 2.6 times, the wind speed just increased by around 13 %. It is not hard to conclude that designing a wind farm is a process full of trade-offs. Balancing the rich wind resources and the financial benefits from offshore wind farms are equally essential. Our study can contribute to the application of the models and the designing of offshore wind farm layouts in the Baltic Sea.

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Montenegro, Borbolla Ivan. "Using refurbished turbines to provide affordable wind energy: A case study in Africa." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274246.

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When a wind farm is repowered, decommissioned turbines are discarded. This creates a stock of wind turbines that can be acquired for a fraction of the original cost, and refurbished. Taking advantage of the reduced price and the ruggedness of first generation wind turbines, new markets for sale of wind energy can be explored. This thesis first analyses the repowering background of Germany, Denmark, and other European countries, where transition to repowered or “second generation” wind farms is taking place. Then, a number of feasibility studies are reviewed to create a study framework, which will allow in-depth study of suitable energy markets. Using this framework, the suitability of four countries is analysed in detail: Djibouti, Madagascar, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Two countries are selected to perform a total of 6 site studies: Djibouti and Tanzania. Using WindPro 2.9, six model wind farms are simulated. A financial model is built, based on an NREL study, to analyse the economic viability of wind farms. Using the financial model, the levelized cost of energy is obtained, and used to evaluate the competitiveness of the model wind farms. A sensitivity study is carried out to identify the major influences on the LCOE. Using the cost data, the cost competitiveness of the proposed wind farms is discussed, including competitiveness in the target markets, and a cost comparison with commercial wind farms with new turbines is performed. Five out of six proposed wind farms are competitive in price in the target markets, and all achieve an average installation cost per kW of one third of conventional wind farms, while producing energy in the low range of commercial projects, and even lower for sites with excellent wind resources.

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Malmsten, Jon. "Wind Turbine Production losses in Cold Climate : case study of ten wind farms in Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1089.

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As wind power expands rapidly worldwide, it is becoming more common to build wind farms in alpine locations where the wind resources often are good and conflicting interests are few. This is evident in Sweden where a substantial portion of the large wind parks planned are to be built in cold climate locations. The fact that icing of turbine blades and sensors can severely impact the production raises the question how large the losses are. In this thesis 10 wind parks comprising 45 turbines, well dispersed throughout Sweden are investigated. Daily production figures are compared to wind data from the MERRA reanalysis data-set in order to see if it is possible to determine the level of losses during the winter period caused by cold climate. A method is suggested where a relationship between daily production and daily average wind speed is established using representative summer days. This relationship is then used to calculate an expected production for the winter period. Losses are concluded as the difference between expected and actual production. The method did not produce a consistent and reliable result for the sites investigated. However, the method captures the overall trend with higher losses in the north of Sweden compared to the sites in the south where little or no icing is likely. At the sites where icing is expected, losses in the range of 10 to 20% of the annual production were calculated.

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Storgärd, Per. "Grid Optimization Of Wind-Solar Hybrid Power Plants : Case Study Of Internal Grid Connections." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-319385.

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Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) have proven to be a more stable and feasible source of energy than heir single source counterparts. The benefit of HRES is their ability to balance the stochastic behavior of wind and solar production. As result of this, they have been used as stand-alone systems with great success. Optimization studies in the field have shown optimum sizing of the components in the system to be a key element in order to increase feasibility. This paper focuses on the HRES impact on internal grid design and cost. The goal of the thesis is to create a mathematical function and graph on the internal grid design/cost relation for a virtual site with varying wind speed and solar irradiation. A secondary goal is to analyze how much Photovoltaics (PV) in Megawatt (MW) that can be connected to the internal grid post realization of the wind farm and to performed this analyze on the two specific case projects, Site A (17.25 MW) in Sweden and Site B (51.75 MW) in Italy. By utilizing a case study methodology, a mathematical model was created based on two case projects, both with potential to be a combined Wind-PV hybrid plants provided by the wind developer OX2. Identifiers for the two cases studied in this thesis where removed with respect to OX2’s ongoing projects. Hybrid renewable energy systems is a method of increasing the utilization of a regions RES, the system has an increase in overall power output compared to the single RES alternative. However, the internal grid cost was shown to be 3.85 % more expensive Site A and 5.3 % in Site B. This stood in direct correlation to the HRES in Site A using 8.6 % more cable for its internal grid and 29.7 % more in Site B, this is highly depending (depending on the location of the PV array). Furthermore, the case projects showed that the maximum PV to be connected post realization of the farm without major curtailment would be 11.5% of the wind farms rated power in the case of site A and 67.6 % in the case of Site B. Variations in wind speed and solar irradiation were shown to have some impact on grid cost. However, the results pointed out that grid cost in HRES is to a higher degree affected by total cable length in the internal grid than fluctuation in available energy sources. The extent of increase in cable length, the total grid investment cost rises up to 53.4 % for the two case projects.

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O'Donovan, Cian. "The emergence of innovation systems in new locations : theoretical explorations and an in-depth case study of wind energy technologies in Ireland, 1990-2014." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65767/.

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This thesis is about the processes of creating renewable electricity systems in new locations. Specifically it addresses the challenges and drivers of building-up renewable energy system in a `fast follower' country, Ireland. With increasing scientific, political, civil society and private sector agreement on the need to reduce green-house gas emissions from the provision of electricity, the rolling out of complex, renewable electricity systems from countries in which initial system building activities have taken place to others is an important issue. The primary research question posed is `what explains the growth of the wind electricity system in Ireland?' This question is reflected upon by asking `what does the Irish experience tell us about why and how these systems spread to new locations?' The thesis addresses an innovation studies audience, making a theoretical contribution to the field of sustainability transitions. It contributes to recent research integrating theories from human geography by offering new insights on how location influences building of large scale renewable electricity systems in new jurisdictions. It contributes findings about the rapid development of the Irish wind system that challenge two dominant perspectives; roll-out in Ireland has been driven by EU policy push and the development of the industry is fundamentally about the extent of national subsidies. We find both perspectives are partial; what they omit is likely to be essential to reproducing the Irish experience. This thesis takes as its unit of analysis the wind energy system itself, and using a `technological innovation system' framework, examines and evaluates the structure of the system; the complex arrangement of institutions, actors and technologies; and the dynamic innovation processes or `functions' of the system. An inquiry into the substantive historical contexts of the development of the system make possible insights into the locational characteristics and relations within and between the system; drivers, barriers and influences of direction of the system processes; and the contexts in which decisions are made and technological change takes place. The thesis finds the development of a renewable electricity system in new locations is simultaneously heavily influenced by transnational dimensions of system actors relations and institutions, and shows that while the direction of the emergent technological pathway is influenced at multiple spatial and governance levels, legitimation of the technology is highly localised.

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Crawford, Jenny Estella Joan. "Spatial imaginaries of 'coast' : case studies in power and place." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3703.

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UK land use policy since the mid twentieth century has recognized the ‘coast’ as representing key economic, ecological and cultural resources for development and management. However, the definition, understanding and role of coastal space in planning processes has attracted limited research interest until recently. The context for including coastal space in UK planning policy has changed radically in the last few years, with, for instance, new horizons in minerals and fuel extraction, nuclear power and renewable energy affecting the land/sea interface directly. At the same time, the introduction of new spatial planning systems for marine space, requiring integration with land use planning, has shifted the institutional and conceptual parameters of development policy and regulation. This PhD thesis uses case studies in two cross-border regions of the northern UK to examine how framings of spatial imaginaries of ‘coast’ operate in consolidating or challenging dominant development discourses. It takes a relational approach to the understanding of coastal space, recognizing its discursive construction by policy actors. It examines the ways in which such constructions are being harnessed within national and local planning processes, by drawing on critical discourse analysis of the positioning and mobilization of coastal imaginaries in development policy-making. Both case study areas have extensive environmental designations of international significance. The findings point to the ways in which different imaginaries of ‘coast’ in these areas are conscripted into competing discourses of local development. The discursive harnessing of spatial imaginaries of coast by dominant economic development agendas is an active mechanism of inclusion and exclusion. These findings highlight the importance, in development policy analysis, of recognizing spatial imaginaries of ‘coast’ as the focus of agonistic and deliberative debates, rather than as functional entities per se.

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Gildenhuys, Enelge. "Effective selection of countries in sub-Saharan Africa for independent wind power producers using a multiple criteria decision analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27467.

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Subjective decision making can lead to results that are difficult to justify in cases where the outcome is unfavourable. This is the case in the wind energy industry where wind independent power producers (IPPs) assess new market entry opportunities. Decision analyses methods can assist decision makers when faced with difficult choices such as which market to enter. Multi Criteria Decision Analyses or MCDA is one of the most preferred of many different decision analyses methods. MCDA ranks a set of criteria in order of importance and then, based on the results, ranks alternatives. There are many MCDA methods available and the most often used include the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT), preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE), elimination and choice translating reality (ELECTRE) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). In this study a combination of MCDA methods are used to rank Sub-Saharan African countries based on preference for new market entry for wind IPPs. Nineteen different criteria were identified through a thorough literature review that were included in the analyses. The nineteen criteria were categorised into economic, technical, political and social criteria. The study was divided into two phases. In the first phase an industry expert survey was concluded and resulting from this survey the AHP was used to rank the criteria in order of importance. In the second phase PROMETHEE was used to rank seven Sub-Saharan African countries from most to least favourable for IPP market entry. The expert survey and AHP showed that political and economic criteria are considerably more important than technical and social criteria. Governments have the ability to change both the economic and political landscape and should do so if they want to attract wind IPPs. On the other hand, technical and social criteria are more difficult for governments to change but these do not have as significant impact on market attractiveness. The PROMETHEE model ranked South Africa as the most favourable market for wind IPPs to enter followed by Ethiopia, Namibia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria and lastly Zambia. The top two countries both have very strong natural wind resources and South Africa is the only country with incentives specifically and exclusively for on grid renewable energy. The least favourable two countries, namely Nigeria and Zambia, have almost no wind resource and a weak economic environment. Future research can use MCDA methods, such as AHP and PROMETHEE, to assist in the evaluation of different market entry opportunities. These methods can also be adapted to investigate opportunities at country level i.e. analyse and compare different states/provinces with each other.

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Oama, Clint Arthur. "Hybrid Energy System for Off – Grid Rural Electrification(Case study Kenya)." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-217001.

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The aim of this thesis study is to design a hybrid energy system comprised of wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries to provide electricity for an off - grid rural community in Kenya. Wind Measurements collected over six years from 12 locations in Kenya have been studied and one site selected for this project due to its wind potential, geographical location and socio-economic potential. The energy system is designed to cater for the electricity demand of 500 households, one school, one medical clinic and an irrigation system. The system will support up to 3000 people. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) is the software tool that has been used to simulate the hybrid system and analyze its results. The optimization has been carried out and presented according to cost of electricity and sensitivity graphs have been used demonstrate the optimization based on diesel price and wind turbine hub height.

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Davidson, Michael R. (Michael Roy). "Creating markets for wind electricity in China : case studies in energy policy and regulation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119914.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 327-360).
China's rapid economic growth -- largely industrial, energy-intensive, and reliant on coal -- has generated environmental, public health, and governance challenges. While China now leads the world in renewable energy deployment, curtailment (waste) of wind and solar is high and increasing, generating much discussion on the relative contributions of technical inflexibilities and incomplete institutional reforms on integration outcomes. These integration challenges directly affect China's ability to meet long-term environmental and economic objectives. A second, related challenge emerges from how wind integration interacts with China's reinvigoration in 2015 of a three-decade-old process to establish competitive electricity markets. A "standard liberalization prescription" for electricity markets exists internationally, though Chinese policy-makers ignore or under-emphasize many of its elements in current reforms, and some scholars question its general viability in emerging economies. This dissertation examines these interrelated phenomena by analyzing the contributions of diverse causes of wind curtailment, assessing whether current experiments will lead to efficient and politically viable electricity markets, and offering prescriptions on when and how to use markets to address renewable energy integration challenges. To examine fundamentals of the technical system and the impacts of institutional incentives on system outcomes, this dissertation develops a multi-method approach that iterates between engineering models and qualitative case studies of the system operation decision-making process (Chapter 2). These are necessary to capture, respectively, production functions inclusive of physical constraints and costs, and incentive structures of formally specified as well as de facto institutions. Interviews conducted over 2013-2016 with key stakeholders in four case provinces/regions with significant wind development inform tracing of the processes of grid and market operations (Chapter 3). A mixed-integer unit commitment and economic dispatch optimization is formulated and, based on the case studies, further tailored by adding several institutions of China's partially-liberalized system (Chapter 4). The model generates a reference picture of three of the systems as well as quantitative contributions of relevant institutions (Chapter 5). Insights from qualitative and quantitative approaches are combined iteratively for more parsimonious findings (Chapter 6). This dissertation disentangles the causes of curtailment, focusing on the directional and relative contributions of institutions, technical issues, and potential interactive effects. Wind curtailment is found to be closely tied to engineering constraints, such as must-run combined heat and power (CHP) in northern winters. However, institutional causes -- inflexibilities in both scheduling and inter-provincial trading -- have a larger impact on curtailment rates. Technical parameters that are currently set administratively at the provincial level (e.g., coal generator minimum outputs) are a third and important leading cause under certain conditions. To assess the impact of China's broader reform of the electricity system on wind curtailment, this dissertation examines in detail "marketizing" experiments. In principle, spot markets for electricity naturally prioritize wind, with near zero marginal cost, thereby contributing to low curtailment. However, China has not yet created a spot market and this dissertation finds that its implementation of other electricity markets in practice operates far from ideal. Market designs follow a similar pattern of relying on dual-track prices and out-of-market parameters, which, in the case of electricity, leave several key institutional causes of inefficiency and curtailment untouched. Compared to other sectors with successful marketization occurring when markets "grow out of the plan," all of the major electricity experiments examined show deficiencies in their ability to transition to an efficient market and to cost-effectively integrate wind energy. Although China's setting is institutionally very different, results support implementation of many elements of standard electricity market prescriptions: prioritize regional (inter-provincial) markets, eliminate conflicts of interest in dispatch, and create a consistent central policy on "transition costs" of reducing central planning. Important for China, though overlooked in standard prescriptions: markets are enhanced by clarifying the connection between dispatch and exchange settlement. As is well established, power system efficiency is expected to achieve greatest gains with a short-term merit order dispatch and primarily financial market instruments, though some workable near-term deviations for the Chinese context are proposed. Ambiguous property rights related to generation plans have helped accelerate reforms, but also delay more effective markets from evolving. China shares similarities with the large class of emerging economies undergoing electricity market restructuring, for which this suggests research efforts should disaggregate planning from scheduling institutions, analyze the range of legacy sub-national trade barriers, and prioritize finding "second-best" liberalization options fit to country context in the form and order of institutional reforms.
by Michael R. Davidson.
Ph. D. in Engineering Systems

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Sumanik-Leary, Jon. "Small wind turbines for decentralised rural electrification : case studies in Peru, Nicaragua and Scotland." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6282/.

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This thesis began as an engineering optimisation of Small Wind Turbine (SWT) blades for hand manufacture in developing countries. However, it soon became apparent that many of the SWTs installed in rural communities across the global south were not even in operation, let alone operating efficiently. This thesis reconceptualises SWTs as more than just a piece of technology that exists independent of the people that construct, install, operate and maintain it. The fundamental argument put forward is that in order to truly understand the reasons why so many SWTs are failing to provide the energy services for which they were designed, a holistic viewpoint must be taken that encompasses both social and technical issues. Case studies in Peru, Nicaragua and Scotland were undertaken to determine the key factors that have led to the success or failure of SWTs in each particular local context. From this evidence, a framework was developed to break down the socio-technical system that exists in each place into its component parts and the interactions between them, facilitating comparison between cases and the identification of the critical factors in wind-based decentralised rural electrification. The case study evidence has shown that taking this socio-technical perspective is in fact even more important for SWTs than for solar photovoltaics (PV), as almost every stage in the technology life cycle requires more support. Most notably, the wind resource is highly variable in both space and time (making resource assessment particularly difficult and limiting the scalability of the technology) and maintenance requirements are high (making technical support after installation from a service network and the empowerment of community technicians/end-users essential). SWTs have not been as successful as either solar PV or micro-hydro and nor do they have the potential to be. However, they do provide a third option for rural electrification in windy regions where neither solar nor hydro can provide sufficient electrical power throughout the year.

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Bolouri, Afshar Banafsheh. "Wind power forecasting using artificial neural networks with numerical prediction : a case study for mountainous Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58978.

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Wind is a free and easily available source of energy. Several countries, including Canada, have already incorporated wind power into their electricity supply system. Forecasting wind power production is quite challenging because the wind is variable and depends on weather conditions, terrain factors and turbine height. In addition to traditional physical and statistical methods, some advanced methods based on artificial intelligence have been investigated in recent years to achieve more reliable wind-power forecasts. The aim of this work is to exploit the ability of artificial neural network (ANN) models to find the most effective parameters to estimate generated power from predicted wind speed at a wind farm in mountainous Canada. The historical data of both observations and forecasts of weather characteristics along with turbine availabilities and the reported power production are used for this purpose. Experiments are done first with the observations (perfect-prog technique) to find the optimum architecture for the artificial neural network. Next to obtain a day-ahead forecast of the wind power, weather forecasts from a numerical weather prediction model was input to the optimum ANN as the predictors (model output statistics method). The results from ANN models are compared to linear-model fits in order to show the ability of ANN models to capture the nonlinearity effects. Also, another comparison is made between the results from artificial neural network models and the current approach used operationally by a utility company. The selected architecture is a three-layered feed-forward back-propagation ANN model with 8 hidden neurons. Verification results using an independent dataset show that the ANN method improves the day-ahead wind-power forecasts by up to 56% compared to the current operational approach.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

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48

Kullmann, Carl-Erik Berentsen. "Optimal Bidding in day-ahead Spot Markets for Electricity : The Case of Wind Power in Norway." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21078.

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Through the last decades, climate change and energy dependence concerns have gained increased attention. Renewable energy development has expanded, with wind power being the fastest growing technology. This thesis investigates the op- timal interaction between an operational wind park and the Nordic power market. Wind power producers incur costs of imbalances resulting from deviations from their submitted production plans to the spot market. This report develop, im- plement and test a stochastic optimisation model giving optimal spot market bids for intermittent electricity producers in a day-ahead power market. The optimal bids are based on the evaluation of a large number of scenarios for the uncertain realisations of the wind forecasts, the balancing market prices and the spot market prices. A case study is undertaken in order to evaluate model performance. Data is collected for specified dates at current and future wind power sites of a Norwegian company. The developed stochastic optimal bidding model is executed, once for each wind park individually and once for all wind parks jointly. The case study re- veals that jointly use of the model gives expected revenues higher than both the sum of individual use and submission of bids equal expected production. The increase in expected revenues results from a risk-pooling effect of jointly bid submission and from the inclusion of price and production uncertainty. The risk-pooling effect also suggests that wind park owners would benefit from geographically diversifying their wind parks within the same price area. Use of the developed model gives rather small increases in expected revenues and is likely to violate the Balance Agreement. However, investigations of model results give basis for further discussions. Examinations of the case study results show that perfect production forecasts would make the inclusion of uncertainty unnecessary, indicating that efforts should be made in order to reduce the uncertainty of the production forecasts, rather than on improving the price forecasts. From a socio-economic point of view, the regulation costs incurred to wind power producers represents a reduction in value from introducing wind power to the power system. Some of the potential value of wind power is lost, through what can be seen as transaction costs of the current power market. It is suggested that delaying the spot market bid submission deadline, which in turn reduce the wind forecast lead-time and hence uncertainty, would increase the value of introducing wind power to the power system. Further research should be undertaken in order to investigate the optimal spot market bid submission deadline, minimising all costs related to this deadline.

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Choi, Wonbae. "Dynamic phasor modeling of type 3 wind turbine generators for large-scale power system transient stability studies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63007.

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The wind power penetration has been increasing significantly, and this trend is likely to continue. As wind power penetration levels increase, interconnecting large-scale wind power plants (WPPs) into the existing power system has become a critical issue. Therefore, appropriate wind turbine generator models are required to conduct transient stability (TS) studies. While it is possible to construct detailed and accurate models of manufacturer-specific wind turbine generators in electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulators, such models are not suitable for large-scale transient stability studies due to their high computational complexity. The Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Renewable Energy Modeling Task Force (REMTF) is working towards developing generic wind turbine generator models that would be applicable for a range of general purpose system-level studies. However, such the generic models are typically over-simplified and not able to predict some of the phenomena, e.g. the unbalanced disturbance which is easily captured by the EMT simulations. In this research, a numerically-efficient model for the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is developed that can predict steady state, balanced and unbalanced disturbances, and is sufficiently generic. The new DFIG model is based on the dynamic-phasor (DP) based machine models, which have been recently developed for the EMT simulators and can work with fairly large time-steps (up to several milliseconds) approaching that of the TS program solution. The WPP models have been implemented in MATLAB/Simulink® to assess the improved accuracy and computational efficiency. The new DP-based DFIG model is tested in a single machine infinite bus case and a two-area four-machine network to validate the model’s responses to balanced and unbalanced conditions of the grid. The accuracy of new DFIG model is shown to be significantly better compared to traditional TS models, which is achieved at a slightly increased computational cost. The result of this research will provide more accurate dynamic phasor based models of WPP for TS analysis. Since TS programs are widely used by utilities over the world, the new DP-based DFIG model will contribute to more reliable and accurate studies. This, in turn, will enable more reliable integration of large-scale WPPs into the existing and expanding power grids.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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50

Tongchitpakdee, Chanin. "Computational Studies of the Effects of Active and Passive Circulation Enhancement Concepts on Wind Turbine Performance." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16152.

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With the advantage of modern high speed computers, there has been an increased interest in the use of first-principles based computational approaches for the aerodynamic modeling of horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). Since these approaches are based on the laws of conservation (mass, momentum, and energy), they can capture much of the physics in great detail. The ability to accurately predict the airloads and power output can greatly aid the designers in tailoring the aerodynamic and aeroelastic features of the configuration. First-principles based analyses are also valuable for developing active means (e.g., circulation control), and passive means (e.g., Gurney flaps) of reducing unsteady blade loads, mitigating stall, and for efficient capture of wind energy leading to more electrical power generation. In this present study, the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine rotor equipped with circulation enhancement technology (trailing edge blowing or Gurney flaps) is investigated using a three-dimensional unsteady viscous flow analysis. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Phase VI horizontal axis wind turbine is chosen as the baseline configuration. Prior to its use in exploring these concepts, the flow solver is validated with the experimental data for the baseline case under yawed flow conditions. Results presented include radial distribution of normal and tangential forces, shaft torque, root flap moment, surface pressure distributions at selected radial locations, and power output. Results show that good agreement has been for a range of wind speeds and yaw angles, where the flow is attached. At high wind speeds, however, where the flow is fully separated, it was found that the fundamental assumptions behind this present methodology breaks down for the baseline turbulence model (Spalart-Allmaras model), giving less accurate results. With the implementation of advanced turbulence model, Spalart-Allmaras Detached Eddy Simulation (SA-DES), the accuracy of the results at high wind speeds are improved. Results of circulation enhancement concepts show that, at low wind speed (attached flow) conditions, a Coanda jet at the trailing edge of the rotor blade is effective at increasing circulation resulting in an increase of lift and the chordwise thrust force. This leads to an increased amount of net power generation compared to the baseline configuration for moderate blowing coefficients. The effects of jet slot height and pulsed jet are also investigated in this study. A passive Gurney flap was found to increase the bound circulation and produce increased power in a manner similar to the Coanda jet. At high wind speed where the flow is separated, both the Coanda jet and Gurney flap become ineffective. Results of leading edge blowing indicate that a leading edge blowing jet is found to be beneficial in increasing power generation at high wind speeds. The effect of Gurney flap angle is also studied. Gurney flap angle has significant influence in power generation. Higher power output is obtained at higher flap angles.

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Дисертації з теми "Wind power – Case studies"

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