Дисертації з теми "WIND ENERGY PROJECT"
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Finlay-Jones, Richard. "Putting the spin on wind energy risk management issues associated with wind energy project development in Australia /." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://epubs.scu.edu.au/theses/23/.
Повний текст джерела
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Kimm, Dennis. "Windy Business: Exploring a Local Wind Power Project in Germany." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-330950.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The need for a sustainable energy supply is widely recognized, as formulated under goal 7 of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, on the local level problems may arise with the implementation of renewable energy systems, such as wind power. Issues around visual intrusion of the landscape, noise and shadow flicker, and concerns over wildlife protections are often in the heart of local resistance to wind power projects. The aim of this thesis is to closely examine the developments for wind power in the city of Euskirchen in Germany, including the planning and decision making processes, with regards to milestones and obstacles encountered over the last two decades. The analysis applies the methodology of a qualitative case study. Furthermore, views and opinions of involved and affected parties are collected through semi-structured interviews, and analysed through the lenses of social acceptance and public participation. Finally, from the examination of the planning and decision making processes and the discovered local attitudes towards wind energy, recommendations will be formulated to guide future wind power developments in the region.
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Rahm, Juhlin Johanna, and Sandra Åkerström. "Project evaluation in the energy sector: The case of wind farm development." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wind is a fast growing energy resource and the demand for clean energy is increasing with growing interests from media, governmental institutions and the public (EWEA, 2004). The increased interest towards the wind energy market has led to a more competitive environment where it is crucial for a project developer to select projects most likely to succeed, in terms of profitability, among alternatives on the market. To enable such selection, an evaluation process is often applied. Furthermore, traditional evaluation processes are often performed at completion of a project where an early indication of a project’s potential profitability is often missing (Samset & Christensen, 2015). At the early phase of a wind energy project the multiple factors influencing the project’s outcome are often conflicting and contain high level of uncertainty and the evaluation process becomes complex (Kumar et al., 2017). In addition, these factors are difficult to quantify and to determine their relative weight of importance (Çolak & Kaya, 2017). This thesis aims to problematise the early project phase by contributing with a practical tool for evaluating wind energy projects at this phase. In addition, the thesis aims to contribute with an identification and monetarily quantification of the important factors to assess when doing so. The thesis is conducted as a case study at a company developing wind energy projects in Sweden. Due to the multiple factors that influencing a project’s outcome, MCDM (multi-criteria decisionmaking) analysis is used as the research process to create the tool. Findings from this study show that key factors that are possible to quantify at an early phase are conditions for civil works, grid conditions, wind resource and electricity price area. In general, their relative importance, measured in relative increase of IRR, is wind resource, electricity price area, grid conditions and civil works in the descending order. This study has four contributions, three theoretical and one practical. Firstly, the study confirms MCDM as a suitable analysis to use, when creating an evaluation model for wind energy projects. Secondly, the study confirms most of the important factors mentioned in the literature to assess when evaluating a wind energy project. However, this study contributes with insights that only conditions for civil works, grid conditions, wind resource and electricity price area can be quantified for the purpose of creating an evaluation tool at an early phase. Thirdly, previous studies have focused less on determining the relative weight of importance of the relevant key factors and this study contributes by quantifying and determining which of these key factors that are of relevance in an evaluation. Lastly, this study contributes practically by creating an evaluation tool suggested to be used by the case company to compare different projects on the market and form investment decisions based on financial data. Furthermore, the tool facilitates an equal evaluation process for all projects, thus leading to a more standardised decision-making process where the case company can focus their resources on the projects most likely to succeed.Vind är en snabbväxande energiresurs där efterfrågan efter grön energi ökar från media, statliga myndigheter och allmänheten. Det ständigt ökande intresset av vindenergi har lett till en allt mer konkurrenskraftig marknad där det är viktigt för en projektutvecklare att välja de projekt som är mest troliga att bli lönsamma bland de tillgängliga projekten på marknaden. Dessa urval sker oftast genom en projektutvärderingsprocess. Dock sker merparten av de traditionella projektutvärderingarna i slutet av ett projekt där en tidig indikation rörande ett projektet lönsamhet oftast saknas (Samset & Christensen, 2015). Anledningen till detta är att vindkraftsprojekt består av flera motsägande faktorer med en hög osäkerhet som påverkar ett projekts resultat, vilket leder till en komplex utvärderingsprocess i ett tidigt skede (Kumar et al., 2017). Dessutom är dessa faktorer svåra att kvantifiera vilket gör det svårt att vidare bestämma deras relation i förhållande till varandra (Çolak & Kaya, 2017). Detta examensarbete ämnar därför till att problematisera den komplexa utvärderingsprocessen i ett tidigt skedde genom att skapa ett praktiskt verktyg för en simplifierad utvärderingsprocess av vindkraftsprojekt. Detta examensarbete är utformat som en fallstudie på ett företag i Sverige som utvecklar vindkraftsprojekt. På grund av antalet faktorer som påverkar projektens lönsamhet används MCDM-analys som forskningsprocess för att skapa verktyget. Resultat från denna studie visar att de nyckelfaktorer som är möjliga att kvantifiera i det tidiga skede är: infrastruktur, nätanslutning, vindresurs och elprisområde. Resultaten visar även att faktorernas påverkan, mätt i relativ ökning av IRR, är i fallande ordning: vindresurs, elprisområde, nätanslutning och infrastruktur och att dessa, i fallande ordning, är relevanta att utvärdera. Denna studie har totalt fyra bidrag, varav tre teoretiska och ett praktiskt bidrag. Det första bidraget är en konfirmation av att MCDM är en lämplig analysmetod vid skapandet av utvärderingsverktyget. Det andra bidraget är en konfirmation av de faktorer som nämns i litteraturen som viktiga vid en utvärderingsprocess i ett tidigt skede. Dock är endast faktorerna infrastruktur, nätanslutning, vindresurs och elprisområde möjliga att kvantifiera i detta skede. Det tredje bidraget är kunskap gällande faktorernas förhållande till varandra och vilka som är relevanta att utvärdera. Det praktiska bidraget är utvärderingsverktyget där företaget rekommenderas att använda det för att jämföra olika projekt på marknaden och fatta välinformerade beslut baserat på finansiell data. Dessutom bidrar verktyget med en likvärdig utvärderingsprocess för alla projekt vilket leder till en mer standardiserad beslutsprocess där företaget kan fokusera sina resurser på de projekt som är mest troliga att bli lönsamma.
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ABDOUSSI, Sarah. "Project Finance in the Energy FieldCase Study: A wind Power Project in a Moroccan-like environment." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-142824.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Companies, governments and NGOs are involved in designing and planning the future energy landscape of countries. Engineers and scientists contribute highly to this planning through bringing innovative, efficient and reliable technical solutions. Their know-how is used during the project development, the EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) phase as well as during the Operation and Maintenance stage. However, a successful energy plan depends on many other parameters such as the legal side, the political background of the country, the financing methods, the funding, the environmental aspects and the social acceptance. This Master Thesis Project focuses on the financing side of energy projects, which is a key point to properly manage competitive and viable projects. The strong link between the financing and the political background will be shortly commented throughout the report. In the first part of the report, the focus is put on the Project Finance. All along the report, the theoretical concepts will be illustrated with examples taken from the EDF EN projects, mainly in the Middle East and North African area. The second part deals with the risks associated to power projects. Commercial and political risks are listed and the main mitigation tools are explained. The third part of the report is dedicated to basic business models for energy projects. A simplified economical and financial model is described in detail and run for a wind farm project in a Moroccan-like environment. A sensitivity analysis (fourth part) concludes the report through analyzing: - the impact of technological choices on the internal return on investment will be studied - the impact of the financial parameters on the project structure.
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da, Silva Soares José Pedro. "WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN ARCTIC CLIMATE – RACMO 2.3 GREENLAND CLIMATE RUNS PROJECT." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-307437.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The potential for wind power development in Greenland is evaluated based on the analysis of 58 years of data (1957-2015) from RACMO 2.3 (Regional Atmospheric Climate Model). In order to create a wind power development tool, mesoscale maps based on RACMO 2.3 model were created containing the following characteristics: mean wind speeds (at 10 m), averaged maximum wind speed (with and without gusts at 10 m), temperature, humidity, geopotential, ice sheet mask and land sheet mask. A relevant aspect for this thesis is the mean wind speed. Over Greenland, the lower mean wind speeds range from 2-3 m/s on the tundra areas near the coast. This is influenced by high temperature inversion over the arctic tundra which disintegrates the predominant katabatic flow leading to lower wind speeds. On the other hand, the highest mean wind speeds range from 6 to 10 m/s and are observed in the northeastern region, due to cyclonic activity over the Greenland Sea. Maps of both the mean wind speed and averaged maximum wind speed are combined in order to achieve the highest mean wind speed value while at the same time avoiding maximum wind speeds higher than the cut-off value of the selected turbine model. This map combination is synchronized with pre-determined construction constraints, resulting in the suggestion of three different sites (sites 4, 5 and 6) as potential targets for wind power development. Multi-level data is sorted for different heights (10, 35, 70, 100 and 120 m) to perform a micro-scale analysis exercise for the three different site suggestions. A Vestas V90 3MW with an 80 meter hub height is selected as the standard turbine model to be deployed at the three recommended positions and for use in further simulations using WindSim. Annual Energy Production (AEP) for these three turbines in the recommended locations is calculated based on the interpolation from the climatology data at 70 m which is closest to the turbines’ hub heights. The AEP results are compared and show that site suggestion 4 presents the best potential for wind power development, surpassing by 79% and 23% the production results from sites 5 and 6, respectively. Based on the study developed, it is concluded that the in terms of wind resource assessment the potential for wind power development in Greenland exists. However the selection of possible deployment sites should be carefully done and real measurements must be performed.
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PRIYADARSHINI, MONICA. "STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA AND A CASE OF FINANCING VIABILITY OF WIND ENERGY PROJECT." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18343.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indian Power sector is in a period of transition, spurred by the governments’ mega
target of installing 175 Giga Watt (GW) of renewables by 2022, the world's largest
renewable energy capacity expansion plan, out of which 100 Giga Watt from solar
and 60 Giga Watt will be from wind energy. India ranks fourth in wind energy, fifth
in terms of renewable energy. India is the only country which have an exclusive
ministry for renewable energy i.e. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
Renewable Energy Sources Installed capacity has grown substantially from 34 GW
in 2014 to 87 GW in 2020. In recent years, the percentage of renewables has
increased in total installed capacity. In 2013-2014, the contribution was 12.92%,
rising to 23.5% by March 2020. Wind and solar energy are the major contributors in
the enhanced capacity of renewables.
Wind is one of the largest RE source in India, based on mean annual wind power
density. States with high wind power potential are Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh. With an installed
capacity of 37.69 GW (Mar 20) of wind energy, Wind Energy holds the major portion
of 43% of 87.03 GW (Mar-20) total RE capacity among renewable and continued as
the largest supplier of clean energy.
India as a tropical country is blessed with good sunshine in most of its parts and the
number of clear days of sunshine a year is also quite high. According to MNRE,
India receives annually solar energy equivalent to more than 5,000 trillion units. Hot
and dry climate of the country with about 300 days of sunshine; making this area a
great place to harness solar energy. “Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
(JNNSM)” was launched in 2010 to support the growth of solar energy installations
in India.
Government came up with many schemes time to time to make renewable energy
sector attractive to investors. Few such schemes/ incentives are Viability Gap
Funding for solar projects, Generation based incentives for wind projects, MAT
credit for RE projects, Accelerated depreciation for wind projects, Must run for
Renewable energy projects etc.
Approx. Rs 2,14,800 Crores investments has been made in Renewable energy
sector since 2014 till Jul-2019. Private, PSU banks, NBFCs, Development banks etc are lending debt to renewable energy projects. Many Private Equity players are
participating in the equity financing of these projects. Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency Limited (IREDA), a government enterprise, was set up in
1987 under MNRE to support financial assistance to renewable energy projects. As
per MNRE, country needs approx. Rs 4 Lakh Crores investment to achieve target
of 175 Giga Watt of Renewable Energy Installations. Investments to this tune can
only be made if it is a viable investment.
In order to understand different viability parameters involved in the financing of
renewable energy projects, a 100 MW wind energy project has been considered in
this study. The project has a long term PPA at a tariff of 2.90 per unit for a period of
25 years. The estimated project cost (excluding Interest During Construction) is Rs
600 Cr to be funded in Debt : Equity ratio of 75:25. Financials have been worked out
using excel tool. Financial modelling has been done to assess the viability
parameters based on different assumptions.
Further, to understand the risk factors involved in renewable energy projects, phase
wise risk analysis has been done along with mitigation measures. Challenges have
been explored to identify the gap in installation of renewable energy sources.
Various recommendations have been suggested to overcome these challenges.
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BIGORRE, Célie. "Wind flows impact on pedestrian comfort study in a Joint Development Zone project." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173802.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Passive gains are becoming essentials with the introduction of new buildings thermal regulations. To optimize such gains, districts ground plan have to be based not only on urban consideration, but on bioclimatic considerations as well. Bioclimatism first purpose is to take advantage of the local climate and modify it if needed to obtain as much passive gains as possible for the building performance and interior comfort to be improved. The second one is to create a good exterior climate and pedestrian comfort. In fact, the first total factor of energy savings is the density of buildings. It is then of the greatest importance to attract population downtown by offering comfortable exterior spaces that can compete with more rural areas. This thesis will then focus on the wind flows impact on the outdoor and pedestrian comfort. To conduct this research, some points need to be clarified. First, what is the optimum scale to study and adapt the climate to our needs? The scale of the district had several advantages compared to a city or a dwelling scale: it is a representative city sample, its scale is reduced enough for limited data quantity to allow the evaluation of the development decisions impact on the building performance, it has a reduced number of decision makers diminishing the decision complexity and a certain amount of freedom remains allowing to adapt at best the local climate to the project needs. Second, who will be the actors of the bioclimatic conception during the project? The planner and the conception team are ubiquitous during a district conception phase and have a central position in the decision making. Hence, it is with them that the integration of the bioclimatic approach will be the more effective. Third, the success of the thesis is based on the capacity to make the heat engineers and the conception team exchange on the subject of bioclimatism. As a result, it had to be realized in a company possessing at least heat engineers and one of the conception team professions. The French company SCE, part of the Keran group, offered such environment with urban planning and energy and building activities. The process of the study was the following. A benchmark was made on the existing software that could be use by the company to realize pedestrian and outdoor comfort analysis. Then, an outdoor comfort study was made on a district construction project in the French town of Cancale. The project buildings impact on one another was analyzed. For each high frequency wind incidences, simulations were run first in 2D dimension and second in 3D dimensions. Based on the wind speed values inside the district zone calculated by the software, discomfort zone had be highlight. According to the level of discomfort, the installation of different wind breakers type was recommended.
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Sherry-Brennan, Fionnguala. "Social representations of hydrogen in the context of a community-owned, wind energy generation project." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508502.
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Lamy, Julian V. "Optimal Locations for Siting Wind Energy Projects: Technical Challenges, Economics, and Public Preferences." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/703.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increasing the percentage of wind power in the United States electricity generation mix would facilitate the transition towards a more sustainable, low-pollution, and environmentally-conscious electricity grid. However, this effort is not without cost. Wind power generation is time-variable and typically not synchronized with electricity demand (i.e., load). In addition, the highest-output wind resources are often located in remote locations, necessitating transmission investment between generation sites and load. Furthermore, negative public perceptions of wind projects could prevent widespread wind development, especially for projects close to densely-populated communities. The work presented in my dissertation seeks to understand where it’s best to locate wind energy projects while considering these various factors. First, in Chapter 2, I examine whether energy storage technologies, such as grid-scale batteries, could help reduce the transmission upgrade costs incurred when siting wind projects in distant locations. For a case study of a hypothetical 200 MW wind project in North Dakota that delivers power to Illinois, I present an optimization model that estimates the optimal size of transmission and energy storage capacity that yields the lowest average cost of generation and transmission ($/MWh). I find that for this application of storage to be economical, energy storage costs would have to be $100/kWh or lower, which is well below current costs for available technologies. I conclude that there are likely better ways to use energy storage than for accessing distant wind projects. Following from this work, in Chapter 3, I present an optimization model to estimate the economics of accessing high quality wind resources in remote areas to comply with renewable energy policy targets. I include temporal aspects of wind power (variability costs and correlation to market prices) as well as total wind power produced from different farms. I assess the goal of providing 40 TWh of new wind generation in the Midwestern transmission system (MISO) while minimizing system costs. Results show that building wind farms in North/South Dakota (windiest states) compared to Illinois (less windy, but close to population centers) would only be economical if the incremental transmission costs to access them were below $360/kW of wind capacity (break-even value). Historically, the incremental transmission costs for wind development in North/South Dakota compared to in Illinois are about twice this value. However, the break-even incremental transmission cost for wind farms in Minnesota/Iowa (also windy states) is $250/kW, which is consistent with historical costs. I conclude that for the case in MISO, building wind projects in more distant locations (i.e., Minnesota/Iowa) is most economical. My two final chapters use semi-structured interviews (Chapter 4) and conjoint-based surveys (Chapter 5) to understand public perceptions and preferences for different wind project siting characteristics such as the distance between the project and a person’s home (i.e., “not-in-my-backyard” or NIMBY) and offshore vs. onshore locations. The semi-structured interviews, conducted with members of a community in Massachusetts, revealed that economic benefit to the community is the most important factor driving perceptions about projects, along with aesthetics, noise impacts, environmental benefits, hazard to wildlife, and safety concerns. In Chapter 5, I show the results from the conjoint survey. The study’s sample included participants from a coastal community in Massachusetts and a U.S.-wide sample from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Results show that participants in the U.S.-wide sample perceived a small reduction in utility, equivalent to $1 per month, for living within 1 mile of a project. Surprisingly, I find no evidence of this effect for participants in the coastal community. The most important characteristic to both samples was the economic benefits from the project – both to their community through increased tax revenue, and to individuals through reduced monthly energy bills. Further, participants in both samples preferred onshore to offshore projects, but that preference was much stronger in the coastal community. I also find that participants from the coastal community preferred expanding an existing wind projects rather than building an entirely new one, whereas those in the U.S.-wide sample were indifferent, and equally supportive of the two options. These differences are likely driven by the prior positive experience the coastal community has had with an existing onshore wind project as well as their strong cultural identity that favors ocean views. I conclude that preference for increased distance from a wind project (NIMBY) is likely small or non-existent and that offshore wind projects within 5 miles from shore could cause large welfare losses to coastal communities. Finally, in Chapter 6, I provide a discussion and policy recommendations from my work. Importantly, I recommend that future research should combine the various topics throughout my chapters (i.e., transmission requirements, hourly power production, variability impacts to the grid, and public preferences) into a comprehensive model that identifies optimal locations for wind projects across the United States.
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Furulind, Johan, and Johan Berg. "Feasibility Study for a Wind Power Project in Sri Lanka : a Minor Field Study." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-2338.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This report covers a feasibility study for a wind power project in Sri Lanka. Three potential sites for a wind farm are presented, out of which the Ambewela Cattle Farm is chosen as the most suitable. Limitations of a wind farm at the site, due to properties of the electrical grid and logistical issues, are examined and costs related to installing the wind farm are estimated. The maximum capacity of a wind farm is calculated to 45 MW. The payback period of the wind farm is calculated to 4.4 years. Environmental benefits of the wind farm are estimated in terms of avoided CO2-emissions, which are calculated to 76 000 metric tonnes per year. The study concludes that a wind power project at the chosen site should be technically and financially feasible, if a wind turbine that matches certain logistical criteria can be found.
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El, Zein Musadag. "Off-grid Wind Power Systems: Planning and Decision Making." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-396057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are definitely many reasons for choosing off-grid wind power systems. Few key ones involve the positive enhancement of societies, economies and natural environments. From a project developers’ perspective these systems provide a large potential market, which can cover a wide range of applications with relatively reasonable costs. In spite of this, many challenges may interfere with the diffusion and the success of such systems. In the report we discuss the various factors affecting the implementation of off-grid wind power systems and demonstrate some of the challenges project developers may be facing during the planning stage. Some of these include the acceptance of stakeholders (local inhabitants in particular) and the securing of the financing of the projects. Another noted challenge lying outside the control of project developers was found to be the absence of encouraging policies and incentives. As a conclusion the thesis provides a set of self-interpreted recommendations along with a flow chart. The concluded summary indicates some key factors that project developers should be aware of and careful when dealing with, these which include: The choice of the site, verification of projects’ economics along with the securing of a convenient finance. The recommendations also point out the great advantage in having local developers as these tend to be more capable in building relations with the local citizens and politicians.
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Jalkenäs, Frida. "Evaluation tool for large scale onshore wind power projects." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264261.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sweden has a goal of having 100% renewable electricity production by 2040. To reach this goal, wind power is one of the most important energy sources that needs to be heavily expanded. However, finding a good project site and realizing a project is a process that takes several years and can be difficult to achieve. Between 2015 and 2018, no less than 76% of Swedish wind power projects applying for permits were rejected. As an industry player with the aim of becoming fossil free, Pöyry has the interest to pursue Sweden reaching its goal. Pöyry has long experience of wind energy development and has now requested a method that can evaluate and compare Swedish wind power projects in all stages with the aim of identifying the best available project to proceed with. The objective of this thesis is thus to investigate factors that are critical for developing profitable projects, identify the largest expenses and create a tool that evaluates projects based on several parameters. A literature review is performed to obtain knowledge about wind power project development and data is collected from various projects in Sweden from 2016 and onwards to get an updated view with information and valuable numbers from realized projects. An analysis is then carried out with the aim of finding the most important factors that can affect the development of wind power projects, positively or negatively. This is followed by an identification of the most significant expenses in a project, whereupon a simplified but realistic way of calculating these are created. Lastly an evaluation tool is developed using Excel, with the purpose of evaluating projects, finding risks and estimating costs as well as electric energy production. Finally, candidate projects can be compared, helping developers finding the most beneficial and environmentally friendly projects.Sverige har som mål att ha 100% förnyelsebar elproduktion till 2040. För att nå detta mål är vindkraft en av de viktigaste källorna till energiproduktion och måste därmed expandera de kommande åren. Att hitta ett bra projektområde och fullfölja ett projekt är en process som tar flera år och kan i många fall vara svårt att uppnå. Av alla svenska projekt som ansökte om tillstånd mellan 2015 och 2018, fick 76% avslag. Med inriktningen att bidra till ett fossilfritt Sverige är Pöyry en aktör inom industrin som vill hjälpa Sverige att nå detta mål. Företaget har lång erfarenhet av vindkraftsutveckling och har nu efterfrågat en metod som kan utvärdera och jämföra svenska vindkraftsprojekt i alla dess olika stadier med syfte att identifiera de bästa projekten att jobba vidare med. Syftet med detta examensarbete är därmed att undersöka faktorer som är kritiska för projektutvecklingen, identifiera de största kostnaderna samt skapa ett verktyg som utvärderar projekt utifrån flertalet faktorer. För ett erhålla kunskap om utveckling av vindkraftsprojekt utförs en litteraturstudie, varpå projektdata från 2016 och framåt samlas in för att få en uppdaterad bild med värdefull information och siffror från realiserade projekt. Därefter utförs en analys med syfte att hitta de faktorer som har störst påverkan, negativ som positiv, på utveckling och uppbyggnad av vindkraftsprojekt. Därpå identifieras de största utgifterna i ett projekt och en förenklad men realistisk beräkningsmodell skapas för att uppskatta dessa. Slutligen utvecklas ett verktyg i Excel som utvärderar projekt, hittar risker samt uppskattar kostnader och energiproduktion, vars syfte är att hjälpa projektörer att jämföra projekt och därmed hitta det mest kostnadseffektiva och hållbara alternativet.
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Weiss, Torsten. "Wind Power Project Development : Financial Viability of Repowering with RETScreen as a Decision Aid Tool." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-257684.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is a need for an efficient adjustment of the energy supply system towards renewable energy resources in the near future. This raises the question whether it is financially efficient to repower an onshore wind turbine or wind farm in operation with respect to specific surrounding conditions? To this purpose, the objective of this Thesis is a quantitative analysis of a wind power project repowering addressing certain legislative parameters, varying economic factors and WT models respectively. To enable this analysis, a case-study considering a number of hypothetical scenarios for repowering a wind farm in Germany has been applied. The scenarios address in particular the widely implemented limitation in overall building heights of 100m depending upon varying economical parameters. Nevertheless, this case-study applies three different WT models whereof one model matches the legislations and the other two models exceed the legislations by a varying degree in order to evaluate a potential productivity growth. The varying economic conditions are represented by a base case projection applying average wind power construction costs and financial rates whereas a best case and worst case projection consider deviating interest rates, capacity factors, investment and O&M costs respectively. The economic calculations together with the determination of the capacity factor with respect to each WT model are performed by utilising the decision aid tool RETScreen. The results obtained by this case-study show versatile economic and technological performance. WT models of minor size addressing in particular local existing legislation regarding the limitation of overall height which must not exceed 100m are inefficient regardless of varying economic conditions. Exceeding the limitation, WT models provide a significant increase in performance and thus return positive economic results independent of varying economic conditions. The main conclusion is that existing local legislations based on previous considerations from the past but which no longer correspond to the state of technology have to be questioned in general or have to be mitigated by subsidy instruments in order to support a generation shift in technology before the end of life of operational wind farms and thus promptly increase efficiency by repowering.
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White, James. "Availability and cost of capital for IPP wind energy project financing in South Africa : an investigation study into how financiers and investors in the South African wind power market react to perceived uncertainties in the policy and regulatory ena." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10711.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-224).
In recent months there has been an increased interest in the potential for a wind power sector in South Africa. This is in response to broader climate change commitments by government and the potential inclusion of independent power producers (IPP) in the South African generation capacity. In support of this the government has set policies that indicate their support for the inclusion of renewable energy into the mix. However, this policy does not send a clear signal of certainty to investors, especially with regard to the implementation. This thesis set out to review how investors and financiers have responded to these signals and how they set the cost and availability of project funding based off the uncertainty due to the gaps in the enabling environment.
15
Valivand, Sania. "Democratic principles and the energy transition : The case of municipal decision making and wind power development in Sweden." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45945.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate if the municipal decision on wind power development can be explained by a model including socioeconomic variables and proxies for the natural environment, using a pooled cross-section data set for Swedish municipalities for the period 2010-2019. The study poses the question whether politicians' decisions-making can be explained by socioeconomic factors. In order to analyse the approving or denying of wind power development in Swedish municipalities, three models are used: the linear probability model, the probit and the logit model. The results show that the Green political party (positively affecting wind power development) and that the unemployment rate, income, population density, protected areas and the affiliations with the Sweden Democrats (negatively affecting the approval rate), has a statistical significant effect on the permissionprocess. Installed capacity of wind power plants seemingly have no impact. Our findings suggest that the municipal decision making is less random than the critics of the municipal veto proposes.
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Loring, Joyce Anne McLaren. "Wind energy development in England, Wales, and Denmark : the role of community participation and network stability in project acceptance and planning success." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418701.
Повний текст джерела
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Stoffle, Richard W., Richard W. Arnold, Jerry Charles, Betty Cornelius, Maurice Frank-Churchill, Vernon Miller, and Gaylene Moose. "MNS Wind Farm Project on the Nevada Test Site American Indian Rapid Cultural Assessment Of Proposed Gravel Road Improvements Trip Report, March 2001." Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This report presents the findings of a two-day Rapid Cultural Assessment (RCA) to assess potential impacts to resources important to American Indians from gravel road improvements associated with the Shoshone Mountain phase of the MNS Wind Farm Project on the Nevada Test Site (NTS).
The study was conducted by the American Indian Writers Subgroup (AIWS), an official committee of the Consolidated Group of Tribes and Organizations (CGTO). The CGTO is composed of 16 tribes and 3 Indian organizations that have historic or cultural ties to the NTS. The work was facilitated by Dr. Stoffle from the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology at the University of Arizona (UofA). Funding was provided by DOE/NV.
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Sakthi, Gireesh. "WIND POWER PREDICTION MODEL BASED ON PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATA: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON ROUGHNESS AND PRODUCTION TREND." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-400462.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The wind power prediction plays a vital role in a wind power project both during the planning and operational phase of a project. A time series based wind power prediction model is introduced and the simulations are run for different case studies. The prediction model works based on the input from 1) nearby representative wind measuring station 2) Global average wind speed value from Meteorological Institute Uppsala University mesoscale model (MIUU) 3) Power curve of the wind turbine. The measured wind data is normalized to minimize the variation in the wind speed and multiplied with the MIUU to get a distributed wind speed. The distributed wind speed is then used to interpolate the wind power with the help of the power curve of the wind turbine. The interpolated wind power is then compared with the Actual Production Data (APD) to validate the prediction model. The simulation results show that the model works fairly predicting the Annual Energy Production (AEP) on monthly averages for all sites but the model could not follow the APD trend on all cases. The sensitivity analysis shows that the variation in production does not depend on ’the variation in roughness class’ nor ’the difference in distance between the measuring station and the wind farm’. The thesis has been concluded from the results that the model works fairly predicting the AEP for all cases within the variation bounds. The accuracy of the model has been validated only for monthly averages since the APD was available only on monthly averages. But the accuracy could be increased based on future work, to assess the Power law exponent (a) parameter for different terrain and validate the model for different time scales provided if the APD is available on different time scales.
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Nanopoulos, Andrew. "Valuation of wind energy projects and statistical analysis of wind power." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74932.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-225).
As energy becomes an increasingly important issue for generations to come, it is crucial to develop tools for valuing and understanding energy projects from an economic perspective since ultimately only economically viable solutions will be pushed forward. A model is developed for valuing a generic offshore floating wind farm from a corporate finance perspective. The model is used to value the project based on multiple valuation metrics and to generate sensitivity analyses on multiple important technical, cost and financial parameters. It is found that offshore wind projects can be economically viable under current conditions contingent on high annual mean wind speed and government support. In addition, it is also found that financial parameters prove to be equally or even more important than technical parameters in affecting the overall project value. Furthermore, the wind speed and power output are modeled using a mean reverting Ornstein - Uhlenbeck process whereby it is found that while wind speed is positively autocorrelated, the averaging period plays an important role in determining the nature and extent of the autocorrelation. Finally, the valuation is extended and generalized to a Black-Scholes option based valuation of any project whose underlying asset follows a mean reverting process, whereby a model is developed to find the debt and equity values under the assumption of time independence. The tools developed for this purpose can prove to be useful in other applications besides energy, such as shipping and commodities, as the underlying characteristics of energy projects are often similar across other markets.
by Andrew Nanopoulos.
S.M.
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Hughes, Jeffrey S. "Comparison of Large Scale Renewable Energy Projects for the United States Air Force." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35282.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis focused on the performance of large-scale renewable energy projects for the United States Air Force. As global energy demands continue to rise, the need to find ways to save energy and produce alternative sources of energy will increase. The Federal Government has begun to address the challenge of energy production and energy security in recent years. In order to increase both the energy production and energy security for the Air Force, there is a trend to increase the amount of renewable energy produced on military installations. The goal of this research was to compare the estimated and actual performance of these large-scale on-site renewable energy projects at Air Force installations. The variables considered for this research were the execution methods and the renewable energy sources. The performance of each project was evaluated against factors identified in previous sustainable construction studies. The study found that actual performance of third party owned and operated projects differed from the expected performance by less than the Air Force owned and operated projects, and that performance of renewable energy projects differed from the expected performance by less than high performance buildings from previous studies. The study also found factors that contributed to the gap between the expected and actual performance including optimistic modeling, unusual weather, operational issues and higher than expected maintenance of the projects. The results of this research were an initial step in understanding the actual performance of large-scale renewable energy projects.Master of Science
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Kuang, Chen, Jin Ying, and Li Yumin. "Energy Crisis : wind Power Market in China." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-10865.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose/aim The aim is to explore which price policy of the Chinese wind power is the most suitable for the market. Design/methodology/approach Data has been collected through questionnaires. The analysis includes the statistical test in form of chi-square. Additionally the whole thesis followed the onion process put forward by Saunders. Findings The analysis showed that the price policy which is based on the local price of coal is more suitable for the market than the price policy decided by concession projects. Originality/value An original idea is given the relationship between ages, education levels and two policies. Further, the empirical data is collected from a comprehensive online-forum, so that the samples are randomly selected. The data shows that the businesses which want to enter the Chinese wind power market should choose the price policy which is based on the local price of coal. This choice should be useful in the real life.
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Del, Rosario Vilma, and Kar Han Goh. "Community Stakeholder Management in Wind Energy Development Projects : A planning approach." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1505.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There often exist hard-to-identify or unforeseen external parties that emerge as indirect stakeholders of a project who can significantly influence its execution and outcome. The broader stakeholder landscape in both theory and practice recognizes the local community including other interest groups of a project site as such key stakeholders. However recent cases have revealed shortcomings in managing this category of stakeholders, leading to authoritative rejection of development permit applications and strong local opposition that consequently increase costs and delay to the project. There is indication that a weak community stakeholder management process in the planning stages can cause problems to the project, or worse, in some cases lead to project failure and abandonment by the developer. Wind energy development projects are not exempted from this condition and are possibly even more prone as they involve the erection of tall wind turbines across wide-open landscapes that are deemed controversial and unacceptable to a wider population. Endorsed by the persuasive rationale for wind energy especially in view of the environment and sustainable development, a more comprehensive and effective guidance for community stakeholder management in the planning stage is required to mitigate, if not eliminate, potential issues that can hinder the successful implementation of wind energy development projects. Hence this thesis primarily seeks to answer the research question of: “How should community stakeholders of wind energy development projects be managed in the planning stage prior to permit application?”.
Using a qualitative approach to research through interviews with several industry practitioners and reviewing secondary data of industry best practices, policies, literature and case studies, 16 community stakeholder management key conclusion points could be made from research data collected. These points are individually important while in aggregate form a broad and novel framework that serves to further raise the awareness and readiness of wind energy development project managers in their community stakeholder management initiatives. A baseline list of community stakeholders and their common concerns were identified, together with suggested approaches to identify community stakeholders in each project. Community consultation is key to the process and engaging the community as widely and early as possible is recommended. Furthermore, key principles and an array of common methods for community stakeholder management in the planning stages of the project are presented, while acknowledging that not all stakeholders can be satisfied at each instance. Ultimately these findings were consolidated in a community consultation checklist that serves as a more systematic and practical tool in guiding project managers in their community stakeholder management initiatives during planning.
The research findings herewith contribute valuable insights to the existing body of knowledge in this area and also provide enhanced practical guidance to project managers in achieving successful community stakeholder management during planning, facilitating higher acceptance for the proposal, carrying out a more efficient and effective planning process and improving the likelihood for project approval from both authoritative and judiciary standpoints.
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Kerndl, Michal. "Podnikatelský záměr v oblasti obnovitelných zdrojů energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of my thesis, which is called „Business project in the area of renewable energy resources“, is to analyze business opportunities in the area of renewable energy resources, which have been highly actual and discussed recently, whether in term of benefit for environment or in connection with international problem of shortness in energy resources. Result of this thesis is, on the basis of the analysis, to define recommendations in the form of optimal proposal for realization. The thesis is engaged in description of current state in the area of the renewable energy resources, their utilization in practice and consequential proposals for realization including project financial plan. The thesis is also engaged in possibilities of state budget and EU grants use.
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White, Joanna Elizabeth. "Renewable Energy Zoning: Cutting Green Tape While Improving Ecological Outcomes for Renewable Energy Projects." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/284.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change creates an imperative to develop renewable energy infrastructure, and the state of Vermont has committed to developing new renewables. However, renewables pose significant threats to natural systems because of the dramatic changes to ecosystems that occur with development. Public outcry over new developments and dissatisfaction with the current process used for siting indicate that the old regulatory process may be outdated. This thesis seeks to bridge the divide between ecology and law in renewable energy infrastructure siting. Using the state of Vermont as a case study, it suggests a new, proactive energy planning process that would use spatial analysis and public involvement to bring experts and citizens together to evaluate difficult tradeoffs and make hard choices about where to site renewables.
In this thesis I use content analysis to determine which issues are important to stakeholders involved in the debate about energy siting. I then develop spatial analysis of Chittenden County to examine four metrics important to siting: generating potential, carbon storage, viewshed, and biodiversity. This spatial analysis could be applied by policy makers to evaluate tradeoffs among these four metrics. Finally, I propose a new regulatory siting process that would use stakeholder engagement and proactive planning to create "Renewable Energy Zones" where development could be fast-tracked while safeguards are in place to protect important natural resources and the public interest.
A better understanding of public concern, landscape-scale spatial modeling of ecosystem services, and a new proactive energy planning process could pave the way for a more effective siting process that allows for rapid development of renewables to combat climate change and includes local voices.
25
Martinez-Cesena, Eduardo Alejandro. "Real options theory applied to renewable energy generation projects planning." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/real-options-theory-applied-to-renewable-energy-generation-projects-planning(280f3df5-f1be-4999-bd33-3931ce3cdbbd).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The existing environmental threats and the ever increasing global dependence on electric power highlight the importance of producing power in a sustainable manner. In accordance, it is vital to attract investments in electricity generation projects based on renewable energy sources, also called renewable energy projects (REP). This poses a challenge, as REP tend to be less financially competitive than their fossil fuel based counterparts. Moreover, the power grid has to be upgraded to integrate large amounts of RESs in an efficient and economic manner. An appealing alternative to enhance the financial appealing of REP is to improve the techniques used for their assessment. These tools produce robust and economically sound assessments, but tend to undervalue REP and other projects under uncertainty, as they neglect the flexibility of the projects to be adjusted in response to uncertainty. This can be corrected by extending the tools with the aid of real options (RO) theory. RO theory can be used to extend assessment techniques to value flexibility derived from the projects, their management, and even their environment, which can be used to enhance the financial value of REP in the changing power sector. In addition, the scope of RO theory is increasing to address flexibility in the design of the projects. Therefore, the theory can drive investments in REP and motivate the design of more profitable projects. This research project seeks to analyse the potential of RO theory to increase the financial worth of different types of REP in the current and changing power sector. The novelties of this research are that it expands RO theory by addressing the flexibility within the design of the projects, the potential of RO theory to manage uncertainties that are exclusive to the projects or typical in the power sector, and other relevant areas of research interest. The research produced several RO methodologies to model the planning, operation, and design of hydropower projects, wind power projects, and solar photovoltaic projects in existing power sector environments and environments characterised by high penetration of RESs and consumers with demand response capabilities. The results demonstrate the applicability of RO theory to enhance the financial value of different types of REP under a wide range of circumstances.
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Rosas, Alexeis. "Feasibility analysis of solar and wind energy projects along the central interconnected system (CIS), Chile." Thesis, Rosas, Alexeis (2017) Feasibility analysis of solar and wind energy projects along the central interconnected system (CIS), Chile. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40484/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This assessment aims to estimate the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the internal rate of return (IRR) of utility-scale solar and wind energy projects to identify which are the most profitable regions for each type of project in the Central Interconnected System (CIS) of Chile. For this, the Solar and Eolic (Wind) Explorer online tools developed by the University of Chile were used for selecting the sites with best resource availability, while the feasibility analysis was done with RETScreen, software specialized for renewable energy projects. Two solar and two wind plants with 40 MW of capacity were evaluated for every region in the CIS, the LCOE and IRR profiles of all these projects were obtained and tested in a sensitivity analysis, comparing these results to the current average energy prices observed in the CIS market (78 USD/MWh), and a discount rate commonly used for evaluating these projects (10%) in Chile.
For the 18 solar projects evaluated, it was found that the regions with the best profitability were concentrated in the north of Chile (III and IV regions), with LCOE values that ranged from 54.0 to 59.1 USD/MWh, and between 67.1 to 73.6 USD/MWh when increasing the installed cost in 30%. Also, the IRR resulted to range between 25.4 and 30.9% in the base scenario, and from 10.3 to 13.3% with a decrease of 30% in the electricity rates in the long term.
In the case of the 18 wind projects evaluated, it was found that the far north and south (regions IV, VIII and X) had the best results, with LCOE values from 56.5 to 61.0 USD/MWh in the base scenario and between 64.7 and 67.7 USD/MWh in the risk scenario, and IRR values of 32.6 – 36.3% and 10.2 – 12.1% in their respective scenarios.
27
Herbst, Lynette. "Projected potential for wind energy generation in South Africa under conditions of climate change." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53500.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The South African wind energy sector is developing rapidly with numerous wind energy facilities currently being commissioned. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), some risks and opportunities for wind power generation as a result of climate change could be anticipated in future.
The objectives of this study were therefore to:
a. determine whether seasonal near-surface winds over South Africa, as generated by a Regional Climate Model (RCM) using boundary conditions supplied from coupled Global Circulation Models (GCMs), during a reference period of 1981 to 2005, are realistically represented;
b. establish whether differences exist between seasonal near-surface winds calculated for the reference period (1981-2005) versus a projected period of 2051 to 2075, incorporating two future Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5);
c. determine the projected impact of climate change on wind power density.
Wind output from sophisticated atmospheric models (GCMs) provides valuable information on projected changes in wind patterns as a result of climate change. Through the CORDEX-Africa (COordinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment) project, the so-called RCA4 RCM has, by dynamically downscaling eight GCMs, produced a substantial collection of regional climate simulations. RCA4 RCM data were employed in this study to determine the impacts of climate change on South African winds and wind power resources.
Mean seasonal winds speeds were calculated for 1981 to 2005 for observed (ERA-Interim reanalysis) and RCA4 RCM output. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between ERA-Interim and RCA4 RCM simulations was calculated. Wind speed frequencies were then simulated from ERA-Interim and RCA4 RCM data for each season and for different speed categories. RCA4 RCM data were also verified independently against weather station data. The RCA4 RCM was found to perform well, but a positive bias in the simulations of winds was detected.
Mean seasonal winds were calculated for the future period using RCA4 RCM output for the two pathways. Anomalies between RCA4 RCM output in the historical and future periods were then calculated and expressed as percentage changes in mean seasonal wind speeds. Wind speed frequencies of different categories were also simulated for the projected period under the two pathways. Anomalies between the historical and reference periods were also calculated for frequencies. Future projections indicate that parts of the country not typically considered as having substantial wind energy resources may become useful, such as north-eastern South Africa. As for the areas in which wind farms are currently being developed, mean wind speeds are projected to decrease by only 2% in two of the seasons, and to increase in the other two.
RCA4 RCM data were corrected for biases. Corrected mean wind speeds were then used as input to the calculation of wind power density in the projected period. Wind power density is projected to remain fairly similar in the future period as the historical period, as wind speeds have been projected to change by a maximum of 9%, which is a very small change when considered in terms of wind power density calculations.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Došek, Ladislav. "Podnikatelský záměr." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221704.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
My business project is focused on foundation of a company using renewable resources to produce energy. I will compare individual variants of manufacturing energy using renewable resources and I will decide, which alternate I use for realization of my projekt.
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Simcock, Neil David. "Imposition or "the will of the people"? : procedural justice in the implementation of community wind energy projects." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.658083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Perceived procedural justice in the implementation process of wind energy projects has been shown to be an important factor in shaping local acceptance of such schemes. However, thus far most research on this topic has focussed on large scale or private-developer led projects, with little research into how procedural justice might be important in "community" owned or led wind energy projects. The thesis addresses this gap by examining how local residents and project leaders perceive the implementation process of two community wind energy projects. It uses in-depth qualitative methods, with fifty-three interviews supplemented by participant observation in each community and a content analysis of key documents. The findings show that the implementation of community wind energy projects may be perceived as "procedurally just" by some local residents if the process generates a sense of community efficacy or "control" over the project. However, such perceptions are not guaranteed or necessarily consensual and very strong feelings of injustice can still exist with those who believe there to be unfair exclusions from the process or that community efficacy is more rhetoric than reality. One reason for this potential range of viewpoints is that claims and interpretations of procedural justice involve multiple "dimensions" of procedure, termed in this thesis: the extent of authority, the sharing of authority, inclusiveness, information provision, and communication & decision mode. These are interlinked and mutually reinforcing, with the perceived fairness of one dimension impacting on the perceived fairness of another. As such, creating perceived fairness in the implementation of community wind energy projects is not straightforward and attention must be to achieving justice in each dimension of procedure. A more explicitly "spatial" element to procedural justice, in terms of "where" decisions are taken, is also shown to be an important part of the justice interpretations and claims made by various stakeholders. In both case studies, the relatively local control of each community wind energy project was generally supported as a matte!; of justice, but defining exactly what the "fair" spatial boundaries of each "local community" ought to encompass was much more problematic and the subject of arguments over justice. The thesis concludes by stating that community control and ownership of wind projects does represent a significant opportunity to implement wind energy in a more just manner, and thus to potentially help reduce the extent and strength, of local opposition toward specific projects. However, community-ownership is not a "silver bullet". Instead, careful attention must be paid into how such projects are implemented and the justness of their implementation processes if greater local support and a more just mode of deploying wind power are to be achieved.
30
Valencia, Gonzalez Maria Elena, and Diaz Martha Johana Vieco. "Development of wind farm projects through partnership as a strategic decision : An empirical study of different partners' perspective." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-18290.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are several participants in the renewable energy sector, each one having their own perspective, according to their interests. One renewable source of energy is wind. Development of wind energy projects is complex and implies the conjunction of several endeavors that are hard to be undertaken by only one organization. The complexity of wind energy projects demands the interaction among actors, that is, the creation of partnerships.
The purpose of this study is to question the nature of partnerships as a response to strategic decisions for the implementation of wind energy projects and to provide arguments to state that partnerships are indeed strategic. By making a comparison of the different roles of the actors involved in the sector and having a theoretical support created by a literature review of the subject, authors’ arguments are based on the analysis of six different perspectives from those actors in the wind energy arena: Utilities company, wind energy projects developers, government, financial institutions, international organization and consultants.
A qualitative approach guided the identification of the role of these wind energy participants as their perspective in the sector. Perspective cases were formed through interviews made to representatives of different actors and through secondary data.
Having an empirical approach, some wind energy projects and their involved partnerships were identified and analyzed. In addition, by analyzing the critical success factors of partnerships that influence crucial aspects for implementation of wind energy projects, it was confirmed that good partnerships are based on trust and their success is the result of establishing clear objectives and defining the roles and responsibilities of each partner. Besides, considerations regarding control management of partnership deployment among actors of the energy sector are suggested.
Latterly, it was uncovered that organizations sometimes do not recognize their relationships as partnerships, due to the bare understanding of the scope of partnership concept. In practice, partnership is conceived as a long-term relationship, while relationships for a limited time are commonly identified as contracts. However, it was concluded that in any case a partnership is developed, as partners gather their own expertise to achieve common goals.
This research is meant to be a reference for decision-making individuals or project managers that need to evaluate ways to implement strategies. Also this study is conceived for those that need to decide if it is worthy to establish a partnership and its considerations, as a response to strategic decisions.
31
Jackwerth, Thomas [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Heidenreich, and Jannika [Akademischer Betreuer] Mattes. "The openness of corporate innovation processes : a mechanism-based analysis of innovation projects in the wind energy industry / Thomas Jackwerth ; Martin Heidenreich, Jannika Mattes." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1191366871/34.
Повний текст джерела
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Cowgill, Kimberly Hodge. "Impacts of (un)civil discourse by organized groups on local governance in sustainable development projects." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56962.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Anecdotal evidence in the media and from personal conversations suggests that inflammatory rhetoric in the collaborative governance setting is increasing, especially during public meetings about sustainable development projects. Planners, mediators, facilitators, and government officials are facing a shutting down of public deliberation by "new activists" who are engaging in public forums in very emotional and uncompromising ways. This dissertation is a direct examination of actions by new activists. It includes two case studies in Roanoke, Virginia, as well as a broader look at the inflammatory rhetoric and disruptions in local public meetings now occurring across the country.Ph. D.
33
Schumann, Dolf. "A feasibility study of a CDM compliant small-scale biomass gasification electricity generation project at a Western Cape wine cellar." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14633.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a small-scale biomass gasification system within the context of a cooperative wine cellar operation in the Western Cape of South Africa. Central to this goal was the questions whether the time for the implementation of such small-scale renewable energy technologies in South Africa has arrived, in light of the status quo which has changed drastically from the days of abundant and cheap coal-based electricity, and whether the new opportunities afforded by the CDM can help foster financial feasibility. There are various macro-drivers contributing to the current-day emphasis on renewable energy and cogeneration projects. The first and most pressing driver is the global climate change imperative, while the others include the increased aspiration of countries towards energy security, the realization of the importance of sustainable development and the subsequent renewable energy policies that falls within the ambit of sustainable development. Small-scale biomass gasification technology still poses some challenges, particularly when it comes to the gasification of agricultural residues, as with grape residues in the case of this project. The most important technical feasibility problem to overcome is the low ash agglomeration temperature of grape residues reported in the literature. Although the local equipment manufacturer foresees no problem in this regard with their system design - since they have conducted tests on sunflower seed residues, which have similar ash properties, without experiencing any agglomeration problems - the seriousness of this aspect will be confirmed during pilot trials. In order to be eligible for emissions reduction trading under the CDM, the project must adequately demonstrate that the emissions reductions are additional to the business-as-usual scenario, in both the environmental and financial sense. The project will satisfy the environmental additionality requirement, since in its absence the wine cellar will continue its full reliance on coal-based electricity from the grid. Financial additionality, in its strictest sense, requires for the project to be infeasible if it does not pursue CDM participation, which the financial feasibility modeling results indicated to be true in this case. A feasibility model was developed to - subject to the input parameter values assumed and basic assumptions made - be able to assess the financial viability of the project. The main assumptions were that the private feed-in into the national electricity grid was available to all IPPs, in spite of the fact that in its Medium Term Power Purchase Program me (MTPPP) of May 2008 Eskom had only requested expressions of interest from IPPs that had a generating capacity of 5MW and higher to install private base load capacity. This assumption is commensurate with the country's renewable energy targets and the official government aim of achieving a 30% contribution from IPPs to the national electricity mix. The second assumption was that the 65 to lOOclkWh offered by Eskom in its MTPPP will be applicable to sub-SMWe IPPs as well (Creamer, 2008), and that this lower bound electricity price of 65clkWh can be applied over the whole project lifetime. Inherent to this assumption is the further supposition that the progressive decline of electricity prices to an eventual level of 35clkWh by 2018 foreseen by Eskom will not materialize, due both to the sustained pressure an expanding South African economy will put on the considerable but time-consuming supply-side initiatives launched by Eskom, and the likelihood for price premiums to be introduced for clean electricity in order to meet the country's renewable energy targets. From the assumed input parameter values the initial capital and COM expenditures, operating revenues and costs over the project lifetime were determined, and then used to calculate the net cash flows, where after the NPV was computed to serve as the deciding criterion on financial feasibility. A discount rate of 18% was assumed, corresponding with the subjectively judged risks that the project posed as a small-scale renewable energy system within the wine cellar operations. In the case where the project excluded all CDM aspects, the NPV was negative at - ZAR342 573, but this improved to ZAR325 193 if the project participated in the CDM. Thus it was concluded that the project will only be financially feasible if it includes CDM participation, and that this positive contribution can be leveraged by pursuing a programmatic CDM approach. This entails the development of this project as part of a larger program in which similar projects are implemented as they arise, up to the official UN limit of 15MWe in total to still qualify as a small-scale program. The nature of the assumptions that form the backbone of this study indicate that the positive financial feasibility result in the case where the project includes COM participation will become practically relevant only over the short- to medium-term as these assumptions become reality in South Africa. Therefore, although the time for such small-scale renewable energy projects has clearly not arrived as yet, it would seem that it is indeed around the corner.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mikpunt van die navorsing was om die lewensvatbaarheid van 'n klein-skaal biomassa vergassing sisteem binne die konteks van 'n kooperatiewe wynkelder in die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. 'n Sentrale aspek was die vrae of die tyd aangebreek het om klein-skaal volhouhare energie projekte in Suid-Afrika tot uitvoering te bring, gesien in die lig van 'n status quo wat drasties weg beweeg het van die tydperk toe elektrisiteit volop en goedkoop was, en of die geleentheid wat die CDM bied sulke projekte finansieel lewensvatbaar kan maak. Daar is verskeie eksterne makro-drywers wat bydrae tot die huidige fokus op sulke volhoubare energie projekte. Hieronder tel globale klimaatsverandering as die dringendste drywer, terwyl die res onder andere die hernuwe strewe van lande tot verbeterde energie-sekuriteit, die besef van die belangrikheid van volhoubare ontwikkeling en die daaropvolgende volhoubare energie beleid stappe insluit. Daar bestaan nog etlike tegniese uitdagings tot die toepassing van klein-skaal biomassa vergassing tegnologie, spesifiek met betrekking tot die vergassing van afval landbou byprodukte, soos wat die geval is met druiwe afval in hierdie projek. Die belangrikste tegniese uitvoerbaarheids-aspek wat aandag verg is die lae smeltpunt van druifafval-as wat in die literatuur rapporteer word. Alhoewel die plaaslike toerustings-vervaardiger nie enige probleme in hierdie verhand voorsien nie, aangesien toetse met sonneblom afval - met as-eienskappe rofweg identies aan die van druiwe-afval - geen smelting van die as getoon het nie, sal dit tog nogsteeds aan verdere toetse onderwerp word. Vir die projek om te kwalifiseer as geskik vir verhandeling in kweekhuisgas vermindering deur middel van die COM, moet dit voldoende bewys kan word dat alle uitlaatgas vermindering addisioneel is tot wat die geval sou wees in die gewone gang van besigheid. Hierdie addisionaliteit is relevant in beide 'n omgewings- en finansiele sin. Hierdie projek sal orngewings-addisionaliteit bevredig deurdat die wynkelder in sy afwesigheid volkome afhanklik van die steenkool-gebaseerde elektrisiteit vanaf die nasionale netwerk sou bly, terwyl finansiele addisionaliteit bewys is deur die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model wat getoon het dat die projek slegs ekonomies uitvoerbaar sal wees indien dit CDM deelname insluit. Die lewensvatbaarheids-model is ontwikkel om die ekonomiese uitvoerbaarheid van die projek te evalueer, onderworpe aan die aangenome inset parameter waardes en basiese aannames in die studie. Die hoof-aanname was naamlik dat privaat terugvoer in die nasionale elektrisiteits-netwerk vir alle grootte IPPs moontlik is, ten spyte van die feit dat Eskom se MTPPP van Mei 2008 slegs kapasiteite van 5MW en groter aanvaar bet. Hierdie aanname is gebaseer op Suid-Afrika se volhoubare energie teikens en die regering se offisiele mikpunt om 30% van alle krag-voorsiening vanaf IPPs te bekom. Die tweede hoof-aanname was dat die 65 tot 100clkWh wat Eskom in sy MTPPP aangebied het, ook van toepassing sal wees op sub-SMW IPPs (Creamer, 2008), en dat die laer prys-limiet van 65c/kWb oor die hele projek-leeftyd toegepas kon word. Inherent tot hierdie aanname is die verdere veronderstelling dat die progressiewe daling in elektrisiteits-pryse tot 'n eventuele vlak van 35clkWh voorsien deur Eskom nie sal realiseer nie, beide as gevolg van die volgehoue druk wat die groeiende Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie op die aansieniike, maar tydrowende, opwekkings-kapasiteit uitbreidings van Eskom behoort te plaas, en ook die hoe waarskynlikheid dat prys premiums vir skoon elektrisiteit ingestel word sodat Suid-Afrika sy volboubare energie telkens kan bereik. Die aanvanklike kapitaal en CDM uitgawes, en bedryfsuitgawes en - inkomstes oor die projekleeftyd is vanaf die aangenome inset parameter waardes afgelei, waarop die NPV van die projek uitgewerk is om te dien as die beslissende maatstaf van ekonomiese haalbaarheid. 'n Diskontokoers van 18% is gebruik, ooreenstemmend met die subjektief beraamde risikos wat die projek inhou as 'n klein-skaal volhoubare energie sisteem. Die resultate van die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model het getoon dat in die geval waar die projek geen CDM aspekte bevat nie, die NPV hoogs negatief sou wees met 'n waarde van -ZAR342 573, terwyl dit verbeter na ZAR325 193 as die projek CDM deelname insluit. Die gevolgtrekking is dus gemaak dat die spesifieke projek slegs ekonomies haalbaar sal wees indien dit wel CDM deelname insluit, en dat hierdie positiewe finansiele bydrae van die CDM geoptimaliseer kan word deur 'n programmatiese CDM benadering te volg. Dit behels die ontwikkeling van die projek as deel van 'n groter program waarin soortgelyke projekte mettertyd geimplementeer word soos hulle ontstaan, tot by die offisiele VN limiet van 15MWe om sodoende nog te kwalifiseer as 'n algehele klein-skaalse program. Die aard van die hoof-aannames in hierdie studie is indikatief dat die positiewe finansiele lewensvatbaarheid in die geval waar die projek CDM deelname insluit, eers oor die kort- tot medium-termyn prakties relevant sal word soos die aannames bevredig word. Dus, alhoewel die era van klein-skaalse volhoubare energie projekte nog nie aangebreek het in Suid-Afrika nie, lyk dit tog asof dit om die draai is.
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Adami, Vivian Sebben. "Implicações das propriedades estruturais de redes para o gerenciamento de projetos interorganizacionais de geração de energia eólica." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4856.
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Uma das prioridades da agenda sustentável mundial é a promoção do uso de fontes energéticas renováveis, como a energia eólica. O crescimento do uso dessa fonte desenvolveu uma indústria na Europa e nos Estados Unidos para atender à demanda desses mercados precursores. Na última década, o Brasil, juntamente com a China e a Índia, vem investindo na geração eólica, e destacando-se no cenário mundial. A implantação de parques eólicos acontece por meio de projetos interorganizacionais (PIOs), envolvendo atividades compartilhadas entre empresas com interesses e capacidades diferentes em um ambiente de riscos e incertezas. Esta pesquisa propõe-se a contribuir com a temática ainda nova dos PIOs da indústria eólica, tendo sustentação nos progressos recentes do conhecimento sobre redes e propriedades estruturais. O objetivo principal é compreender as implicações das propriedades estruturais das redes estabelecidas no contexto dos PIOs de geração de energia eólica para seu gerenciamento. Estudos recentes têm adotado a perspectiva de redes para a compreensão e o aprimoramento das relações nos PIOs. Nesses estudos, os PIOs são entendidos como uma rede de atores interdependentes que pode ser detalhada a partir de suas propriedades estruturais em vários níveis. O mapeamento da rede, sua análise e caracterização a partir de múltiplos níveis iluminam questões até então complexas para o desenvolvimento dos parques eólicos. A introdução do nível triádico permitiu novas visões aos aspectos estruturais e posicionais dos atores. As redes são um fenômeno relativamente recente, e o campo de estudos ainda se ressente com a falta de pesquisas que abordem as estruturas relacionais entre os atores. A utilização conjunta de abordagens quantitativas, com a adoção da Análise de Redes Sociais, e qualitativas, com a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, possibilitou incorporar diferentes (e complementares) perspectivas de análises ao fenômeno. Em termos acadêmicos, uma das contribuições da pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento de um conceitual teórico para as propriedades estruturais dos PIOs em vários níveis, reforçando o poder explicativo da estrutura frente ao dos atributos individuais dos atores. Outra contribuição foi a identificação de relações e papéis-chave para a estruturação de modelos de gestão mais efetivos. Relações informais, invisíveis nas redes de fornecimento e contratos, acontecem dentro de uma lógica cooperativa, e são importantes na coordenação do projeto. Em termos gerenciais, as contribuições centraram-se na compreensão da estrutura relacional dos PIOs, de seu funcionamento, e em aspectos relacionados às implicações das propriedades estruturais para seu gerenciamento. A composição e organização dos PIOs foi revelada assim como a importância da cooperação ou de uma estrutura relacional que estimule a cooperação entre os participantes do projeto.
One of the priorities of sustainable world agenda is promoting the use of renewable energy sources, like wind power. The growth of this source developed an industry in Europe and in the United States to supply the demand of these precursors markets. Recently (in the last decade), Brazil along with China and India has been investing in wind generation and emerging on the world scenario. The deployment of wind farms happens through inter-organizational projects (IOPs), involving shared activities among companies with different interests and capabilities in an environment of risks and uncertainties. This research aims to contribute to the still new topic of the wind industry IOPs, having support in recent progress of knowledge on networks and structural properties. Its main goal is to understand how the characteristics of networks established in the context of wind power generation IOPs affect the development of Brazilian initiatives. Recent studies have adopted social networking perspective for understanding and improving relations in IOPs. In these studies, IOPs are understood as a network of interdependent actors that can be detailed from their structural properties at various levels. Network mapping, analysis and characterization from multiple levels shed light to issues hitherto complex for the development of wind farms. The introduction of the triadic level, still little explored in studies of interorganizational networks, enables new visions to actors structural and positional aspects. The networks are a relatively new phenomenon, and the field of study still resents the lack of research that address the relational structures between the actors. The joint use of quantitative approaches, with the adoption of social network analysis, and qualitative, based on semi-structured interviews, made it possible to incorporate different (and complementary) analysis perspectives to the phenomenon. In academic terms, one of the research contributions was the development of a theoretical framework for the structural properties of IOPs on many levels, reinforcing the explanatory power of the structure over the individual attributes of the actors. Another result was the identification of relations and key roles for structuring more effective management models. Informal relations, invisible in supply and procurement networks, happen within a cooperative logic and are important in coordinating the project. In managerial terms, the contributions focused on understanding the relational structure of the IOPs, their operation, and issues related to the implications of the structural properties to its management. The composition and organization of IOPs was revealed as well as the importance of cooperation or of a relational structure that encourages cooperation between project participants.
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Polizel, Luiz Henrique. "Metodologia de prospecção e avaliação de pré-viabilidade expedita de geração distribuída (GD): caso eólico e hidraúlico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-17012008-114829/.
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Estudos convencionais de identificacao e de viabilidade de potenciais de producao de energia eletrica eolica e hidroeletrica de pequena escala demandam trabalhos de campo que, muitas vezes, implicam na inviabilidade economica do negocio em funcao dos seus onerosos custos. Alem disso, a execucao desses trabalhos nao assegura ao investidor a recuperacao desses onerosos recursos despendidos, principalmente se o potencial estudado apresentar inviabilidade tecnico-economica. Acrescenta-se ainda a esse risco, a possibilidade do investidorexecutor dos estudos iniciais (estimativa e inventario/viabilidade) nao contrair a outorga de exploracao do potencial, que e oferecida publicamente pelo Orgao Regulador. Entretanto, esse risco pode ser mitigado com a indicacao orientativa de viabilidade, com custos reduzidos. Por outro lado, ha uma forte tendencia de implantacao de pequenas centrais de producao de energia, caracterizadas como \"Geracao Distribuida\" (GD), em virtude dos atuais incentivos regulatorios para essas fontes, das recentes restricoes ambientais e da escassez de investimentos em grandes projetos. Neste contexto, esta dissertacao apresenta um modelo de obtencao de pre-viabilidade de potenciais fundamentado em caracteristicas tecnicas de componentes de Usinas Eolicas (EOL\'s) e Pequenas Centrais Hidreletricas (PCH\'s), com atributos fisicos geograficamente representados e consultados em um ambiente de geoprocessamento informatizado. Esse modelo proposto realiza estimativa de indicadores tecnico-economicos de centrais, produzindo estudos de pre-viabilidade com rapidez e baixo custo. De posse desse modelo o investidor pode simular a implementacao de varios aproveitamentos eolicos e hidroeletricos, antes de mobilizacao e de levantamentos de campo mais precisos e onerosos, obtendo dessa forma orientacoes importantes para direcionar sua atencao, com minimizacao de incertezas envolvidas na pre-viabilidade do potencial.Identification and viability studies on small scale production of electrical energy based on wind and hydro power conventionally demand onerous field work whose costs frequently imply economic unfeasibility of the business. Moreover, the execution of these works does not assure that the investor will recover its expended resources, mainly if the potential analysis of the business demonstrates its technical and economic unfeasibility. Additionally, there is the possibility of not contracting the concession to this potential exploration, which is publicly offered by the Regulatory Agency, by the investor-executor of the initial studies (estimative, inventory and viability). However, this risk can be mitigated by the guiding indication of viability, with reduced costs. On the other hand, it has one strong trend of implantation of smallscale power generation, characterized as \"Distributed Generation\" (DG), because of its current legal incentives and also because of the recent ecological restrictions and the scarcity of investments in large enterprises. In this context, this work presents a pre-viability of potentials attainment model based on technical characteristics of Wind Plants and Small Hydroelectric Plants (SHP\'s) components, whose physical attributes are geographically represented and consulted in a geographic information system. The proposed model estimates the technical and economical pointers of power plants, producing fast and low-cost studies of pre-viability. Trough this model the investor can simulate wind power and hydropower exploration before mobilizating onerous and accurate field researches, getting an important guiding to its priorities, minimizing uncertainties in the process.
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VENUTA, MARIA LUISA. "La città da energivora a nodo attivo delle reti di produzione e di scambio energetico." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/85.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Il concetto di rete dell'informazione può diventare uno schema logico con cui descrivere l'evoluzione delle politiche sulle energie rinnovabili e sulla sostenibilità?
La ricerca è stata svolta analizzando l'architettura delle due reti (internet e reti energetiche) e l'evoluzione del bene prodotto e distribuito nella rete energetica, l'energia, esplicitando l'accessibilità da parte della distribuzione mondiale delle risorse petrolifere tradizionali e delle risorse rinnovabili. La struttura metodologica del progetto di ricerca si basa due tipi di analisi teorica:
1) l'analisi della nascita delle società in rete attraverso le teorie di Manuel Castells (concetto di spazio di flussi) e di Saskia Sassen e l'evoluzione delle città (cap.2 e cap.5)
2) le analisi dei flussi dei materiali e delle energie avendo come riferimento metodologico l'approccio ecologico ideato dai ricercatori dell'istituto per il Clima, l'Ambiente e l'Energia di Wuppertal, Germania (cap.3 e cap.4)
La contraddizione tra città innovative e città che sono ai livelli di enormi discariche o di baraccopoli è esposta nel cap.6 attraverso casi studio e progetto dei Programmi Europei.
Nell'ultimo capitolo (cap.7) si riassumono le ipotesi di partenza e i risultati della ricerca e si espongono le questioni aperte.Can internet logic scheme be used as a basis to describe public policies evolution on renewable energies production and sharing in urban areas all over the world? The research project analyses the two networks (internet and energetic grids) architectures in actual and future urban areas. This analysis is connected with present and future forecasts energy productions from traditional fuels and from renewable sources. Theoretical analysis is conducted following a double conceptual pathway: - societal networks (Manuel Castells theory) and urban areas evolution (Saskia Sassen and Mike Davis) in order to picture the evolution of cities and towns in modern economies and in developing countries (Chapters 2 and 5); - Material and Energy Flow Analysis (approach by Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy) applied to renewable energy (Chapters 3 and 4) In Chapter 6 case studies are exposed on the deep cleavage between two different worlds: innovative, rich towns on a side and the landfills cities, slums on the other side. In the last part hypothesis and thesis are put together and open questions are explained (Chapter 7).
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VENUTA, MARIA LUISA. "La città da energivora a nodo attivo delle reti di produzione e di scambio energetico." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/85.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Il concetto di rete dell'informazione può diventare uno schema logico con cui descrivere l'evoluzione delle politiche sulle energie rinnovabili e sulla sostenibilità?
La ricerca è stata svolta analizzando l'architettura delle due reti (internet e reti energetiche) e l'evoluzione del bene prodotto e distribuito nella rete energetica, l'energia, esplicitando l'accessibilità da parte della distribuzione mondiale delle risorse petrolifere tradizionali e delle risorse rinnovabili. La struttura metodologica del progetto di ricerca si basa due tipi di analisi teorica:
1) l'analisi della nascita delle società in rete attraverso le teorie di Manuel Castells (concetto di spazio di flussi) e di Saskia Sassen e l'evoluzione delle città (cap.2 e cap.5)
2) le analisi dei flussi dei materiali e delle energie avendo come riferimento metodologico l'approccio ecologico ideato dai ricercatori dell'istituto per il Clima, l'Ambiente e l'Energia di Wuppertal, Germania (cap.3 e cap.4)
La contraddizione tra città innovative e città che sono ai livelli di enormi discariche o di baraccopoli è esposta nel cap.6 attraverso casi studio e progetto dei Programmi Europei.
Nell'ultimo capitolo (cap.7) si riassumono le ipotesi di partenza e i risultati della ricerca e si espongono le questioni aperte.Can internet logic scheme be used as a basis to describe public policies evolution on renewable energies production and sharing in urban areas all over the world? The research project analyses the two networks (internet and energetic grids) architectures in actual and future urban areas. This analysis is connected with present and future forecasts energy productions from traditional fuels and from renewable sources. Theoretical analysis is conducted following a double conceptual pathway: - societal networks (Manuel Castells theory) and urban areas evolution (Saskia Sassen and Mike Davis) in order to picture the evolution of cities and towns in modern economies and in developing countries (Chapters 2 and 5); - Material and Energy Flow Analysis (approach by Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy) applied to renewable energy (Chapters 3 and 4) In Chapter 6 case studies are exposed on the deep cleavage between two different worlds: innovative, rich towns on a side and the landfills cities, slums on the other side. In the last part hypothesis and thesis are put together and open questions are explained (Chapter 7).
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Lin, M.-C., and 林明照. "Applying RETScreen Software Platform to Wind Energy Project AnalysisApplying RETScreen Software Platform to Wind Energy Project Analysis." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14211553076349340993.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系碩士班
94
The objective of this thesis is to apply the RETScreen software platform to evaluating wind energy projects. The projects studied include Shi-Men Wind Farm and Dan-Darn Wind Farm in north Taiwan, Her-San Wind Farm in south Taiwan, and Chung-Twen Wind Farm in Penghu. The research was carried by following the procedures, learning how to operate the RETScreen software platform, collecting the parameters of the wind farm projects, doing the simulations, and analyzing the results. The results showed that the wind farm projects will be profitable in about 12 years. This study is valuable for system planning and further expansion of wind farms.
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Hung, Mei-Ching, and 洪玫菁. "Evaluation of Offshore Wind Energy Project in Taiwan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59470275106712619745.
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碩士國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
104
As the world is dedicated to carrying out the development of low carbon environment, Taiwan government announced “Thousand Wind Turbines Project” in 2012, which aims to build up 1,000 sets of wind turbines and generate over 4,000 megawatts by 2030. Therefore how to evaluate the offshore wind energy companies has become an important issue. In order to design a proper business evaluation model for Taiwan offshore wind energy industry, this study performs empirical tests and comprehensive comparison by adopting market comparison approach, free cash flow valuation model, venture capital method and real option valuation model based on the accessibility of data. Venture capital method and real option valuation model show similar empirical results that meet what this study anticipates while P/E ratio approach and free cash flow valuation model overestimate the value. Hopefully the empirical results can be utilized by developers, governments, academic institutions and bankers for a reference of evaluating the offshore wind energy industry in order to make the right decisions.
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Shaw, Stephanie. "Development and Validation of the Wind Energy Calculator (WEC) for use as a module in the larger Complimentary Energy Decision Support Tool (CEDST) project." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3862.
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The Complimentary Energy Decision Support Tool (CEDST) was conceived to be a renewable energy calculator designed specifically for rural sites and agricultural operations in Ontario, though could easily assess urban sites as well, and equipped with the ability to compare the feasibility of different technologies. The Wind Energy Calculator (WEC) component of the CEDST project was the focus of this thesis and was developed since research revealed no current wind prediction tools that met CEDST needs. Verification of WEC predictions found prediction accuracy to have bounds of +/- 60% on actual turbine energy production and was equivalent to the actual generation for 21% of cases. The discrepancy could have resulted from unusual annual wind speeds, which had no significant impact on project economics when analysed. Many cases revealed that 10 kW turbines are not feasible projects under the Feed-in Tariff program and that turbines begin to become economical around 35 kW.University of Guelph, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Poultry Industry Council (PIC), Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), and Egg Farmers of Ontario
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TSAI, CHENG-CHIEH, and 蔡政杰. "The Study on The Energy Policy and Legislation of Offshore Wind Power in United Kingdom - The examples of Project Financing, and GIB in Offshore Wind Power Project." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a62kfd.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
科技法律研究所
104
There are different challenge around the issues of energy and environment, all the countries in the world getting some way to face the challenge. Reducing carbon emissions is an international consensus. In order to solving the crisis of the energy security, variety of potential renewable energy has developing. This paper will focus on the offshore wind power development of UK. In the UK, offshore wind energy is one of the importance in a number of renewable energy. Because of UK government is seriously and support to develop the offshore wind energy. Shortly, UK became as a leader in the world of offshore wind energy. Offshore wind power industry can establish an industry supply chain, while reducing carbon emissions, so it has much concern of the developing . . However, the offshore wind power development is not so smooth in UK. On environmental assessment and funding sources, its biggest drawback is that the site of offshore wind farms may cause effects of ecology, routes, fishing. Such as the UK's largest offshore wind farm, London Array, due to the local ecology is affected and some of the fund, also because the initial development cost required is too large and could not foresee their income, so most investors mostly on the sidelines. So that industry could not be more efficient development and application, thereby affecting the continuity of the development of the industry. Fortunately, the UK Government is committed to promoting various policies and regulations, like EMR, RO, CFD. And the establishment of the UK Green Investment Bank and UK Guarantees Scheme as well as a leader in the industry to attract private capital investment, so that the UK offshore wind development can operate smoothly. This article will explore trends in the UK offshore wind development and examine its advantages and disadvantages to comment. Especially the recent investment and project financing of related systems encounter difficulties on the UK offshore wind power generation. Hope this paper can be used as one indicator of future promotion of offshore wind-related policies and regulations system. Keyword: United Kingdom, Offshore wind, Project finance, Green Investment Bank, UK Guarantees Scheme
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Yang, Tsu-Wei, and 楊祖維. "Analysis of Renewable Energy Industry in Taiwan Using Real Option：A Case Study of Offshore Wind Power Project." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9z4k3e.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立交通大學
財務金融研究所
107
In recent years, the government has been pushing for the development of renewable energy industry for energy transition. The Legislative Yuan passed amendments to the Renewable Energy Development Act in 2019. The amendments allow renewable energy developers to switch to selling the electricity to the government if they have signed a corporate power purchase agreement with a private entity. And the feed in tariff rate which is buying price of the government is based on the date of the initial grid connection. In comparison with the past which the developers can only sell electricity to the government, the investment project value of renewable energy developers is increased by the flexibility value. This paper uses real option method to evaluate the flexibility and find the optimal decision making of the renewable energy developers and the government. The result of a case study involving the offshore wind farm in Taiwan completed in 2021 shows that the project value increases by 15%. In the scenario analysis part we find that the maximum project value of renewable energy will happen when the volatility of non-renewable energy is high, the feed in tariff rate applied in 2019 is tiered, renewable energy certificates price is high, the feed in tariff rate in 2021 is high. we also find that the renewable energy developers tend to sell electricity to a private entity in the same scenario except that the feed in tariff rate in 2021 is low which means that under such a scenario the free renewable energy market is the most active.
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Williams, Andre David, and 安德雷. "An Economic Evaluation of Wind Energy Development in the Developing Caribbean Region: A Case Study of a Proposed Wind Farm Project in St. Vincent." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96051974206804828401.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中央大學
國際環境永續發展碩士在職專班國際專班
100
The use of wind energy has ballooned over the year as exemplified by the accretion from 18.5 gigawatts (GW) in 2000 to 199.5 GW in 2010 making it one of the fastest growing renewable energy sources (RES) today. The main catalytic drivers responsible for this rapid growth are technological advances in wind turbine designs and reduction in the setup cost. Wind energy development is mainly concerted in the developed countries and it has become an intrinsic part of their energy mix. However, the use of wind energy is exiguous in small island developing states in the Caribbean region (CR) where conditions are conducive to foment wind energy development. Today, many of the islands in the CR, including Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG), are exploring the prospect of wind energy development. This thesis aims to evaluate the economic and social attributes of wind energy development in SVG. One of the commitments by the Government of SVG is to increase the use of RES in the electricity sector to 30% by 2015. Consequently, the Government is planning to construct a 4 MW wind farm hence an economic evaluation is eminent to assess its viability. A financial assessment of the project is pertinent to the economic evaluation and hereof, the benefit-cost analysis tool was employed. In addition, further economic benefits to be derived from the project such as savings of fossil fuel, greenhouse gases abated, and the reduction in operation and maintenance cost compared to traditional power generation were evaluated. Public attitude and acceptance of wind energy development may not always be preferential and given the diminutive size of SVG, the research also focuses on the social desirability of wind energy development. To elicit the publics’ preferences and to ascertain their willingness to pay (WTP) for the wind farm, the Contingent Valuation Method was applied. Additionally, there are incommensurable benefits and cost which are vital to decision making when considering an energy source for electricity and the Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was adopted to amalgamate them in the appraisement. The initial setup cost of the project is estimated at US$5.5 million, with a net present value of US$104,900 (2013) and an internal rate of return of 11%, which designate a viable venture for any developer. The economic evaluation revealed that the present value of the total costs amounted to US$7.8 million while the commensurable benefits totalled US$28.8 million over the 20-year lifespan of the project. The analysis of the contingent valuation suggests that the public disposition to wind energy is positive and their acceptance of the wind farm is high. Furthermore, the payment card analysis showed that the respondents are WTP US$11.50 and US$10.39 a month for 1 year on their monthly electricity bill via the non-parametric and parametric approach respectively. This is equivalent to a present value of US$0.40 per kilowatt hour which is higher than the current cost of electricity of US$0.36. To further strengthen the support of wind energy development, the weighted sum method of the MCDA pointed to wind energy as the preferred alternative.
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Lemus, Ingrid Beatriz Sologaistoa, and 施英莉. "A feasibility study of small-scale wind energy (SSWE) project in the neighborhood of Vizcaya, Santa Catarina Pinula, Guatemala." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33210637400196674464.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中央大學
國際永續發展碩士在職專班
103
Wind power has experienced rapid global growth with a 60% increase from 2010 (198 GW of installed capacity) to 2013 (318 GW of installed capacity), and approximately 20% increase per year in average. There has been a tendency to increase installed capacity, height, and rotor diameter. However, small scale wind energy systems, which are used on residential, agricultural, commercial, government and industrial sites to generate their own clean and cost-effective electricity, are also growing in international markets. These small turbines have an installed capacity of up to 50 kW, rotor diameters between 3 m and 10 m, and are between 3 m to 20 m high. This thesis aims to determine the feasibility of a SSWE project in the residential area of Vizcaya in Santa Catarina Pinula, Guatemala. To do so wind speeds and wind direction characteristics were analyzed through Excel and Windographer software to determine the power density of the area. Afterwards, a turbine model was selected and the power output was analyzed using the specifications of that turbine. At the same time, the targeted neighborhood‟s attitude towards the small wind project was evaluated to determine their acceptance and their willingness to pay (WTP). A financial analysis was made calculating a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), which is an assessment of the average total cost of a power asset to be built and operated over its lifetime divided by the total power output over that same lifetime. The LCOE was calculated under different scenarios and then compared to the neighbors‟ WTP to determine under which conditions the project would be feasible. Finally, an emissions mitigation analysis was carried out to determine the tons of CO2 that would be mitigated through this wind power project. The chosen wind turbine, a STEP V2, which is manufactured by STEP Energysystems, in Austria, has an average net power output of 2.41 kW at 20 m with monthly averages ranging between 0.4 kW (June) and 6.3 kW (February). Neighbors currently buy electricity at US$0.19/kWh, and even though their knowledge on wind power and about the project itself is low, their WTP for energy from a wind project without deep information about it is surprisingly about US$0.23/kWh. Through a financial and sensitivity analysis, it was determined that a group of turbines is needed not only to supply the demand but to meet their WTP. Under the most optimistic scenario, at least fifteen wind turbines are needed, and under the most conservative scenario it wouldn‟t be possible to meet the neighborhood‟s current WTP making the project not feasible. Furthermore, it was determined that through this case study there is an annual net GHG (greenhouse gas) emission mitigation of 92.8 tons of CO2 per year. This small wind project proved to be feasible under one scenario without considering grants or policies, and without considering carbon grants or any other environmental benefit that can be transformed into economic benefits. Therefore, the project is more attractive if policies were placed to economically benefit wind projects, if grants could be obtained for the development of the project, and if the project‟s mitigated emissions were to economically be taken into account.
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Padrão, Mariana Costa Rebelo. "Project finance in renewable energy : risk mitigation matrixes with proposed application to Hydrogen investment." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35752.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The decarbonization goals set for 2050 in Europe are ambitious and private investment, together with public incentives, will be crucial to achieve them. However, as agreed by researchers, private investors are more risk averse, especially in large, long-term and capital-intensive infrastructure projects. Therefore, Project Finance structures along successful risk management techniques will be of utmost importance for rapidly captivating the capital needed. This study aims, then, to learn from knowledge and experience developed on Risk Management on PF in Renewable Energy projects, propose best courses of action and analyze the challenges ahead of Hydrogen investment. It questions the position of Risk Identification/Mitigation in PF, the key risks and underlying mitigants on RE investments through PF, while evaluating their similarity to the investment risks in current Hydrogen investment. The research develops on a collection of current knowledge (both academic and from industry) on PF and RE Risk, separately, later supporting the proposal of a Risk Mitigation Matrix. The test against a case study highlights the importance of Risk Management, as well as due diligence, reinforcing each other. Moreover, the Risk Matrix is demonstrated to cover the key risks and common mitigators under PF structures in RE. This beneficial application is then proposed to Hydrogen investment, where it was possible to match generic risks identified for Hydrogen investments, and validate the merits of the matrixes. Governments are also invited to use the Risk Matrixes, understanding how to mitigate the key risks to capture private investment and allow sustainable maintenance of Hydrogen momentum.Os objetivos Europeus de descarbonização definidos para 2050 são ambiciosos e a sua realização requer tanto investimento privado, como incentivos públicos. No entanto, os investidores privados são mais adversos ao risco, especialmente em projetos de infraestruturas de longo prazo e intensivos em capital, tornando soluções de Project Finance (PF), em conjunto com técnicas de Gestão de Risco eficazes cruciais para cativar o capital necessário com a maior brevidade. Este estudo foca-se na análise do conhecimento e experiência de Gestão de Risco em PF no âmbito de projetos de Energias Renováveis, propõe melhores práticas e analisa os desafios inerentes ao investimento em Hidrogénio Verde. Os problemas abordados centram-se no papel dos processos de gestão de risco em PF em energias renováveis, nos riscos mais prementes e mitigantes, fazendo o paralelismo com os riscos de investimento em Hidrogénio e avaliando a sua similaridade. O estudo parte de uma compilação de conhecimento existente (quer académico, quer prático) sobre riscos presentes em PF e em projetos de energias renováveis, reunindo-os numa Matriz Teórica de Mitigação de Risco. A importância da Gestão de Risco e Due Diligence é reforçada através do teste das matrizes num caso de estudo, onde se constata que estas se valorizam mutuamente. A utilização das Matrizes de Risco é, então, proposta para futuros projetos de Hidrogénio, onde os governos poderão aplicá-las, analisando como colaborar na mitigação dos riscos presentes para, assim, promover o investimento privado e materializar de forma sustentável o momentum em torno da tecnologia do Hidrogénio.
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Calderon, Gilberto Adolfo. "Wind energy projects in Mexico." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-571.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interest in renewable energy has grown in recent decades because of environmental effects of fossil fuels and technological advances that have made some renewable energy technologies competitive with conventional gas fired power plants. Wind energy is playing a major role in increasing renewable energy’s share of electricity production worldwide. The global installed capacity of wind power has grown at a rate of more than 20% each year since the year 2000 (WWEA, 2009).
Currently, the Mexican electricity sector is comprised of fossil fuel fired power plants. However, Mexico has a large endowment of renewable energy resources that can be harnessed to generate electricity. For example, the Comisión Reguladora de Energía estimates that Oaxaca´s wind power potential is about 10,000 MW (CRE, 2006). Studies have shown that Baja California´s wind power potential is also about 10,000 MW (KEMA, 2008).
This thesis focuses on wind energy because it is expected to grow at the fastest rate during the next decade in Mexico relative to other renewable energy sources (Sener, 2008). Mexico’s installed wind power capacity is 202.5 MW. This capacity will increase by 456 MW by the end of 2010. Another 2,123 MW will be added during the period 2010-2012 (AMDEE, 2006).
This research investigates various aspects of the wind farm development process in Mexico. The initial chapters describe the electricity sector and its participants. Subsequent chapters describe the regulatory framework and the mechanisms used by private investors to finance renewable energy projects. The final chapters describe the economic aspects of wind energy projects using a conventional discounted cash flow model. Statistical simulation is used to estimate capacity factors, and design of experiments is used to statistically analyze performance under different scenarios.text
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Maia, Manuel Grais Baptista Marques. "Real options and wind energy in Spain : a comparison between onshore and offshore projects." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35750.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation performed an extensive research about valuation in the wind energy sector. A real options approach was taken in order to understand the optimal timing of investment in both onshore and floating offshore wind energy. This study also focused on the case of Spain, a leading country in onshore wind that is lagging behind in offshore wind. While the Spanish coast does not attract investment for bottom-fixed offshore projects, there is a suggestion that the floating offshore wind technology can be the solution. In order to develop a dynamic and flexible model, a stochastic approach was taken in order to compute the evolution of the uncertain variables. Moreover, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed, with 5000 paths being taken, together with 11 decision periods (in years). The results obtained showed the large economic value of waiting to invest in these technologies, due to high cost reductions over the simulated period. More specifically, floating offshore wind projects show huge growth prospects, having the capacity to possibly overcome onshore wind in value in the future. Finally, the study shows that even onshore wind projects still need time to maximize investment value, meaning investing today may not be optimal (in a scenario where no subsidies apply).Esta dissertação realizou uma pesquisa extensa sobre valorização no setor de energia eólica. O método escolhido para descobrir o tempo ótimo de investimento foi o de opções reais, tanto para a energia eólica terrestre como marítima flutuante. Este estudo também se focou no caso espanhol um país líder no setor eólico terrestre, mas que está claramente atrasado no setor eólico marítimo. Apesar das características da costa espanhola não permitirem um investimento lucrativo no caso de turbinas de vento fixas ao solo, há uma sugestão de que a tecnologia flutuante pode oferecer soluções. De forma a desenvolver um modelo dinâmico e flexível, uma abordagem estocástica foi introduzida para calcular as variáveis incertas. Consequentemente, uma simulação de Monte Carlo foi realizada, com 5000 caminhos diferentes a serem simulados para 11 períodos (anos) de decisão. Os resultados obtidos mostram o grande valor económico de esperar para investir nestas tecnologias, devido a enormes reduções de custo. Concretamente, a tecnologia flutuante mostra grandes perspetivas de crescimento, podendo até ultrapassar a energia eólica terrestre. Por último, o estudo mostra que até os projetos terrestres necessitam de tempo para maximizar o valor de investimento, o que significa que investir hoje pode não ser ótimo (num cenário onde os subsídios são excluídos).