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1
Walden, Brian E., Rauna K. Surr, Mary T. Cord, Ken W. Grant, Van Summers, and Andrew B. Dittberner. "The Robustness of Hearing Aid Microphone Preferences in Everyday Listening Environments." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 18, no. 05 (May 2007): 358–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.18.5.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Automatic directionality algorithms currently implemented in hearing aids assume that hearing-impaired persons with similar hearing losses will prefer the same microphone processing mode in a specific everyday listening environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the robustness of microphone preferences in everyday listening. Two hearing-impaired persons made microphone preference judgments (omnidirectional preferred, directional preferred, no preference) in a variety of everyday listening situations. Simultaneously, these acoustic environments were recorded through the omnidirectional and directional microphone processing modes. The acoustic recordings were later presented in a laboratory setting for microphone preferences to the original two listeners and other listeners who differed in hearing ability and experience with directional microphone processing. The original two listeners were able to replicate their live microphone preferences in the laboratory with a high degree of accuracy. This suggests that the basis of the original live microphone preferences were largely represented in the acoustic recordings. Other hearing-impaired and normal-hearing participants who listened to the environmental recordings also accurately replicated the original live omnidirectional preferences; however, directional preferences were not as robust across the listeners. When the laboratory rating did not replicate the live directional microphone preference, listeners almost always expressed no preference for either microphone mode. Hence, a preference for omnidirectional processing was rarely expressed by any of the participants to recorded sites where directional processing had been preferred as a live judgment and vice versa. These results are interpreted to provide little basis for customizing automatic directionality algorithms for individual patients. The implications of these findings for hearing aid design are discussed. Los algoritmos automáticos de direccionalidad actualmente implementados en auxiliares auditivos asumen que las personas hipoacúsicas con pérdidas similares preferirán el mismo modo de procesamiento del micrófono en los ambientes cotidianos específicos de escucha. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la firmeza de las preferencias de micrófonos para la audición cotidiana. Dos personas hipoacúsicas establecieron juicios de preferencia en cuanto a los micrófonos (preferencia omnidireccional, preferencia direccional, sin preferencia) en una variedad de situaciones cotidianas de escucha. Simultáneamente, estos ambientes acústicos fueron registrados a través de modos omnidireccionales y direccionales de procesamiento del micrófono. Las grabaciones acústicas fueron luego presentadas en un contexto de laboratorio para preferencias del micrófono a los dos sujetos originales y a dos sujetos que diferían en su habilidad auditiva y en su experiencia con procesamiento direccional de micrófonos. Los dos sujetos originales pudieron replicar en el laboratorio sus preferencias de micrófono en vivo con un alto grado de exactitud. Esto sugiere que las bases para la preferencia original y aquella en vivo de los micrófonos fueron correctamente representadas en los registros acústicos. Otros participantes con hipoacusia y normoyentes que escucharon los registros ambientales también replicaron con exactitud las preferencias omnidireccionales originales en vivo; sin embargo, las preferencias direccionales no fueron tan consistentes entre todos ellos. Cuando la clasificación de laboratorio no replicó la preferencia direccional de micrófono en vivo, los sujetos casi siempre dejaron de expresar preferencia por ningún modo de micrófono. Por lo tanto, la preferencia para procesamiento omnidireccional raramente fue escogida por ninguno de los participantes para situaciones donde se había preferido el registro direccional como un juicio en vivo y viceversa. Se interpreta que estos resultados aportan poco en la búsqueda de adecuar automáticamente los algoritmos de direccionalidad para pacientes individuales. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos en el diseño de auxiliares auditivos.
2
Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio. "A Preference for Selfish Preferences." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 38, no. 3 (September 2008): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393108319470.
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Purcell, A. T., R. J. Lamb, E. Mainardi Peron, and S. Falchero. "Preference or preferences for landscape?" Journal of Environmental Psychology 14, no. 3 (September 1994): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-4944(94)80056-1.
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McLaughlin, John P. "Aesthetic preference and lateral preferences." Neuropsychologia 24, no. 4 (January 1986): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(86)90103-x.
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Kreitner, Roy. "Anti-preferences." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 22, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 299–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2021-0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This Article offers a critical evaluation of preference satisfaction as a frame for normative thinking. It begins with an internal critique of the way preferences work in normative economics, distinguishing among three elements: welfare; preferences; and choices. For preference satisfaction to work well, it must be able to bridge two gaps, one between choice and preferences, and another between preferences and welfare. In contexts where both those gaps are bridged, preference satisfaction offers a workable normative framework; where at least one of those gaps is unbridgeable, the framework should be treated with extreme caution if not jettisoned altogether. The Article then goes on to pursue an external critique, by asking what price we pay for using the preference satisfaction framework when it appears to perform well. The point of the critique is that even when preference satisfaction provides a good normative framework on its own terms, the framework obscures considerations that should not be ignored. By pursuing one concrete example, the Article shows how broad considerations regarding the implications of the regime of wage labor are absent from legal contemplation when labor law is imagined and shaped through the lens of preference satisfaction. The Article concludes with a speculation about how different theories of welfare might be employed in concert, rather than as alternatives. It suggests that a pluralism of theory is a way to expose the political stakes in the kinds of policy discussion where preference satisfaction is often a dominant way of thinking.
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Warren, Caleb, A. Peter McGraw, and Leaf Van Boven. "Values and preferences: defining preference construction." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 2, no. 2 (July 9, 2010): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.98.
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Fishburn, Peter C. "Ordered preference differences without ordered preferences." Synthese 67, no. 2 (May 1986): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00540076.
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Huang, Hui, Juan Zhang, Xuan Ren, and Xiang Zhou. "Greenness and Pricing Decisions of Cooperative Supply Chains Considering Altruistic Preferences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the development of the economy and science technology, global resource shortages and environmental pressures have become the focus of attention. More and more consumers tend to buy non-polluting and environmentally friendly green products, and many manufacturers and retailers are beginning to produce or sell green products to enhance their competitive advantage in the market. Considering the green preference attributes of consumers, the altruistic preference is introduced into the supply chain, and we establish four models: two cooperative manufacturers and one retailer are completely self-interested, one retailer has altruistic preference, two cooperative manufacturers have altruistic preferences, and two cooperative manufacturers and one retailer have altruistic preferences. We address the optimal greenness and pricing decisions of supply chain members, and analyze the impact of altruistic preferences on supply chain decision-making and profits. The results show that the altruistic preference coefficient can significantly affect the decision-making and the profits of supply chain members, and when two manufacturers and one retailer consider altruistic preferences, the altruistic preference coefficients adopted by the three parties are in the certain ranges, the supply chain members’ altruistic preference coefficients can increase the whole supply chain profit. Through analysis, in the three cases where the retailer has altruistic preferences, two manufacturers have altruistic preferences, and two manufacturers and one retailer have altruistic preferences, two manufacturers should adopt higher altruistic preference coefficients, and the retailer should adopt a lower altruistic preference coefficient, and the product greenness under the three altruistic preferences is higher than the product greenness when there is no altruistic preference.
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Williams, Evan G. "Preferences’ Significance Does Not Depend on Their Content." Journal of Moral Philosophy 13, no. 2 (March 16, 2016): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-4681064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Moral theories which include a preference-fulfillment aspect should not restrict their concern to some subset of people’s preferences such as “now-for-now” preferences. Instead, preferences with all contents—e.g. ones which are external, diachronic, or even modal—should be taken into account. I offer a conceptualization of preferences and preference fulfillment which allows us to understand odd species of preferences, and I give a series of examples showing what it would mean to fulfill such preferences and why we ought to do so.
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Miao, Bin, and Songfa Zhong. "Comment on “Risk Preferences Are Not Time Preferences”: Separating Risk and Time Preference." American Economic Review 105, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 2272–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20131183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Andreoni and Sprenger (2012a,b) observe that utility functions are distinct for risk and time preferences, and show that their findings are consistent with a preference for certainty. We revisit this question in an enriched experimental setting in which subjects make intertemporal decisions under different risk conditions. The observed choice behavior supports a separation between risk attitude and intertemporal substitution rather than a preference for certainty. We further show that several models, including Epstein and Zin (1989); Chew and Epstein (1990); and Halevy (2008) exhibit such a separation and can account for the overall experimental findings. (JEL C91, D81, D91)
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Griffey, Jack A. F., and Anthony C. Little. "Similarities in Human Visual and Declared Measures of Preference for Opposite-Sex Faces." Experimental Psychology 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000248.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Facial appearance in humans is associated with attraction and mate choice. Numerous studies have identified that adults display directional preferences for certain facial traits including symmetry, averageness, and sexually dimorphic traits. Typically, studies measuring human preference for these traits examine declared (e.g., choice or ratings of attractiveness) or visual preferences (e.g., looking time) of participants. However, the extent to which visual and declared preferences correspond remains relatively untested. In order to evaluate the relationship between these measures we examined visual and declared preferences displayed by men and women for opposite-sex faces manipulated across three dimensions (symmetry, averageness, and masculinity) and compared preferences from each method. Results indicated that participants displayed significant visual and declared preferences for symmetrical, average, and appropriately sexually dimorphic faces. We also found that declared and visual preferences correlated weakly but significantly. These data indicate that visual and declared preferences for manipulated facial stimuli produce similar directional preferences across participants and are also correlated with one another within participants. Both methods therefore may be considered appropriate to measure human preferences. However, while both methods appear likely to generate similar patterns of preference at the sample level, the weak nature of the correlation between visual and declared preferences in our data suggests some caution in assuming visual preferences are the same as declared preferences at the individual level. Because there are positive and negative factors in both methods for measuring preference, we suggest that a combined approach is most useful in outlining population level preferences for traits.
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Kähkönen, Kaisa, Mari Sandell, Anna Rönkä, Mika Hujo, and Outi Nuutinen. "Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Preferences Are Associated with Their Mothers’ and Fathers’ Preferences." Foods 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020261.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Children’s preference for fruit and vegetables must emerge during childhood. At children’s homes, mothers and fathers influence children’s developing food preferences with their own preferences and actions. The purpose of the study was to reveal the association parents have with their children’s fruit and vegetable preferences. The study was conducted in a sample of Finnish mothers and fathers of 3–5-year-old children. The participants were recruited, and questionnaires distributed through early childhood education and care centers in 2014 and 2015. The results showed considerable variance in the children’s preferences, and were more similar with their father’s, than their mother’s preference. There was an association between mother’s and children’s preference for “strong-tasting vegetables and berries“ (p = 0.005), “sweet-tasting fruit“ (p < 0.001) and “common vegetables“ (p = 0.037). Fathers preferences associated with children’s preferences for “strong-tasting vegetables and berries“ (p = 0.003). Food neophobia decreased children’s “strong-tasting vegetables and berries“ (p < 0.001) and “sweet-tasting fruit“ (p < 0.001) preferences. The father’s more relaxed attitude towards eating decreased children’s preferences for “strong-tasting vegetables and berries“ (p = 0.031) and “sweet-tasting fruit“ (p = 0.003). These findings indicate a need for more targeted strategies for increasing children’s preferences for fruit and vegetables and highlight the importance of taking both parents equally into account.
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Andreoni, James, and Charles Sprenger. "Risk Preferences Are Not Time Preferences." American Economic Review 102, no. 7 (December 1, 2012): 3357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.7.3357.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Risk and time are intertwined. The present is known while the future is inherently risky. This is problematic when studying time preferences since uncontrolled risk can generate apparently present-biased behavior. We systematically manipulate risk in an intertemporal choice experiment. Discounted expected utility performs well with risk, but when certainty is added common ratio predictions fail sharply. The data cannot be explained by prospect theory, hyperbolic discounting, or preferences for resolution of uncertainty, but seem consistent with a direct preference for certainty. The data suggest strongly a difference between risk and time preferences. (JEL C91 D81 D91)
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Brewka, Gerhard, Miroslaw Truszczynski, and Stefan Woltran. "Representing Preferences Among Sets." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 24, no. 1 (July 3, 2010): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v24i1.7584.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We study methods to specify preferences among subsets of a set (auniverse). The methods we focus on are of two types. The first one assumes the universe comes with a preference relation on its elements and attempts to lift that relation to subsets of the universe. That approach has limited expressivity but results in orderings that capture interesting general preference principles. The second method consists of developing formalisms allowing the user to specify "atomic" improvements, and generating from them preferences on the powerset of the universe. We show that the particular formalism we propose is expressive enough to capture the lifted preference relations of the first approach, and generalizes propositional CP-nets. We discuss the importance of domain-independent methods for specifying preferences on sets for knowledge representation formalisms, selecting the formalism of argumentation frameworks as an illustrative example.
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Dung, Phan Minh, Phan Minh Thang, and Tran Cao Son. "On Structured Argumentation with Conditional Preferences." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 2792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33012792.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We study defeasible knowledge bases with conditional preferences (DKB). A DKB consists of a set of undisputed facts and a rule-based system that contains different types of rules: strict, defeasible, and preference. A major challenge in defining the semantics of DKB lies in determining how conditional preferences interact with the attack relations represented by rebuts and undercuts, between arguments.
We introduce the notions of preference attack relations as sets of attacks between preference arguments and the rebuts or undercuts among arguments as well as of preference attack relation assignments which map knowledge bases to preference attack relations. We present five rational properties (referred to as regular properties), the inconsistency-resolving, effective rebuts, context-independence, attack monotonicity and link-orientation properties generalizing the properties of the same names for the case of unconditional preferences.
Preference attack relation assignment are defined as regular if they satisfy all regular properties. We show that the set of regular assignments forms a complete lower semilattice whose least element is referred to as the canonical preference attack relation assignment. Canonical attack relation assignment represents the semantics of preferences in defeasible knowledge bases as intuitively, it could be viewed as being uniquely identified by the regular properties together with the principle of minimal removal of undesired attacks. We also present the normal preference attack relation assignment as an approximation of the canonical attack relation assignment.
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Arlegi, Ricardo, and Jorge Nieto. "Incomplete preferences and the preference for flexibility." Mathematical Social Sciences 41, no. 2 (March 2001): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-4896(00)00058-5.
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Jonsson, Petur O. "On meta-preferences and incomplete preference maps." International Advances in Economic Research 2, no. 2 (May 1996): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295050.
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Bakker, Theo, and Reto Künzler. "Computer Animations as a Tool in the Study of Mating Preferences." Behaviour 135, no. 8 (1998): 1137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792913537.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe study of multiple female mating preferences and multiple male signals requires correct and precise measurement of preferences. A review is given of existing preference test paradigms. Non-interactive preference tests using computer animations perfectly fulfil the demands for the study of multiple preferences for visual traits: exclusion of confounding variables, exclusion of variation within and between male pairs, great potential of experimental manipulation of single and combinations of visual traits including behaviour. We give a detailed description for the production of computer animation movies based on commercial software. Finally, we show how computer animations can be properly applied to the testing of mating preferences. In sticklebacks, female mating preferences that were tested in this way agreed with preferences that were measured with other test paradigms.
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Zhang, Tengxiao, and Yunpeng Shi. "Color preference and color meaning in the context of flags." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 48, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8889.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Researchers have argued that people's general color preferences can readily be generalized to their color preferences for artificial objects. However, although a strong general preference for blue has been documented, recent researchers have reported a preference for red when viewed on national flags. We addressed this inconsistency by examining the flag color preferences of 181 Chinese participants across 3 contexts: own nation, allied nation, and enemy nation. We found that general color preferences did not generalize to flag color preferences, and that preferences varied across the different 3 flag contexts. Participants assessed competitive and affiliative meanings differently in terms of conformity to the most preferred flag colors across contexts, indicating that flags have different color meanings in different contexts. We have contributed to the field of color psychology by demonstrating the effect of the interaction between color and context on people's color preferences.
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Luo, Mingshi, Xiaoli Zhang, Jiao Li, Peipei Duan, and Shengnan Lu. "User Dynamic Preference Construction Method Based on Behavior Sequence." Scientific Programming 2022 (July 22, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6101045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
People’s needs are constantly changing, and the performance of traditional recommendation algorithms is no longer enough to meet the demand. Considering that users’ preferences change with time, the users’ behavior sequence hides the evolution and change law of users’ preferences, so mining the dependence of the users’ behavior sequence is extremely important to predict users’ dynamic preferences. From the perspective of constructing users’ dynamic preferences, this paper proposes a users’ dynamic preference model based on users’ behavior sequences. Firstly, the user’s interest model is divided into short-term and long-term interest models. The short-term interest reflects the user’s current preference, and the long-term interest refers to the user’s interest from all his historical behaviors, representing the user’s consistent and stable preference. Users’ dynamic preference is obtained by integrating short-term interest and long-term interest, which solves the problem that the user’s preference cannot reflect the change in the user’s interest in real-time. We use the public Amazon review dataset to test the model we propose in the paper. Our model achieves the best performance, with a maximum performance improvement of 15.21% compared with the basic model (BPR, NCF) and 2.04% compared with the sequence model (GRU4REC, Caser, etc.), which proves that the user’s dynamic preference model can effectively predict the user’s dynamic preference. Users’ dynamic preferences are helpful in predicting users’ real-time preferences, especially in the field of recommendation.
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Gandjour, Afschin. "Theoretical Foundation of Patient v. Population Preferences in Calculating QALYs." Medical Decision Making 30, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): E57—E63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x10370488.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cost-effectiveness of health care interventions is often evaluated using quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) as a measure of outcome. There is a debate on whether QALYs should use patient preferences as opposed to community preferences. This article shows that patient preferences have a theoretical foundation in preference-utilitarian theory and welfare economics. In contrast, this study found no compelling theoretical basis for community preferences. There is a need for further development of a normative framework to inform the choice of preference source.
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Li, Cong, Jiangmeng Liu, and Cheng Hong. "The Effect of Preference Stability and Extremity on Personalized Advertising." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 96, no. 2 (June 6, 2018): 406–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699018782203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Personalized advertising is widely believed to be an effective persuasion strategy. A typical personalized advertising process consists of two phases: The message sender first “learns” the message receiver’s preferences, and then “matches” the message to that person according to his or her preferences. The present study argues that this process may be problematic because it assumes that an individual’s preferences are always stable (i.e., preferences remain the same over time) and extreme (i.e., preferences are highly polarized). Through a 2 (message type: personalized vs. nonpersonalized) × 2 (preference stability: high vs. low) × 2 (preference extremity: high vs. low) between-participants experiment ( N = 227), it is shown that the effectiveness of personalized advertising is moderated by preference stability and extremity. A new conceptualization of personalization is proposed based on the study results, and how the two phases of personalized advertising may be refined is highlighted.
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Tudor, Scarlett, and Molly Morris. "Variation in male mate preference for female size in the swordtail Xiphophorus malinche." Behaviour 146, no. 6 (2009): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853909x446172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMale and female mate preferences have the potential to influence one another, and such interactions could help explain variation in female mate preferences. In Xiphophorus malinche, larger females prefer asymmetrical males while smaller females prefer symmetrical males. We used a two-part preference test to determine if there were differences in mate preferences between symmetrical and asymmetrical males for female size that could influence female mate preference. We found no significant difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical male's preferences. A preference for large female size was detected during the time males directly interacted with females and in standard dichotomous choice tests that followed, as long as the males had been isolated less than 30 days. We did detect variation in male preference for female size depending on male size and the amount of time a male was isolated. These results suggest that variation in male mate preference is not likely to have produced the difference in female preference for symmetry between large and small females, but should be considered where females vary in their preference for male size. In addition, our results suggest that males may shift their preferences from large to small females depending on time since last mating opportunity.
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Yang, Sha, and Greg M. Allenby. "Modeling Interdependent Consumer Preferences." Journal of Marketing Research 40, no. 3 (August 2003): 282–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.40.3.282.19240.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A consumer's preference for an offering can be influenced by the preferences of others in many ways, ranging from social identification and inclusion to the benefits of network externalities. In this article, the authors introduce a Bayesian spatial autoregressive discrete-choice model to study the preference interdependence among individual consumers. The autoregressive specification can reflect patterns of heterogeneity in which influence propagates within and across networks. These patterns cannot be modeled with standard random-effect specifications and can be difficult to capture with covariates in a linear model. The authors illustrate their model of interdependent preferences with data on automobile purchases and show that preferences for Japanese-made cars are related to geographically and demographically defined networks.
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Hasanzadeh, Kamyar, Marketta Kyttä, and Greg Brown. "Beyond Housing Preferences: Urban Structure and Actualisation of Residential Area Preferences." Urban Science 3, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3010021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The concept of residential housing preferences has been studied across multiple disciplines, with extensive literature supporting both stated and revealed preference methods. This study argues that both preference types, stated and revealed, should be assessed concurrently to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of residential housing choices. To provide evidence, this research used findings from a public participation GIS survey that identified the stated housing preferences associated with three categories of urban residents, which were called urban “tribes”. We implemented an analytical framework using fuzzy modelling to relate stated preferences with revealed preferences for the same individuals using empirical data describing the urban structure in Tampere, Finland. Following an analysis of the relationships between residents’ revealed preferences and urban structural variables, we examined the consistency of stated housing preferences with revealed preferences. The results show considerable mismatch between the stated and revealed preferences for the urban tribes that were examined i.e., the preferred housing environment was significantly different from the actual living environment. Further, the stated preferences showed disequilibrium within the current structure of the housing supply in Tampere. The findings can have important implications for housing policy making in Tampere. Further, the use of a novel fuzzy model approach demonstrated a flexible and tolerant method for working with imprecise and variable social data to capture subtle differences. Finally, this study elaborately discusses the remaining limitations and suggests how they should be addressed in future research.
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Schildberg-Hörisch, Hannah. "Are Risk Preferences Stable?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 32, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.32.2.135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is ultimately an empirical question whether risk preferences are stable over time. The evidence comes from diverse strands of literature, covering the stability of risk preferences in panel data over shorter periods of time, life-cycle dynamics in risk preferences, the possibly long-lasting effects of exogenous shocks on risk preferences as well as temporary variations in risk preferences. Individual risk preferences appear to be persistent and moderately stable over time, but their degree of stability is too low to be reconciled with the assumption of perfect stability in neoclassical economic theory. We offer an alternative conceptual framework for preference stability that builds on research regarding the stability of personality traits in psychology. The definition of stability used in psychology implies high levels of rank-order stability across individuals and not that the individual will maintain the same level of a trait over time. Preference parameters are considered as distributions with a mean that is significantly but less than perfectly stable, plus some systematic variance. This framework accommodates evidence on systematic changes in risk preferences over the life cycle, due to exogenous shocks such as economic crises or natural catastrophes, and due to temporary changes in self-control resources, emotions, or stress. We note that research on the stability of (risk) preferences is conceptually at the heart of microeconomics and systematic changes in risk preferences have vital real-world consequences.
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Salas-Molina, Francisco, David Pla-Santamaria, Ana Garcia-Bernabeu, and Javier Reig-Mullor. "A Compact Representation of Preferences in Multiple Criteria Optimization Problems." Mathematics 7, no. 11 (November 11, 2019): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7111092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A critical step in multiple criteria optimization is setting the preferences for all the criteria under consideration. Several methodologies have been proposed to compute the relative priority of criteria when preference relations can be expressed either by ordinal or by cardinal information. The analytic hierarchy process introduces relative priority levels and cardinal preferences. Lexicographical orders combine both ordinal and cardinal preferences and present the additional difficulty of establishing strict priority levels. To enhance the process of setting preferences, we propose a compact representation that subsumes the most common preference schemes in a single algebraic object. We use this representation to discuss the main properties of preferences within the context of multiple criteria optimization.
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Rabinowicz, Wlodek, and Jan Österberg. "Value Based on Preferences." Economics and Philosophy 12, no. 1 (April 1996): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100003692.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What distinguishes preference utilitarianism (PU) from other utilitarian positions is the axiological component: the view concerning what is intrinsically valuable. According to PU, intrinsic value is based on preferences. Intrinsically valuable states are connected to our preferences (wants, desires) being satisfied.
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Turley, Marianne, Susan Wang, Di Meng, Michael H. Kanter, and Terhilda Garrido. "An information model for automated assessment of concordance between advance care preferences and care delivered near the end of life." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, e1 (November 13, 2015): e118-e124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv149.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objective To develop an information model for automating evaluation of concordance between patient preferences and end-of-life care. Methods We modeled and validated 15 end-of-life care preference option domains, to which we mapped preferences recorded in standardized advance care planning documents and 232 end-of-life care events defined by procedure and medication codes. Patient preferences and end-of-life care events were available in electronic health records. Data from Kaiser Permanente Southern California modeling and testing populations were evaluated for concordance between patients’ preferences and the end-of-life care events they experienced. Results The information model successfully assessed concordance between patient preferences and end-of-life care events. Among 388 expired patients in the modeling population, 4164 care events occurred, 4100 (98%) of which were preference-concordant, and 64 (2%) of which were preference-discordant. Including end-of-life care events that did not occur increased the number of observations to 6029; 99% were preference-concordant. At the level of individuals, 72% (278) of patients experienced only preference-concordant care events, 13% (50) experienced at least one preference-discordant care event, and 15% (60) experienced no preference-related care events. Discussion Model limitations pertain to assumptions that are required to match advance care planning documents with patient preference options and exclusion of preferred care that did not occur. Further research is required to apply the model to larger populations and to investigate the need for additional preference options. Conclusion An information model for automating the assessment of the concordance between patients’ advance care planning preferences and the end-of-life care they received was effective in a small population and has the potential to assess population-level preference-concordance on an ongoing basis.
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Roes, Martina, and Kimberly Van Haitsma. "Variety of Identifying and Assessing Preferences of Everyday Living of Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1014.
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Abstract Identifying preference of older adults supports person-centred care. The most sophisticated instrument is the preference for everyday living inventory (PELI). The PELI has been translated into German language and tested in different care settings. For people who experience difficulties communicating their preference the PELI has been combined with photographs. The voice of older immigrants could lead to an enhancement of the PELI as well other preference tools. Thus, our symposium title: Variety of identifying and assessing preferences of everyday living of older adults. Our symposium includes four presentations: Dr. Bergmann will present data from a preference study in three different care settings (long-term care, nursing homes, adult day care) in Germany. The results indicate that the importance of certain preferences distinguishes between the care settings. Dr. Vanessa Burshnic will present data from her content validity study of photographs used to supplement the Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory-Nursing Home (PELI-NH) from the perspective of older adults. Content analysis revealed thematic codes describing participants’ photograph preferences including image quality, context, subject diversity, and relevance to long-term care. Mike Rommerskirch-Manietta will present results from a review to identify Instruments which can be used to assess preferences for everyday living of older adults. Interestingly instruments either represent multiple or only one domain. The study from Viktoria Peters-Nehrenheim does focus on preferences of older immigrants. She will present results how older immigrants (first generation) define preferences and how they can be assessed. Prof. Van Haitsma will be our discussant.
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Olsaretti, Serena. "Introduction." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 59 (July 31, 2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246106059017.
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In a number of debates in contemporary moral and political philosophy and philosophy of economics, philosophers hold the conviction that preferences have normative significance. A central assumption that underlies this conviction is that a cogent account of preference-formation can be developed. This is particularly evident in debates about well-being. Those who defend subjective accounts of well-being, on which a person’s life goes better for her to the extent that her preferences are satisfied, often qualify that account so that it does not include malformed or adaptive preferences (that is, preferences formed in non-autonomous ways, or humble preferences tailored to stifling circumstances), the satisfaction of which does not seem to contribute to well-being. This assumes that there is a normative standard of preference-formation with which to identify those preference that are malformed or adaptive in the relevant sense. An account of preference-formation is also important for philosophers who uphold an objective theory of well-being, on which well-being consists of the pursuit of objectively valuable goals, but who also believe in the value of freedom and thus emphasise the importance of respecting individuals’ choices among various goals. For they, too, in extolling the importance of respect for choices, assume that these choices are not distorted by inauthentically formed preferences, and thus also need an account of preference-formation to help distinguish those cases in which we ought to respect people’s choices from those in which we do not. In the vast literature on preferences, however, relatively little attention has been devoted to the
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Putri, Ronasari Mahaji, Susmini Susmini, and Neni Maemunah. "Preferences (Attitudes and Preferences of Vegetables) of School Children Reviewed from knowledge." STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan 9, no. 1 (May 3, 2020): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i1.233.
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However, in reality there are not many children who want to consume vegetables and fruits. The low consumption of vegetables and fruit in school children is due to multifactor. This study aims to determine the relationship of knowledge with preference (attitudes and preferences of vegetables). The design of the observational study using a cross sectional design.The population in this study were all children found in Yayasan Eleos Sukodadi Village, Wagir Sub-District, Malang Regency, with 57 children, with total sampling. The instrument uses 3 questionnaires with a total of 34 questions. Analysis of data to determine the relationship between preference knowledge (preferences and attitudes) of vegetables and fruit using rank spearman test.The results of the study show that most school children have sufficient knowledge (63,2%) and half of the respondents have good preferences (50.9%). The statistical test showed that there was no relationship between knowledge and vegetable preferences in school children
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DORSEY, DALE. "Preferences and Prudential Reasons." Utilitas 31, no. 2 (October 8, 2018): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820818000250.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Preference-based theories of prudential value seem to generate an absurd result when combined with commonplace platitudes about prudential rationality: it would seem that if the satisfaction of our preferences is the source (or even a source) of prudential value, then prudential rationality must be neutral (in, at least, a troubling range of cases) between taking steps to achieve the objects of one's preferences and merely engineering one's preferences to take as their object(s) that which obtains. Either way, one seems to conform to the prudential demand to promote one's well-being. But this is widely held to be counterintuitive. In this article, I argue that this verdict arises only given eminently controvertible interpretations of a preference-based axiology and of the constitution of prudential reasons.
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Furnham, Adrian. "Food Preferences and Dark-side Personality Traits." Psychology and Mental Health Care 6, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/148.
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This study investigated the association between a variety of taste preferences and the Dark Triad personality traits. We noted over twenty studies that linked personality to taste/beverage preference and experience. In this study just under 200 participants completed a personality and food preference questionnaire. Results demonstrated that dark side traits accounted for around ten percent of the variance in tastes, including bitter and sweet as well as alcohol and coffee strength preferences. For a number of the taste preference measures sensation seeking and harm aversive personality traits were particularly influential in determining taste preferences. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
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Kannan, Hanumanthrao, Garima V. Bhatia, Bryan L. Mesmer, and Benjamin Jantzen. "Theoretical Foundations for Preference Representation in Systems Engineering." Systems 7, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems7040055.
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The realization of large-scale complex engineered systems is contingent upon satisfaction of the preferences of the stakeholder. With numerous decisions being involved in all the aspects of the system lifecycle, from conception to disposal, it is critical to have an explicit and rigorous representation of stakeholder preferences to be communicated to key personnel in the organizational hierarchy. Past work on stakeholder preference representation and communication in systems engineering has been primarily requirement-driven. More recent value-based approaches still do not offer a rigorous framework on how to represent stakeholder preferences but assume that an overarching value function that can precisely capture stakeholder preferences exists. This article provides a formalism based on modal preference logic to aid in rigorous representation and communication of stakeholder preferences. Formal definitions for the different types of stakeholder preferences encountered in a systems engineering context are provided in addition to multiple theorems that improve the understanding of the relationship between stakeholder preferences and the solution space.
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Arlen, Jennifer, and Lewis A. Kornhauser. "Does the Law Change Preferences?" Theoretical Inquiries in Law 22, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 175–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2021-0021.
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Abstract “I would prefer not” HERMAN MELVILLE, BARTLEBY THE SCRIVENER: A STORY OF WALL STREET (1853), reprinted in THE PIAZZA TALES 32, 48 (London, Sampson Low, Son & Co. 1856). Scholars have recently challenged the claim in classical deterrence theory that law influences behavior only through the expected sanction imposed. Some go further and argue that law may also “shape preferences,” changing people’s wants and values. In this Article, we analyze existing claims that criminal and civil law alter preferences and conclude that none suggest that the law shapes preferences. We first clarify this preference-shaping claim by elaborating the structure of rational choice theory generally and “preference” in particular. We then investigate three mechanisms of legal influence suggested by the preference-shaping literature: (1) the “serious harm” mechanism; (2) the “social norm” mechanism; and (3) the “self-improvement” mechanism. We then show that each of these mechanisms operates by changing the agent’s beliefs about the attributes or consequences of her choice options rather than by changing her preferences.
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Delsing, Marc J. M. H., Tom F. M. ter Bogt, Rutger C. M. E. Engels, and Wim H. J. Meeus. "Adolescents' music preferences and personality characteristics." European Journal of Personality 22, no. 2 (March 2008): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.665.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present paper examined the structure of Dutch adolescents' music preferences, the stability of music preferences and the relations between Big‐Five personality characteristics and (changes in) music preferences. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of music‐preference data from 2334 adolescents aged 12–19 revealed four clearly interpretable music‐preference dimensions: Rock, Elite, Urban and Pop/Dance. One thousand and forty‐four randomly selected adolescents from the original sample filled out questionnaires on music preferences and personality at three follow‐up measurements. In addition to being relatively stable over 1, 2 and 3‐year intervals, music preferences were found to be consistently related to personality characteristics, generally confirming prior research in the United States. Personality characteristics were also found to predict changes in music preferences over a 3‐year interval. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Chawla, Deepak, Afsha Dokadia, and Snigdha Rai. "Multigenerational Differences in Career Preferences, Reward Preferences and Work Engagement among Indian Employees." Global Business Review 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150916666964.
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The purpose of the present study is to empirically examine the multigenerational differences in career preferences, reward preferences and work engagement among three generations (senior generation, generation X and generation Y). Data were collected with the help of an online questionnaire from 653 working executives working in different Indian public and private organizations. Significance of differences in career preference, reward preference and work engagement among generations was analyzed with the help of analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey test. Findings of the present study indicate that there is a significant difference in career preferences and work engagement among the three studied generations. Additionally, there is no significant difference in reward preferences among the three studied generations. The present article describes and discusses these findings and the global implications of the same for managers.
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Cindiana, Merlin, Dedi Supriadi, and Herman Sambodo. "Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Preferensi Anak Pekerja Migran Indonesia untuk Bekerja ke Luar Negeri di Kabupaten Cilacap." Ekonomis: Journal of Economics and Business 6, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/ekonomis.v6i1.380.
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This study aims to analyzing the preferences of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad in Cilacap Regency, analyzing the factors affecting the preference of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad in Cilacap Regency, and analyzing differences in preferences of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad in Cilacap Regency based on demographic characteristics. Preferences of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad became dependent variable, meanwhile income, education, age, gender, and marital status as independent variable. The data collection method used purposive sampling with 100 samples and use multiple linear regression analysis model. The results obtained are: the indicators of preference for opening a new business, land and house ownership are more dominant than other indicators preference to work abroad. Income, education, age, gender, and marital status have an effect toward preferences of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad. There is difference in preferences of Indonesian migrant workers children to work abroad based on demographic characteristics.
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Fitzsimmons, Zack, and Martin Lackner. "Incomplete Preferences in Single-Peaked Electorates." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 67 (April 13, 2020): 797–833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11577.
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Incomplete preferences are likely to arise in real-world preference aggregation scenarios. This paper deals with determining whether an incomplete preference profile is single-peaked. This is valuable information since many intractable voting problems become tractable given singlepeaked preferences. We prove that the problem of recognizing single-peakedness is NP-complete for incomplete profiles consisting of partial orders. Despite this intractability result, we find several polynomial-time algorithms for reasonably restricted settings. In particular, we give polynomial-time recognition algorithms for weak orders, which can be viewed as preferences with indifference.
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COLBURN, BEN. "Autonomy and Adaptive Preferences." Utilitas 23, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820810000440.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Adaptive preference formation is the unconscious altering of our preferences in light of the options we have available. Jon Elster has argued that this is bad because it undermines our autonomy. I agree, but think that Elster's explanation of why is lacking. So, I draw on a richer account of autonomy to give the following answer. Preferences formed through adaptation are characterized by covert influence (that is, explanations of which an agent herself is necessarily unaware), and covert influence undermines our autonomy because it undermines the extent to which an agent's preferences are ones that she has decided upon for herself. This answer fills the lacuna in Elster's argument. It also allows us to draw a principled distinction between adaptive preference formation and the closely related – but potentially autonomy-enhancing – phenomenon of character planning.
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POSSAJENNIKOV, ALEX. "COOPERATION AND COMPETITION: LEARNING OF STRATEGIES AND EVOLUTION OF PREFERENCES IN PRISONERS' DILEMMA AND HAWK-DOVE GAMES." International Game Theory Review 07, no. 04 (December 2005): 443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198905000636.
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By means of simulations I investigate a two-speed dynamic on strategies and preferences in prisoners' dilemmas and in hawk-dove games. Players learn strategies according to their preferences while evolution leads to a change in the preference composition. With complete information about the preferences of the opponent, cooperation in prisoners' dilemmas is achieved temporarily, with "reciprocal" preferences. In hawk-dove games, a symmetric correlated strategy profile is played that does not place any weight on mutual restraint. Among preferences only "hawkish" preferences and "selfish" preferences survive. With incomplete information, the symmetric equilibrium of the game is played. In prisoners' dilemmas only "selfish" and "reciprocal" preferences survive. In hawk-dove games all preferences are present in the medium run.
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Yennurajalingam, Sriram, Luis Fernando Rodrigues, Omar M. Shamieh, Colombe Tricou, Marilène Filbet, Kyaw Naing, Akhileshwaran Ramaswamy, et al. "Decisional control preferences among patients with advanced cancer: An international multicenter cross-sectional survey." Palliative Medicine 32, no. 4 (December 13, 2017): 870–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216317747442.
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Background: Understanding patients’ decision control preferences is important in providing quality cancer care. Patients’ decisional control preference can be either active (patients prefer to make decisions themselves), shared (collaborative between patient, their physician, and/or family), or passive (patients prefer that the decisions are made by either the physician and/or their family). Aim: To determine the frequency and predictors of passive decision control preferences among advanced cancer patients. We also determined the concordance between actual decision-making and decision control preferences and its association with patient satisfaction. Design: In this cross-sectional survey of advanced cancer patients referred to palliative care across 11 countries, we evaluated sociodemographic variables, Control Preference Scale, and satisfaction with the decisions and care. Results: A total of 1490 participants were evaluable. Shared, active, and passive decision control preferences were 33%, 44%, and 23%, respectively. Passive decision control preferences (odds ratio, p value) was more frequent in India (4.34, <0.001), Jordan (3.41, <0.001), and France (3.27, <0.001). Concordance between the actual decision-making and decision control preferences was highest in the United States ( k = 0.74) and lowest in Brazil (0.34). Passive decision control preference was significantly associated with (odds ratio per point, p value) better performance status (0.99/point, 0.017), higher education (0.64, 0.001), and country of origin (Brazil (0.26, <0.0001), Singapore (0.25, 0.0003), South Africa (0.32, 0.0002), and Jordan (2.33, 0.0037)). Conclusion: Passive decision control preferences were less common (23%) than shared and active decision control preference even among developing countries. Significant predictors of passive decision control preferences were performance status, education, and country of origin.
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Nowack, Kati. "Unfinished sympathies: Influence of individual temporal orientation on music preferences." Psychology of Music 47, no. 5 (May 28, 2018): 736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618775200.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Temporal aspects have been studied extensively within the context of music perception but insufficiently within the context of music preference. In this online questionnaire study, I investigated the impact of chronotype (morningness, eveningness) and time perspective (present, future) on music preferences. Participants ( n = 258) completed the Short Test of Music Preferences for 26 music genres, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Principal component analysis replicated a six-component structure of music preference. Whilst preference scores were highest for intense music for all participants, I found significant effects of chronotype and time perspective on music preferences. In particular, present-oriented evening types and future-oriented morning types differed in their preferences for various music genres. Consistent with a matching hypothesis, present-oriented evening types (fast life histories) showed greater preferences for contemporary (i.e., high rhythmic complexity), sophisticated (i.e., high complexity) and electronic music (i.e., fast tempo) compared to future-oriented morning types (slow life histories; greater difficulties with temporal irregularities). Consistent with a self-regulation hypothesis, present-oriented evening types showed greater preferences than future-oriented morning types for campestral music (i.e., slow tempo and low complexity).
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Moehring, Amanda J., and Janette W. Boughman. "Veiled preferences and cryptic female choice could underlie the origin of novel sexual traits." Biology Letters 15, no. 2 (February 2019): 20180878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0878.
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Males in many species have elaborated sexual traits that females strongly prefer, and these traits often conspicuously differ among species. How novel preferences and traits originate, however, is a challenging evolutionary problem because the initial appearance of only the female preference or only the male trait should reduce the ability to find a suitable mate, which could reduce fitness for individuals possessing those novel alleles. Here, we present a hypothesis for how novel preferences, as well as the novel male traits that females prefer, can originate, be favoured and spread in polyandrous species. Novel preference mutations can arise as ‘veiled preferences’ that are not expressed when the corresponding male trait is not present in the population, allowing preferences to be hidden from selection, and thus persist. In those cases when a male trait is present, veiled preferences provide a selective advantage, and females disproportionately produce offspring from preferred males through either mate choice or cryptic female choice. This tips the fitness advantage for novel males, allowing both preference and trait to spread, and limiting selection against them in the absence of the corresponding trait or preference.
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Bowling, Ann, Barnaby Reeves, and Gene Rowe. "Patient preferences for treatment for angina: An overview of findings from three studies." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 13, no. 3_suppl (October 2008): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2008.008012.
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Background: Access to cardiac treatments has been documented to vary with patients’ age. It is unknown whether these variations reflect patients’ treatment preferences. We aimed to investigate patients’ preferences for cardiology treatments and develop a Patients’ Preferences Questionnaire. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with primary care patients with diagnosed angina with postal follow-up. The resulting Patients’ Preferences Questionnaire was tested with newly admitted inpatients with acute coronary syndrome and with patients in primary care. Results: The Patients’ Preferences Questionnaire was psychometrically sound. Analyses of preference subscale scores showed that the most positive preference scores were for medication. Angioplasty scored highest at the negative end of the scale. Detailed analyses showed that older people and women were less likely to prefer coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), reflecting its greater level of invasiveness. Older people (aged over 75 years, compared to people aged under 75 years), but not women, were also more cautious in their strength of preference for angioplasty. More positive attitudes towards CABG surgery, and more negative attitudes towards medication, were associated with greater impact of the condition on life. Conclusions: The research resulted in a psychometrically sound Patients’ Preferences Questionnaire. There was some evidence to support the view that older people's weaker preferences for CABG may contribute slightly to variations in the provision of re-vascularization. There was also variation in preferences within age groups, cautioning against the assumption that all or most older people are more reluctant than younger people to undergo invasive procedures.
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Mitchell, Polly. "Adaptive Preferences, Adapted Preferences." Mind 127, no. 508 (July 10, 2018): 1003–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzy020.
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Greenberg, D., C. Fang, JT Cohen, and PJ Neumann. "PMC56 PREFERENCES FOR PREFERENCES." Value in Health 12, no. 7 (October 2009): A397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(10)74958-5.
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Laffond, Gilbert, Jean Lainé, and M. Remzi Sanver. "Metrizable preferences over preferences." Social Choice and Welfare 55, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-019-01235-0.
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Wilson, Bart J. "Social preferences aren’t preferences." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 73, no. 1 (January 2010): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2008.09.013.
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