Статті в журналах: "Wilderness areas"

1

Cafaro, Philip, Warren Platts, Richard Primack, and Sahotra Sarkar. "Conserving Wilderness Areas." BioScience 49, no. 9 (September 1999): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313590.

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2

Mudalige, Uthpala, and Steve Carver. "Unveiling Sri Lanka’s Wilderness: GIS-Based Modelling of Wilderness Attributes." Land 13, no. 4 (March 22, 2024): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13040402.

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This research presents the first detailed national wilderness mapping project conducted in Sri Lanka, aiming to identify and assess the spatial distribution of wilderness areas in the country. The study utilises a GIS-based Wilderness Quality Index (WQI), incorporating three main wilderness attributes: remoteness from public roads, absence of modern human interventions, and naturalness of land cover. The resulting wilderness quality map reveals several areas of high wilderness quality distributed throughout the country, with exceptions in the highly populated western region, where roads and built structures have significant impact. The research highlights the spatial correlation between the distribution of wilderness areas and protected areas, indicating that nearly all wilderness areas in Sri Lanka fall within the boundaries of existing protected areas. However, core wilderness areas outside existing protected areas, termed de facto wilderness areas, constitute a significant portion (19.7%) of total wilderness, raising concerns about their conservation status. The study emphasises the need for further evaluation to assess the ecological and landscape value of these areas and suggests new protected area boundaries. The wilderness quality map developed here provides policymakers with a valuable tool for future conservation planning, enabling informed decision making to preserve and protect Sri Lanka’s diverse and unique wilderness areas.

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3

Kagan, Neil. "Wilderness, Luck & Love: A Memoir and a Tribute." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 7.2 (2018): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.7.2.wilderness.

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In 1984, Congress preserved 8.2 million acres of roadless federal lands as "wilderness," nearly matching the acreage set aside in the Wilderness Act of 1964. Congress also created the most new wilderness areas ever in a single year, by far. Wilderness Connect, Number of Wilderness Areas Designated by Year, https://wilderness.net/practitioners/wilderness-areas/summary-reports/wilderness-areas-designated-by-year.php. I brought two lawsuits in 1983 that proved to be the catalyst responsible for breaking the years-long impasse that had previously stymied the protection of these pristine wildlands. The lawsuits also pushed Congress to preserve more wildlands as wilderness than it would have otherwise. This article describes the lawsuits, their historical context, and their impact, showing the direct links between activism, the litigation, and the legislation.

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4

Dant, Sara. "Making Wilderness Work: Frank Church and the American Wilderness Movement." Pacific Historical Review 77, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 237–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2008.77.2.237.

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Idaho Senator Frank Church (served 1957––1981) is one of the most important and underappreciated participants in the politics of the American wilderness movement. Church neither originated the wilderness idea nor crafted the language of the original Wilderness Act, but he made wilderness work. Although his legislative compromises and pragmatic politics sometimes infuriated wilderness purists, they were essential to the passage of all three wilderness bills: the Wilderness Act of 1964, the Eastern Wilderness Areas Act of 1974, and the Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978. As his legislative record demonstrates, Church was not only at the vanguard of the evolving definition of wilderness in America but also established a viable process for designating wilderness areas. Church's coalition-building vision of wilderness as a communally defined natural space, not necessarily ““untrammeled by man,”” became the standard for wilderness designation, and his enduring legacy is a model of citizen cooperation.

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5

Casey, Tim. "Considerations in Regulating Anthropogenic Noise in Wilderness Areas, State and National Parks and Forests." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 266, no. 1 (May 25, 2023): 1239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/nc_2023_0165.

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Is anthropogenic noise (i.e. from mining or industrial activities) heard in "natural settings" such as wilderness areas, national parks, state or national forests, from activities outside the boundaries of those designated areas, a problem? Congress established a goal of protecting the natural wilderness character of wilderness-designated lands in the Wilderness Act of 1964. The National Park Service Director's Order #47 (2000) established operational policies that require, to the fullest extent practicable, the protection, maintenance, or restoration of the natural soundscape resource in a condition unimpaired by inappropriate or excessive noise sources. So does that mean that anthropogenic noise from outside the boundaries of these types of designated areas is an impact by virtue of its nature? This paper explores that topic and answers that question in an attempt to provide clarity for future evaluations of environmental noise in wilderness areas, state, and national parks, and state and national forests.

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6

Carver, Steve, Sif Konráðsdóttir, Snæbjörn Guðmundsson, Ben Carver, and Oliver Kenyon. "New Approaches to Modelling Wilderness Quality in Iceland." Land 12, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020446.

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Much of Europe’s remaining wilderness areas are found in Iceland, yet few are formally protected despite ongoing threats from renewable energy exploitation and 4 × 4 usage. Robust and repeatable approaches are required to map wilderness landscape qualities in support of developing policy on designations that meet international standards. We present an approach to mapping wilderness that is based on internationally recognised methods and customised to suit the unique nature of Icelandic landscapes. We use spatially explicit models of wilderness attributes that measure human impact from vehicular access, land use and visible human features rather than relying on proxy measures such as buffer zones. Seventeen wilderness areas are identified across the Central Highlands and surrounding areas, totalling some 28,470 km2. These are compared to existing mapping projects. The character of these areas is described using additional spatial data models on openness, ruggedness and accessibility from settlements, together with information on mobile phone coverage and grazing patterns. This is the most detailed mapping of wilderness in Iceland to date and an important step towards the formal definition of boundaries of wilderness areas meeting IUCN Category 1b and Wild Europe Working Definition in Iceland.

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7

Sæþórsdóttir, Anna Dóra, and Edita Tverijonaite. "Wilderness as Tourism Destination: Place Meanings and Preferences of Tourism Service Providers." Sustainability 16, no. 9 (May 1, 2024): 3807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16093807.

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The increase in wilderness use for nature-based tourism has complex implications for wilderness management. Tourism service providers play an important role in shaping tourism development trends, which can have an impact on wilderness. This stresses the importance of studying their perceptions and preferences regarding wilderness management. This study explores the meanings wilderness areas contain for tourism operators, the relationship of these meanings with wilderness management and development preferences, and the potential of place-based approaches to contribute to wilderness management. The study is based on 47 semi-structured interviews with tourism service providers offering services within or near the Icelandic Central Highlands, known for their vast, high-quality wilderness areas. The findings emphasize the importance of place meanings assigned by tourism service providers in shaping wilderness management preferences. The study highlights the usefulness of place-based management approaches, which can help identify potential conflicts between tourism and wilderness preservation, select proactive measures to minimize tourism’s impact on wilderness quality, and thereby facilitate sustainable tourism practices in wilderness.

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8

Broggi, Mario F. "Wie viel Wildnis für die Schweiz? Ein Diskussionsbeitrag (Essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 166, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2015.0060.

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How much wilderness in Switzerland? A contribution to the debate (essay) In national biodiversity strategies, various goals are proposed for how much wilderness there should be, and how much forest should be left to develop according to natural ecosystem processes. This article aims to quantify these objectives. It presents and discusses the state of knowledge about the need for wilderness, the potential to satisfy this need, and the necessary minimum size for wilderness areas. On this basis, it calculates how much wilderness is desirable and possible in Switzerland. For wilderness areas in category Ib of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), a minimum size of 1,000 ha in the Alpine region and 500 ha in the rest of the country is proposed. These areas should be distributed according to ecosystem type and cover about 8% of the land area.

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9

Kun, Zoltán. "Preservation of wilderness areas in Europe." EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 3, no. 1 (June 26, 2013): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2015.24.

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10

Gladden, James N. "Bioregionalism as an Arctic Wilderness Idea." Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology 3, no. 1 (1999): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853599x00045.

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AbstractA recurrent question in the modem world is the place of people in nature, and bioregionalism offers some ideas in the debate over the kinds of technology that belong in Arctic wilderness areas, with a focus on northern Alaska. Some interests argue that people should only visit these areas, on foot or by paddle, to achieve a wilderness experience. Rural residents, most of whom are Alaska Natives, hold that access to these lands by motorised vehicles is essential to maintain hunting and gathering traditions. The debate over managing wilderness areas in northern Alaska originates in conflicting views of the meaning of wilderness. A bioregional vision offers some common ground in the idea of wilderness as a place of respect for non-human life forms, but political conflicts will not be easily resolved.

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11

Ried, Andrés, María Jesús Monteagudo, Pelayo Benavides, Anne Le Bon, Stephanie Carmody, and Rodrigo Santos. "Key Aspects of Leisure Experiences in Protected Wilderness Areas: Notions of Nature, Senses of Place and Perceived Benefits." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 3211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083211.

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The main objective of this research was to contribute to the understanding of leisure experiences in protected wilderness areas. This was pursued through the interpretation and analysis of three variables; the personal notion of “Nature”, perception of benefits, and senses of place put forward by resident and non-resident visitors to three protected wilderness areas in southern Chile. Through a post hoc qualitative, in-depth interview with 36 subjects, connections between the aforementioned variables were established. Among the results, the strength with which the romantic notion of Nature appears linked with leisure experiences was highlighted. With the latter, leisure experiences in protected wilderness areas were identified as the generators of “benefits” and “sense of place”. Finally, four key dimensions of leisure experiences in protected wilderness areas emerged: transcendence, perception of well-being, connection and environmental awareness.

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12

van Kooten, G. Cornelis. "Economics of protecting wilderness areas and old-growth timber in British Columbia." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71052-1.

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This study examines the costs and benefits of preserving old-growth forests in British Columbia. Estimates of the present worth of old growth in timber production are compared with the measurable non-timber benefits from preserving old-growth, with the differences between the commercial timber and measurable non-timber values attributed to the unmeasured components of non-timber values. Economic efficiency benefits are then compared with benefits that accrue in other accounts used to analyze decisions. For reasonable values of non-timber values, current levels of wilderness protection (and thus of old growth) are more than adequate on the Coast, but an increase in wilderness area of 1.6 million ha (or some 80,000 ha of old growth) might be economically justifiable. Key words: economics and preservation of wilderness, protection of old growth, multiple accounts analysis

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13

Dolton, Theodore A., John P. Hoy, and Frederick Martin. "1.1.1 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING IN WILDERNESS AREAS MANAGEMENT." INCOSE International Symposium 5, no. 1 (July 1995): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2334-5837.1995.tb01847.x.

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14

Hofmeister, Sabine. "Natures Running Wild: A Social-Ecological Perspective on Wilderness." Nature and Culture 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2009): 293–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2009.040305.

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This article is based on the thesis that wilderness as a cultural value emerges where it has been lost as a geographical and material phenomenon. In Europe the idea of wilderness experienced a surprising upswing at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first century, with wilderness tours, wilderness education, and self-experience trips into “wilderness” becoming widely established. Also, protection of “wilderness areas” which refers to such different phenomena as large forests, wild gardens, and urban wild is very much in demand. Against this background, the article looks into the material-ecological and symbolic-cultural senses of “wilderness” in the context of changing social relations to nature. Three forms of wilderness are distinguished. Adopting a socio-ecological perspective, the article builds on contemporary risk discourse.

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15

LOOMIS, JOHN, and J. CHRIS ECHOHAWK. "Using GIS to identify under-represented ecosystems in the National Wilderness Preservation System in the USA." Environmental Conservation 26, no. 1 (March 1999): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892999000089.

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Wilderness designation continues to be a contentious effort and must be fully justified even in wealthy countries such as the USA. An important consideration in setting priorities for additional designations of Wilderness is to ensure that under-represented ecosystems are protected. The utility of Geographic Information Systems in performing this task is illustrated using data on ecoregions and areas in the National Wilderness Preservation System to determine the relative protection currently afforded to different ecoregions in the continental USA. We find that 23 of the 35 ecoregions have less than 1% of their land area protected as Wilderness, and 7 of the 35 have no land protected as Wilderness whatsoever. While much of the land with little protection is in areas dominated by private land ownership in the mid-west and southeast, a surprisingly large amount of land in the Intermountain states of Nevada and Utah, which is in public ownership, is substantially under-represented in the National Wilderness Preservation System as well. The implications of this analysis for wilderness allocation strategies are detailed. The technique illustrated in this paper is a useful aid in designing protected area strategies in countries throughout the world.

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16

Williams, Daniel R., Joseph W. Roggenbuck, Michael E. Patterson, and Alan E. Watson. "The Variability of User-Based Social Impact Standards for Wilderness Management." Forest Science 38, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 738–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/38.4.738.

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Abstract A key element of wilderness management planning is prescribing standards for acceptable levels of impact or change to wilderness conditions based on input from the public. Specifically, to obtain standards for social impacts, wilderness users are surveyed to determine acceptable levels of encounters with other parties. Using a variance components model and generalizability analysis, this study examines four sources of variation in user-based social impact standards: occasion (on-site vs. mailback surveys), wilderness area, encounter context (type and location of encounter), and respondent. Data come from a survey of visitors to four wilderness areas. Results indicate that social impact standards are generalizable across wilderness areas and to a lesser degree across measurement occasions. As expected, social impact standards vary depending on the context of contact. Contrary to normative theory in sociology, standards are also highly variable across respondents. These results suggest that respondents appear to share a high level of sensitivity to encounters, but that the task of assigning a numerical standard may be too abstract or hypothetical to be meaningful. Generalizability coefficients are reported to provide guidelines to future researchers and wilderness managers for obtaining user-based standards. For. Sci. 38(4):738-756.

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17

Fox, Rosemary. "Integration of Wilderness Values in Forestry and Wildlife Management." Forestry Chronicle 61, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61163-2.

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The paper defines wilderness from a naturalist's point of view. It argues the need to preserve pure wilderness by reserving intact ecosystems where no human disturbance is allowed, and in wild lands generally, to implement forestry and wildlife management practices that maintain the natural diversity of species of a region. It adresses the problem of protecting wilderness values from overuse by recreationists, and the need to manage wilderness areas to avoid such overuse.

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18

Schwartz, Steve. "Who is a lost wilderness tourist?" Australian Journal of Emergency Management 10.47389/38, No 3 (July 2023): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47389/38.3.48.

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This article proposes a working definition for the term ‘lost wilderness tourist’ and uses this definition to examine lost wilderness tourist events through the lenses of tourism literature, lost person behaviour literature, search and rescue literature and wilderness tourists in Australia. A tool was developed using existing literature to recruit self-identifying lost wilderness tourists. First-person stories were collected through open ended, one-on-one qualitative interviews. Interview data were analysed using 3-step coding. The findings propose a definition for the term ‘lost wilderness tourist’, establish that lost wilderness tourist events can be categorised as ‘disorientated’ or ‘stuck’ and that these 2 meta categories can be further divided into subcategories. The findings offer insights into the lived experiences of lost wilderness tourists. These insights are useful for anyone with an interest in lost wilderness events and the safety of people in Australia’s wilderness areas.

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19

LOCKHART, MATTHEW A. "“The Trouble with Wilderness” Education in the National Park Service: The Case of the Lost Cattle Mounts of Congaree." Public Historian 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2006.28.2.11.

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Due to recent policy changes, the amount of land that the National Park Service (NPS) manages as wilderness stands to rise considerably in coming decades. As it does, the number of cultural resources located in wilderness areas of the NPS will grow in kind. According to environmental historian William Cronon, our modern concept of wilderness is problematic: “it leaves no place for human beings” and ”represents a flight from history.” Taking Congaree National Park as its case study, this essay considers how, because of Cronon's “trouble with wilderness,” new wilderness designations and increasing emphasis on wilderness education in the NPS in the twenty-first century could adversely affect historical interpretation of some of the country's most valuable cultural resources.

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20

Cole, D. N. "Management Dilemmas That Will Shape Wilderness in the 21st Century." Journal of Forestry 99, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/99.1.4.

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Abstract How we resolve two management dilemmas will determine the future nature and value of wilderness. The first dilemma is providing for use and enjoyment while protecting wilderness conditions. The second is whether wilderness ecosystems should be left wild and “untrammeled” or, paradoxically, be manipulated toward a more natural state. Alternative solutions are explored. Because compromises between value systems will tend to homogenize wilderness areas, such that no area will fully meet any goal, we should consider allocating separate lands to each goal. Expanding our conception of wilderness will help us develop a diverse system that satisfies multiple needs.

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21

Strus, Iurii, and Stephen Carver. "Developing a Wilderness Quality Index for Continental Europe." Land 13, no. 4 (March 27, 2024): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13040428.

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This paper presents an updated wilderness quality map, WQI 2.0, for Europe, which extends the existing map (WQI 1.0) to include non-EU states in Eastern Europe. The analysis utilizes the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform and incorporates contemporary datasets to assess wilderness quality across the continent. WQI 2.0 is compared to the previous version from the EU Wilderness register and global data from the WCS Human Influence Index (HII). Results indicate a high level of consistency between the versions, validating the robustness of the approach and the value of up-to-date datasets. WQI 2.0 serves as a valuable tool for developing a coordinated European policy on wilderness protection, encompassing both EU and non-EU states. By identifying areas outside current protected boundaries, the map helps to identify regions at risk of degradation and loss, due to resource exploitation. While small changes are seen between WQI 1.0 and WQI 2.0, expanding the coverage over the whole of continental Europe provides a foundation for the longer-term monitoring and evaluation of conservation targets. The findings contribute to meeting international commitments, such as the COP15 Kunming–Montreal Agreement and CBD targets, by highlighting the importance of preserving intact wilderness areas and increasing protected areas through restoration and rewilding efforts. Future iterations, such as WQI 3.0+, can track trends and potential threats to wilderness areas, while also identifying opportunities for ecosystem recovery through restoration and rewilding. To ensure comprehensive coverage, there is a need to update the existing Wilderness Register 1.0 and expand its scope to include non-EU states. This can be facilitated through collaboration with national WQI mapping programs, building on the experiences of countries such as Scotland, France, Iceland, and Germany, which have well-established national mapping initiatives. Overall, WQI 2.0 and the proposed updates provide valuable tools for informed decision-making in wilderness conservation and restoration efforts across Europe.

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Ólafsdóttir, Rannveig, and Anna Dóra Sæþórsdóttir. "Public Perception of Wilderness in Iceland." Land 9, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9040099.

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In recent years, there has been a gradually growing emphasis on the protection of wilderness in Iceland. This is highlighted in the current preparation of a new national park in the Icelandic central highlands, which will become Europe’s largest national parks. However, in order to protect the wilderness, a mutual understanding, both on what it is and where it is, is needed. This paper seeks to evaluate Icelanders’ perception and understanding of wilderness. Furthermore, to assess the value of wilderness for the Icelandic public and determine what lies behind the valuation, an online survey aided by maps from Google Earth and photographic scenarios of different landscapes was sent out to a nationally representative sample of Icelanders. The survey respondents mapped their perceived scope of Icelandic wilderness and furthermore chose between several landscape scenarios they thought most and least suited to their perception of wilderness. The results show that nearly all land located above the 300 m elevation line is perceived as wilderness, reflecting the country’s uninhabited highlands areas. The results also show that for the general public in Iceland it is chiefly an open and vast landscape, uninhabited areas, and the absence of anthropogenic features that bestow an area with the status of wilderness. The results demonstrate that any sign of anthropogenic interference, aside from archaeological remains, decrease Icelanders’ perception of wilderness. Moreover, despite being mostly categorized as urbanists or neutralists according to the purism scale, the majority of Icelanders still consider services, such as petrol stations, hotels, shops, restaurants, and diverse leisure services, along with energy production, to negatively impact the value of wilderness. Most Icelanders thus seem to regard wilderness as a valuable asset from the economic, cultural, and environmental perspectives, which underscores its uniqueness.

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23

Österlin, Carl, Peter Schlyter, and Ingrid Stjernquist. "Different Worldviews as Impediments to Integrated Nature and Cultural Heritage Conservation Management: Experiences from Protected Areas in Northern Sweden." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 26, 2020): 3533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093533.

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In the management of protected nature areas, arguments are being raised for increasingly integrated approaches. Despite an explicit ambition from the responsible managing governmental agencies, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and Swedish National Heritage Board, attempts to initiate and increase the degree of integrated nature and cultural heritage conservation management in the Swedish mountains are failing. The delivery of environmental policy through the Swedish National Environmental Objective called Magnificent Mountains is dependent on increased collaboration between the state and local stakeholders. This study, using a group model building approach, maps out the system’s dynamic interactions between nature perceptions, values and the objectives of managing agencies and local stakeholders. It is identified that the dominance of a wilderness discourse influences both the objectives and management of the protected areas. This wilderness discourse functions as a barrier against including cultural heritage conservation aspects and local stakeholders in management, as wilderness-influenced objectives are defining protected areas as environments “untouched” by humans. A wilderness objective reduces the need for local knowledge and participation in environmental management. In reality, protected areas depend, to varying degrees, on the continuation of traditional land-use practices.

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Dacey, Krystal, Rachel Whitsed, and Prue Gonzalez. "Understanding lost person behaviour in the Australian wilderness for search and rescue." April 2023 10.47389/38, No 2 (April 2023): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47389/38.2.29.

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Search and rescue personnel and volunteers spend thousands of hours attempting to rescue and ultimately save the lives of lost people. One of the most effective ways to increase the speed of locating a lost person is by predicting the highest probable areas they may be located in and determining search areas around them. This study examined the demographics and behaviour of people lost in the Australian wilderness from the perspective of search and rescue authorities and lost people themselves in order to assess similarities between types of lost people. The aggregated behaviour characteristics can then be used to improve search and rescue outcomes by predicting lost person behaviour specific to the Australian wilderness. This study found that different demographic groupings can be expected to behave differently when lost in the wilderness. By using the probable characteristics and behaviours of a lost person, search areas can be better targeted, assisting in locating a lost person faster and improving the outcomes of the search. The results from this study provide insights into behavioural trends and characteristics that can assist in the planning of search areas for search and rescue incidents in the Australian wilderness.

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Hawkins, Seth C., and Corey Winstead. "Wilderness Medicine Education." Advances in Archaeological Practice 9, no. 1 (February 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2020.48.

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AbstractWilderness medicine classes are widely available to archaeologists and field scientists, but because wilderness medicine is an unregulated field, knowing what the various courses and products mean can be difficult. Based on the education chapter in the recently published textbook Wilderness EMS, this article—written by same two authors as the book—explores a number of topics relevant for the field scientist, program director, or administrator seeking to obtain wilderness medicine training for archaeologists. The article first explores the history of wilderness medicine products and certificates available to interested parties. It then differentiates between the various products available today along with their benefits and limitations for the end user. Products and trainings described include certifications (including Wilderness First Aid [WFA], Wilderness Advanced First Aid [WAFA], Advanced Wilderness First Aid [AWFA], and Wilderness First Responder [WFR]), as well as single use or continuing education trainings (including Stop the Bleed, CPR, conference courses, and field schools). Particular attention is paid to the specific and actionable needs of a field scientist in remote areas.

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Davidson, D. W., W. D. Newmark, J. W. Sites, D. K. Shiozawa, E. A. Rickart, K. T. Harper, and R. B. Keiter. "Selecting wilderness areas to conserve Utah's biological diversity." Great Basin naturalist. 56 (1996): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4109.

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27

Collins, Brandon M., and Scott L. Stephens. "Managing natural wildfires in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5, no. 10 (December 2007): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/070007.

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28

Kennedy, Christina M., James R. Oakleaf, Sharon Baruch‐Mordo, David M. Theobald, and Joseph Kiesecker. "Finding middle ground: Extending conservation beyond wilderness areas." Global Change Biology 26, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14900.

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29

Kagan, Neil. "Blazing a Path to Wilderness: A Case Study of Impact Litigation Through the Lens of Legislative History." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 11.1 (2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.11.1.blazing.

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Litigation can be a catalyst for legislation. Legislative history can reveal just how influential litigation is. The legislative history of the laws to designate wilderness in the 1980s provides an object lesson. It demonstrates that litigation both pushed Congress to act and shaped the legislation Congress enacted. This is especially true of the watershed year of 1984. That year, Congress enacted more wilderness laws and added more wilderness areas to the National Wilderness Preservation System in more states than in any other year. The legislative history of the 1984 wilderness laws embedded in bills, hearings, committee meetings, committee reports, and floor proceedings, in conjunction with the legislative history of the various wilderness bills and laws considered, rejected, and passed from 1979 through 1983, reveal the significant impact a particular lawsuit had on Congress in 1984 and beyond. Specifically, a lawsuit grounded in the National Environmental Policy Act, taking advantage of a powerful precedent, prompted the preservation of the wilderness character of millions of acres of public land. To be precise: The lawsuit impelled Congress to designate more than 9.171 million acres in twenty-three states as wilderness from 1984 through 1989. Of that number, more than 7.335 million acres are managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture through the Forest Service; more than 1.835 million acres are managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior through the Bureau of Land Management and the National Park Service. This article uses legislative history to demonstrate how a strategic lawsuit sparked congressional action. It traces the litigation engendered by the Forest Service’s decision regarding roadless areas in national forests and the evolution of Congress’s response to that litigation, from the first lawsuit filed in 1979 to the last filed in 1983. In the process, it shows how legislative history can illuminate the underlying causes and policy choices that lead to legislation.

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Lamb, Clayton T., Adam T. Ford, Bruce N. McLellan, Michael F. Proctor, Garth Mowat, Lana Ciarniello, Scott E. Nielsen, and Stan Boutin. "The ecology of human–carnivore coexistence." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 30 (July 6, 2020): 17876–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922097117.

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With a shrinking supply of wilderness and growing recognition that top predators can have a profound influence on ecosystems, the persistence of large carnivores in human-dominated landscapes has emerged as one of the greatest conservation challenges of our time. Carnivores fascinate society, yet these animals pose threats to people living near them, resulting in high rates of carnivore death near human settlements. We used 41 y of demographic data for more than 2,500 brown bears—one of the world’s most widely distributed and conflict-prone carnivores—to understand the behavioral and demographic mechanisms promoting carnivore coexistence in human-dominated landscapes. Bear mortality was high and unsustainable near people, but a human-induced shift to nocturnality facilitated lower risks of bear mortality and rates of conflict with people. Despite these behavioral shifts, projected population growth rates for bears in human-dominated areas revealed a source-sink dynamic. Despite some female bears successfully reproducing in the sink areas, bear persistence was reliant on a supply of immigrants from areas with minimal human influence (i.e., wilderness). Such mechanisms of coexistence reveal a striking paradox: Connectivity to wilderness areas supplies bears that likely will die from people, but these bears are essential to avert local extirpation. These insights suggest carnivores contribute to human–carnivore coexistence through behavioral and demographic mechanisms, and that connected wilderness is critical to sustain coexistence landscapes.

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Lesslie, Robert G., Brendan G. Mackey, and Kathryn M. Preece. "A Computer-based Method of Wilderness Evaluation." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 3 (1988): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029362.

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With ever-increasing demands being made on remote and natural lands, planners and managers require more detailed information than hitherto to assist them in monitoring the status of this wilderness resource and developing appropriate and effective management prescriptions. These requirements are addressed by a computer-based wilderness evaluation procedure that has been developed for a national wilderness survey of Australia.The methodology, based on the wilderness continuum concept (Lesslie & Taylor, 1985), places emphasis on measuring variation in wilderness quality by using four indicators that represent the two essential attributes of remoteness and naturalness. This permits a precise assessment to be made of the wilderness resource, revealing those factors which contribute to or compromise wilderness quality. The computer-based storage and analysis of data enables surveys to be conducted over large, even continental, areas, yet at a relatively fine level of resolution that is appropriate to localized planning needs.Trial application to the State of Victoria, Australia, demonstrates that the survey procedure can be successfully adapted to a wide range of environments, use-patterns, data-base characteristics, and management objectives, which should be applicable and very widely useful elsewhere.

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Di Marco, Moreno, Simon Ferrier, Tom D. Harwood, Andrew J. Hoskins, and James E. M. Watson. "Wilderness areas halve the extinction risk of terrestrial biodiversity." Nature 573, no. 7775 (September 18, 2019): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1567-7.

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Watson, James E. M., Danielle F. Shanahan, Moreno Di Marco, James Allan, William F. Laurance, Eric W. Sanderson, Brendan Mackey, and Oscar Venter. "Catastrophic Declines in Wilderness Areas Undermine Global Environment Targets." Current Biology 26, no. 21 (November 2016): 2929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.049.

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GRIJALVA, THERESE C., and ROBERT P. BERRENS. "Standing: Institutional Change and Rock Climbing in Wilderness Areas." Society & Natural Resources 16, no. 3 (March 2003): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920309162.

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Rollins, Matthew G., Thomas W. Swetnam, and Penelope Morgan. "Evaluating a century of fire patterns in two Rocky Mountain wilderness areas using digital fire atlases." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 2107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-141.

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Changes in fire size, shape, and frequency under different fire-management strategies were evaluated using time series of fire perimeter data (fire atlases) and mapped potential vegetation types (PVTs) in the Gila Aldo Leopold Wilderness Complex (GALWC) in New Mexico and the SelwayBitterroot Wilderness Complex (SBWC) in Idaho and Montana. Relative to pre-Euro-American estimates, fire rotations in the GALWC were short during the recent wildfire-use period (19751993) and long during the pre-modern suppression period (19091946). In contrast, fire rotations in the SBWC were short during the pre-modern suppression period (18801934) and long during the modern suppression period (19351975). In general, fire-rotation periods were shorter in mid-elevation, shade-intolerant PVTs. Fire intervals in the GALWC and SBWC are currently longer than fire intervals prior to Euro-American settlement. Proactive fire and fuels management are needed to restore fire regimes in each wilderness complex to within natural ranges of variability and to reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire in upper elevations of the GALWC and nearly the entire SBWC. Analyses of fire atlases provide baseline information for evaluating landscape patterns across broad landscapes.

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36

Gress, Sara, and Troy Hall. "Diversity in the Outdoors: National Outdoor Leadership School Students’ Attitudes About Wilderness." Journal of Experiential Education 40, no. 2 (January 29, 2017): 114–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053825916689267.

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Outdoor experiential education (OEE) programs often cater to white, upper-class individuals. With major demographic shifts occurring in the United States, OEE organizations are confronting this imbalance. The National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) is addressing this issue with its Gateway Scholarship Program. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to determine whether Gateway Scholarship and non-scholarship students held different wilderness attitudes and whether those attitudes changed following NOLS courses. A quantitative posttest and retrospective pretest was administered online ( n = 74), with follow-up telephone interviews ( n = 19). Results showed that Gateway students held less positive pre-course wilderness attitudes than non-Gateway students, but most post-course scores had converged. Both groups experienced positive change in wilderness attitudes. Interview data revealed potential reasons for attitude change and areas of possible concern about the conceptualization of wilderness promoted by NOLS.

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Mason, Michael. "Democratising Nature? The Political Morality of Wilderness Preservationists." Environmental Values 6, no. 3 (August 1997): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096327199700600303.

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Deep ecological appeals for wilderness preservation commonly conjoin arguments for participatory land use decision-making with their central championing of natural areas protection. As an articulation of the normative meaning of participatory democracy, the discourse ethics advanced by Jürgen Habermas is employed to highlight the consistency and justifiability of this dual claim. I argue that Habermasian moral theory reveals a key tension between, on the one hand, an ethical commitment to wilderness preservation informed by deep ecological and bioregional principles that is oriented to a naturalistic value order and, on the other, the procedural norms of democratic participation. It is claimed that discourse ethics thereby raises critical philosophical and practical questions concerning the political legitimacy of deep ecology. In examining the progressive claims of environmental philosophers and wilderness activists embracing this perspective, I draw empirically upon Canadian arguments for natural areas protection and associated radical prescriptions for a democratisation of land use decision-making.

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Sæþórsdóttir, Anna Dóra, and Jarkko Saarinen. "Challenges due to changing ideas of natural resources: tourism and power plant development in the Icelandic wilderness." Polar Record 52, no. 1 (April 8, 2015): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247415000273.

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ABSTRACTThe Arctic and nearby remote areas are attracting more attention than ever before, because of their abundance of physical natural resources as well their wilderness environments which have become a major attraction for tourists. But use of land for tourism practices can lead to conflicts with other industries that utilise natural resources. Tourism in Iceland has grown rapidly in recent decades and nature and the wilderness is the main attraction. As well as being an important resource for the tourism industry, wilderness and natural areas are also very valuable for hydro–electric and geothermal power production. During the latter half of the last century several glacier–fed rivers in the highlands were dammed and hydropower plants built. Now there are plans for further exploitation of the natural resources which creates challenges and conflicts as many of the proposed power plants are located in natural areas, some of which are defined as wilderness. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the development of tourism in the Icelandic highlands and power production development and the challenges created by the changing idea of natural resources. It discusses a governmental project which is intended to solve the challenging conflicts about the use of natural areas. The project exposed the fact that the energy resources in the country are a far more limited resource than has previously been assumed. The power production industry now has to share the limited natural resources with the tourism industry. Thereby the ideas about natural resources and their utilisation are being re–defined by Icelandic society, depending on technology, global influences and other social trends.

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Saarinen, Jarkko. "What are wilderness areas for? Tourism and political ecologies of wilderness uses and management in the Anthropocene." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 27, no. 4 (April 5, 2018): 472–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1456543.

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40

Friese, Greg, John C. Hendee, and Mike Kinziger. "The Wilderness Experience Program Industry in the United States: Characteristics and Dynamics." Journal of Experiential Education 21, no. 1 (May 1998): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105382599802100109.

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Wilderness experience programs (WEPs) are organizations that conduct outdoor programs in wilderness or comparable lands for purposes of personal growth, therapy, rehabilitation, education, or leadership/organizational development. More than 700 potential WEPs were identified through search of multiple sources and then surveyed, with promotional materials and response forms received from 70 percent of them. From these data WEPs are characterized as to the number of trips offered per year, number of clientele served, kind of areas used, a typology to categorize how they used the wilderness was developed — whether as a teacher or as a classroom, and a directory of WEPs was compiled. Dynamics of the WEP industry are inferred from these data, other studies, and the literature.

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Davis, Janae. "Black faces, black spaces: Rethinking African American underrepresentation in wildland spaces and outdoor recreation." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848618817480.

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The Wilderness Act of 1964 defines wilderness as “an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain”. It goes on to limit acceptable activities in designated wilderness areas to those associated with leisure, scenic viewing, education, and scientific inquiry. These precepts are the basis for federal wilderness management in national parks, national forests, national wildlife refuges, and lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management. They are derived from the interests and values held by the early environmental movement's predominantly white middle and upper class patrons, and imposed on diverse groups who may not hold the same views. This study examined how the imposition of wilderness management at Congaree National Park greatly restricted local African Americans' traditional fishing practices and how fishers made meaning of their displacement. Participants' experience of alienation is a result of their perceptions of racial discrimination in the park's preferential treatment of white visitors. This study argues that African American presence in the Great Outdoors is erased both materially and symbolically by racial bias in the Wilderness Act, a general lack of attention to black outdoor spaces, and the use of white outdoor values and pursuits as the criterion for which to assess African American outdoor ethos.

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42

Alex-Nmecha C., Juliet, and Abdurrahman Onifade. "Bibliotherapy in the Wilderness." International Journal of Librarianship 8, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.23974/ijol.2023.vol8.1.253.

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This study investigated how LIS professionals and health practitioners have adopted bibliotherapy and relevant information services to enhance mental health issues in Nigeria since 1962 to date. The study adopted a narrative research design of qualitative methodology. Semi-structured interviews using audio recordings and personal observations/interactions by the researchers were the instruments for data collection. The researchers collected data from three purposively selected academics whose areas of expertise cut across library and information science and psychiatry. The data collected were presented in a narrative form, with insertion of verbatim transcriptions where nuanced expressions were identified. The findings from the study revealed that bibliotherapy is used by clinical psychologists in neuropsychiatric hospitals in Nigeria; however, LIS professionals do not have the knowledge and adequate skills to practise bibliotherapy. The study recommends that the time is ripe for NLA to pragmatically implement recommendations that the LIS curricula in Nigerian library schools be diversified and expanded to incorporate valuable realms like bibliotherapy.

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Wu, Jiawei, Jinyu Xiao, Jinming Hou, and Xunyan Lyu. "Development Potential Assessment for Wind and Photovoltaic Power Energy Resources in the Main Desert–Gobi–Wilderness Areas of China." Energies 16, no. 12 (June 7, 2023): 4559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124559.

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The large-scale centralized development of wind and PV power resources is the key to China’s dual carbon targets and clean energy transition. The vast desert–Gobi–wilderness areas in northern and western China will be the best choice for renewable energy development under multiple considerations of resources endowment, land use constraints, technical conditions, and economic level. It is urgent to carry out a quantitative wind and PV resource assessment study in desert–Gobi–wilderness areas. This paper proposed a multi-dimensional assessment method considering the influence of the power grid and transportation infrastructure distributions, which includes three research levels, namely, the technical installed capacity, the development potential, and the development cost. Nine main desert–Gobi–wilderness areas were assessed. The wind and PV technical installed capacities were 0.6 TW and 10.7 TW, and the total development potentials were over 0.12 TW and 1.2 TW, with the full load hours of 2513 and 1759 and the average development costs of 0.28 CNY/kWh and 0.20 CNY/kWh. Finally, this paper proposed the meteorological–electrical division distribution. A case study in the Kubuqi and Qaidam Deserts was carried out on wind–wind and wind–PV collaborative development across different meteorological–electrical divisions, which can reduce by 58% the long-term energy storage capacity and decrease the total system LCOE from 0.488 CNY/kWh to 0.445 CNY/kWh.

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Pap, Miklós László, Orsolya Bagdiné Fekete, Péter István Balogh, and Balázs Almási. "A városszövet szukcesszió által formált zöldfelületei." Journal of Landscape Architecture and Garden Art, no. 70 (December 29, 2023): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36249/4d.70.4803.

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The discipline of landscape architecture is witnessing a radical shift in approach. With the emergence of nature-based solutions in urban public space development, the extensive maintenance of green spaces has also come under the spotlight. The focus of this research is on the ways of establishing and expanding consciously created green spaces dominated by succession, also known as urban wilderness areas. The planning and management of these areas as a whole and of their components is still a complex task that raises many questions. In this article we define the concept of urban wilderness. In addition to the characterisation and interpretation of urban wilderness, we will also discuss its impact on the mental well-being of urban dwellers, i.e. its passive recreational aspects. The theoretical foundations explored are put into practice in a university workshop. The workshop, as an experimental laboratory, sought to answer the question of how theoretical research findings can be integrated into domestic, classical planning practice. As a result, four student concept designs were developed for a real site.

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Teske, Casey C., Carl A. Seielstad, and Lloyd P. Queen. "Characterizing Fire-on-Fire Interactions in Three Large Wilderness Areas." Fire Ecology 8, no. 2 (August 2012): 82–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0802082.

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Mace, Britton L., Paul A. Bell, and Ross J. Loomis. "Visibility and Natural Quiet in National Parks and Wilderness Areas." Environment and Behavior 36, no. 1 (January 2004): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916503254747.

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Tarrant, Michael A., Glenn E. Haas, and Michael J. Manfredo. "Factors affecting visitor evaluations of aircraft overflights of wilderness areas." Society & Natural Resources 8, no. 4 (July 1995): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941929509380927.

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Burdick, Timothy E. "Wilderness event medicine: planning for mass gatherings in remote areas." Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 4 (November 2005): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2004.11.007.

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Heth, C. Donald, and Edward H. Cornell. "Characteristics of Travel by Persons Lost in Albertan Wilderness Areas." Journal of Environmental Psychology 18, no. 3 (September 1998): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1998.0093.

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Solonen, Tapio, Heikki Lokki, and Seppo Sulkava. "Diet and brood size in rural and urban Northern Goshawks Accipiter gentilis in southern Finland." Avian Biology Research 12, no. 1 (February 2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758155919826754.

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The brood size in the Finnish Northern Goshawks seems to be associated with the breeding habitat and the availability of suitable prey. In this study, we examined these relationships in three study areas of different landscape structure in southern Finland, including a recently colonized urban area. The most abundant prey categories found in the food remains of the goshawk included corvids, turdids, columbids, gallinaceous birds, and squirrels. Corvids dominated in the diet samples of all the study areas. The number of turdids and columbids in the samples was significantly higher in both the rural and the urban habitats than in the wilderness area. The number of gallinaceous birds was significantly higher in the wilderness area than in other habitats. Gallinaceous birds, particularly tetraonids, the traditional staple food of the Northern Goshawk in Finland, seemed to be largely compensated by corvids in the wilderness area and by corvids and columbids in the rural and urban areas. The amount of corvids in prey showed a positive relationship with brood size, suggesting some particular importance of this prey in the goshawk diet. In all, diet seemed to explain partly between-landscape variations in the brood size of the goshawk. The brood size was significantly higher in the urban landscape than elsewhere.

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