Дисертації: "Wilderness areas"

1

Turbeville, Eric Paul. "Using place attachment to determine the acceptability of restoring fire to its natural role in wilderness ecosystems." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12112006-142817/.

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2

Holman, Cynthia Jeanne. "The San Gorgonio Wilderness: A history of human presence and implications for management." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2886.

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The San Gorgonio Wilderness in Southern California is surrounded on three sides by roads, and receives thousands of visitors each year. Its character as a wilderness is threatened by the large populations of people nearby, as well as the humans who venture into its boundaries. This project outlines the history of human presence in the Wilderness, and describes the impact of that presence. There is a discussion of attempts by various organizations to mitigate that impact, and deal with the increasing numbers of visitors. The project concludes with predictions and suggestions for the future of the San Gorgonio Wilderness.

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3

Christy, Kim S. "Benefit/Cost Variables and Comparative Recreation Use Patterns of Wilderness and Non-Wilderness Areas." DigitalCommons@USU, 1988. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3548.

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This paper examines formal wilderness designation and is presented in two parts. The first section offers a general classification and comprehensive review of the benefit and cost variables associated with wilderness designation and management. The second section investigates recreation use, which society has historically perceived to be the highest valued element in the network of wilderness benefits. Variables associated with the benefits of wilderness designation are presented under three major categories: 1) naturalness preservation, 2) solitude or primitive and unconfined types of recreation, and 3) special features of scientific, educational, scenic, or historic value. Costs attributed to wilderness designation are presented under two major categories: 1) administration/general management costs and 2) opportunity costs. The second section of this thesis establishes growth rate comparisons of wilderness and non-wilderness recreation use on United States Forest Service lands in Utah, the Intermountain Region, and the overall national Forest Service system from 1967 to 1986. The High Uintas Wilderness area was also analyzed for its use over the same twenty-year period. Data used to measure recreational use at these levels was obtained from United States Forest Service Recreation Information Management records and are measured in recreational visitor days. Growth rate comparisons are measured with respect to recreation use in general terms as well as on a per acre basis at all levels examined. Because of general trend discrepancies in recreation use over the twenty-year study period, growth rate estimates of recreation use at all levels are also measured with respect to two separate time periods--1967 to 1976 and 1977 to 1986. This analysis shows that non-wilderness/ primitive recreation use per acre increased during the last decade at all levels examined, whereas wilderness/primitive .recreation use per acre showed marked declines during the same period. Growth rate estimates established on a per acre basis provide a general indication of the marginal value of wilderness and non-wilderness recreation use. This thesis shows that, with respect to recreation use, marginal utility has diminished in designated wilderness since 1977. In contrast, this research also infers that the marginal value for non-wilderness recreation use has increased. These findings suggest that, from a recreation perspective, adding wilderness areas to the National Wilderness Predervation System is unwarranted.

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4

Jonathan, Pebworth Michael. "Evergreen struggle : federal wilderness preservation, populism, and liberalism in Washington State, 1935-1984 /." view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3095270.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 453-468). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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5

Stubbs, Christopher J. "Low-impact recreational pratices : assessing and improving wilderness user knowledge, behavioral intentions, and behavior /." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03022010-020208/.

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6

Petrie, W. J. "Wilderness experience : a Jungian model." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14399.

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Includes bibliography.
The aim of the present study is to produce, and to begin to illustrate the use of, a theoretical model by which varying attitudes to, and experiences of, wilderness may be understood. A classical Jungian developmental framework is utilised for these purposes. The paper begins with brief definitions of the concepts pertinent to this work followed by a fairly comprehensive summary of Neumann's developmental model. The author's model, constructed on this theoretical basis, is then outlined and applied at a mythological level to the attitudes to wilderness manifest in the Judaeo - Christian religions. In the discussion, indications are given as to how the model might be applied at individual and cultural levels. One person's experience of wilderness is interpreted within the context of the theory followed by a brief discussion on the use of the model in informing therapeutic wilderness programming. Traditional North American Indian and contemporary Western attitudes towards wilderness are then briefly interpreted. It is concluded that this paper illustrates the usefulness of a Jungian model in understanding wilderness experience. Within the context of this framework, the value of a developmental perspective is noted.

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7

Young, James Mark. "Identification of social indicators and standards for acceptable conditions in the Cohutta Wilderness using a normative social judgment approach." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-040226/.

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8

Curtis, Jeffrey Wilson. "Rest Area Wilderness Experience: Reimagining the Design of Rest Areas on Interstate 64." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78900.

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Wilderness has inspired the imagination and passion of Americans for the past two centuries. However, the places that are most often designated as wilderness are frequently far away and difficult for most people to access. It is therefore important to understand how the idea of wilderness can be rescaled and rethought to allow for its benefits to be more attainable within common and accessible areas. Interstate rest areas provide an excellent subject to study how a wilderness experience can be designed within an area not typically associated with wild nature. The rest areas on Interstate 64 in Virginia provide a good opportunity to conduct this study due to the variety ecological conditions that the interstate passes through. This thesis explores the varying conditions of all the rest areas on Interstate 64 in Virginia and develops a design for one of them, New Kent County Eastbound at mile marker 213. This design process is a site specific model for designing a wilderness experience at an interstate rest area that provides opportunities to experience local ecology, improve storm water management features, and increase wildlife habitat.
Master of Landscape Architecture

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9

Rollins, Matthew Gregory. "Twentieth century fire patterns in the Gila/Aldo Leopold Wilderness areas, New Mexico and the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness area, Idaho/Montana." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284205.

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I used archives of wildfire perimeters (fire atlases) within a geographic information system (GIS) to describe and evaluate fire frequency patterns for the 20th century in the 486,673-ha Gila/Aldo Leopold Wilderness Complex (GALWC), New Mexico and the 785,090-ha Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Complex (SBWC) in Idaho and Montana. I addressed questions about changing 20th century fire frequencies and landscape-scale controls of fire frequency by analyzing fire atlases along with data for topography, vegetation, and climate. Similarities and differences in comparisons between study areas highlight important aspects of fire regimes and strengthen my interpretation and inference. In the GALWC, fire rotations were shortest during the recent wildfire use period (1975-1993) and longest during the pre-modern suppression period (1909-1946). In the SBWC, fire rotations were shortest during the pre-modern suppression period (1880-1934) and longest during the modern suppression period (1935-1975). Elevations with the highest fire frequencies differed between study areas. However, forest types found at these elevations are characterized by similar overstory tree species. Steeper northeastern slopes in the GALWC and southwestern slopes in the SBWC burned most frequently. I assert that, in the GALWC, horizontal fuel continuity is a main factor determining fire frequency. In the SBWC, fuel moisture status limits fire frequency. Fires are most frequent in areas where ignitions occur and neither fuel continuity nor fuel moisture are likely to limit fire spread. Three statistical modeling approaches were used to produce maps of reburn probabilities. Log-likelihood modeling provided the most satisfactory results, while logistic regression and classification and regression trees yielded statistically insignificant models. Empirical models contributed to the assertion that fuel continuity limits fire frequency in the GALWC while fuel moisture limits fire frequency in the SBWC. Mapped fire perimeters provide a valuable source of spatial historical information for describing the role of large fires over broad areas. This dissertation enhances scientific knowledge about broad scale changes in fire regimes. Comparisons between areas facilitate identification of unique versus general patterns. Results provide a contemporary baseline for comparison with estimates of Pre-EuroAmerican fire frequencies, and a historical, spatial context for modeling and managing future fire regimes.

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10

Randzio, Kassia C. "The Wild Sky Wilderness Proposal: Politics, Process, and Participation in Wilderness Designation." Connect to this title, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/142/.

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11

Dvorak, Robert Gregory. "Dynamic human relationships with wilderness developing a relationship model /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12092008-122753/.

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12

Washington, Haydn G. "The wilderness knot." Click here for electronic access to document: http://arrow.uws.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/uws:44, 2006. http://arrow.uws.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/uws:44.

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Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Western Sydney.
Title from electronic document (viewed 2/6/10) Interviews held with: "James' Dharug, Traditional Custodian; Dr. Rob Lesslie, conservation biologist, Dr. Val Plumwood, environmental philosopher, Virginia Young, Director WildCountry Project, Professor Mike Archer, Dr. Deborah Bird Rose, anthropologist, Ms. Penny Figgis, former Vice President of ACF, Dr. Tim Flannery, Director South Australian Museum, Mr. Dean Stewart, Aboriginal Education Officer, Melbourne Botanic Gardens, Dr. Rosemary Hill, ACF Northern Lands Project Officer, Professor Harry Recher.

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13

Dvorak, Bob G. "Dynamic human relationships with wilderness developing a relationship model /." [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12092008-122753/unrestricted/umi-umt-1103.pdf.

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14

Vaughn, Gary D. "Assessment of Colorado’s Wilderness Areas: Manager Perceptions and Remoteness Modeling." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1096.

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This study assessed visitor use levels and resource and social conditions in wilderness areas across the State of Colorado using existing and collected spatial data. This is the first attempt to spatially assess wilderness conditions at the state level. A state-wide assessment of wilderness conditions allows local and regional managers to make informed regional decisions and to prioritize and direct their time and energy efficiently. This assessment clarifies the recreational use and impacts across the state. This study consists of two projects: 1) managers’ perceptions of the location and extent of resource and social condition problems; and 2) a geographic information system (GIS) model of remoteness across the State of Colorado and for each wilderness area.

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15

Kvalbein, Susanne. "Mapping wilderness like areas in Tanzania based on the Norwegian INON methodology." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Geografisk institutt, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-17038.

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The purpose of this master’s thesis was to produce a national wilderness map of Tanzania by using a Norwegian method for mapping wilderness like areas, called Inngrepsfrie naturområder i Norge (INON). In English this means Areas without major infrastructure development in Norway. There are currently no national wilderness maps of Tanzania, just maps on regional or global scale. The INON methodology was assessed in relation to Tanzanian conditions, and to some degree compared with Landscan population data, protected areas from World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), as well as the Last of the Wild dataset from the Human Footprint project. The INON methodology is based solely on distance from elements defined as major infrastructure development by the Directorate of Nature Management (DN) in Norway, and its methodology is much simpler than other methods for mapping wilderness, such as for instance GLOBIO and the Human Footprint. Its simplicity makes it easy to use, but also insufficient for decision making. It can be used as a reference map, indicating where to find possible wilderness like areas, but additional information is needed before making a decision. As the INON methodology is based on distance from infrastructure, this raises some issues in a Tanzanian context. This works in Norway because people usually live in close proximity to infrastructure. However, this is not always the case in Tanzania, where the infrastructure is not yet fully developed. Many people live in villages not connected to the road network or other infrastructure defined by DN. These areas will show up in the map as wilderness like areas, when they are actually filled with human settlements. To solve such issues, the INON methodology must be adapted to Tanzanian conditions before it can be used in land use management and planning.

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16

Orgill, Kelly M. "Conservative conservationists : water rights, wilderness, and Idahoan political identity /." [Boise, Idaho] : Boise State University, 2009. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/34/.

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17

Moore, Steven Douglas. "Leisure stereotypes: Person perception and social contact norms in a wilderness area." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184726.

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Social contact norms are used by managers to establish standards for regulating visitation of wilderness areas so that visitors can attain adequate experiences of solitude. This study expanded on current conceptions of social contact norms to provide a theoretical and empirical basis for understanding how such norms are formed. Using person perception, stereotyping, and socialization theory and the concept of cognitive schemata, a conceptual framework was built to explain how visitors come to judge certain groups as appropriate or inappropriate in a wilderness area. Seven research hypotheses were proposed and tested using a database consisting of responses to a mail questionnaire survey of 800 permit requestors and 95 interviews with visitors at Aravaipa Canyon Wilderness, Arizona. The first hypothesis, that wilderness visitors would regard some types of groups as appropriate and other types of groups as inappropriate in the wilderness area, was supported. Norms for encountering 13 types of groups were estimated from written questions and drawings, and paired picture comparisons allowed ranking of six types of groups. Encounters with lone hikers, small groups, medium-sized groups, birdwatchers, youth groups, school classes, and rangers were considered more appropriate than encounters with hunters, horseback riders, packstock users, and nude bathers. Logit and multinomial logit models were used to test the six remaining hypotheses, which concerned the influences of socialization and other processes on development of social contact norms. To test the hypotheses, norms for encountering six types for groups were predicted from demographic and other variables. The results indicated that norms for encountering small groups were not affected by social class or race; affiliation with a small group during a wilderness visit was associated with a dislike of large groups, membership in a conservation organization had no such association; members of conservation organizations preferred fewer encounters with hunters; membership in a conservation organization also prompted the respondents to dislike encounters with horseback riders; females, older visitors, and people with children disliked encountering nude bathers; and inexperienced and less self-reliant visitors enjoyed encounters with rangers. Theoretical, managerial, and social implications of these results were then discussed.

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18

Bambrick, Beth Marie. "Large Woody Debris Mobility Areas in a Coastal Old-Growth Forest Stream, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/658.

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This study uses a spatial model to visualize LWD mobility areas in an approximate 1km reach of Cummins Creek, a fourth-order stream flowing through an old-growth Sitka spruce-western hemlock forest in the Oregon Coast Range. The model solves a LWD incipient motion equation for nine wood size combinations (0.1m, 0.4m, 1.7m diameters by 1.0m, 6.87m, 47.2m lengths) during the 2-year, 10-year, and 100-year discharge events. Model input variables were derived from a combination of field survey, remotely sensed, and modeled data collected or derived between June 2010 and July 2011. LWD mobility map results indicate the 2-year discharge mobilizes all modeled diameters, but mobile piece lengths are shorter than the bankfull channel boundary. Mobility areas for each wood size combination increases with discharge; 10-year and 100-year discharge events mobilize wood longer than average bankfull width within a confined section of the main stem channel, and mobilize LWD shorter than bankfull width within the main stem channel, side channels, and floodplain. No discharge event mobilizes the largest LWD size combination (1.7m / 47.2). Recruitment process was recorded for all LWD during June 2010, revealing that all mobile wood in the study reach was shorter than bankfull width. Based on these conflicting results, I hypothesize the distribution of wood in Cummins Creek can be described in terms of discharge frequency and magnitude, instead of as a binary mobile/stable classification. Mobility maps could be a useful tool for land managers using LWD as part of a stream restoration or conservation plan, but will require additional calibration.

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19

Lindquist, Christopher R. "Wild Practices: Teaching the Value of Wildness." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4501/.

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The notion of wildness as a concept that is essentially intractable to definition has profound linguistic and ethical implications for wilderness preservation and environmental education. A survey of the ways in which wilderness value is expressed through language reveals much confusion and repression regarding our understanding of the autonomy of nature. By framing discussions of wilderness through fact-driven language games, the value of the wild autonomy in nature becomes ineffable. In removing wildness from the discourse on wilderness we convert wilderness value from an intrinsic value into a distorted instrumental value. If we want to teach others that wilderness value means something more than a recreational, scientific, or economic opportunity, we need to include other ways of articulating this value in our education programs. Through linking the wildness of natural systems with the wild forms in human language games, I examine the conceptual freedom required for valuing autonomy in nature. The focus on what is required of language in expressing the intrinsic value of wilderness reveals that wilderness preservation and environmental education need complementary approaches to the current science-based frameworks, such as those used by the National Park Service. The disciplines of poetry, literature, ethics, and aesthetics offer alternative language games that allow for a more fluid, imaginative, and open-ended understanding of the autonomy of nature, and a means for articulating the value of this wildness that implies an ethical position of humility.

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20

MacDonald, Heather. "Preferences of Ontario residents for wilderness areas, an examination of the conjoint methodology." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0020/NQ37729.pdf.

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21

Parsons, Russ 1957. "The perception of changes in visibility at Class I Parks and Wilderness areas." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276583.

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The language of regulations implementing the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments distinguishes between humanly detectable visibility impairment in Class I Parks and Wilderness areas and the extent to which such impairment adversely affects a park visitor's visual experience. Two lines of environmental perception research have arisen from this distinction, one emphasizing the detectability of visibility impairment, and the other emphasizing a park visitor's experience. This study attempts to deal with issues relevant to both lines of research. Subjects were shown color slides depicting varying levels of visibility in Class I Parks and Wilderness areas under four treatment conditions. A sensitivity gradient emerged from these conditions: Subjects who rated repeated versions of selected vistas for visual air quality were most sensitive to changes in visibility, while subjects who rated a random series of scenes for scenic beauty were least sensitive. Other variables (i.e., scattering angle, and the particular vista being viewed) also proved to have substantial influence on perceptual ratings.

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22

Hannon, James G. "Place Needs and Client Outcomes of Wilderness Experience Programs in Maine: A Descriptive-Interpretive Approach." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/HannonJG2004.pdf.

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23

Thomas, Terri. "Spatial and Temporal Land Use Change in Southern Illinois' Clear Springs and Bald Knob Wilderness Areas." OpenSIUC, 2008. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/260.

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This study provides a spatial and temporal examination of land use change in a southern Illinois wilderness area. The study area is the Clear Springs and Bald Knob Wilderness areas. Land patent and Forest Service acquisition records were compiled with spatial and temporal elements of land transfers examined utilizing a geographic information system (GIS). Current wilderness recreation site impacts and opportunities for solitude conditions were inventoried. Land-cover data for 1938, 1965, 1993, and 2005 were created and analyzed utilizing a geographic information system (GIS). Results indicate that land use change and land ownership have varied both spatially and temporally. First, land ownership transfers were influenced by land costs, availability of funds and topography. Lower land costs resulted in increased land transfers. Bottomlands remained in private ownership for longer periods of time. Second, minimal developments or human improvement for visitor convenience were evident in the wilderness areas. Remote areas offer ample opportunities for wilderness visitors to seek solitude. Wilderness management efforts should continue to monitor areas on a five-year basis to capture status and trends. Third, intensity and temporal human-initiated landscapes have varied. Upland forest dominated the land cover in 1938 with some evidence of grass and croplands located predominantly on bottomlands. By 1993, grass and cropland had virtually been removed from this landscape replaced by forests. Evidence of past land use change exists on the landscape.

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24

Mason, Michael Richard. "The politics of wilderness preservation : environmental activism and natural areas policy in British Columbia, Canada." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261503.

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25

Allgeier, Andrew R. "Air quality monitoring in the Teton and Gros Ventre Wilderness areas a mixed methods approach /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1939120961&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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26

Ottosson, Johan. "The importance of nature in coping : creating increased understanding of the importance of pure experiences of nature to human health /." Alnarp : Dept. of Work Science, Business Economics and Environmental Psychology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007115.pdf.

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27

Cook, Philip S. "User fee for wilderness recreation: a comparison of user characteristics and travel cost demand functions for Linville Gorge wilderness area and Grandfather Mountain backcountry, North Carolina." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104313.

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28

Milanowski, Shannon M. "Visitor Awareness of Low-impact Camping Techniques in the Wilderness Area Isle Royale National Park, Michigan: An Investigation of Possible Affecting Factors." Ohio : Ohio University, 2002. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1037696738.

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29

Thomas, Terri A. "Spatial and temporal land use change in southern Illinois' Clear Springs and Bald Knob Wilderness areas /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1674089341&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2008.
"Environmental Resources and Policy Program." Keywords: Eastern wilderness, Land ownership, Land use change, Illinois, Bald Knob Wilderness, Clear Springs Wilderness. Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-131). Also available online.

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30

Brickle, Tyler A. "In Defense of Wilderness: A Documentation of the Social and Cultural Aspects of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (BWCA)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984123/.

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My thesis research provides an alternative argument for the protection of the wilderness that extends far beyond that of the purely biological and instead looks at wilderness for the intrinsic value, focusing on the social and cultural aspects. Through an ethnographic approach, I uncovered the how, why, and in what context people connect with wilderness and how people lean on these experiences. Through analysis of the interviews and data that was collected, I was able to identify tangible and intangible values associated with wilderness exploration and understand how these social and cultural aspects manifest themselves in people's day-to-day lives.

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31

Detzel, David. "Wilderness Education Association certification and safety, ecological impact, and curriculum standardization of graduates." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45685.

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Graduates of the Wilderness Education Association (W.E.A.) were surveyed by mail to investigate the effects of their certification on safety, ecological impact, and curriculum standardization of their subsequent leadership activities. Self-reports showed a slight, but not statistically significant, decrease in the number of post- W.E.A. course evacuations and rescues. Graduates reported a moderate W.E.A. influence on their accident records, and knowledge of W.E.A. standard safety practices was low. W.E.A.'s reported influence on the ecological impact of current outdoor leadership activities was stronger than its influence on safety, but graduates revealed only a moderate level of knowledge about ethical use practices. Graduates reported implementing a mean of 4.54 out of 16 W.E.A. curriculum areas into current programs. Thirty-three and one-half percent of the graduates reported not implementing any curriculum areas into current programs. W.E.A. graduates indicated that the course had the greatest influence on the implementation of their outdoor education curriculum areas which had previously not been highly standardized. Implications for certification of outdoor leaders are discussed.

Master of Science

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32

Carr, Christopher. "Variation in Environmental Impact at Rock Climb Areas in Red River Gorge Geological Area and Adjacent Clifty Wilderness, Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1178812135.

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33

Ford, Francois Yorke. "A geographical information system for fire management by the Western Cape Nature Conservation Board /." Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1641.

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34

Wortman, Martin J. "Dwellness [electronic resource] : a radical notion of wilderness / by Martin J. Wortman." Scholar Commons, 2003. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1509.

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The contemporary concept of wilderness, which is central to environmental theory and activism, is both a help and a hindrance to government policy and to popular environmental beliefs. The Judeo-Christian religious tradition and Locke's property theory provides much of the western cultural and historical basis of humans' environmental attitudes that basically engender exploitation. I argue that a more precise interpretation of Genesis and of Locke reveals that both sources actually promote environmental stewardship while decrying ecological abuse. Next I analyze the history and shortcomings of various wilderness concepts. These shortcomings are all forms of an exclusionist mentality and result in some harmful theoretical and practical applications. Some of these applications include the separation of humans from nature, and the propensity of governments and the public to allow ecological degradation in non-wilderness areas. Yet there are beneficial aspects to wilderness that contribute to a deeper understanding of human nature and our place in the world. Wilderness helps us to remember our wild and primal aspects that provide a connection with nature. In light of the perils and power of wilderness I offer a new, radical, inclusive, and expansive notion of wilderness that I name "dwellness." Dwellness is a normative ethical position where all areas upon the earth ought to be viewed by people in the same way as wilderness areas are currently viewed, but with some modifications. Unlike wilderness, dwellness includes humans within nature and also contains the idea of sustainable living practices. To support dwellness I turn to Martin Heidegger. By identifying the world as a place where we dwell and in which we belong, we come to a more profound understanding of Being, or existence, in general and of our own particular modes of being. By learning to look at the world in this new, yet old, way we may then understand how important and central is the world, a mode of Being, to the existence and maintenance of our Being. Finally, I answer some possible objections to dwellness. These objections revolve around problems of industrial pollution (waste), which, under dwellness, would have to be considered natural.

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35

Wall, Reinius Sandra. "Tourism attractions and land use interactions : Case studies from protected areas in the Swedish mountain region." Licentiate thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Social Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-954.

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36

Sholty, Janet Poindexter. "Into the Woods: Wilderness Imagery as Representation of Spiritual and Emotional Transition in Medieval Literature." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501240/.

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Wilderness landscape, a setting common in Romantic literature and painting, is generally overlooked in the art of the Middle Ages. While the medieval garden and the city are well mapped, the medieval wilderness remains relatively trackless. Yet the use of setting to represent interior experience may be traced back to the Neo-Platonic use of space and movement to define spiritual development. Separating themselves as far as possible from the material world, such writers as Origen and Plotinus avoided use of representational detail in their spatial models; however, both the visual artists and the authors who adopted the Neo-Platonic paradigm, elaborated their emotional spaces with the details of the classical locus amoenus and of the exegetical desert, while retaining the philosophical concern with spiritual transition. Analysis of wilderness as an image for spiritual and emotional transition in medieval literature and art relates the texts to an iconographic tradition which, along with motifs of city and garden, provides a spatial representation of interior progress, as the medieval dialectic process provides a paradigm for intellectual resolution. Such an analysis relates the motif to the core of medieval intellectual experience, and further suggests significant connections between medieval and modern narratives in regard to the representation of interior experience. The Divine Comedy and related Continental texts employ both classical and exegetical sources in the representation of psychological transition and spiritual conversion. Similar techniques are also apparent in English texts such as Beowulf and the Anglo-Saxon elegies, in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame, and Troilus and Criseyde, and in the northern English The Pearl and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. These literary texts, further, include both ideas and techniques which are analogous to those of visual arts, where frescos and altarpieces show the wilderness as metaphor for transition, and where manuscript illuminations relate this visual concept to texts. Thus, the wilderness as a landscape of personal crisis becomes in the Middle Ages a significant part of the representation of interior experience in painting and in literature.

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37

Louter, David. "Windshield wilderness : the automobile and the meaning of national parks in Washington State /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10332.

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38

Furr, Gabriella R. "Current and Historic Visitor Experiences in Coastal Alaskan Wilderness: Visitor Motivations and Experience Quality in Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7695.

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Visitors to parks and protected areas (PPAs) engage in a variety of activities and choose different modes of travel, especially when the location itself has few limitations, such as open-water settings with relatively few backcountry visitors. Managers must understand why visitors are recreating in a particular place and the quality of their experiences in order to offer appropriate and meaningful opportunities. This study seeks to better understand visitor motivations (the “why”), to develop and measure effective indicators for evaluating the quality of visitor experiences, and to contextualize these findings with a unique investigation of historical Glacier Bay National Park data. This study contributes to current literature by exploring visitor dimensions in a coastal Alaskan park. Visitor intercept surveys were conducted for six different visitor groups. Several statistical analyses were completed, resulting in eight visitor motivations, a three-group clustering of visitors based on their motivations, and an overall report of high-quality experiences. Historical comparisons confirm that decades later visitors continue to be motivated by opportunities to experience glaciers, solitude, and natural connection and renewal; litter, cruise ships and propeller-driven aircrafts continue to be the main social factors detracting from the visitor’s overall experience; and visitors are shifting to older, highly educated, wealthy travelers.

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39

Ritchie, Viola Patricia. "Wildlife-associated recreation and wildlife management: views of birders, hunters, environmentalists, wildlife professionals, and forestry professionals." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77900.

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Few wildlife-associated recreation models have examined the contributions of wildlife to recreation experiences. In this study, a mail questionnaire was used to examine the wildlife experiences enjoyed by hunters, birders, environmentalists, wildlife professionals, and forestry professionals. In addition, the study also compared the surveyed groups' socioeconomic characteristics, recreation activities, and organizational affiliations, as well as their perceptions concerning approaches to wildlife management, habitat issues, and the social values attributed to wildlife. While responses often differed according to populations, the surveyed groups enjoyed many of the same wildlife watching experiences and, if they hunted, many of the same hunting experiences. The subjects' outdoor recreation activities and organizational affiliations suggested that the populations' interests in wildlife varied according to primary/secondary- and consumptive/nonconsumptive-orientation. Groups sometimes viewed the social values attributed to wildlife differently, but ecological value of wildlife and the value of wildlife to the enjoyment of future generations were important to all groups surveyed. The social values important to subjects personally sometimes differed from the values they believed justified tax expenditures. Generally, both professional groups agreed with use of five wildlife management approaches, but viewed forest habitat issues differently. The user groups were divided about the use of hunting and timber harvesting to help manage some wildlife species and about the adequacy of forest lands in the Southeast U.S. to meet the needs of some species. The professional groups had similar socioeconomic backgrounds. User groups varied according to age, sex, community type, education, and occupation; however, the user groups had similar household incomes.
Master of Science

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40

Hood, Robert L. (Robert Leroy). "Discursive Horizons of Human Identity and Wilderness in Postmodern Environmental Ethics: A Case Study of the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500395/.

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Using a genealogy of the narratives of the Guadalupes, I explore three moral identities. The Mescalero Apache exist as caretakers of sacred space. Spanish and Anglo settlers exist as conquerors of a hostile land. The park service exists as captives, imprisoned in the belief that economic justifications can protect the intrinsic value of wilderness. The narrative shift from oral to abstract text-based culture entails a shift from intrinsic to instrumental valuation. I conclude that interpretation of narratives, such as those of the Guadalupes, is not by itself a sufficient condition for change. Interpretation is, however, a necessary condition for expanding the cultural conversation beyond merely instrumental justifications to include caring for wilderness's intrinsic values.

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Kennedy, Christina Beal. "THE EFFECTS OF PROFESSIONAL BIAS ON PERCEPTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TWO WILDERNESSES NEAR TUCSON, ARIZONA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275356.

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42

Magadzire, Nyasha. "Reconstruction of a fire regime using MODIS burned area data : Charara Safari Area, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80042.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Current efforts to address Zimbabwe‘s decade long veld fire crisis has partly been hindered by a lack of financial resources and fire data. This study illustrates the potential of using the MODIS burned area product as an alternative cost- and time-effective method for reconstructing historical fire records in Zimbabwe. Two MODIS burned area products were evaluated, namely the MCD45A1 and WAMIS (Meraka Institute‘s MODIS burned area product). Both products yielded similar levels of accuracy despite the difference in algorithms. However, it is assumed that at certain thresholds, either in tree cover or fire intensity, WAMIS ceases to map fires as accurately as the MCD45A1. Ten years of fire data for Charara Safari Area (CSA) was extracted from the MCD45A1, and used as a basis to establish six parameters: fire incidence, extent, seasonality, fire size, frequency and fire return interval (FRI). It was observed that approximately 50% of CSA burned annually, with an average of 132 fires occurring every year. Although there was no overall increase or decrease in the extent of area burned over the 10 year study period, an increasing trend in fire incidence was noted. Through an assessment of effective fire size, it was established that more fires in CSA were gradually becoming smaller in size, while the extent of area burned remained fairly constant. Hence, the increase in fire incidences and lack of a corresponding increase in area burned. This study was also used to identify areas in the fire regime that may be a potential ecological risk to the miombo woodland in CSA. Three points of concern were revealed: firstly, a high prevalence of late season fires was observed in the northern bounds of CSA. Secondly, 64.2% of the total area burned in CSA burned between 6 and 10 times over the 10 year period, and lastly, 85% of the total area burned over the period 2001 and 2010 had a FRI of less than 2 years. The combination of late season fires, high fire frequency and short FRI in CSA is indicative of possible alterations in the state of the miombo woodlands, which may have negative socio-economic implications on CSA and its surrounding communities. This study has demonstrated that the MCD45A1 is a useful source of much needed fire information for Zimbabwe. Therefore, the possibility of integrating methods employed in this study into the current collection of fire data should be given due consideration.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Huidige pogings om Zimbabwe se dekade lank veldbrand krisis aan te spreek is gedeeltelik belemmer deur 'n gebrek aan finansiële hulpbronne en vuurdata. Hierdie studie illustreer die potensiaal van die gebruik van die MODIS verbrande area produk as 'n alternatiewe koste-en tyd-effektiewe metode vir die rekonstruksie van historiese vuurrekords in Zimbabwe. Twee MODIS verbrande area produkte is geëvalueer, naamlik die MCD45A1 en WAMIS (Meraka Instituut se MODIS verbrand area produk). Beide produkte het soortgelyke vlakke van akkuraatheid opgelewer ten spyte van die verskil in die algoritmes. Dit word egter aanvaar dat op sekere drempels, óf in die boom bedekking, of brandintensiteit, WAMIS brande minder akkuraat karteer as die MCD45A1 produk. Tien jaar van vuurdata vir Charara Safari Area (CSA) is uit die MCD45A1 data onttrek, en gebruik as 'n basis om ses parameters vas te stel: vuurvoorkoms, omvang, seisoenaliteit, vuurgrootte, frekwensie en tyd tussen die terugkeer van vuur na ‗n spesifieke plek (nl. FRI). Dit is waargeneem dat ongeveer 50% van die CSA jaarliks gebrand word, met 'n gemiddeld van 132 brande wat elke jaar voorkom. Daar was nie 'n algehele toename of afname in die omvang van die totale verbrande area oor die 10 jaar studietydperk nie. Maar 'n toenemende neiging in die vuurvoorkoms was wel opgemerk. Deur middel van 'n assessering van effektiewe vuurgrootte, is daar vasgestel dat meer kleiner brande in CSA voorkom, terwyl die omvang van die verbrand area redelik konstant gebly het. Dus was daar ‗n toename in die aantal vuurvoorvalle al was daar nie 'n ooreenstemmende toename in die totale verbrande oppervlakte was nie. Hierdie studie is ook gebruik om gebiede in die vuurregime te identifiseer wat 'n potensiële ekologiese risiko vir die miombobosveld in CSA inhou. Drie punte van kommer word geopenbaar: eerstens, 'n hoë voorkoms van laatseisoen brande is waargeneem in die noordelike grense van CSA. Tweedens, 64,2% van die totale verbrande oppervlakte in die CSA brand tussen 6 en 10 keer bine die 10-jaar periode. Laastens, 85% van die totale verbrande oppervlakte oor die tydperk 2001 tot 2010 het 'n FRI van minder as twee jaar. Die kombinasie van laatseisoen brande, hoë vuurfrekwensie en kort FRI in CSA is 'n aanduiding van moontlike veranderinge in die toestand van die miomboveld, wat negatiewe sosio-ekonomiese implikasies op die CSA en die omliggende gemeenskappe kan uitoefen. Hierdie studie het getoon dat die MCD45A1 'n nuttige bron van broodnodige vuur inligting vir Zimbabwe is. Daarom, moet die moontlikheid van die integrasie van die metodes wat gebruik word in hierdie studie in die huidige versameling van vuurdata behoorlike oorweging gegee word.

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43

Tucker, Wayne R. "Monitoring wilderness quality, Kingsmere wilderness area, Prince Albert National Park." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ42316.pdf.

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44

Ford, Francois York. "A Geographical Information System for Fire Management by the Western Cape Nature Conservation Board." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1519.

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Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
A multitude of unique fauna and flora exist within the Western Cape of South Africa. Fire plays an intricate role in the conservation and extinction of many of these species. It is therefore imperative to understand this delicate relationship in order to help preserve the province’s uniquely balanced ecosystem. The Western Cape Nature Conservation Board (WCNCB) expressed the need for a system that would allow reserve managers to produce basic fire frequency and veld age maps with considerable ease. These maps are needed for intelligent decisionmaking regarding the management of veldfires. Information concerning vegetation and historical veldfires in the Western Cape, collected over a period of 50 years exist in tabular format in databases of the WCNCB. Some of these tables contain spatial information elements, such as areas affected by fires. Tabular data with spatial elements can be converted to a geographical information system (GIS) format, extracting value previously shielded from the user. Using GIS techniques and the programming language Avenue, two tools with powerful decision-making qualities were created to extract value from these datasets. One tool shows the fire history of a specified area as a digital map. This map shows areas with varying occurrences of fires over time, thereby highlighting hot spots within the specified location. The ability to view various fire scar datasets spatially over a specified period, as opposed to records in a table, enables the user to understand the extent to which areas have been repeatedly exposed to fire and quickly identify areas most affected. The second tool shows vegetation age in a similar fashion, allowing the user to see the current spatial distribution of vegetation and its age. Knowledge about the age of indigenous vegetation, such as fynbos, in a predetermined area, facilitates the reserve manager in decisions related to block burning. This is an accepted practise in areas where vegetation requires fire to stimulate germination. Both tools provide decisionmaking support to reserve managers regarding the most suitable course of action in terms of the implementation of a proactive or passive approach towards fires. This study satisfies the needs of the WCNCB by exploring the hidden value within their datasets. GIS supported by the programming language, Avenue, was successfully utilised in the development of a system capable of extracting information from current datasets to support reserve managers in their critical decision-making processes.

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45

Ballantyne, Fiona. "Palaeoecology and vegetation dynamics in the Cederberg wilderness area." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6227.

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The Cederberg Wilderness Area, in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, contains over 2000 plant species, 280 of which are endemic. The area has been subject to various forms of land use for millennia ranging from hunter-gatherers, herders, and farmers to visitors today. This study used palaeoecological techniques to investigate the impacts of past land use, specifically the transition from hunter-gathering to farming and herding in order to provide a baseline for current wilderness management. A sediment core was extracted from a wetland adjacent to the De Rif farmstead, analysed for fossil pollen and charcoal and dated using AMS radiocarbon dating. Historical records were used to link changes with land use history. A vegetation survey of the site focussed on the grass component of the vegetation. The largest impacts on vegetation during the last 2300 years are due to grazing and agriculture during the 1800s to 1940. Fire-sensitive taxa have not declined, apart from possibly Ericaceae, suggesting that changes in fire have not exceeded a threshold that affects the community at a family level. Changes in the fire regime, combined with disturbance by ploughing and grazing have increased the abundance of Poaceae and Cyperaceae, resulting in a decrease in Restionaceae. Ploughing affected the height structure and species composition of the site, and allowed the invasion and persistence of exotic grasses which now make up 43% of total grass cover on the previously ploughed area. Few indigenous fynbos grasses were found suggesting that the grass community is depauperate due to disturbance. The higher grass abundance preceded the largest fire recorded in the charcoal record suggesting a grass fire cycle has started at De Rif. Ploughing, grazing and invasive grasses, rather than changes in fire regime or resource extraction, are the main causes of vegetation change at De Rif and still affect the site today. Wilderness management will need to mitigate the impacts of livestock and agriculture on De Rif and monitor the recovery of this and other previously farmed areas to ensure that they do not become as a source of invasive species in the future under novel disturbances such as anthropogenic climate change.

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46

Irwin, Kenneth M. "Wilderness visitor response to ranger educational contacts at trailheads." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91123.

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The use of wilderness rangers to educate visitors on Without-A-Trace camping and wilderness ethics at trailheads is a common management practice, but little is known about how such contacts affect the visitors' wilderness experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Shining Rock Wilderness visitors perceived trailhead contacts as light-handed or heavy-handed and the factors which caused them to perceive the contact the way they did. It also determined whether or not the visitors felt that site conditions in the wilderness were getting better or worse. On-site questionnaires were administered to visitors as they left the area. A majority felt the trailhead contact was a light-handed way to manage wilderness use. The visitors felt that the contact did not take away their freedom to choose how, when or where to recreate. The rangers were perceived as friendly, knowledgeable, and non-authoritarian. The condition of Shining Rock Wilderness was perceived to be relatively free of site impacts. There were no significant differences in the visitors' perceptions of the ranger or the contact due to the sex or experience of the ranger or the sex, age, or experience of the visitors. Implications for wilderness management and research are discussed.
M.S.

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47

Mann, Geoff. "Conceptions of wilderness in North American protected area planning and management." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0010/MM16697.pdf.

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48

Wilson, John Martin Roy. "The benefits and burdens of living beside the Cederberg Wilderness Area." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20011.

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Includes bibliographical references
A great deal is riding on conservation efforts of the twenty-first century. In an era of extinction rates one thousand times faster than ever before, protected areas have emerged as the most widely used tool available to conservationists to curb the loss of species (Child, 2004; Jepson & Ladle, 2010) . The number and extent of protected areas has increased dramatically over the past century, and their future growth is guaranteed by international and national policies (Brockington et al., 2008). The growing prevalence of protected areas on a global landscape has increased contact between communities and conservation, frequently with conflict arising as a consequence (Dowie, 2009). Increasing recognition of the impact of protected areas on local people has given rise to international consensus is that there is a dearth of knowledge surrounding these implications which needs to be addressed (Brockington et al., 2006; Igoe, 2006; West et al., 2006) . It is this gap that this study sets out to ameliorate. The overarching aim of this research was to investigate the benefits and burdens that local communities experience from living beside a protected area. Further, this study also investigated the causes of these benefits and burdens, how they were distributed between communities at a local scale, and how local perception of the protected area was influenced as a result of these experiences. The Cederberg Wilderness Area, which has a history of restricting resource use dating back to the 1890s, was selected as the protected area of interest. Of the nine neighbouring communities, consideration of the origin and similarity between communities resulted in Bosdorp and Heuningvlei adopted as representatives for the study area. Household surveys, key informant interviews, observations and documentary evidence were utilised to obtain data, and triangulation was used across methods to validate findings (Jick, 1979). Household surveys and key informant interviews were conducted over two separate field visits between March and April, 2014. In particular, the findings of this study were considered in terms of the ecosystem services framework, as the dominant theory suggested in literature surrounding the benefits and burdens that people obtain from protected areas (CBD, 1992; Government of South Africa, 2010; MA, 2005). This study found that a total of 14 beneficial uses of natural resources provided directly or indirectly by the Cederberg Wilderness Area were enjoyed by the case study communities at a local scale. The distribution of these beneficial resource uses between the two communities varied widely, with just six of the 14 uses enjoyed in both communities. In addition to income generated directly by the Cederberg Wilderness Area through conservation and indirectly through tourism, participants agreed that they received benefits in terms of aesthetics, recreation, education, and spirituality. Seven burdens were raised by participants, with all but one shared between communities. However, the less economically able of the two communities, Heuningvlei, did experience a greater number and distribution of burdens than Bosdorp, the village from which most employees of the CWA originate, and the community who receive considerably more average monthly household income. Although all participants in Bosdorp disagreed with the statement that life would be better without rules associated with the Cederberg Wilderness Area, a third of Heuningvlei participants agreed therewith. The most noteworthy observation in terms of incongruence with the literature was the extent to which both communities benefited from the protected area. The reason suggested for this observation was twofold. First, the long history of living with resource restrictions in Heuningvlei has allowed the community to adjust its norms, values and practices in order to maximise benefit from the Cederberg Wilderness Area. Second, the establishment of the Bosdorp community in close proximity to the operational offices for the Cederberg Wilderness Area has allowed residents to maximise employment and other opportunities from the protected area. In order to ascertain the causes of the observations mentioned above, the findings were framed in terms of the ecosystem services framework. This framework was subsequently found to be ineffective in identifying these causes. However, all observations left unexplained by the ecosystem services framework were explained by adopting Access Theory (Ribot & Peluso, 2003). This highlighted the important role the communities played in realising ecosystem services, and allowed for an evaluation of the appropriateness of the ecosystem services framework for incorporating social dimensions in conservation approaches. In conclusion, it was ascertained that many of the findings observed in this study were highly contextual and more often determined by the social systems in question as opposed to ecological systems. Therefore, conservation approaches that aim to achieve more resilient systems must take these social systems into consideration. It was also concluded that the current dearth of information about the social implications of protected areas limits the utility of debates surrounding the need to take these implications into consideration in conservation practices, and poses a potential fatal flaw to conservation practices based on false assumptions of social systems. This study ends by calling for further research on this matter in order to achieve management approaches that result in resilient biodiversity conservation.

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49

Godwin, David Robert. "Burn severity in a central Florida sand pine scrub wilderness area." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0022868.

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50

Bryson, Autumn Leah. "Sulfate sorption of acidified forest soils in the Otter Creek Wilderness area." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4900.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 36 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-36).

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