Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Wide fraction"

AbstractThe majority of stars in the Galactic field and halo are part of binary or multiple systems. A significant fraction of these systems have orbital separations in excess of thousands of astronomical units, and systems wider than a parsec have been identified in the Galactic halo. These binary systems cannot have formed through the ‘normal’ star-formation process, nor by capture processes in the Galactic field. We propose that these wide systems were formed during the dissolution phase of young star clusters. We test this hypothesis using N-body simulations of evolving star clusters and find wide binary fractions of 1–30%, depending on initial conditions. Moreover, given that most stars form as part of a binary system, our theory predicts that a large fraction of the known wide ‘binaries’ are, in fact, multiple systems.

The purpose of this research is to increase the understanding in summing the fractions by using the wide picture of the fourth grade student area of SD Negeri 9 Ta '. Types of action research with cycles include planning, execution, observation, and reflection. Research data is activity data and student learning result in addition of fraction. Data obtained by observation, test, field notes. The result of this research is in cycle I (1) study at the stage of percentage in mempragakan image area not maximal yet (2) students have difficulties in adding fraction (3) group work not yet maximal, meanwhile in cycle II has significant increase that is (1 ) presentation at the presentation stage of the picture of the width of the area has been maximally run in accordance with the plan (2) the students are happy to do the sum of the fractions by using the broad area picture (3) the students can present the rare of fractional disappearance using the area wide image, can be seen in cycle I less qualification (K), cycle II qualification good (B). Means by using the image area in the fractional learning can improve student learning outcomes fourth grade SD Negeri 9 Ta '.

The goal of this paper is to show the effect of primary sedimentation on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and solids fractionation and consequently on the carbonaceous and energy footprints of wastewater treatment processes. Using a simple rational procedure for COD and solids fraction quantification, we quantify the effects of varying fractions on CO2 and CO2-equivalent mass flows, process energy demand and energy recovery. Then we analysed two treatment plants with similar biological nutrient removal processes in two different climatic regions and quantified the net benefit of gravity separation before biological treatment. In the cases analysed, primary settling increases the solid fraction of COD that is processed in anaerobic digestion, with an associated increase in biogas production and energy recovery, and a reduction in overall emissions of CO2 and CO2-equivalent from power importation.

ABSTRACT The population statistics of binary stars are an important output of star formation models. However, populations of wide binaries evolve over time due to interactions within a system’s birth environment and the unfolding of wide, hierarchical triple systems. Hence, the wide binary populations observed in star-forming regions or OB associations may not accurately reflect the wide binary populations that will eventually reach the field. We use Gaia DR2 data to select members of three open clusters, Alpha Per, the Pleiades, and Praesepe and to flag cluster members that are likely unresolved binaries due to overluminosity or elevated astrometric noise. We then identify the resolved wide binary population in each cluster, separating it from coincident pairings of unrelated cluster members. We find that these clusters have an average wide binary fraction in the 300–3000 au projected separation range of 2.1$\pm ^{0.4}_{0.2}$ per cent increasing to 3.0$\pm ^{0.8}_{0.7}$ per cent for primaries with masses in the 0.5–1.5 M⊙ range. This is significantly below the observed field wide binary fraction, but shows some wide binaries survive in these dynamically highly processed environments. We compare our results with another open cluster (the Hyades) and two populations of young stars that likely originated in looser associations (young moving groups and the Pisces-Eridanus stream). We find that the Hyades also has a deficit of wide binaries while the products of looser associations have wide binary fractions at or above field level.

Patterns of DNA methylation in animal genomes are known to vary from an apparent absence of modified bases, via methylation of a minor fraction of the genome, to genome-wide methylation. Representative genomes from 10 invertebrate phyla comprise predominantly nonmethylated DNA and (usually but not always) a minor fraction of methylated DNA. In contrast, all 27 vertebrate genomes that have been examined display genome-wide methylation. Our studies of chordate genomes suggest that the transition from fractional to global methylation occurred close to the origin of vertebrates, as amphioxus has a typically invertebrate methylation pattern whereas primitive vertebrates (hagfish and lamprey) have patterns that are typical of vertebrates. Surprisingly, methylation of genes preceded this transition, as many invertebrate genes have turned out to be heavily methylated. Methylation does not preferentially affect genes whose expression is highly regulated, as several housekeeping genes are found in the heavily methylated fraction whereas several genes expressed in a tissue-specific manner are in the nonmethylated fraction.

In this work, the refractometry method was used to study of the molecular interactions and structural characteristics of dimethylformamide-ethanol and cyclohexane-ethanol binary mixtures. The refractive indices of mixtures were measured over a wide range of dimethylformamide and cyclohexane concentrations (0−1.0 mole fractions) at 25°С. It has been shown that heteromolecular complexes in binary solutions are formed at the concentration of ∼0.5 mole fraction of those compounds due to strong H-bonds. Relatively weak interactions are determined at a concentration of ∼0.2 and ∼0.9 mole fraction of dimethylformamide and ∼0.2 and ∼0.8 mole fraction of cyclohexane.

Measurement of void fraction in a vertically arranged gas-liquid two-phase flow channel has been conducted for wide range of flow conditions using a specially developed sensor based on electric conductance method. The effects of velocities of both phases were examined with variety of combinations using an industrial scale two-phase flow loop. The results show that at a constant rate of liquid superficial velocities the void fractions increases with the increasing gas superficial velocities and at higher velocities of liquid phase, the value of void fraction becoming lower. The average void fractions were also compared with other scholars results.

ABSTRACT There is an ongoing debate on whether hot Jupiter hosts are more likely to be found in wide binaries with separations of ≳100 AU. In this paper, we search for comoving, very wide companions with separations of 103–104 AU for hot Jupiter hosts and main-sequence contact binaries in Gaia DR2, and compare the very wide companion fractions with their object-by-object-matched field star samples. We find that 11.9 ± 2.5 per cent of hot Jupiter hosts and 14.1 ± 1.0 per cent of contact binaries have companions at separations of 103–104 AU. While the very wide companion fraction of hot Jupiter hosts is a factor of 1.9 ± 0.5 larger than their matched field star sample, it is consistent, within ∼1σ, with that of matched field stars if the matching is only with field stars without close companions (within ∼50 AU) as is the case for hot Jupiter hosts. The very wide companion fraction of contact binaries is a factor of 3.1 ± 0.5 larger than their matched field star sample, suggesting that the formation and evolution of contact binaries are either tied to or correlated with the presence of wide companions. In contrast, the weak enhancement of very wide companion fraction for hot Jupiter hosts implies that the formation of hot Jupiters is not as sensitive to those environment properties. Our results also hint that the occurrence rates of dual hot Jupiter hosts and dual contact binaries may be higher than the expected values from random pairing of field stars, which may be due to their underlying metallicity and age dependence.

This thesis is concerned with the performance and measurement uncertainty of wire-mesh sensors in different air-water flow regimes in horizontal pipes. It also presents measurements of void fraction and interfacial velocity in such flows. It was found that the interfacial velocity measurements of the wire-mesh sensors were in good agreement with those taken with a high-speed camera and estimates of the uncertainties of these measurements are presented. Drift-flux models were fitted to the measurements and it was found that the parameters of these models were not only sensitive to the flow regime, but also to the liquid superficial velocity.

Gas lift is a means of enhancing oil recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Gas injected at the production riser base reduces the gravity component of the pressure drop and thereby, increases the supply of oil from the reservoir. Also, gas injection at the base of a riser helps to mitigate slugging and thus, improving the performance of the topside facility. In order to improve the efficiency of the gas lifting technique, a good understanding of the characteristics of gas-liquid multiphase flow in vertical pipes is very important. In this study, experiments of gas/liquid (air/water) two-phase flows, liquid/liquid of oil/water two-phase flows and gas/liquid/liquid (air/oil/water) three-phase flows were conducted in a 10.5 m high 52 mm ID vertical riser. These experiments were performed at liquid and gas superficial velocities ranging from 0.25 to 2 m/s and ~0.1 to ~6.30 m/s, respectively. Dielectric oil and tap water were used as test fluids. Instruments such as Coriolis mass flow meter, single beam gamma densitometer and wire-mesh sensor (WMS) were employed for investigating the flow characteristics. For the experiments of gas/liquid (air/water) two-phase flow, flow patterns of Bubbly, slug, churn flow regimes and transition regions were identified under the experimental conditions. Also, for flow pattern identification and void fraction measurements, the capacitance WMS results are consistent with those obtained simultaneously by the gamma densitometer. Generally, the total pressure gradient along the vertical riser has shown a significant decrease as the injected gas superficial velocity increased. In addition, the rate of decrease in total pressure gradient at the lower injected gas superficial velocities was found to be higher than that for higher gas superficial velocities. The frictional pressure gradient was also found to increase as the injected gas superficial velocity increased. For oil-water experiments, mixture density and total pressure gradient across the riser were found to increase with increasing water cut (ranging between 0 - 100%) and/or mixture superficial velocity. Phase slip between the oil and water was calculated and found to be significant at lower throughputs of 0.25 and 0.5 m/s. The phase inversion point always takes place at a point of input water cut of 42% when the experiments started from pure oil to water, and at an input water cut of 45% when the experiment’s route started from water to pure oil. The phase inversion point was accompanied by a peak increase of pressure gradient, particularly at higher oil-water mixture superficial velocities of 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s. The effects of air injection rates on the fluid flow characteristics were studied by emphasizing the total pressure gradient behaviour and identifying the flow pattern by analysing the output signals from gamma and WMS in air/oil/water experiments. Generally, riser base gas injection does not affect the water cut at the phase inversion point. However, a slight shift forward for the identified phase inversion point was found at highest flow rates of injected gas where the flow patterns were indicated as churn to annular flow. In terms of pressure gradient, the gas lifting efficiency (lowering pressure gradient) shows greater improvement after the phase inversion point (higher water cuts) than before and also at the inversion point. Also, it was found that the measured mean void fraction reaches its lowest value at the phase inversion point. These void fraction results were found to be consistent with previously published results.

Les fermentations alcoolique (FA) et malolactique (FML) sont deux étapes importantes de la vinification en rouge dans l’établissement de l’arôme fruité des vins. Afin d’étudier l’importance relative des microorganismes fermentaires, nous étudions l’influence de six couples levures/bactéries lactiques (BL) - trois souches de levures, deux de BL - sur la modulation des notes fruitées de différents vins rouges de Bordeaux. Une première approche analytique montre l’influence prédominante de la souche de levures sur la concentration de plus de 70 marqueurs potentiels de la note fruitée. L’étude particulière des esters montre que l’effet levures observé dès la fin de la FA persiste au cours du temps malgré la FML et les modifications engendrées par le vieillissement du vin. L’étude sensorielle conforte l’influence majeure des levures sur la modulation de l’arôme fruité des vins rouges à différents temps d’élevage. Néanmoins, les résultats obtenus suggèrent l’implication d’autres composés aromatiques dans la modulation de la note fruitée des vins, non quantifiés dans la première partie de cette étude. Un travail de fractionnement d’extraits de vin par HPLC permet par la suite l’identification d’une fraction d’intérêt impliquée dans des variations aromatiques liées à la souche de levures. L’analyse de cette fraction par chromatographie en phase gazeuse n’a pas permis d’identifier le ou les composés impliqués. Nous avons néanmoins mis en évidence une thiophénone qui pourrait agir en tant que masque de l’arôme fruité, ainsi qu’un ester hydroxylé qui pourrait s’avérer être un marqueur intéressant de l’activité bactérienne et dont l’effet exhausteur de notes fruitées est également envisagé comme perspectives
Alcoholic (AF) and malolactic (MLF) fermentations are important steps in red winemaking for the revelation of wine fruity aroma. To investigate the relative importance of fermentative microorganisms, we studied the influence of six yeasts/lactic acid bacteria (LAB) combination - three yeast strains, two LAB - on Bordeaux red wines fruity notes modulation. A first analytical approach showed the predominant influence of yeast strain on the concentration of more than 70 potential fruity note markers. Special study of esters showed a yeast strain effect since the end of FA that persists over time, despite MLF and changes caused by wine aging. Sensory studies also highlighted the major influence of yeasts on red wines fruity aroma modulations at different aging steps. Nevertheless, results suggested the role of other aromatic compounds in fruity note modulation, not quantified in the first part of this study. The study of fractions made by HPLC with wine organic extracts enables the identification of an interested fraction involved in aromatic variations related to the yeast strain. Analysis of this fraction by gas chromatography has not allowed identifying compounds involved in these organoleptic variations. However, we highlighted a thiophenone that could act as a mask of fruity aroma and a hydroxylated ester that could be an interesting marker of bacterial activity. Its role as enhancer of fruity esters aroma is also considered

The aim of submitted diploma thesis is the study of non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of polylactide (PLA) with selected agents (1 %) and observation of the emerging crystalline structure under polarizing optical microscope. The agents were talc, a mixture of organic salts with the addition of amorphous SiO2 (HPN 68L) and zinc stearate (HPN 20E) and LAK-301 (potassium salt of 5-dimethylsulfoisophtalate), which is a nucleating agent developer for PLA. The PLA matrix served as a reference. Non-isothermal crystallization took place on a differential scanning calorimeter at cooling rates () 0,3; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,5; 2 °C/min After non-isothermal crystallization, the crystalline fraction (Xc) od PLA was evaluated from X-ray diffraction analysis, and the supramolecular structure was observed after chemical degradative etching using confocal laser scanning microscope. The crystallization kinetics were evaluated by the methods of Jeziorny and Mo and the activation energy of the crystallization was determined according to the Friedmann method. All prepared materials were amorphous (Xc 40 % for up to 1,5 °C/min). However, for LAK-301, Xc decreased to 30 % already at the = 2 °C/min and it can be assumed that with increasing its nucleation activity will decrease. A spherulitic structure was observed in all samples, but the number and size of spherulites decreased with increasing and the appearance varied according to the type of agent. Both kinetic models proved to be unsuitable for materials with low Xc and the highest because the rate of crystallization did not change. With the Jeziorny method, it was possible to evaluate the kinetics only for the relative crystallinity Xt = 29–50 % and with the Mo method it was not possible to evaluate the data for the highest for PLA matrix and sample with HPN 68L. The samples with LAK-301 and HPN 68L showed the lowest activation energy.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in countries throughout the world. Increase in the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) has been implicated in many human disease processes, including aging and carcinogenesis. Detoxification of ROS in the cell is provided by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems, which constitute the antioxidant defence systems and is crucial to the survival of organisms. The cancer inhibitory propierties of antioxidant compounds such as polyphenols have been well established in experimental and epidemiological studies, showing the intake of these antioxidants within our diet can carry out an effective protective action toward the oxidative stress created in the body by imbalance between ROS and its endogenous defence mechanism. However, the molecular mechanisms responsibles for these effects are not so well known and more studies are needed to provide clear evidence of their protective effects.

The aim of this study is to determine and compare the posible antitumoral properties of several polyphenolic fractions, obtained from the extraction and fractionation of wine by-products consisting of grape skins, seeds and stems. These polyphenolic fractions have high antiradical potential and are mainly composed by flavanol monomers with or without gallate groups, glycosylated flavonols and mostly procyanidin oligomers. The effect of these fractions is analysed on cancer cells at cellular and metabolic levels. Moreover, as solar radiation in the UV range is the major source of adverse reactions in the skin and is one of the most efficient environmental carcinogen known, the possible capacity of these fractions to protect against cellular damage induced by ultraviolet radiation is evaluated and compared.

The results obtained in this study let us to confirm the polyphenolic fractions studied are very specific antiproliferative agents with very low cytotoxicity to non-proliferative normal cells, such as peripherial blood lymphocites (PBLs). Moreover, treatment with these fractions results in intracellular metabolic changes, restricting the ability of tumoral cells to proliferate and inhibiting glycolysis, being higher for the fraction rich in ECG containing oligomeric flavanols.
Like for the study of antitumoral effect at cellular and metabolic levels, the results obtained in the analysis of the protective capacity of these polyphenolic fractions against UV-induced damage, confirm them as potential natural chemopreventive agents.

Briefly, the results obtained in this study let us to conclude the polyphenolic fractions rich in procyanidin oligomers and gallate esters are the most efficient as antitumoral agents, active at both cellular and metabolic levels with low cytotoxicity. Additionally, polymerization and percentge of galloylation are also important in the efficacy of the polyphenolic fractions as protectors against damage induced by ultraviolet radiation, suggesting they may be useful for the prevention and treatment of a variety of solar UV light-induced human skin disorders.

This thesis describes the development and testing of two apparatuses; a vibrating wire viscometer to measure the viscosity of fluids over a wide range of temperature and pressure; and a microwave cavity resonator to measure dew points, gas phase densities, and liquid drop out volumes. Viscosity and density of downhole fluids are very important properties as their values can determine the economic viability of a petroleum reservoir. A vibrating wire viscometer has been developed with an electrically insulating tensioning mechanism. It has been used with two wires, of diameters (0.05 and 0.150) mm, to measure the viscosity of methylbenzene and two reference fluids with viscosities of (10 and 100) mPa·s at T = 298 K and p = 0.1 MPa, at temperatures in the range (298 to 373) K and pressures up to 40 MPa, where the viscosity covers the range (0.3 to 100) mPa·s, with a standard uncertainty < 0.6 %. The results differ from literature values by < ±1 %. The results demonstrate that increasing the wire diameter increases the upper operating viscosity range of the vibrating wire viscometer, a result anticipated from the working equations. For the microwave cavity resonator, the method is based on the measurements of the resonance frequency of the lowest order inductive-capacitance mode. The apparatus is capable of operating at temperatures up to 473 K and pressures below 20 MPa. This instrument has been used to measure the dew pressures of {0.4026CH4 + 0.5974C3H8} at a temperature range from 315 K up to the cricondentherm ˜ 340 K. The measured dew pressures differ by less than 0.5 % from values obtained by interpolation of those reported in the literature, which were determined from measurements with experimental techniques that have quite different potential sources of systematic error than the radio-frequency resonator used here. Dew pressures estimated from both NIST 14 and the Peng-Robinson equation of state lie within < ±1 % of the present results at temperature between (315 and 337) K while predictions obtained from the Soave-Redlich-Kwong cubic equation of state deviate from our results by 0.4 % at T = 315 K and these differences increase smoothly with increasing temperature to be -2.4 % at T = 337 K. Densities derived from dielectric permittivity measurements in the gas phase lie within < 0.6 % of the values calculated from the Soave-Redlich-Kwong cubic equation of state and about 1 % from values obtained with the Harvey and Prausnitz correlation based on a mixture reduced density. The calculations with Kiselev and Ely parametric crossover equation of state (based on Patel-Teja EOS) gave deviations < 0.7 %. Liquid volume fractions, in the 2-phase region, were measured from (0.5 to 7) cm3 in a total volume of about 50 cm3 at different isochors. The measured liquid volume fractions differ from values obtained with the Soave-Redlich-Kwong cubic equation of state by between 0 and 3 % at T < 326 K and about 8 % on approach to the critical region. The large deviations observed in the critical region were anticipated because of the known poor performance of the cubic equations of state with regard to the calculation of the liquid density in the vicinity of the critical temperature.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.08 – процеси та обладнання хімічної технології. – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут» Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2018 р. Дисертація присвячена вирішенню актуальної науково-прикладної задачі підвищення потужності рекуперації теплової енергії в процесах ректифікації широкої фракції легких вуглеводнів (ШФЛВ) і супутніх їм процесах. За допомогою програмного забезпечення UniSim Design побудовані імітаційні моделі процесів поділу ШФЛВ. Побудова складових кривих процесу ректифікації для існуючої теплообмінної рекуперативної системи дозволили визначити потужність гарячих і холодних утиліт, які процес ректифікації споживає в даний час. В результаті запропонованого проекту реконструкції потужність рекуперації теплової енергії збільшиться на 1102 %, потужності гарячих і холодних утиліт знизяться на 18,37 % і 18,67% відповідно. Аналіз інтегрованої системи теплообміну процесу ректифікації ШФЛВ за допомогою Великої складової кривої (ВСК) дозволив усунути обмежувальний фактор збільшення потужності рекуперації за допомогою створення методу оптимальної інтеграції теплового насосу (ТН) у вже інтегрований процес ректифікації. Побудовані імітаційні UniSim Design моделі інтеграції ТН в обидва процеси ректифікації, які підтвердили збільшення потужності рекуперації теплової енергії в процесі ректифікації ШФЛВ з отриманням пропан пентанової і бутанової фракції, щодо існуючого процесу, на 1590 %, а потужність гарячих і холодних утиліт знижується на 72% і 73% відповідно. При інтеграції теплового насоса в процес ректифікації ШФЛВ з отриманням пентан-гексанової, бутанової і ізобутанової фракцій потужність рекуперації збільшиться на 1233 %, а споживання гарячих і холодних утиліт знижується на 53% і 54% відповідно. За допомогою ВСК процесів ректифікації вперше побудований тепловий профіль комплексу різних установок ректифікації ШФЛВ, аналіз якого дозволив визначити додаткові місця розташування рекуперативних теплообмінників, що дало можливість збільшити потужність рекуперації теплової енергії на 23,4 МВт. В результаті інтеграції комплексу установок загальна потужність рекуперації теплової енергії збільшилася на 1986 %, а потужність гарячих і холодних утиліт зменшилася на 51%. В дисертації також вирішена задача збільшення потужності рекуперації теплоти в існуючій двопотокової теплообмінній системи і створено метод та програма розрахунку додаткової площі поверхні теплообміну для двопотокових систем рекуперації теплової енергії.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences in specialty 05.17.08 «Processes and equipment of chemical technology»  National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», 2018. The thesis is devoted to solution of actual scientific and applied problem of increasing the capacity of recovering thermal energy in the processes of distillation of wide fraction of light hydrocarbons (WFLH) and associated processes. On the basis of theoretical analysis of the system flow of the gas rectification process using the methods of pinch analysis were constructed a grid diagram and a flowsheet of the reconstruction project and the main parameters of the new heat exchangers were defined. The power of recuperation thermal energy will increase by 1102 %, power of hot and cold utilities will be reduced by 18,37 % and 18,67%, respectively in the proposed project. Based on simulation UniSim Design model of integration of HP in both of the process of rectification, which confirmed the increasing power of recovering thermal energy in the process of gas rectification with production of propane-butane and pentane fractions with respect to the existing process, 1590 %, and the power of hot and cold utilities is reduced by 72% and 73%, respectively. When you integrate the heat pump into the process of rectification of raw WFLH from the receipt of pentane-hexane, butane and isobutane factions power recovery will increase by 1233 % and the consumption of hot and cold utilities is reduced by 53% and 54%, respectively. Using the GCC processes built for the first time the thermal profile of the set of different plants fractionation WFLH, the analysis of which allowed increasing the capacity of thermal energy recuperation at 23.4 MW. In the end, the Total Site integration of complex installations, the total capacity of thermal energy recuperation increased by 1986 % and power of hot and cold utilities decreased by 51%.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук (доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 05.17.08 «Процеси та обладнання хімічної технології» (16 – Хімічна та біоінженерія) – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут» Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2017 р. Процеси поділу і зокрема процеси ректифікації газових і рідких сумішей є одними з найбільш енергоємних у промисловості. За оцінками експертів, до 5% всієї енергії, яка використовується людством, споживається саме в цих процесах. Тому дисертація присвячена вирішенню актуальної науково-прикладної задачі підвищення потужності рекуперації теплової енергії в процесах ректифікації широкої фракції легких вуглеводнів (ШФЛВ) і супутніх їм процесах. В результаті аналітичного огляду публікацій виконана класифікація методів збільшення потужності рекуперації теплової енергії в хіміко-технологічних процесах з метою зниження питомого енергоспоживання в промислових процесах. Розглянуто методи внутрішньої теплової інтеграції ректифікаційних колон, як з інтеграцією теплового насоса (ТН) з колоною, так і без інтеграції ТН. Розглянуто роботи, які пов'язані з застосуванням методів Пінч-аналізу для збільшення потужності процесів рекуперації теплоти на установках хімічних виробництв. Зроблено аналіз робіт, які присвячені збільшенню питомої потужності рекуперації теплоти в територіальних виробничих комплексах (Total Site Integration). В аналізі публікацій окремо відзначені роботи піонерів в області Інтеграції Процесів: професора Б. Линнхоффа, професора Р. Сміта, професора Ї. Клемеша, а також роботи вітчизняних вчених: професора Л. Л. Товажнянського, професора П. О. Капустенко, професора Л. М. Ульєва. Аналіз літературних даних дозволив зробити постановку завдань для збільшення питомої потужності процесу рекуперації теплової енергії на установках ректифікації ШФЛВ з отриманням пропан-пентанової, пропан-гексанової, бутанової і ізобутанової фракцій та підібрати методи їх вирішення. Для вирішення даної задачі був обстежений процес рекуперації теплової енергії у цеху газофракціонування нафтопереробного заводу, що складається з двох ліній ректифікації ШФЛВ. Одна з них – отриманням пропан-пентанової, бутанової фракцій, інша – отриманням пентан-гексанової, бутанової і ізобутанової фракцій. Також в територіальний промисловий комплекс входить установка легкого гідрокрекінгу. За допомогою програмного забезпечення UniSim Design побудовані імітаційні моделі процесів поділу ШФЛУ. Аналіз технологічних процесів, їх регламентів, даних імітаційних моделей дозволив записати потокову таблицю процесів, що досліджуються, ця таблиця є цифровим чинником технологічних потоків, що беруть участь в системі теплообміну установки. Також побудована сіткова діаграма існуючої енерготехнологічної системи установки ректифікації ШФЛВ з отриманням пропан-пентанової і бутанової фракцій і визначена потужність процесів рекуперативного теплообміну на установці Qrec = 1230 кВт. Дані, які отримані у результаті, аналізу, дозволили побудувати складові криві процесу ректифікації для існуючої теплообмінної рекуперативної системи і визначити потужність гарячих QHmin =67274 кВт та холодних утиліт QCmin= 65982 кВт, що процес ректифікації споживає в даний час. Аналіз складових кривих дав можливість визначити мінімальну різницю температур між теплоносіями в теплообмінному обладнанні установки ΔТmin = 30 С. Ця величина є параметром, який показує можливість збільшення потужності рекуперації теплової енергії в процесі. На основі теоретичного аналізу системи технологічних потоків процесу ректифікації ШФЛВ, з застосуванням методів пінч-аналізу, визначено оптимальне значення мінімальної різниці температур між теплоносіями ΔТoptmin = 6 °С, і для цього значення побудована сіткова діаграма та технологічна схема проекту реконструкції системи рекуперативного теплообміну і визначено основні параметри нових теплообмінників. В результаті проекту реконструкції, що було запропоновано, потужність рекуперації теплової енергії стане рівною Qrec = 13575 кВт, тобто збільшиться на 1102 %, потужності гарячих і холодних утиліт будуть рівні QHmin = 54914 кВт, QCmin= 53658 кВт, тобто знизяться на 18,37 % і 18,67% відповідно. Теоретичний аналіз системи теплообміну з допомогою апарату складових кривих дозволив визначить обмежувальний фактор для подальшого збільшення потужності рекуперації теплової енергії. Аналіз інтегрованої системи теплообміну процесу ректифікації ШФЛВ з допомогою Великою складовою кривої (ВСК) дозволив усунути обмежувальний фактор з допомогою створення методу оптимальної інтеграції рекомпресійного теплового насосу (ТН) у вже інтегрований процес ректифікації. Побудовані імітаційні UniSim Design моделі інтеграції ТН в обидва процеси ректифікації, які підтвердили збільшення потужності рекуперації теплової енергії в процесі ректифікації ШФЛВ з отриманням пропан-пентанової і бутанової фракції, у порівнянні до існуючого процесу, на 1590 %, а потужність гарячих і холодних утиліт знижується на 72% і 73% відповідно. При інтеграції теплового насоса в процес ректифікації ШФЛВ з отриманням пентан-гексанової, бутанової і ізобутанової фракцій потужність рекуперації збільшиться від значення 1725 кВт до 21270 кВт, тобто на 1233 %, а споживання гарячих утиліт знизиться від значення 41112 кВт до 22490 кВт, тобто на 53%, холодних утиліт знизиться від значення 42812 кВт до значення 23260 кВт, тобто на 54%. Для подальшого збільшення потужності процесів рекуперації теплової ене-ргії виконано аналіз усього територіального комплексу установок ректифікації ШФЛВ (Total Site інтеграція). За допомогою ВСК процесів ректифікації вперше побудовано тепловий профіль комплексу різних установок ректифікації ШФЛВ, аналіз якого дозволив визначити технологічні потоки, на яких можливо встановити додаткові рекуперативні теплообмінні апарати, що дало можливість збільшити потужність рекуперації теплової енергії на 23,4 МВт. В результаті інтеграції комплексу установок загальна потужність рекуперації теплової енергії збільшилася на 1986 %, а потужність гарячих і холодних утиліт зменшилася на 51% порівняно з утилітами процесів у теперішній час. В дисертації для кожного з запропонованих проектів збільшення потужності рекуперації теплової енергії виконано економічний аналіз. В дисертації також вирішена задача збільшення потужності рекуперації теплоти в існуючій двох-потоковій теплообмінній системі з наявністю утилітних шляхів. Визначено залежності температур теплоносіїв і теплових навантажень на теплообмінному обладнанні від додаткової площі поверхні теплообміну і інтенсивності теплопередачі. Визначено найбільш прийнятне розміщення нової поверхні теплообміну і знайдені значення площі поверхні теплообміну для мінімальної приведеної вартості проекту реконструкції та мінімального терміну окупності. Створено метод, алгоритм і програма розрахунку додаткової площі поверхні теплообміну для двохпотокових систем рекуперації теплової енергії.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences (PhD degree) in specialty 05.17.08 «Processes and equipment of chemical technology» (16 – Chemical and bioengineering) – National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute» of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2017. The processes of separation and especially rectification of gas and liquid mixtures are one of the most energy consuming in the industry. Under the experts estimation, up to 5% of all energy that is used by the humanity is consumed in these processes. That is why the dissertation work is devoted to the solution of ac-tual research-and-applied tasks of increase of capacity of recuperation of heat energy during the processes of rectification of wide fraction of light hydrocarbons (WFLH) and related processes. As a result of the analytical review of the publication, the classification of the methods of increase of capacity of recuperation of heat energy in chemical techno-logical processes with the purpose of decreasing of specific energy consumption intensity in production processes was carried out. The methods of internal heat in-tegration of rectification columns as with integration of the heat pump (HP) from the column and without integration of HP were considered. The works, which were concerned with the application of Pinch Analysis methods to increase the capacity of recuperation of heat energy on the plants of chemical production, were examined. The analysis of works, which were related to the increase of specific energy consumption of heat in the territorial production complexes (Total Site Integration), was carried out. In the analysis of publications, the works of pioneers in the field of Integration Processes such as Professor B. Linnhoff, Professor R. Smith, Professor J. Klemes, and the works of scientists of our country such as Professor L. L. Tovazhnyansky, Professor P. A. Kapustenko, Professor L. M. Uliev, are mentioned in particular. The analysis of published works allowed putting to the tasks of increasing the specific energy consumption of the process of heat recuperation on the rectification plants WFLH with the production of propane-pentanoic, propane-hexane, butane and isobutene fractions and finding the methods of their solution. To solve the given task, the process of heat energy recuperation in the gas-fractionation shop of the oil refinery, which consisted of two lines of rectification WFLH was studied. One of the tasks is to get propane-pentanoic, butane fractions; the other is to get pentane-hexane, butane and isobutene fractions. In addition, the installation of primary creaking enters into the territorial production complex. The simulation models of the separation of WFLH were designed with the help of the software UniSim Design. The analysis of published works allowed putting to the tasks of increasing the specific energy consumption of the process of heat recuperation on the rectification plants WFLH with the production of propane-pentanoic, propane-hexane, butane and isobutene fractions and finding the methods of their solution. To solve the given task, the process of heat energy recuperation in the gas-fractionation shop of the oil refinery, which consisted of two lines of rectification WFLH was studied. One of the tasks is to get propane-pentanoic, butane fractions; the other is to get pentane-hexane, butane and isobutene fractions. In addition, the installation of primary creaking enters into the territorial production complex. The simulation models of the separation of WFLH were designed with the help of the software UniSim Design.The analysis of published works allowed putting to the tasks of increasing the specific energy consumption of the process of heat recuperation on the rectification plants WFLH with the production of propane-pentanoic, propane-hexane, butane and isobutene fractions and finding the methods of their solution. To solve the given task, the process of heat energy recuperation in the gas-fractionation shop of the oil refinery, which consisted of two lines of rectification WFLH was studied. One of the tasks is to get propane-pentanoic, butane fractions; the other is to get pentane-hexane, butane and isobutene fractions. In addition, the installation of primary creaking enters into the territorial production complex. The simulation models of the separation of WFLH were designed with the help of the software UniSim Design. The analysis of published works allowed putting to the tasks of increasing the specific energy consumption of the process of heat recuperation on the rectification plants WFLH with the production of propane-pentanoic, propane-hexane, butane and isobutene fractions and finding the methods of their solution. To solve the given task, the process of heat energy recuperation in the gas-fractionation shop of the oil refinery, which consisted of two lines of rectification WFLH was studied. One of the tasks is to get propane-pentanoic, butane fractions; the other is to get pentane-hexane, butane and isobutene fractions. In addition, the installation of primary creaking enters into the territorial production complex. The simulation models of the separation of WFLH were designed with the help of the software UniSim Design. The analysis of technological processes, their regulations, and data of simula-tion models permitted to record the production line table of the process under the research. Such table is the numeral factor of the technological flows that take part in the system of heat exchange of the plant. And also, the net diagram of the existing capacity technological system of the rectification plant WFLH with obtaining of propane-pentanoic and butane fractions was established. Moreover, the capacity of the processes of the recuperative heat exchange on the plant Qrec=1230 kW was determined. The data, which were obtained as the result of the analysis, allowed to construct composite curves for the rectification process for the existing heat ex-change recuperative system and determined the capacity of hot QHmin =67274 kW and cold utilities QCmin= 65982 kW, which the process of rectification consumed at that moment. The analysis of the composite curves gave the opportunity to deter-mine the minimum temperature difference between the heat transfer agents in the heat exchanging equipment of the plant Тmin = 30 С. This value is the parameter, which shows the ability to increase the capacity of recuperation of the heat energy in the process. On the basis of the theoretical analysis of the system of technological flows of the process of recuperation WFLH, with the use of Pinch Analysis methods, the optimal value of the minimum temperature difference between heat-transfer agents ΔТoptmin = 6 °С was determined, and for this value a net diagram and technological scheme of the project of reconstruction of the system of recuperative heat exchange were constructed. The main parameters of new heat exchangers were defined. As the result of the project of reconstruction, which was proposed, the ca-pacity of the recuperation of heat energy would be Qrec = 13575 kW that is, it would increase by 1102%, the capacity of hot and cold utilities would be QHmin =54914 kW, that is they would decrease by 18.37% and 18.67% accordingly. The theoretical analysis of the heat exchange system with the help of composite curves device allowed establishing limit factor for the further increase of the capacity of heat energy recuperation. The analysis of the integrated heat exchange system of the process of rectifi-cation of WFLH with the help of the big composite curve (BCC) made it possible to eliminate the limit factor with the help of creation of the method of optimum in-tegration of recompression heat pump (HP) into having been integrated process of rectification. The constructed simulation UniSim Design models of HP integration in both processes of rectification, which proved the increase of the capacity of recuperation of the heat energy in the process of rectification WFLH with obtaining of propane-pentanoic and butane fractions comparing to the existing process, by 1590 %, and the capacity of hot and cold utilities decrease by 72 % and 73 % accordingly were created. During the integration of the heat pump in the process of rectification WFLH with obtaining of pentane-hexane, butane and isobutene fractions, the ca-pacity of recuperation increases from the value 1725 kW to 21270 kW that is, by 1233 %, and the consumption of hot utilities will decrease from the value 41112 kW to 22490 kW, that is by 53 %, cold utilities will decrease from the value 42812 kW to the value 23260 kW, that is by 54%. For the further increase of the capacity of the processes of heat, energy recu-peration the analysis of the whole territorial complex of rectification plants WFLH (Total Site Integration) was conducted. Using BCC of rectification processes, for the first time the heat profile of the complex of different rectification plants WFLH was constructed, the analysis of them made it possible to determine technological flows, on which it was possible to install additional recuperative heat exchangers that helped to increase the capacity of recuperation of heat energy by 23,4 MW. In the result of integration of the plants complex the total capacity of the recuperation of the heat energy increased by 1986 %, but the capacity of hot and cold utilities increased by 51 % comparing with the utilities of processes currently. In the dissertation work, the economic analysis for each of the proposed project of the increase of capacity of recuperation of heat energy was carried out. In the dissertation work, the task of increasing the capacity of recuperation of heat in the existing two-flow heat exchange systems in the presence of utility paths was solved. The dependence of heat carries temperature and thermal loading on heat exchange equipment on additional area of heat exchange surface and intensity of heat transfer were determined. The most suitable placement of the new heat exchange surface was determined and the value of the area of the surface of heat ex-change for the minimum present value of the project reconstruction and minimum payback term were found. The method, algorithm and program of the calculation of the additional area of the surface of the heat exchange for two-flow systems of the recuperation of heat energy were created.

There is a wide variety of religious opinion in the world. Given the way these views conflict, at most only some fraction can be true. Some see this as raising a skeptical problem for religious belief: How can you tell that you are among the lucky few whose religious views are right? Now perhaps, as some scientists insist, our universe is infinite. In an infinite universe we can expect infinite variety. That includes an infinite variety of opinion on every matter under the sun. Take any crazy view you like and in an infinite universe we can expect there to be very smart people out there somewhere—indeed infinitely many of them—who hold that very view. What impact does this have on the epistemological problem of religious diversity? Answer: not much. But most of the fun lies on the route to this deflationary conclusion.

This multiscalar view of royal estates and imperial centers in the Cuzco region looks to survey data, ethnohistory, and site-based archaeology to illuminate the growth of the Inca Empire from its heartland. Monumental centers in Cuzco are just a fraction of the settlements and resources that make up its estate systems and imperial facilities. By casting a wide net beyond the palace walls of sites such as Machu Picchu, the chapter models in new ways the role played by these centers that dominated the heartland landscape outside urban Cuzco. Recent results from the estate economic installation at Cheqoq (Maras), including retainer laborer households, a pottery workshop, and storage facilities, demonstrate (1) the impacts of Inca development on local communities, (2) how retainers contributed to factional interests and the greater imperial project, and (3) how retainers enjoyed an elevated status as a result of attachment to the nobles who developed royal estates.

Although dermatology is generally considered to be an outpatient specialty relating to conditions of low acuity, a wide array of skin problems can present in the critically-ill patient. Some may reflect pre-existing disease, some may occur as a consequence of treatment, and a small fraction will represent severe or extensive primary skin disease that is best managed in a critical care setting. Important primary dermatological conditions that require intensive care management include erythroderma, toxic epidermal necrolysis/Stevens–Johnson syndrome, widespread drug eruptions and blistering disorders with extensive skin involvement. All patients with extensive skin disease will require expert nursing care in order to mitigate the consequences of skin failure. Thus, low-friction beds, non-adherent primary dressings, careful attention to the prevention of infection, temperature regulation, fluid management, and so on are critical. Life-threatening skin disease requires a carefully coordinated multidisciplinary approach involving dermatologists, intensivists, organ specialists, and specialist nurses to improve long-term outcome.

This path-breaking volume reveals a little-known aspect of how Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, a jihadist terrorist group, functions in Pakistan and beyond by translating and commenting upon a range of publications produced and disseminated by Dar-ul-Andlus, the publishing wing of LeT. Only a fraction of LeT's cadres ever see battle: most of them are despatched on nation-wide "proselytizing" ("dawa") missions to convert Pakistanis to their particular interpretation of Islam, in support of which LeT has developed a sophisticated propagandist literature. This canon of Islamist texts is the most popular and potent weapon in LeT's arsenal, and its scrutiny affords insights into how and who the group recruits; LeT's justification for jihad; its vision of itself in global and regional politics; the enemies LeT identifies and the allies it cultivates; and how and where it conducts its operations. Particular attention is paid to the role that LeT assigns to women by examining those writings which heap extravagant praise upon the mothers of aspirant jihadis, who bless their operations and martyrdom. It is only by understanding LeT's domestic functions as set out in these texts that one can begin to appreciate why Pakistan so fiercely supports it, despite mounting international pressure to disband the group.

Although best known the world over for his masterpiece novel, Don Quixote de la Mancha, published in two parts in 1605 and 1615, the antics of the would-be knight-errant and his simple squire only represent a fraction of the trials and tribulations, both in the literary world and in society at large, of this complex man. Poet, playwright, soldier, slave, satirist, novelist, political commentator, and literary outsider, Cervantes achieved a minor miracle by becoming one of the rarest of things in the early modern world of letters: an international best-seller during his lifetime, with his great novel being translated into multiple languages before his death in 1616. The principal objective of the Oxford Handbook of Cervantes is to create a resource in English that provides a fully comprehensive overview of the life, works, and influences of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547–1616). This volume contains seven sections, exploring in depth Cervantes’s life and how the trials, tribulations, and hardships endured influenced his writing. Cervantistas from numerous countries, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Ireland, the United States, Canada, and France offer their expertise with the most up-to-date research and interpretations to complete this wide-ranging, but detailed, compendium of a writer not known for much other than his famous novel outside of the Spanish-speaking world. This handbook explores his famous novel Don Quixote, his other prose works, his theatrical output, his poetry, his sources, influences, and contemporaries, and finally reception of his works over the last four hundred years.

This handbook is aimed at helping users of PMTs who are faced with the challenge of designing sensitive light detectors for scientific and industrial purposes. The raison d’être for photomultipliers (PMTs) stems from four intrinsic attributes: large detection area, high, and noiseless gain, and wide bandwidth. Detection involves a conversion process from photons to photoelectrons at the photocathode. Photoelectrons are subsequently collected and increased in number by the action of an incorporated electron multiplier. Photon detection, charge multiplication, and many PMT applications are statistical in nature. For this reason appropriate statistical treatments are provided and derived from first principles. PMTs are characterized by a range of photocathodes offering detection over UV to infra-red wavelengths, the sensitivities of which can be calibrated by National Laboratories. The optical interface between light sources and PMTs, particularly for diffuse or uncollimated light, is sparsely covered in the scientific literature. The theory of light guides, Winston cones, and other light concentrators points to means for optimizing light collection subject to the constraints of Liouville’s theorem (étandue). Certain PMTs can detect single photons but are restricted by the limitations of unwanted background ranging in magnitude from a fraction of a photoelectron equivalent to hundreds of photoelectrons. These sources, together with their correlated nature, are examined in detail. Photomultiplier biasing requires a voltage divider comprising a series of resistors or active components, such as FETs. Correct biasing provides the key to linear operation and so considerable attention is given to the treatment of this topic. Electronic circuits and modules that perform the functions of charge to voltage conversion, pulse shaping, and impedance matching are analysed in detail.

AbstractThermal decomposition kinetics of Polypropylene (PP) waste is extremely important with respect to valorisation of waste plastics and production of utilizable components viz. chemicals, fuel oil & gas. The present research study focuses on pyrolysis kinetics of PP waste, which is present as a fraction of municipal plastic waste through distributed activation energy model (DAEM). The decomposition kinetics for PP follows a Gaussian distribution, where the normal distribution curves were centred corresponding to activation energy of 224 kJ/mol. The standard deviation of the distribution for the PP sample was found to be 22 kJ/mol indicating its wider distribution of decomposition range. The data validation has been carried out by comparing the rate parameter and extent of conversion values calculated through DAEM model with the Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments carried out for PP at various heating rates of 5, 10, 20 and 40 °C/min.

Among the different processes that play a role during the atomization process, collisions are addressed in this work. Collisions can be very important in dense two-phase flows. Recently, the Eulerian Lagrangian Spray Atomization (ELSA) model has been developed. It represents the atomization by taking into account the dense zone of the spray. Thus in this context, collisions modeling are of the utmost importance. In this model results of collisions are controlled by the value of an equilibrium Weber number, We*. It is defined as the ratio between the kinetic energy to the surface energy. Such a value of We* has been studied in the past using Lagrangian collision models with various complexity. These models are based on analysis of collisions between droplets that have surface at rest. This ideal situation can be obtained only if droplet agitation created during a collision has enough time to vanish before the next collision. For a spray, this requirement is not always fulfill depending for instance on the mean liquid volume fraction. If there is not enough time, collisions will occur between agitated droplets changing the issue of the collision with respect to the ideal case. To study this effect, a DNS simulation with a stationary turbulence levels has been conducted for different liquid volume fractions in a cubic box with periodic condition in all directions. For liquid volume fraction close to zero the spray is diluted and collisions between spherical droplets can be identified. For a volume fraction close to one, collisions between bubbles are found. For a middle value of the volume fraction no discrete phase can be observed, instead a strong interaction between both liquid and gas phases is taking place. In all this case the equilibrium value of the Weber number We* can be determined. First propositions to determine We* as a function of the kinetic energy, density ratio, surface tension coefficient and the volume fraction will be proposed.

Abstract A numerical fire model, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), is being developed at NIST to study fire behavior and to evaluate the performance of fire protection systems in buildings. To date, about half of the applications of the model have been for design of smoke handling systems and sprinkler/detector activation studies. The other half consists of residential and industrial fire reconstructions. Improvements are being made to address the second set of applications, most importantly a mixture fraction combustion model and a finite volume radiation transport algorithm using either a gray gas or a wide band assumption. The methods will be discussed and a sample calculation presented.

This paper reports an investigation of soot formation in ethylene-air partially premixed flames over a wide range of premixedness. An axisymmetric co-flow configuration is chosen to establish partially premixed flames from the fully non-premixed to fully premixed conditions. Reducing the fuel flow rate as a percentage of the maximum from the core stream and supplying the same to the annular stream leads to stratification of the reactant concentrations. The thermal power, overall equivalence ratio, and the average velocity in the both streams are maintained constant under all conditions. The soot volume fraction is estimated by light attenuation method, and laser induced incandescence is performed to map the soot distribution in the flow field. The soot volume fraction is observed to exhibit a ‘S’-type trend as the conditions are traversed from near the premixed to the non-premixed regimes. That is, when traversing from the non-premixed to near-premixed regime, below 60% fuel flow rate in core, the soot volume fraction drops drastically. The onset of sooting in the partially premixed flames is clearly seen to be at the tip of the rich-premixed flame branch of their triple flame structure, which advances upstream towards the base of the flame as the premixing is reduced. The ‘S’-type variation is clearly the effect of partial premixing, more specifically due to the presence of the lean premixed flame branch of the triple flame. Laser induced incandescence intensities are insufficient to capture the upstream advance of the soot onset with decreased premixedness. So, a quick and inexpensive technique to isolate soot luminescence through flame imaging is presented in the paper involving quasi-simultaneous imaging with a 650 nm and a BG-3 filter using a normal color camera.

Theoretical and empirical models for the gas void fraction (α) are reviewed. Simple rules are developed for obtaining rational bounds for the void fraction in two-phase flow. The lower bound is based on the separate cylinders formulation for turbulent-turbulent flow that uses the Blasius equation to predict the Fanning friction factor. The upper bound is based on the Butterworth relationship that represents well the Lockhart-Martinelli correlation. These two bounds are reversed in the case of liquid fraction (1−α). The bounds models are verified using published experimental data of void fraction versus mass quality at constant mass flow rate. The published data include different working fluids such as R-12 and R-22 at different pipe diameters, different pressures, and different mass flow rates. It is shown that the published data can be well bounded for a wide range of mass qualities, pipe diameters, pressures and mass flow rates. Further comparisons are made using the published experimental data of void fraction (α) and liquid fraction (1−α) versus the Lockhart-Martinelli parameter (X), for different working fluids such as R-12, R-22 and air-water mixtures.

The aim of this paper was to develop a capacitance based sensor capable of measuring void fraction in a continuous two-phase flow field. The design methodology and operation of the capacitance based void fraction sensor is discussed. Two designs of capacitance void fraction sensors were developed and tested. Some of the problems associated with the first were identified and a new sensor electrode configuration was developed which presented a more sensitive and repeatable response. Data was collected covering a wide range of void fraction measurements ranging from 0 to 1 for water as the working fluid. Calibration of the sensor required that the air gap or void capacitance (dry signal) be measured followed by an increase in liquid levels (wet signal) to obtain a range of void fraction measurements for static calibration. The static calibration data obtained was nonlinear for the full range of void fraction measurements for water. This paper covers the design requirements, calibration procedure and static calibration data obtained for the developed sensor, and dynamic void fraction data measurements. The sensor was tested in both a horizontal and vertical orientation and proved to be orientation insensitive. The experimental results are promising for water and verify successful operation for measuring void fraction in continuous two-phase flows.

The radiation fractional function is the fraction of black body radiation below a given value of λT. Edwards and others have distinguished between the traditional, or “external”, radiation fractional function and an “internal” radiation fractional function. The latter is used for simplified calculation of net radiation from a non-gray surface when the temperature of an effectively black source is not far from the surface’s temperature, without calculating a separate total absorptivity. This paper examines the analytical approximation involved in the internal fractional function, with results given in terms of the incomplete zeta function. A rigorous upper bound on the difference between the external and internal emissivity is obtained. Calculations using the internal emissivity are compared to exact calculations for several models and materials. A new approach to calculating the internal emissivity is developed, yielding vastly improved accuracy over a wide range of temperature differences. The internal fractional function can be useful for certain simplified calculations.

In order to predict the critical power or void fraction in BWR fuel bundles and the DNB heat flux of PWR fuel assemblies, the boiling transition analysis code called “CAPE” with mechanistic models has been developed in the IMPACT project by NUPEC. The objective of the CAPE code development is to perform with good accuracy the safety evaluation for a new type or improved fuel bundle design of BWR and PWR without full-scale experiments or any tuning parameters in the analysis code. In the present study void fraction distribution of BWR fuel assembly were analyzed by the CAPE code and compared with experimental data of BFBT benchmark test carried out by NUPEC. The analyses were carried out by changing the operational parameter such as the inlet subcooling, mass flow rate and the power output of the fuel bundles. Resultantly, the thermal equilibrium quality at the outlet ranges 2% ∼25%. Averaged and local void fractions were compared between experiment and analysis. The results indicated that the CAPE code satisfactorily predicted void fraction distribution of fuel assembly for wide range of pressure, mass flux, subcooling and bundle geometries obtained in BFBT benchmark test. However, the detailed analysis showed that in some subchannels, which was surrounded by the heated fuel rods and partially unheated wall such as an unheated rod, a water rod and a separation wall of the channel box, certain difference between experiment and prediction appeared. In the CAPE code, the drift flux model is used for predicting void behavior in fuel assembly. In drift flux model, correlations of drift velocity and distribution parameters are quite important in predictive accuracy of void fraction. In particular, it is considered that distribution parameter plays important role in void distributions in subchannel surrounded by unheated rods. In addition to the original correlations in the CAPE, some typical correlations of drift velocity and distribution parameter were tested for the prediction of void fraction distribution. The evaluations of correlations of drift velocity and distribution parameter were carried out, and some recommendations for improvement of predictive capability of the CAPE code were made.

Counter current flow is encountered in a wide variety of industrial applications ranging from flows in nuclear reactors to process flows in chemical reactors. This paper describes experimental and numerical results obtained in a circular column of 240 mm inner diameter with two inner pipes. The counter current flow studied concerns an upward flow of air and a downward flow of water at ambient temperature and pressure. The following range of operating conditions is analyzed: superficial air velocities up to 0.25 m/s and superficial water velocities up to 0.04 m/s, corresponding to global void fractions up to 27.7%. The experimental investigations concerns (i) flow visualization, (ii) local data from a double optical probe and (iii) global void fraction data. Images obtained from an optical camera are used to observe the general flow pattern and to support the boundary conditions of the numerical simulations, in terms of average bubble diameter. Data obtained from the double optical probe are used to study local flow characteristics. The gas disengagement technique is used to obtain the global void fraction over a range of superficial air velocities for the validation of the numerical method. Numerical calculations are performed with an Eulerian two-fluid model using the commercial code ANSYS Fluent Release 14.5.7 and results are compared with experimental data. The effects of bubble diameter and various interfacial drag coefficients are studied. The formulation of the drag coefficient is found to have significant effects on the global void fraction predictions. However, using merely the drag law, numerical results are inaccurate.

A CFD study was performed to simulate the steady-state void distribution benchmark based on the NUPEC PWR Subchannel and Bundle Tests (PSBT). The void distribution benchmark provides measured void fraction data over a wide range of geometrical and operating conditions in a single subchannel and fuel bundle. This CFD study simulated the boiling flow in a single subchannel. A CFD code was used to predict the void distribution inside the single subchannel. The multiphase flow model used in this CFD analysis was a two-fluid model in which liquid (water) and vapor (steam) were considered as continuous and dispersed fluids, respectively. A wall boiling model was also employed to simulate bubble generation on a heated wall surface. The CFD prediction with a small diameter of vapor bubble shows a higher void fraction near the heated wall and a migration of void in the subchannel gap region. A measured CT image of void distribution indicated a locally higher void fraction near the heated wall for the test conditions of a subchannel averaged void fraction of less than about 20%. The CFD simulation predicted a subchannel averaged void fraction and fluid density which agree well with the measured ones for a low void condition.

Original objectives: To create BAC contigs covering two QTL containing chromosomal regions (QTLR) and obtain BAC end sequence information as a platform for SNP identification. Use the SNPs to search for marker-QTL linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the test populations (US and Israel Holstein cattle). Identify candidate genes, test for association with dairy cattle production and functional traits, and confirm any associations in a secondary test population. Revisions in the course of the project: The selective recombinant genotyping (SRG) methodology which we implemented to provide moderate resolution QTL mapping turned out to be less effective than expected, due to problems introduced by incomplete marker informativity. This required a no-cost one-year extension of the project. Aside from this, the project was implemented essentially as envisaged, but only with respect to a single QTLR and single population association-test. Background to the topic. Dairy cattle breeders are looking to marker-assisted selection (MAS) as a means of identifying genetically superior sires and dams. MAS based on population-wide LD can be many times more effective than MAS based on within-family linkage mapping. In this proposal we developed a protocol leading from family based QTL mapping to population-wide LD between markers and the QTL Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. The critical importance of marker informativity for application of the SRG design in outcrossing random mating populations was identified, and an alternative Fractioned Pool Design (FPD) based on selective DNA pooling was developed. We demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a BAC contig across a targeted chromosomal region flanking the marker RM188 on bovine chromosome BTA4, which was shown in previous work to contain a QTL affecting milk production traits. BAC end sequences were obtained and successfully screened for SNPs. LD studies of these SNPs in the Israel population, and of an independent set of SNPs taken across the entire proximal region of BTA4 in the USA population, showed a much lower degree of LD than previously reported in the literature. Only at distances in the sub-cM level did an appreciable fraction of SNP marker-pairs show levels of LD useful for MAS. In contrast, studies in the Israel population using microsatellite markers, presented an equivalent degree of LD at a 1-5 separation distance. SNP LD appeared to reflect historical population size of Bostaurus (Ne=5000- 10,000), while microsatellite LD appeared to be in proportion to more recent effective population size of the Holstein breed (Ne=50-100). An appreciable fraction of the observed LD was due to Family admixture structure of the Holstein population. The SNPs MEOX2/IF2G (found within the gene SETMAR at 23,000 bp from RM188) and SNP23 were significantly associated with PTA protein, Cheese dollars and Net Merit Protein in the Davis bull resource population, and were also associated with protein and casein percentages in the Davis cow resource population. Implications. These studies document a major difference in degree of LD presented by SNPs as compared to microsatellites, and raise questions as to the source of this difference and its implications for QTL mapping and MAS. The study lends significant support to the targeted approach to fine map a previously identified QTL. Using high density genotyping with SNP discovered in flanking genes to the QTL, we have identified important markers associated with milk protein percentage that can be tested in markers assisted selection programs.

The digitalisation of the economy has spotlighted fundamental flaws in international tax rules, which have been exacerbated since the 1970s with the wider shift to the services economy and the growth of international services. These systemic flaws have been more evident from the perspective of countries that are mainly importers of services that have tried to retain rights to tax profits at the source from which they derive. While they succeeded in retaining a wider scope for source taxation, key provisions have been subject to continuing conflicts and contestation over their formulation and interpretation, leaving a legacy of ambiguity and confusion. Digitalisation has now sparked a dramatic reversal of perspective by more developed countries and an acceptance of principles they have long resisted: that taxation of transnational corporations can be based on apportionment of an appropriate fraction of their global income and can be by countries from where they derive income, regardless of physical presence. This paper outlines the contested process that has shaped the formulation of key provisions on taxation of international services, discusses the recent moves to reshape these rules and evaluates some policy options for capital-importing countries to strengthen their taxing rights in the current context.

Over the past few years, China has displayed a wide range of advances in military capabilities and infrastructure, including its test of a hypersonic glide vehicle coupled with a fractional orbital bombardment system and evidence of new intercontinental ballistic missile silos. While China and the United States remain at political odds, there are indications that China’s strategies in space, cyberspace and nuclear domains are increasingly converging with those of the USA, as well as Russia. A key question is whether this strategic convergence is a stabilizing or destabilizing phenomenon. To answer the question, this paper explores the current state of Chinese discussions on multidomain deterrence and strategic stability, with a focus on active defence and proactive defence. It then examines how these concepts are manifesting themselves in China’s postural and technological indicators, including pre-mating of nuclear warheads to delivery platforms, expanded nuclear arsenal size, possible shifts towards launch on warning, integration of dual-capable systems, and advances in machine learning and autonomy. It concludes with a discussion of what these trends mean for future strategic stability talks.

Preferential flow appears to be the rule rather than the exception in field soils and should be considered in the quantitative description of solute transport in the unsaturated zone of heterogeneous formations on the field scale. This study focused on both experimental monitoring and computer simulations to identify important features of preferential flow in the natural environment. The specific objectives of this research were: (1) To conduct dye tracing and multiple tracer experiments on undisturbed field plots to reveal information about the flow velocity, spatial prevalence, and time evolution of a preferential flow event; (2) To conduct numerical experiments to determine (i) whether preferential flow observations are consistent with the Richards flow equation; and (ii) whether volume averaging over a domain experiencing preferential flow is possible; (3) To develop a stochastic or a transfer function model that incorporates preferential flow. Regarding our field work, we succeeded to develop a new method for detecting flow patterns faithfully representing the movement of water flow paths in structured and non-structured soils. The method which is based on application of ammonium carbonate was tested in a laboratory study. Its use to detect preferential flow was also illustrated in a field experiment. It was shown that ammonium carbonate is a more conservative tracer of the water front than the popular Brilliant Blue. In our detailed field experiments we also succeeded to document the occurrence of preferential flow during soil water redistribution following the cessation of precipitation in several structureless field soils. Symptoms of the unstable flow observed included vertical fingers 20 - 60 cm wide, isolated patches, and highly concentrated areas of the tracers in the transmission zone. Soil moisture and tracer measurements revealed that the redistribution flow became fingered following a reversal of matric potential gradient within the wetted area. Regarding our simulation work, we succeeded to develop, implement and test a finite- difference, numerical scheme for solving the equations governing flow and transport in three-dimensional, heterogeneous, bimodal, flow domains with highly contrasting soil materials. Results of our simulations demonstrated that under steady-state flow conditions, the embedded clay lenses (with very low conductivity) in bimodal formations may induce preferential flow, and, consequently, may enhance considerably both the solute spreading and the skewing of the solute breakthrough curves. On the other hand, under transient flow conditions associated with substantial redistribution periods with diminishing water saturation, the effect of the embedded clay lenses on the flow and the transport might diminish substantially. Regarding our stochastic modeling effort, we succeeded to develop a theoretical framework for flow and transport in bimodal, heterogeneous, unsaturated formations, based on a stochastic continuum presentation of the flow and a general Lagrangian description of the transport. Results of our analysis show that, generally, a bimodal distribution of the formation properties, characterized by a relatively complex spatial correlation structure, contributes to the variability in water velocity and, consequently, may considerably enhance solute spreading. This applies especially in formations in which: (i) the correlation length scales and the variances of the soil properties associated with the embedded soil are much larger than those of the background soil; (ii) the contrast between mean properties of the two subdomains is large; (iii) mean water saturation is relatively small; and (iv) the volume fraction of the flow domain occupied by the embedded soil is relatively large.

Original proposal objectives: Our main original goal was to develop ultra-fast methods and instrumentation for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. We proposed to extend the QuEChERS approach to veterinary drugs and other contaminants, and conduct fast and ultra-fast analyses using novel 5MB-MS instrumentation, ideally with real samples. Background to the topic: The international trade of agricultural food products is a $1.2 trill ion annual market and growing. Food safety is essential to human health, and chemical residue limits are legislated nationally and internationally. Analytical testing for residues is needed to conduct risk assessments and regulatory enforcement actions to ensure food safety and environmental health, among other important needs. Current monitoring methods are better than ever, but they are still too time-consuming, laborious, and expensive to meet the broad food testing needs of consumers, government, and industry. As a result, costs are high and only a tiny fraction of the food is tested for a limited number of contaminants. We need affordable, ultra-fast methods that attain high quality results for a wide range of chemicals. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: This is the third BARD grant shared between Prof. Amirav and Dr. Lehotay since 2000, and continual analytical improvements have been made in terms of speed, sample throughput, chemical scope, ease-of-use, and quality of results with respect to qualitative (screening and identification) and quantitative factors. The QuEChERS sample preparation approach, which was developed in conjunction with the BARD grant in 2002, has grown to currently become the most common pesticide residue method in the world. BARD funding has been instrumental to help Dr. Lehotay make refinements and expand QuEChERS concepts to additional applications, which has led to the commercialization of QuEChERS products by more than 20 companies worldwide. During the past 3 years, QuEChERS has been applied to multiclass, multiresidue analysis of veterinary drug residues in food animals, and it has been validated and implemented by USDA-FSIS. QuEChERS was also modified and validated for faster, easier, and better analysis of traditional and emerging environmental contaminants in food. Meanwhile, Prof. Amirav has commercialized the GC-MS with 5MB technology and other independent inventions, including the ChromatoProbe with Agilent, Bruker, and FUR Systems. A new method was developed for obtaining truly universal pesticide analysis, based on the use of GC-MS with 5MB. This method and instrument enables faster analysis with lower LaDs for extended range of pesticides and hazardous compounds. A new approach and device of Open Probe Fast GC-MS with 5MB was also developed that enable real time screening of limited number of target pesticides. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: We succeeded in achieving significant improvements in the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply, from easy sample preparation approaches, through sample analysis by advanced new types of GC-MS and LCMS techniques, all the way to improved data analysis by lowering LaD and providing greater confidence in chemical identification. As a result, the combination of the QuEChERS approach, new and superior instrumentation, and the novel monitoring methods that were developed will enable vastly reduced time and cost of analysis, increased analytical scope. and a higher monitoring rate. This provides better enforcement, an added impetus for farmers to use good agricultural practices, improved food safety and security, increased trade. and greater consumer confidence in the food supply.

The purpose of this document is to provide readers with the coding protocol that authors used to code 36 research syntheses (including meta-analyses, evidence-based reviews, and quantitative systematic reviews) focused on mathematics interventions for students with learning disabilities (LD), mathematics learning disabilities (MLD), and mathematics difficulties (MD). The purpose of the systematic review of mathematics intervention syntheses was to identify patterns and gaps in content areas, instructional strategies, effect sizes, and definitions of LD, MLD, and MD. We searched the literature for research syntheses published between 2000 and 2020 and used rigorous inclusion criteria in our literature review process. We evaluated 36 syntheses that included 836 studies with 32,495 participants. We coded each synthesis for variables across seven categories including: publication codes (authors, year, journal), inclusion and exclusion criteria, content area focus, instructional strategy focus, sample size, methodological information, and results. The mean interrater reliability across all codes using this coding protocol was 90.3%. Although each synthesis stated a focus on LD, MLD, or MD, very few students with LD or MLD were included, and authors’ operational definitions of disability and risk varied. Syntheses predominantly focused on word problem solving, fractions, computer- assisted learning, and schema-based instruction. Syntheses reported wide variation in effectiveness, content areas, and instructional strategies. Finally, our results indicate the majority of syntheses report achievement outcomes, but very few syntheses report on other outcomes (e.g., social validity, strategy use). We discuss how the results of this comprehensive review can guide researchers in expanding the knowledge base on mathematics interventions. The systematic review that results from this coding process is accepted for publication and in press at Learning Disabilities Research and Practice.

The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.