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1
Faraby, Muhammad Ersya, and Siti Inayatul Faiza. "Etos Kerja Pedagang Etnis Madura di Pusat Grosir Surabaya Ditinjau Dari Etika Bisnis Islam." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 1, no. 3 (December 2, 2015): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol1iss20143pp178-193.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Natural resources have not been well managed in Madura and the low level of human resources leads to ethnic Madurese communities abroad to obtain a decent life by applying a high work ethic. This research aims to know the work ethic of ethnic Madurese in Central merchant Wholesale Surabaya reviewed from Islamic business ethics.Approach used in this research is qualitative approach to method case study is descriptive. Data done with interview observation and documentation against traders ethnic madura in central wholesale Surabaya. For data advocates derived from data given by centers management wholesale Surabaya. Besides is also study library and literature about ethos work ethnic Madurese and Islamic business ethics.The results obtained are the informants argued most of the Madurese ethnic merchants in wholesale center Surabaya interpret and apply the Madurese ethnic work ethic that is hard work and wander, as well as in implementing the work ethic they comply with Islamic business ethics.
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Gelderblom, Oscar. "Merchants from the Southern Netherlands (1578–1630)." Research Data Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 25, 2016): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24523666-01000002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1585 the Duke of Parma conquered Antwerp, which was followed by a blockade of the river Scheldt. A large number of merchants moved to Amsterdam. Since the beginning of the twentieth century a historical debate has been going on about the economic effects of these events. The submitted data, gathered from different historical sources, aim to provide a precise answer to this question. Information from nine different sources (e.g. poortersboeken of the city of Amsterdam, two tax registers, Notarieel Archief and VOC/WIC-archives) has been combined in an attempt to reconstruct the entire merchant community of Amsterdam between 1578 and 1630. This resulted in a data collection on more than 5,000 wholesale traders. Analysis of the data shows that migration to Amsterdam started long before the siege of Antwerp because of old commercial ties between the two cities. Moreover, the role of the newcomers was of moderate importance. In 1609 the immigrants amounted to one third of Amsterdam’s merchant community. The majority of them were young men of modest means, seeking an international career in Amsterdam. Since collaboration between merchants from the north and the south dated back to the 1540s, the influx from Antwerp may be considered part of one single merchant community which developed in the Low Countries in the course of the sixteenth century.
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Al-Nimrawi, Khalil Hammadi Musleh, and Firas Ibrahim Rahim. "Fish Marketing in Salah Al-Din Governorate for the 2022 Productions (Tikrit District as a Model)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 10 (December 1, 2023): 102007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/10/102007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The research mainly aims to study fish marketing in Salah al-Din Governorate / Tikrit district for the year (2022) by measuring marketing costs, marketing margins, and the share of the producer, wholesaler, and retailer from the distribution of consumer dinars, Calculate marketing efficiency and know the level of competence for each of the producer, intermediaries, wholesalers, and retailers, and find strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities through (SWOT) analysis, A stratified random sample was selected in the study area consisting of (73) fish producers in the district, and the information related to the study was collected through the questionnaire that was designed for producers. Then, information on camel traders was collected through a questionnaire distributed to (25) wholesale market traders, and then information on retail traders was collected through a questionnaire number (25) distributed to retail market traders. The marketing costs of the product, wholesalers, and retailers, respectively, amounted to (1090, 746.1, 235.75) dinars/kg, and the absolute and relative marketing margin between the wholesaler and the producer amounted to (1250) dinars/kg (23.8%), and the absolute and relative marketing margin between the retailer and the merchant Total (1750) dinars/kg (25%), And between the retailer and the producer, it amounted to (3000) dinars/kg (42%), and the share of the producer, the wholesaler, and the retailer in consumer dinars, respectively, was (57.15%), (17.85%), (25%,)As for the marketing efficiency, according to the first scale, it reached (62.26%), and the marketing efficiency according to the second scale, in the three stages of the product and wholesale, amounted to (73.22%), retail and wholesale, it amounted to (66.14%), and finally, for retail and product, it was (53.25%). As for marketing efficiency according to the third scale, it amounted to (21.59%). We conclude from this that there is a difference in marketing efficiency according to the three formulas because of the difference in prices, production, and marketing costs, The study recommends giving importance to scientific research for fish in terms of production, costs and marketing because of its nutritional importance and the provision of job opportunities and a comprehensive study of the fish market in Salah Governorate and seizing opportunities and avoiding potential risks and identifying needs and requirements and identifying products required for consumers because of their importance in increasing production efficiency, marketing and consumption optimal allocation of resources, achieving stability and encouraging growth.
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Huang, Qisheng, Yunjian Xu, and Costas Courcoubetis. "Stackelberg competition between merchant and regulated storage investment in wholesale electricity markets." Applied Energy 264 (April 2020): 114669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114669.
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Wang, Long. "Merchant Energy Storage Investment Analysis Considering Multi-Energy Integration." Energies 16, no. 12 (June 14, 2023): 4695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124695.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, a two-stage model of an integrated energy demand response is proposed, and the quantitative relationship between the two main concerns of investors, i.e., investment return and investment cycle and demand response, is verified by the experimental data. Energy storage technology is a key means through which to deal with the instability of modern energy sources. One of the key development paths in the electricity market is the development by energy merchants of energy storage power plants in the distribution network to engage in a grid demand response. This research proposes a two-stage energy storage configuration approach for a cold-heat-power multi-energy complementary multi-microgrid system. Considering the future bulk connections of distributed power generation, the two most critical points of energy storage station construction are the power generation equipment and specific scenarios for serving the community, as well as the purchase and sale price of electricity for serving the community microgrid (which directly affects the investment revenue). Therefore, this paper focuses on analyzing the different impacts caused by these two issues; namely, the two most important concerns for the construction of energy storage configurations. First, the basic model enabling wholesale electricity traders to construct energy storage power plants is presented. Second, for a multi-microgrid system with a complementary cold-heat-power multi-energy scenario, a two-stage optimum allocation model is constructed, whereby the upper model calculates the energy storage allocation problem and the lower model calculates the optimal dispatch problem. The lower model’s dispatch computation validates the upper configuration model’s reasonableness. Finally, the two-layer model is converted to a single-layer model by the KKT condition, and the nonlinear problem is converted to a linear problem with the big-M method. The validity is proved via mathematical examples, and it is demonstrated that the planned energy storage plants by merchants may accomplish resource savings and mutual advantages for both users and wholesale power traders.
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Saliminia Lahiji, Azim, and Seyed Masoud Moghaddas Tafreshi. "Merchant transmission planning in smart paradigm with introducing demand response aggregator in wholesale market." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 26, no. 10 (February 17, 2016): 2148–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.2196.
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BATTILOSSI, STEFANO. "Financial innovation and the golden ages of international banking: 1890–1931 and 1958–81." Financial History Review 7, no. 2 (October 2000): 141–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565000000093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Stefano Battilossi, Financial innovation and the golden ages of international banking: 1890–1931 and 1958–81Throughout the twentieth century, the internationalisation of banking was both a factor for, and an ensuing aspect of, rising globalisation. During the period 1890–1931, commercial banks of industrialised countries promoted organisational and process innovations that successfully challenged the dominance of merchant banks in international financial intermediation. International banking re-emerged from interwar nationalistic retrenchment during the late 1950s, when banks exploited regulatory asymmetries to foster the emergence of Eurocurrency markets. Eurobanks provided not only global liquidity redistribution but also portfolio transformation services to corporate and sovereign customers. Financial innovations related to Eurobanking mark a secular discontinuity as they proved to be vehicles of a banking revolution, based on competition, deregulation and wholesale-market funding.
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Alves, Maria Thereza. "Wake in Guangzhou." Transfers 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2017.070208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wake in Guangzhou: The History of the Earth is a site-specific installation exhibited in in the Guangdong Museum of Art in Guangzhou, China, that problematizes issues of migration, trade, and landscape transformation. Wake in Guangzhou investigates the origin of the seeds found on the site of Huagui Lu, in the Liwan district in Guangzhou’s city center, where today a hundred wholesale markets exist. A mound of earth was removed from Huagui lu, a street in the Liwan District, the former merchant quarter’s of Guangdong. The earth sample was put in the courtyard of the Guangzhou Museum so dormant seeds previously buried in deep layers could germinate when exposed. The botanist Heli Jutila writes, “Although seeds seem to be dead, they are in fact alive and can remain vital in soil for decades, and even hundreds of years in a state of dormancy.”
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Kushnareva, Margarita D. "Historical portrait of Gavrila Nikiforov, a Yakut merchant of the 1 st guild." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 474 (2022): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/474/21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article explores the economic, social and charitable activities of Gavrila Nikiforov, a Yakut merchant of the 1st guild. The aim of the publication is to recreate Nikiforov's historical portrait. Achieving this aim involves a wide use of archival sources, previously unpublished and not introduced into scholarly discourse. The topic has not been sufficiently studied in modern historiography of Siberia; it has scientific relevance and significance. The study of the key issue of the publication is based on the methodology of modernization and chronological, systemic, biographical methods. The author determined Nikiforov's origin, place of birth and initial sources of capital accumulation. The article states that Nikiforov established several enterprises with the aim of organizing fur trade in the northern districts of Yakutsk Oblast in 1900-1910. In 1906 Nikiforov's stores were opened in Verkhoyansk, Ko-lymsk, Bulun, Abye, and Kyusyur. In 1914 the merchant became a contributor to the Northern Commercial and Industrial Partnership, bought a trading business of fur traders and became the owner of one of the largest companies in North-East Siberia with a turnover of 1 million rubles a year. In 1914-1919, Nikiforov's annual turnover in fur trade exceeded 1 million rubles. In Yakutsk, Nikiforov conducted wholesale and retail trade in fur, groceries and consumer goods from stores. Nikiforov's supplies of furs to European and North American markets in 1914-1917 amounted to 800 thousand rubles a year. Nikiforov's public education activity was expressed in the construction and maintenance of schools for children, a museum, a library, and financial assistance to residents in paying taxes. During the First World War, Nikiforov was engaged in the procurement and dispatch of warm fur products to the front. Nikiforov enjoyed authority among the local population, was repeatedly elected councilor of the Yakutsk City Council, and was a member of charitable organizations. The merchant took part in meetings under Yakut Governor Ivan Kraft and decided on important strategic issues. In 1918-1919, Nikiforov organized the supply of needy population of Yakutsk Oblast with consumer goods and food products for 400 thousand rubles. For his services, he had state awards. He was an honorary “foreigner” of East-Kangalassky ulus of Yakutsk Oblast. The article defines the personal and business qualities of the Yakut merchant. The main conclusion of the article is that the reconstruction of Nikiforov's historical portrait allowed expanding the previously existing ideas about his contribution to the socioeconomic development of Yakutsk Oblast during the period of modernization of the Russian economy.
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TUDORICA, Mihaela. "THE EXPANSION OF OTA’s: BENEFITS AND RISKS." Annals of the University of Oradea. Economic Sciences 31, no. 31(1) (2022): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes31(1)013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this paper is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of OTA’s (Online Tourism Agencies). Many travelers today prefer OTA’s to look for advantageous tour packages and especially to make their reservations. They can make these reservations not only for accommodation but also for flights, excursions and why not, for other trips. OTA’s is an important component for a successful strategy, for all tour operators skilled in business. This way it helps them to reach more passengers and implicitly to make more reservations. But let’s not forget that paying a commission for each booking, it should balance the pros and cons. Due to intense competition, OTA is trying to remain financially sustainable. For this, however, it needs to involve its customers more, of course offering them superior value propositions. For this, however, a thorough understanding of consumption values is needed. The role of OTA’s is becoming more and more important due to the ease of customers to compose a trip from the comfort of their home where they can also compare hotel prices and booking the choice on the Internet. An OTA’s agency organizes and sells accommodation, excursions and transportation to customers. It also organizes trips on an online platform for travelers. These OTAs are third parties that sell services on behalf of other companies. As a rule, these OTA’s offer many benefits. They have more comfort and a more self-serving approach. They also include a built-in booking system with which you can make instant bookings. OTA’s works in two models: Merchant model and Agency model. Merchant model is the model in which hotels sell rooms to OTA’s at a reduced or wholesale price. OTA’s then sells them to customers at a markup price. Agency model is the commission-based model in which OTA’s acts as a distribution partner. OTA’s receives full commission after the stay, and the hotel receives payment directly from the last customer and does not wait for the transfer of payment from third parties.
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Al-Hiyali, A. D. K. "The Effect of Seasonality in the Wholesale Markets of the Tomato Crop on Monthly Prices in Baghdad City during the Period (2014-2019)." Global Journal of Economics and Business 12, no. 5 (October 2022): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/gjeb2022.12.5.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research aimed to analyze the seasonality of the data of the monthly wholesale prices of the tomato crop in the city of Baghdad during the period (2014-2019) based on the method of simple means corrected for the Trend. The seasonality of the data was revealed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The research found the presence of seasonal compounds in the tomato crop price data, which confirms that prices are greatly affected by the Season. This is evident from the low prices in the hot seasons due to the high costs of storing it if the merchant tries to keep it and is forced to sell it, in addition to the high production quantities in the summer months. In addition, the extracted seasonal index values indicated the fact that prices were affected by the season through a decrease in the seasonal index values affected by the season, meaning that the results confirmed each other. The research recommended that although prices are affected by seasonality, reliance on production quantities, for example (greenhouses), will make it necessary to prevent the import of the crop at peak times. In addition to the need for production to be balanced between the production of open farms and the production of greenhouses so that it does not affect prices significantly. The research also recommends the availability of accurate data because inaccurate data affects the research results. Finally, work to implement laws that protect farmers and not just legislate them without implementing them.
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Cao, Yuliang, and Muhammad Mohiuddin. "Sustainable Emerging Country Agro-Food Supply Chains: Fresh Vegetable Price Formation Mechanisms in Rural China." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 2814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102814.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Price formation mechanisms along the supply chain determine the economic viability of effective agro-food supply chains in emerging countries with small-scale subsistence-based agricultural activities. This study offers an analysis of the price formation mechanism along the Chinese fresh vegetable supply chain. It analyzes the features of market transactions in the upstream and downstream greenhouse cucumber supply chain, and presents an elastic model of pricing in the fresh and raw vegetable market in China. Based on the daily procurement price data of 78 cases in Lingyuan (Liaoning Province, China), and the wholesale price of 78 cases in Xinfadi (Beijing, China), the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test, co-integration test, and Granger test were applied to reveal the relationship between the prices. Findings indicate that the price of fresh and raw vegetables is formed at the wholesale market, where after it cascades from wholesalers to direct buyers (primary merchants) and farmers, and is passed on to retailers and consumers, where the final market price is formed. Farmers exhibit bounded rationality decision-making, that is, they can only passively accept price fluctuations. Buyers (primary merchants, wholesalers’ agents, and retailers) at each level extract fixed rewards, while making no additional contribution to the price fluctuations along the chain. The wholesalers enjoy an oligopolistic competition market and can better take advantage of the asymmetric information to accommodate market demand.
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Brandon, Pepijn. "‘The whole art of war is reduced to money’: remittances, short-term credit and financial intermediation in Anglo-Dutch military finance, 1688–1713." Financial History Review 25, no. 1 (April 2018): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565017000282.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The literature on the financial revolution and the rise of the English fiscal-military state frequently gives the impression that a singular set of reforms emanating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 changed the entire landscape of English army finances, allowing a fundamental shift from patchwork solutions based on short-term credit and managed through a system of wholesale venality to a solid system of long-term funded loans raised on an impersonal market. This article focuses on the crucial role that merchant networks and the personal connections of financial intermediaries continued to play in international troop payments arranged by the English state through the Dutch Republic. Even when the English or Dutch treasuries could find the necessary money to pay and provision the troops in time, getting the money to the military commanders in the field or to their distant suppliers often depended on long and complex credit lines. Short-term loans acquired in making military expenditure – consisting of unpaid bills to suppliers, payments advanced by officials and officers, and temporary loans contracted by financial intermediaries – as well as the widespread reliance on commercial credit in the form of bills of exchange as a way to transfer funds effectively formed the life thread of army finance. The ability to finance the military in times of exploding costs and permanent emergencies without defaulting rested not only on the capacity to draw on financial resources at home, but also on the strength of commercial and financial networks abroad. In doing so, closeness to the centres of emerging international financial capitalism seems to have been of greater importance than a specific set of institutional innovations.
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Nurhayati, Novi. "Efesiensi Tataniaga Cabai Rawit di Kabupaten Kotawaringin Barat." RAWA SAINS : JURNAL SAINS STIPER AMUNTAI 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36589/rs.v9i2.98.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Marketing Chili pepper is unique marketing, where the price of chili is always fluctuating. In marketing, chili pepper involves marketing institutions that have a significant role in channeling chili pepper from producers to consumers. The purpose of this research is to know the channel, institution, a function of the marketing institution as well as the affection of the marketing Tataniaga of chili pepper in Kotawaringin Barat Regency. The study was conducted at Pangkalan Bun, from July - September 2019. The method of research used is a descriptive method to know the channel, and the function of the marketing institution, while to know the efficiency of chili pepper, the use of marketing margin analysis and farmer’s share. The result of this research is a channel of cayenne Pepper in Kotawaringin Barat district there are three levels of marketing channels, namely two-level channels, three-level channels, and four-level channels. The marketing institutions involved in cayenne pepper include collector merchants, wholesalers, and retailers. Collector traders have the function of collecting chili pepper from the farmer and resell it, wholesalers have the function of buying chili pepper from the collecting merchant and resell it, while the retail trader has the function of buying chili From collecting merchants and wholesalers and selling directly to consumers. The marketing efficiency of chili pepper in Kotawaringin Barat District is on the Marketing Channel 2 (two) levels, with a marketing margin worth Rp. 40,000., and farmers share by 72.41%.
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Branfoot, Crispin. "Architectural knowledge and the ‘Dravidian’ temple in colonial Madras Presidency." Architectural Research Quarterly 26, no. 1 (March 2022): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135522000343.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In around 1912 Gabriel Jouveau-Dubreuil, a young science teacher from French colonial Pondicherry in South India, visited the nearby town of Cuddalore in order to inspect the construction of a new Hindu temple. Since arriving in South India in 1909 he had been travelling to many temples and archaeological sites in order to understand the history of South Indian art. The modern temple that he visited in a suburb of Cuddalore at Tiruppappuliyur was not in fact new but a wholesale renovation of a nine-hundred-year-old shrine on a site sacred to Tamil Shaivas. This was just one of the many temples substantially rebuilt from the 1890s to the 1930s under the patronage of a wealthy merchant community, the Nattukkottai Chettiars, at a time of religious revival and growing Tamil cultural nationalism. The Nattukkottai Chettiars came from the villages and towns of Chettinadu, an arid region in southern Madras Presidency. This region was significant not only for being the provenance of the most prolific patrons of South Indian temple architecture in colonial Madras Presidency but also their builders, for many of the architects and craftsmen working on the temple at Tiruppappuliyur were from villages in Chettinadu. One of these men, M. S. Swaminathan of Pillaiyarpatti, was Jouveau-Dubreuil’s chief informant, one of the many ‘natives’ who were a critical and inextricable element of colonial knowledge production. The understanding of formal composition and terminology that Jouveau-Dubreuil learnt from contemporary architects and craftsmen and his observations of the evolution of architectural design contributed towards the first study of the Tamil temple for both a scholarly and wider public audience from the very earliest monuments of the seventh century through to those currently under construction. This article explores this architectural ‘renaissance’ in colonial Madras Presidency under Chettiar patronage and evaluates modern temple design through the pioneering scholarship of Jouveau-Dubreuil and his contemporaries.
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Ibrahim Rahim, Firas, Mohmmed K. Abdullah, and Najlaa S. Madlul. "The Economics of Marketing the Cucumber Crop in Salah al-Din Governorate, Tikrit district, as a model for The Summer Production Season 2021." Sumer 4 8, CSS 4 (October 15, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/css/2023.08.04.53.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The importance of the cucumber crop is highlighted because it is important from a nutritional and health point of view for humans because of its importance in the economy. A random sample was selected for this research estimated at.(75) farmers from the producers of the cucumber crop in Salah al-Din Governorate - Tikrit district. Moreover, the Data was taken from farmers using a questionnaire form. Information about The merchants was taken from the wholesale market in the Tikrit district using (34) A questionnaire, as well as collecting (46) From the retailers' forms. The results showed that the commission rate increased to (5%) of the product prices, and this is the reason for the high price of the product among retailers. The share of the product from consumer spending for the cucumber crop has reached (49.46%). As for the wholesaler's share of consumer spending for the crop under study (18.53%). As for the retailer's share of consumer spending for the crop under study (32%). As for the mediators’ share of the consumer’s dinar for the crop under study (50.53%). The results showed that the marketing margin between the wholesalers' stage and the product was (27.25%) dinars/kg. In comparison, the relative margin for the wholesalers and retailers stage amounted to (32%) and the margin between the retailers stage and product (50(. The study showed a rise in the profits of the retailer from the margin, as it ranked first, as it reached an average of the cucumber crop of about (218.44 dinars - kg), while the profit for the wholesaler amounted to about (132.57 dinars/ kg The product profits amounted to about (98.655) dinars - kg. The researcher recommended working to provide production requirements and agricultural marketing requirements for the cucumber crop with good quality and appropriate prices, which have an effective role in reducing production and marketing costs. Key Words: The Economics, Marketing, Cucumber Crop.
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Agbo, Josephine Nkechi, Benjamin C. Okpukpara, and Kingsley David Ude. "Market Share and Price-Setting Behaviour in Bilateral Areas: Evidence from Bambara Groundnut Markets in Nigeria." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. X (2023): 430–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.701036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Marketing activities within the Bambara groundnut subsector may tend to become sub-standard because of production price uncertainty and production risk which may ejaculate into inefficiency in the market. In this respect, the study analyzed market share and Price-setting Behaviour in Bilateral areas: evidence from Bambara Groundnut Markets in Nigeria. The population of the study comprised marketers of Bambara groundnut in South-east, Nigeria. Of the five states in south-east region of Nigeria, two States were chosen purposively so as to ascertain the movement of prices between the two states. This was done in order to establish fair prices comparison between the production zone and consumption zone. The choice of the two states was based on the predominance of Bambara groundnut marketers. A two-stage random sampling technique was adopted in selecting 221 respondents that was interviewed for the study. Information for this study was obtained from primary sources employing a well-structured questionnaire, oral interviews and direct observations of Bambara groundnut marketers and was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of multivariate analysis (ANOVA) showing the variations in price margins, marketing cost and net marketing margins showed that across the eight markets sampled within the study area, there was no vital significant distinction (F= 0.381; P=0.130, F=2.558; P=0.414 and F=1.725; P=0.217) within the price margins, costs and net margins. The velocity of rural retail prices results indicated that on the average, retail prices of Bambara groundnut was enhanced at a monthly rate of N5.586853 in the rural markets of Abia State with a standard deviation of N0.8089196. Although, the modal price alteration was N5.2300 whereas the minimum price increment was N3.6610, however, the utmost increment was N7.845 per month in the rural Bambara groundnut markets in Abia State. Similarly, for urban prices of Bambara groundnut in Abia State markets, the result showed slight variations in monthly prices. Specifically, for urban retail prices in Abia State markets, Bambara groundnut monthly prices was enhanced by N5.87178274 on the average, though, the modal and minimum values of N5.496730 and N3.847711 existed respectively. The result also showed that the rural and urban prices of Bambara groundnut changed monthly by N5.9040 and N6.2051228 respectively, per month. The result additional discovered the rural/urban retail merchant price in Enugu Abia and Enugu to be N5.72931798 with variance of N0.840113346 and N1.32771324 respectively. In relation to price velocity of wholesalers in Abia and Enugu states, wholesale price velocity of N34.471035 and N36.4364033 and standard deviation of N4.99221480 and N7.05381314, minimum of N22.59371 and N19.62524 and maximum of N 48.41510 and N 49.24824 respectively was observed. However, the results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there existed significant distinction (F=4.771; P ≤ 0.05) and (F=0.048; P ≤ 4.19) between rural and urban retail price velocities in Enugu and Abia State markets, respectively. The moderately high variation of prices with time necessitates governments’ action in prices stabilization to shield farmers economically. Guarantee minimum price for producers as an incentive for assured output markets can increase supply volume and promotion of Bambara groundnut industries.
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Nicholas, David. "Sheilagh Ogilvie, The European Guilds. An Economic Analysis. Princeton, NJ, and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2019, 7 figures, 20 color plates, 102 tables, 30 black-and-white maps and drawings in text, 20 color plates, xviii, 645 pp." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 524–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.151.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is the second volume of the author’s comparative study of guilds in Europe. The first, Institutions and European Trade. Merchant Guilds, 1000–1800 (Cambridge 2011) was discussed by this reviewer in Mediaevistik 25 (2012), 544‐46. This book deals with craft organizations, which Ogilvie defines (p. 10) as involving anyone but merchant wholesalers. The first chapter is historiographical, the last a conclusion, and eight substantive chapters deal with specific topics.
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Glasmeier, Amy. "The Role of Merchant Wholesalers in Industrial Agglomeration Formation." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 80, no. 3 (September 1990): 394–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1990.tb00304.x.
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Mufadhdhal, Egi, Lukman Hakim, and Agus Nugroho. "Analisis Supply Chain Management (SCM) Perdagangan Ikan Hiun di PPS Lampulo Banda Aceh." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 7, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v7i1.18989.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to identify the structure of the Shark supply chain pattern and analyze the additional income margins of fishermen on the shark trade at PPS Lampulo, Banda Aceh. The population in this study were all fishermen and all traders who carried out shark trading activities in the area around PPS Lampulo, Banda Aceh city. The number of samples taken in this study were 13 respondents. The respondents are 5 fishermen and 8 traders who are around the PPS Lampulo area, Banda Aceh city. Sampling using snowball sampling technique. The research method used to support the perfection of the research to be carried out, the research uses qualitative analysis methods. The results showed that the supply chain model for sharks at PPS Lampulo is fishermen who rent boats, who carry out shark fishing activities at sea, wholesalers or Toke who buy sharks to be distributed / resold, or to be processed and then sold in product form. processed. Retailers, consisting of traveling merchants, who buy Sharks from wholesalers on a retail basis. Consumers, namely final buyers who buy Sharks for consumption, either inside or outside. Fishermen do not deal directly with the final consumer in distributing their products, but through traders/bench toke who are direct consumers for fishermen. Fishermen are the main suppliers who supply sharks to wholesalers/toke. Fishermen supply their catch to contractors through PPS Lampulo. The wholesaler/toke must come to PPS to buy/order sharks and must get a price agreement with the fishermen.
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Goddard, Richard. "Female Merchants? Women, Debt, and Trade in Later Medieval England, 1266–1532." Journal of British Studies 58, no. 3 (July 2019): 494–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis article examines English women who were engaged in wholesale long-distance or international trade in the later Middle Ages. These women made up only a small proportion of English merchants, averaging about 3 to 4 percent of the mercantile population, often working in partnership with their husbands. The article systematically quantifies, for the first time, women's penetration into this male-dominated trade and adds new perspectives to our understanding of women and trade in the Middle Ages by using both debt and customs records. It poses important questions about women's economic roles, the nature or distinctiveness of their businesses, and the ways that their actions fitted within mercantile activity more broadly. It examines the extent to which wives acted as equal economic partners with their husbands and also assesses the extent to which women's economic potential or agency in wholesale trade was shaped, or indeed constrained, by economic and patriarchal forces. It concludes by arguing that patriarchy certainly limited female access to wholesale markets, particularly after 1300, along with other linked features that also shaped women's economic trading endeavors. These features included status, access to capital, and the advantages to working within dynamic, extensive, and busy markets such as those found in later medieval London.
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Price, Jacob M. "What Did Merchants Do? Reflections on British Overseas Trade, 1660–1790." Journal of Economic History 49, no. 2 (June 1989): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700007920.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The relative dynamism of English and Scottish foreign trade from 1675 to 1775 can largely be explained by the interrelated phenomena of the growing domestic demand for American and Asian consumer goods and North European raw materials; the growing market in northern and western Europe for re-exports of American and Asian consumables; and the growing protected market for British manufactures in the American colonies and Africa. Trade growth depended on development of a wide variety of credit practices, supported primarily by big wholesalers and export merchants. Wholesalers and merchants also accounted for important institutional innovations.
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Rabuzzi, Daniel A. "Women as Merchants in Eighteenth-Century Northern Germany: The Case of Stralsund, 1750–1830." Central European History 28, no. 4 (December 1995): 435–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012267.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this paper is to bring to our attention the important role of women in wholesale international commerce in eighteenth century northern Germany, using examples from Stralsund as a case study. (Stralsund, a port-city formerly in the Hanse, was at that time the capital of Swedish Pomerania and had a population, including garrison, of some 14,000 around 1800; it was an economic center of regional importance, specializing in the production of malt and the export of grain to Sweden and Western Europe). After sketching a social and economic profile of Stralsund's female merchants ca. 1750–1830, I will discuss the crucial issue of control, i.e., to what extent and how these women were able to operate independently within a political and legal system that favored men. In my conclusion, I suggest that women left, or were forced out of, the wholesale trade around 1850 as a result of political changes and a shift in the meaning of the concept of Bürger, rather than as a result of industrialization or market expansion. Throughout, I consider whether my observations about female merchants in Stralsund have any wider validity by comparing them with research on the commerce of other ports in Northern Europe and in North America.
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Musa, F. I., O. E. A. Abdelkareem, H. A. Abdelrhman, M. E. S. Eltahir, S. D. A. Fragallah, E. M. I. Mohammed, and S. O. Tutu. "Value chain of Balanites aegyptiaca in North Kordofan State in Sudan." African Crop Science Journal 30, s1 (May 25, 2022): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v30is1.7s.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) is considered as one of the valuable tree species in Sudan. This study interrogated different actors involved in B. aegyptiaca value chain to estimate the gross margins associated with their segments. The study was conducted during season 2019 in Sheikan Locality, North Kordofan State in Sudan, and involved 86 household head (10% of the population). Results indicated that value chain actors of B. aegyptiaca included fruit collectors, village traders, city merchants, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Based on gross margins, the wholesalers were the most benefited (36.4%) in the chain, followed by village traders (33.4%), city merchants (17.6%), collectors (9.65%) and lastly retailers (2.94%). It is clear that B. aegyptiaca value chain is mostly influenced by actors at local level.
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Azis, Yusuf, Emy Rahmawati, and A. Yousuf Kurniawan. "Efisiensi Pemasaran Cabai Rawit Hiyung Di Kecamatan Tapin Tengah Kabupaten Tapin-Kalimantan Selatan." Journal of Agricultural Socio-Economics (JASE) 2, no. 1 (August 24, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/jase.v2i1.13035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study is to determine the marketing of Hiyung cayenne pepper, calculate the share price, cost, margin, and profit earned by producers/farmers and each marketing agency, and examine the level of marketing efficiency of Hiyung cayenne pepper. This study took place in the Tapin Tengah Subdistrict of the Tapin Regency of South Kalimantan Province. The Snowball Sampling approach was used to pick merchant responses. Primary and secondary data are both required. The findings revealed that Hiyung's cayenne pepper marketing channel is divided into two sections: Channel IA (Farmers – Collector Traders – Retailers at the Keraton Market – Consumers), Channel B (Farmers – Collecting Traders – Retailers at Binuang Market – Consumers), and Channel II (Farmers at the Binuang Market – Consumers). - Wholesalers – Collecting Merchants). The greatest marketing cost is Rp. 2,834,39/kg in channel II, and the lowest cost is Rp. 1,967,80 in channel IA with the marketing area in the Keraton market. In channel II, the highest margin is Rp.13,500,00./kg. Meanwhile, the smallest margin, Rp. 4,000.00/kg, is found in channel IA at the Keraton Market Retailer level. The highest marketing profit in channel II is Rp. 17,678.00/kg, whereas the highest profit is Rp. 7,999,46 in channel IA in the Keraton Market area. Channel IA Pasar Keraton has the highest percentage of farmers at 77.44 percent, while channel II has the lowest percentage of farmers at 62.59 percent. The largest profit share for wholesalers is 37.00 percent in channel II, while the lowest is 22.56 percent in channel 1 in the Keraton Market region. The most efficient marketing channel is channel IA, which serves the Keraton market. Its economic efficiency is superior to that of channels IB and II, and its technical efficiency is superior to that of the Keraton market. This translates to lower distribution costs and more acceptability by major institutions.
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Larpcharoen, Vuttapong, Kongkoon Tochaiwat, Kullanan Siripipatkajon, and Varalee Thumvisuttivarakorn. "Location Selection Model for Small Wholesale Shops in Samutprakarn Province, Thailand." Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.5.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objectives of this research were to study the factors affecting the importance of location selection criteria and present a model for the location selection of a small wholesale store in Samutprakarn province. The research applied the Modified Analytic Hierarchy Process methodology: screening the criteria of location selection from the literature review by interviewing five small wholesale business owners and using a set of questionnaires to collect data from 60 small wholesale merchants, followed by an analysis. The research found that the location zone is the most important factor influencing the location selection criteria. For the stores located in the industrial area, the priority is given to the parking space and the width of the road, while those located in the residential area place the first priority on the proximity or being located along the main and secondary roads. However, the importance level of the location selection criteria ranked in the second and third positions was similar for industrial and residential locations, namely proximity to fresh markets and proximity to distribution centers, respectively. The location selection model will help the small wholesale business owners in Samutprakarn province and similar areas consider the potential location for their business establishments. Furthermore, the commercial building owners can also use this model to assess the rental potential of their commercial buildings. Academia can also use the acquired factors and models for further studies.
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Helviani, Helviani. "Analysis of Skipjack Distribution (Katsuwonus Pelamis) in The Urban Village of West Boepinang Poleang Sub-District Bombana District." Agribusiness Journal 2, no. 2 (November 27, 2017): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31327/aj.v2i2.267.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to identify marketing channels of skipjack; and to know the amount of margin received on each marketing channel of skipjack in the Urban Village of West Boepinang. The research was conducted from May 5 - August 27, 2016 in The Urban Village of West Boepinang, Poleang Sub-District BombanaDistrict. The sample in this research was 37 respondents. Sampling used census method. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and marketing margin analysis. The results showed that distribution pattern which is often used by the traders of skipjack commodity in the Urban Village of West Boepinang is the first distribution channel, in which skipjack is distributed from fishermen to merchants to wholesalers to retailers to consumers. Based on profit margin value, wholesalers earned a net profit margin of Rp. 6,972/kg. Similarly, retailers earned a profit margin of Rp. 3,545/kg as well as Rp. 2,793/kg for merchants.
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Veenhof, Klaas R. "Ancient Assur: The City, its Traders, and its Commercial Network." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 53, no. 1-2 (2009): 39–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/002249910x12573963244205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe ancient city of Assur was an important emporium and a central place in the trade between Mesopotamia and Anatolia during the nineteenth-eighteenth centuries BC. Its traders exported to Anatolia large quantities of tin and expensive woolen textiles, which were sold for silver and gold, shipped back to Assur. The traders, traveling with donkey caravans, used a network of colonies and trading stations, where they could live and work on the basis of treaties with the local rulers. After a description of Assur’s commercial role, the activities, organization and status of the traders are analyzed. First of those in Anatolia, with reference to the colonial system and the main Anatolian emporia. Next of those in Assur—“merchant-bankers”, investors (in joint-stock funds), wholesale dealers, and moneylenders—and their relations to the “City-Hall”, the economic and financial heart of Assur, and the “City-Assembly”, whose decisions and verdicts reveal elements of a commercial policy and attempts to promote its interests. While the city, whose trade covered a particular circuit of a much wider international network, also had to consider local and international interests, the “colonial” traders were more focused on financial profits, also via the local trade in copper and wool. But the tensions due to diverging interests were restricted and the Assyrians were able to maintain a stable, profitable and highly developed commercial system for more than two centuries.Durant les dixneuvième et dix huitième siècles avant J.-C. la cité-état d’Assur fut un grand centre de commerce. Ses marchands exportaient des quantités d’étain et de laines de prix à l‘Anatolie, les y vendaient contre de l’or et de l’argent, et rentraient chez eux la bourse pleine d’argent. Des caravanes d’ânes, qui assuraient le transport, sillonnaient un réseau de colonies et de comptoirs. Les marchands assyriens pouvaient s’installer là-bas et y mener leur négoce grâce aux traités conclus entre les autorités assyriennes et les princes. La description de la fonction commerciale d’Assur est suivie d’une série d’analyses portant sur les activités des marchands, de leur organisation et de leur statut. Ce sujet cohérent nous mène d’abord en Anatolie pour regarder de près son système de colonies et ses principaux comptoirs. Ensuite à la ville d’Assur, avec ses ‘banquiers-commerçants’, ses investisseurs (des fonds remis aux sociétés commandites), ses commerçants de gros et ses prêteurs. Les relations entretenues par ces quatre groupes avec ‘l’hôtel de ville’ ‐ le cœur battant de l’économie et des finances d’Assur ‐, et ‘l’assemblée municipale’ sont explorées. Les décisions et les verdicts de cette assemblée retiennent notre attention parce qu’on y décèle des traces d’une politique commerciale et des tentatives d’avancer les intérêts commerciaux d’Assur. D’une part il fallait que la ville, dont les opérations commerciales s’étendaient sur un circuit distinct intégré au vaste réseau international, tenait compte aussi des intérêts locaux et internationaux. D’autre part les profits- y inclus ceux provenant du négoce anatolien de la laine et du cuivre ‐ étaitent le point de mire des ‘marchands-colons’. Néanmoins, les tensions dues à ces intérêts divergents étant limitées, durant plus de deux siècles les Assyriens surent maintenir un système de commerce stable, productif, et très sophistiqué.
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Priantika, Wulan, Suhatmini Hardyastuti, and Irham Irham. "Efficiency Marketing of Onion In Bantul Regency." HABITAT 32, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.habitat.2021.032.1.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Onion is one of the potential horticultural plants in Yogyakarta Special Region. Onion production center is located in District Saden and Imogiri District, Bantul regency. This research has objectives to (1) know the onion marketing chain in Bantul Regency and (2) to know the most efficient marketing channel using Acharya method. Respondents were randomly selected as many as 60 onion farmers in Bantul District. Snowball method is used to get two wholesalers, three merchant collectors, and three retailers by following the distribution of onion sales from farmers to consumers. The results showed that the onion marketing chain in Bantul district consists of three marketing channels. The most abundant onion chain of marketing compositions in Bantul District is farmers-wholesalers-collectors-retailers-consumers, farmers-wholesalers-collectors, and farmers- collectors-retailers. Marketing on onion in Bantul Regency is done most efficiently in the third marketing channel that is farmers-collectors-retailers. This research is expected to give information about the marketing chain of onion in Bantul regency.
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Tahyat, Muhammad Aswan, Rosmawaty Rosmawaty, and Yusran Yusran. "Margin Analysis and Marketing Efficiency of Patchouli Oil in Wonua Sangia Village Landono District South Konawe District." Buletin Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Haluoleo 24, no. 1 (April 25, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37149/bpsosek.v24i1.24195.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research aims to analyze margins and efficiencies for each marketing agency. This research was conducted in Wonua Sangia Village, Landono District, South Konawe Regency. This study was conducted from June 2021 to March 2022. Thes objects in the study were patchouli farmers in Wonua Sangia village of Landono Subdistrict and patchouli oil marketing agencies. The sample in this study was done by purposive sampling method for patchouli farmers and Snowball Sampling for fishing institutions. Their search was analyzed using margin analysis and marketing efficiency. This study showed two patchouli oil marketing channels in Wonua Sangia Village, Landono Subdistrict. Marketing channels (I), Farmers, Middlemen, Collecting Merchants, Wholesalers, and Consumers. Then Marketing channels (II), Farmers, Collecting Merchants, Wholesalers, and Consumers. Marketing channel II has the highest Farmer's Share value of 81%, with a total marketing margin of IDR97.000/kg. It is indicated to have the best marketing efficiency of a channel, 80%, with a total marketing margin of IDR110.000/kg. Both marketing channels have been efficient because the farmer's share value obtained>50%.
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Rahmayati HM, St. Ramlah, Subhan Effendi, and Ratnawati. "ANALISIS TATANIAGA TELUR AYAM RAS (STUDI KASUS PT CAHAYA MARIO BROTHER GROUP)." Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 2, no. 1 (April 12, 2022): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jebaku.v2i1.1871.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objectives of this study are (1) Analyzing the channels and functions of purebred chicken egg trading (2) Analyzing tataniaga margins, farmer's share and the ratio of profits and costs of purebred chicken egg trading (3) Analyzing the cost efficiency of purebred chicken egg trading at PT. Light Mario Brother's Group Sidrap, Mario Village, Kulo District, Sidrap Regency. This research was conducted at PT. Light Mario Brother Group Sidrap, Mario Village, Kulo District, Sidrap Regency. The data used in this study are primary data and skunder. There are three institutions in the purebred chicken egg trading system at PT. Light Mario Brother's Group Sidrap, a manufacturer/breeder, wholesaler and retailer. Each commercial institution performs different administrative functions. There are three channels formed in the egg trading system, namely commerce channel 1 (producer - consumer); Commerce channel 2 (manufacturer - merchant, retailer - consumer); and Commerce channel 3 ( producer - wholesaler - retailer - consumer). Producers should distribute purebred chicken egg commodities efficiently and need to cooperate or partner with parties who are willing to accommodate producer products (end consumers) at high and relatively stable prices
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Kurniawati, Nurul Imani, Stacia Reviany Mege, and Riandhita Eri Werdani. "ANALISIS MANAJEMEN RANTAI PASOK BERAS DI KABUPATEN DEMAK." BISMA: Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen 14, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/bisma.v14i3.19885.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A well-managed supply chain flow will make the product distribution up to the final consumers runs effectively and efficiently. This study aimed to analyze the rice supply chain flow in Demak Regency, Central Java Province. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the authors conducted field observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with several parties as informants. The informants consisted of farmers, merchant collectors, rice grinders, wholesalers, retailers, and the Department of Agriculture and Trade Office officers. The results showed that the rice supply chain in Demak Regency starts from farmers to traders and mills, then to the wholesalers, retailers, Indonesian Bureau of Logistics, supermarkets, and final consumers. The government can encourage and facilitate every process to create effectiveness and efficiency in the rice supply chain in Demak Regency.
Keywords: distribution, rice, supply chain
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Ida putri yani, Djaimi Bakce, and Syaiful Hadi. "ANALISIS TATANIAGA KOPRA PUTIH DI KECAMATAN TEMPULING KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR." JURNAL AGRIBISNIS 11, no. 1 (May 6, 2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32520/agribisnis.v11i1.1940.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tataniaga kopra putih di Kecamatan Tempuling adalah pelaku usaha menjual kopra putih ke pedagang pengumpul karena pelaku usaha tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk memasarkan langsung ke eksportir. Harga kopra putih ditentukan oleh pedagang pengumpul sehingga pelaku usaha tidak mendapatkan harga penawaran yang lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk 1) memberikan gambaran mengenai saluran tataniaga, 2) menganalisis margin dan efisiensi tataniaga kopra putih. Pengambilan sampel pedagang pengumpul dan eksportir menggunakan metode sensus. Tataniaga kopra putih di Kecamatan Tempuling memiliki 3 saluran tataniaga yaitu, saluran I: pelaku usaha – eksportir – Pakistan dan Bangladesh, saluran II: pelaku usaha – pedagang pengumpul – eksportir – Pakistan dan Bangladesh, dan saluran III: pelaku usaha – pedagang pengumpul – pedagang besar – industri hilir domestik kopra putih. Saluran III adalah saluran tataniaga hanya kopra putih jenis riject, karena kopra putih riject tidak di ekspor ke luar negeri. Saluran I lebih efisien dari pada saluran II yaitu Grade A sebesar 18% dan Grade B 21%. Sedangkan pada saluran II efisiensi Grade A sebesar 20% dan Grade B 23%. Jika ditinjau dari margin tataniaganya, saluran I memiliki margin tataniaga yang lebih besar karena pelaku usaha menjual kopra putih langsung ke eksportir tidak melalui pedagang pengumpul, sehingga harga lebih tinggi.
White copra in Tempuling Subdistrict, business people sell white copra to collecting merchants. Businesses do not have the ability to market directly to exporters. The price of white copra is determined by the collecting merchant so that the businessman does not get a higher bid price. The study aims to 1) provide an overview of the governance channels, 2) analyze the margins and efficiency of white copra governance. Sampling of merchant collectors and exporters uses census methods. White copra administration in Tempuling Subdistrict has 3 commerce channels namely, channel I: business actors - exporters - Pakistan and Bangladesh, channel II: business actors - collecting traders - exporters - Pakistan and Bangladesh, and channel III: business people - collecting traders - wholesalers - domestic downstream industries white copra. Channel III is the only riject-type white copra channel, because white copra riject is not exported abroad. Channel I is more efficient than channel II, grade A at 18% and Grade B at 21%. While in channel II the efficiency of Grade A is 20% and Grade B is 23%. When viewed from the margin of the trade, channel I has a larger commerce margin because businesses sell white copra directly to exporters not through collecting traders, so prices are higher.
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Zhang, Simin, and Qi Li. "Omni channel Supply Chain Optimization and Mode Selection Based on Smart New Retail." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (August 29, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7848729.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Smart new retail mode has rapidly become the hot shopping mode. In order to develop vigorously in the new retail environment, it is urgent for merchants to set up supply chain network reasonably. This paper constructs a supply chain newsvendor model consisting of 1 wholesaler and N retailers. Analyse how channel conversion rate, negotiation ability of supply chain members, number of retailers, and other factors affect the balance among supply chain members when offline demand, online demand, and cross-channel demand exist simultaneously. Combined with the case data of two fast fashion brands, this paper compares and analyses the profit changes of decentralized supply chain and centralized supply chain under the influence of multiple factors. The study shows that there is no absolute optimal supply chain model and the choice of supply chain model will change with the change of influencing factors. However, no matter in which supply chain mode, improving channel conversion rate and controlling the number of retailers are beneficial. In addition, in decentralized supply chain, balance can be achieved among supply chain members so as to achieve Pareto optimality. Wholesalers should take the initiative to promote the transformation of demand among channels, and should not be too strong in member negotiations. This paper analyses the basic characteristics of the supply chain network under the new retail, and establishes the network optimization strategy that is easy to implement, which can help enterprises to carry out the supply network layout more effectively under the smart new retail mode.
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Olegario, Rowena. "“That Mysterious People”: Jewish Merchants, Transparency, and Community in Mid-Nineteenth Century America." Business History Review 73, no. 2 (1999): 161–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116239.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the mid-nineteenth century, American wholesalers began increasingly to rely on credit-reporting agencies to provide information about customers in distant localities. The demand for dependable information, coupled with the dynamism and competitiveness of the American market, helped usher into place a business culture that favored transparency and open networks. This article examines one group of merchants—immigrant Jews—whose traditions stood in contrast to the business elite's growing demand for disclosure.
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Sangster, Alan. "Venetian 15th Century bookkeeping as taught by Marino De Raphaeli." De Computis, Revista Española de Historia de la Contabilidad. 19, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26784/issn.1886-1881.19.1.7288.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents an overview of the only known Venetian manual on double entry bookkeeping that predates Pacioli’s Particularis de Computis et Scripturis: de Raphaeli’s La Riegola de Libro, or The Rules of Bookkeeping. Written in 1475, it was lost until 1989, escaping the attention of Fabio Besta, Vincenzo Vianello and others in the 19th and 20th centuries who desperately sought to disprove Pacioli’s authorship of his treatise. Had they found it, a different history would be told, but would Pacioli’s place have been usurped? This study considers the purpose behind de Raphaeli’s instructional manual; its content; what it tells us about how Venetian wholesale merchants did their bookkeeping in the 15th century; and about how bookkeeping was taught by tutors before Pacioli removed the need for a tutor in 1494.
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Marasanova, Victoriya M. "Moscow cultural practices in XIX century trade." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 2, no. 119 (2021): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2021-2-119-159-166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research of the Moscow cultural trade practiсes gives a concentrated picture of Russian trade, shows almost the entire range of national and foreign goods, reveals vivid types of entrepreneurs. Moscow was the largest logistics center and consumer of various goods, industrial raw material, and food. The bulk of the regional supplies were textiles, cereals, iron, milk, meat, leather, timber, etc. The Moscow merchants performed the functions of intermediaries in allRussian and foreign trade, linking distant markets. In the second half of the 19th century the traditional land and river trade routes were supplemented by railway roads. The top of the Moscow merchants was formed from the «nonresident» merchants, commoners and peasants who were able to achieve success at the expense of their abilities in the face of intense competition. The types of Moscow merchants are revealed by the example of the Eliseevs, Blandovs, Buryshkins, Filippovs. The study of the localization of urban trade made it possible to find out exactly where foreign goods were stored and sold. National goods entered the Kitay-gorod wholesale warehouses, from where the goods dispersed to the industrial enterprises, Moscow markets and shops. The city’s business and financial life was concentrated in Nikolskaya Street, Ilyinka and Varvarka. The trading opportunities of Moscow was supplemented by the Upper Trading Rows (now GUM), and shop-passages became one of the most popular types of retail space. The article describes the retail space of Moscow – Okhotny Ryad, Sukharevsky market, Smolensky market, Khitrovsky market, Boloto, as well as local markets and fairs. It is shown that in Moscow it was possible to see and to buy practically everything what Russia is rich in. Various types of old-fashioned shopping places and modern European shops coexisted in the urban space. Consideration of the Moscow trade as a holistic cultural phenomenon based on the historical cultural and civilizational approaches made it possible to reveal the main trends and features of the historical period.
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Hidayat, Yusuf. "Class, Habitus, and the Dynamics of Social Relations of Traders in Diamond Trade in the Martapura Town, South Kalimantan." Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 25, no. 2 (December 9, 2017): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ws.25.2.1913.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>This study examines the pattern of social relationships among diamond traders in diamond trade that polarized into patterns of social relationships between small, medium and large traders with their respective values. This study aims to describe the pattern of social relationships between diamond traders and reveal the rules of the underlying game patterns of their social relationships that lead to polarization of social relationships between small, medium and large traders. This study used Buordieu framework especially about Field, Habitus, and Doxa to analyze the phenomena. This research uses qualitative research methods and has been implemented in the town of Martapura, South Kalimantan. In this study, five people were interviewed, consisting of merchants of a large trader, two medium traders and two merchants. The study finds that first, there are three forms of social relations pattern among traders of diamond namely: cooperation relationships between small traders, competition relationships between wholesalers and middle traders in accordance with its position, he develops cooperative relationships while in diamond market and relationships competition when trading outside the diamond market. Second, Each class has its own rules of play in accordance with their capacity in the sale and purchase of diamonds and the rules of this game have become a common consciousness among members of the merchant class so that all members of the group implement these rules spontaneously and without questioning its validity.</p><p>Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pola hubungan sosial antar pedagang intan di dalam perdagangan intan yang terpolarisasi menjadi pola hubungan social antar pedagang kecil, menengah dan besar dengan nilainya masing-masing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan pola hubungan social antar pedagang intan dan mengungkap aturan-aturan main yang mendasari pola hubungan sosial mereka sehingga memunculkan polarisasi hubungan sosial antar pedagang kecil, menengah dan besar. Tujuan penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan kerangka pemikiran Buordieu terutama tentang Field, Habitus dan Doxa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dan telah dilaksanakan di kota Martapura, Kalimantan Selatan. Dalam Peneltian ini, telah diwawancarai sebanyak lima orang informan yang terdiri dari pedagang seorang pedagang besar, dua orang pedagang menengah dan dua orang pedagang kecil. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pertama, ada tiga bentuk pola hubungan sosial antar pedagang intan yaitu: hubungan-hubungan kerjasama antar pedagang kecil, hubungan-hubungan persaingan antar pedagang besar dan pedagang menengah sesuai dengan posisinya, dia mengembangkan hubungan kerjasama ketika berada dalam pasar intan dan hubungan persaingan ketika bertransaksi di luar pasar intan. Kedua, Masing-masing kelas memliki aturan mainnya sendiri sesuai dengan kapasitas mereka dalam transaksi jual beli intan dan aturan main ini telah menjadi kesadaran bersama antar anggota kelas pedagang sehingga semua anggota kelompok melaksanakan aturan-aturan ini dengan spontan dan tanpa mempertanyakan lagi keabsahannya.</p>
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Tiawati, Refa Lina, and Siriporn Maneechukate. "VARIATIONS IN THE LANGUAGE OF TRADERS AND BUYERS IN TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN THE PENINSULAR AREA IN DISCOURSE ANALYSIS APPROACH." Journal of Pragmatics and Discourse Research 1, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51817/jpdr.v1i1.158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of different vocabulary spoken by traders and buyers that cause language variations during buying and selling transactions in traditional markets on the coast with discourse analysis. This research aims to analyze language variations in terms of usage by traders and buyers in the wholesale market. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data source of this research is conversations conducted by merchants and buyers. The data in this study is a varied vocabulary. Data is analyzed using interactive models such as data reduction, presentation, and conclusion withdrawal. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the variation in the spoken language of traders in the traditional market is as follows, language variations found as many as 7 language variations from 50 data. Variations of the language used are Indonesian as many as 9 conversations, Javanese, Minangkabau kumbung, Minangkabau language Talang Mandiangin, Minangkabau language dusun, Minangkabau language sirah river area, and Minangkabau language limpaso area.
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Wang, Zihao, Kehang Mu, and Yuhan Ma. "Research on automatic vegetable pricing and replenishment decision-making based on improved ant colony algorithm." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 70 (November 15, 2023): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v70i.13912.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In daily life, vegetable products have a short shelf life and a high perishability rate. As time goes by, their quality will deteriorate and cause waste. Therefore, in order to maximize benefits and reduce waste, the ant colony algorithm and ARIMA are combined The prediction model was combined and optimized, and the Ant Colony-ARIMA prediction model was established, and the relevant data of the sales flow details and wholesale prices of each commodity in a supermarket from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2023 were used for training, optimization and prediction. Analyze and compare with various data from June 24, 2023 to June 30, 2023. The results show that the average relative errors of sales and pricing of the Ant Colony-ARIMA model are lower than the actual ones, indicating that the established Ant Colony-ARIMA model can accurately predict sales and pricing, and provide a high-quality solution for supermarkets and merchants. Accurate prediction method.
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Mendonça Lima, Dag, and Andréa Leda Ramos de Oliveira. "Waste assessment in distribution and marketing logistics of horticultural products: evidence from Brazil." Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo 53, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Worldwide, one-third of the food produced is inconsumable due to marketable quality losses. Parallelly, and given the growing world population, levels of waste have become unacceptable. Supply channels play a fundamental role in establishing strategies for food waste mitigation. The objective of this research was to analyze if good operational practices with different dimensions of distribution and commercialization logistics may contribute to reduce fruit and vegetable waste. The studied dimensions were: logistics, operations, technology, trade and management. Several questionnaires were administered to 83 specialized wholesale merchants from a large supply center in Brazil, for lettuce, potato, orange, papaya and tomato. The results indicated that for papaya and potato, low and high waste generation are associated with a greater number of anti-waste actions (p = 0.0071 and p = 0.0469 respectively). For tomato, lettuce and orange, no significant differences for found. These results represent a first approach to understanding the reasons for food waste at wholesale centers. Highlights: Worldwide, one-third of the food produced is inconsumable due to marketable quality losses. In Brazil, about 40 thousand tons of food is wasted per year. Food waste in the fruit and vegetable supply chain is associated with the following dimensions: logistics, operation, technology, trade and management. For papaya and potatoes, low levels of residues are associated with a greater number of anti-waste actions such use of a cold chamber and use of promotional pricing, respectively. For tomato, lettuce and orange, no significant differences was found for high and low levels of waste in relation to the number of actions undertaken in these chains.
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DE MUNCK, BERT. "One counter and your own account: redefining illicit labour in early modern Antwerp." Urban History 37, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926810000052.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT:This article examines the problem of illicit labour from the perspective of transformations in the (local) distribution channels. Rather than large masters circumventing the guilds’ rules regarding labour market entry or large merchants shifting from a Kauf to a Verlag system, early modern manufacturing guilds in Antwerp confronted mercers and wholesalers who entered into production without being masters. In response, the guilds extended their rules, so that their regulations actually matured in the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Rather than (labour market) deregulation and proto-industrialization, the issue was the disappearance of the straightforward link between production and retailing, tied together by mastership.
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Kandalgaonkar, S. R., and Madhura Bhagwat. "A Study of the Role Played by Poona Merchants’ Chamber in the Promotion of Wholesale Grocery Business in Pune City." Journal of Commerce and Management Thought 9, no. 2 (2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-478x.2018.00012.5.
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Anitha, Mrs A., Mrs P. Kanaga Lakshmi, S. Nandhini, P. Karunya Devi, N. Shanmugapriya, and M. Subbulakshmi. "Direct Sales of Agricultural Commodities." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (June 22, 2021): 1252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/06426.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most fundamental people who offer nourishment for sale to the public and accordingly connect with clients are ranchers and retailers. Numerous food varieties and high-quality materials are made by ladies in the provincial district under the MAHILA UDYOG, which offers an assortment of things. Ladies in provincial regions who are essential for MAHILA UDYOG may make an assortment of things and acquire a benefit from them. These days, ranchers are stood up to with an assortment of issues, remembering an absence of return for their produce, like vegetables and organic products. The rancher sold their merchandise at a modest expense, however, its fairly estimated worth is very high because numerous wholesalers and sellers hold stock, and the market worth of the item ascends because of item deficiencies. Accordingly, we made an Android App connect the distance between the provincial and metropolitan regions, just as to resolve the issues related to tackling this issue. Ranchers can’t offer them to the individual they pick since they don’t go to the market or vendors don’t contact any of the ranchers since their contacts are restricted. Subsequently, we’ll make an application that takes care of the issue of ranchers and merchants selling wares with accommodation and reliability. The rancher’s responsibility is to transfer the products, while the merchant’s responsibility is to put orders using the online installment framework. The retailer may see the dirt’s evaluating, which is given by the Indian government. On the off chance that the rancher’s Soil Health Card shows that the dirt quality is amazing, the shipper may essentially verify that the item is similarly fantastic. Subsequently, he can buy the merchandise from that rancher. The Soil Health Card is validated utilizing an OCR innovation when the rancher transfers it to the framework.
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Sari, Ardha Puspita, Ludia T. Wambrauw, and Marcus R. Maspaitella. "Analisis Tingkat Pendapatan Nelayan Dan Lembaga Pemasaran Perikanan Tangkap Di Kabupaten Fakfak Provinsi Papua Barat." JFRES: Journal of Fiscal and Regional Economy Studies 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36883/jfres.v2i1.22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
fisheries in Fakfak Regency. This study used a survey method with direct interview techniques for respondents consisting of fishermen, collectors, retailers, wholesalers and processed fisheries traders. The results showed that, the largest income average of capture fisheries marketing institutions in Fakfak district was at large merchant institutions with a level of income of Rp. This is because large traders sell fish in very large quantities with the aim of selling outside the city of Fakfak. A very large cost is proportional to the income received by large traders. However, the lowest income is obtained by retail traders. Fishermen who have higher income from retailers and collectors are also associated with production costs that are not too large when compared to the purchase costs incurred by traders. The average production cost incurred by fishermen is Rp 2,392,272 which consists of fuel costs, storage costs and consumption costs.
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Прохоров, Михаил, and Mikhail Prokhorov. "Service activities of peasants in Moscow in the middle of XVIII century." Servis Plus 9, no. 1 (March 6, 2015): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7580.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The author examines the role of the serfs in the provision of services to Muscovites in the middle of the eighteenth century. This topic is insufficiently developed in the national historiography, although some issues have been raised in the literature. Source base of the study is represented by assembly records, contractor papers, residential papers, loans, petitions, letters, properly inventories of the time. Sources allow to analyze the leading forms of services for citizens in manufacturing, construction, small commodity production, monetary operations, catering, trade and everyday life. The paper clarified the basic features and characteristics of the service activities of peasants, the extent of supply of consumer services, profitability. The facts indicate the focus of the individual counties and villages on specialization in services and delivery to Moscow sutlers, gardeners, textile workers, bricklayers.
Particular attention is paid to the formation of large, medium and small businesses among peasants, active use of family and hired labor. Subjected to analysis are activities in the field of service and wholesale trade of rich peasants as Sezemov and Belousov.
Particular emphasis is placed on clarification of Moscow life and everyday way of life of peasant entrepreneurs, how they developed their ethical conduct and public demands for power, how they adapted to city life.
The study shows that participation of peasants in services for Muscovites had both consumer and entrepreneurial nature. In its activities, peasants used various forms of service: custom work and to the market, provision of individual and collective services, participation in a stationary, wholesale trade and retail, etc. Evidences suggest that business cooperation gradually blured the line between castes of merchants, burghers and peasants, who were united by a partnership, success and profit.
The results may be useful for the formation of an information base of research on the history of service and business in Russia.
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Liu, Lang, Yutao Pu, Zhenwei Liu, and Junjie Liu. "Difference Game of Closed-Loop Supply Chain of Innovative Products with Discrete-Time Conditions." Mathematics 11, no. 13 (July 5, 2023): 2999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11132999.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper aims to explore the impact of the purchase regret of consumers on dynamic closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) under discrete-time conditions. Durable products are mostly traded under discrete-time conditions, and consumers tend to have different purchase regret psychologies during the trading process of different types of durable products (innovative or remanufactured). In addition, different purchase regret psychologies can affect the dynamic decision-making behaviour of the nodal enterprises in the supply chain, thus affecting the dynamic decision-making optimization sequence of the supply chain and nodal enterprises. Based on the traditional Bass model, this paper introduces the factor of consumer purchase regret psychology into the Bass model and constructs a model of a CLSC led by the manufacturer and followed by the retailer and recycler on the premise of heterogeneous characteristics of new products and remanufactured products. The optimal control theory of discrete systems is used to obtain the optimal decision sequence for each participant in the CLSC, when there is consumer regret psychology in the market. Then, the effects of consumer purchase regret psychology on the members of the CLSC at each stage are analysed. Finally, the conclusions are verified by using a numerical analysis. Compared to previous studies, the results further revealed the following: when the market share of brand new products is below 50%, the wholesale and retail prices are positively related to the regret psychology; while when they are above 50%, the wholesale and retail prices are negatively related to the regret psychology; the product sales and the manufacturers and retailers’ profits are negatively related to the regret psychology; purchase regret psychology does not affect the recyclers’ profits. To mitigate the negative consequences of the purchase regret psychology, manufacturers and merchants should completely grasp the market, enhance product quality, such that the price plan for the product is fairer.
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Adhim, Assafrul Ali, and Etty Soesilowati. "Analisis Pola Rantai Distribusi Alternatif Perikanan Tangkap di Kabupaten Kendal." Economics Development Analysis Journal 7, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 432–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v7i4.27724.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pola rantai distribusi perikanan, margin keuntungan setiap pelaku tata niaga perikanan, dan mencarikan model distribusi alternatif untuk perikanan tangkap laut di Kabupaten Kendal. Metode yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif guna untuk mengetahui pola rantai distribusi perikanan, margin pemasaran, dan penentuan model distribusi alternatif. Jenis data yaitu data sekunder, dan data primer yang di ambil langsung dari 93 nelayan, 50 pedagang pengecer, 35 pedagang sedang, dan 10 pedagang besar. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu interview, kuesioner, observasi, dan studi pustaka. Hasil dalam penelitian ini yaitu sekurang-kurangnya terdapat tiga pola distribusi namun hanya ada dua pola yang paling dominan yaitu pola pertama: nelayan ke pedagang sedang ke pedagang besar ke pabrik atau pasar tradisional. Pola yang kedua yaitu nelayan ke pedagang sedang ke pedagang pengecer ke konsumen akhir. Margin pemasaran untuk Cumi-cumi tertinggi terjadi pada pedagang besar (21%), Pedagang sedang (8,6%), dan pedagang pengecer (5,7%). Udang tertinggi pada pedagang besar (13,7%), pedagang sedang (5%), pedagang pengecer (3,9%). Ikan Kembung tertinggi pada pedagang besar (31%), pedagang pengecer (11%), pedagang sedang (9%).
The purpose of this research is to know the pattern of fishery distribution chain, profit margin of every fishery trading actors, and to find alternative distribution model for marine catch fishery in Kendal Regency. The method used is quantitative descriptive approach in order to know the pattern of fishery distribution chain, marketing margin, and the determination of alternative distribution model. The types of data are secondary data, and primary data taken directly from 93 fishermen, 50 retailers, 35 medium traders, and 10 wholesalers. Data collection techniques used were interview, questionnaire, observation, and literature study. The result of this research is that there are at least three distribution patterns but there are only two most dominant patterns, namely the first pattern: fishermen to medium traders to wholesalers to factories or traditional markets. The second pattern is the fisherman to the merchant is to the retailer to the end consumer. The highest marketing margin for Squid occurred in wholesalers (21%), Traders (8.6%), and retailers (5.7%). The highest shrimp on wholesalers (13.7%), medium traders (5%), retailers (3.9%). The highest stocks were in big traders (31%), retailers (11%), traders (9%).
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Maskar, Maskar, Budi Rahayu Tanama Putri, and Ni Wayan Tatik Inggriani. "Efficiency analysis of marketing channels for purebred chicken eggs in West Sulawesi Province." International journal of life sciences 7, no. 2 (June 12, 2023): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijls.v7n2.14358.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to analyze marketing efficiency, marketing margins, and farmer share of sales of purebred chicken eggs in West Sulawesi Province. The research was conducted from October to November 2022. The research locations were determined by purposive sampling and were conducted in three regency: Polewali Mandar Regency, Majene Regency, and Mamuju Regency. The research respondents were determined by the multistage sampling method. Respondent farmers were determined using the quota method and purposive sampling by taking three farmers per regency, each selected with the farming experience for at least two years. Consumer respondents were selected using the stratified sampling method by classifying consumers who purchase directly from farmers into three: industrial consumers, merchant consumers, and direct consumers. Further consumer tracking was carried out using the snowball sampling method so that all marketing channel patterns of purebred chicken eggs in West Sulawesi Province could be identified. Data analysis was carried out in a quantitative descriptive manner. There are marketing channels involving farmers, wholesalers, retailers, and final consumers in the province of West Sulawesi.
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Marbun, Lasmaria Elisabet, Juliana R. Mandei, and Ribka M. Kumaat. "PEMASARAN BAWANG MERAH DI DESA TONSEWER SELATAN KECAMATAN TOMPASO BARAT." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 14, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.14.1.2018.19188.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to analyze marketing channels and the efficiency of onion marketing in South Tonsewer Village, west Tompaso District. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained through a list of questions that have been prepared while secondary data obtained from BP3K Office District West Tompaso, BPS (Central Statistics Agency), Internet and previous research on Marketing. Farmer samples were collected using Simple Random Sampling method and for marketing institution using snowball sampling method. The number of samples of farmers is 25 people. The data are presented in tabular form and then analyzed descriptively. The concept of measurement of variables used is the selling price, the number of onion and marketing costs. The results showed that marketing channels in Tonsewer Selatan Village, Tompaso Barat District consisted of 4 (1) farmers - Kawangkoan market retailers - consumers, (2) farmers - seller retailers Langowan market - consumers, (3) farmers - collectors village - Tomohon market-consumer merchants, and (4) farmers - village wholesalers - wholesalers of Bitung port - consumers. Based on the value of price transmission elasticity, marketing margin, farmer's share, and profit-to-cost ratio indicate that four marketing channels are not efficient. an efficient marketing channel based on the value of price transmission elasticity, marketing margins, and farmer's share, two efficient marketing channels based on farmer's share and cost-benefit ratios, and three efficient marketing channels at farmer's share.