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1
Bernard, Andrew B., and Teresa C. Fort. "Factoryless Goods Producing Firms." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper documents the existence and characteristics of US firms that do not manufacture themselves, but nonetheless are heavily involved in the production of goods. These factoryless goods producing firms (FGPFs) are formally in the wholesale sector but, unlike traditional wholesale firms, FGPFs design the goods they sell and coordinate production activities. FGPFs in the wholesale sector are larger and younger, pay higher wages, span more sectors and had more manufacturing employment in previous years compared to traditional wholesalers. FGPFs are more likely to import than typical wholesalers, though their imports constitute a smaller share of their total domestic activity.
2
Kholmamatov, Diyor. "Promote Upgrade After-Sales Service Strategic Skills." Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review 2, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/ijler.2019.v2.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes the importance of after-sales service in the field of wholesale marketing, the role in improving the competitiveness of goods in the wholesale trade in goods. There are opinions on the strategic directions of development of after-sales service in the wholesale trade. In conclusion, major points of the development have seen on the promotion of the after sales services and strategic skills.
3
Kholmamatov, Diyor. "Promote Upgrade After-Sales Service Strategic Skills." Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review 2, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/ijler.v2i2.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes the importance of after-sales service in the field of wholesale marketing, the role in improving the competitiveness of goods in the wholesale trade in goods. There are opinions on the strategic directions of development of after-sales service in the wholesale trade. In conclusion, major points of the development have seen on the promotion of the after sales services and strategic skills.
4
Bao, Yan Qing. "Investigation and Statistical Analysis on Fire Loads of Large-Scale Wholesale Commercial Building." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are lots of various goods in large-scale wholesale market, and all these goods were stacked together. Huge fire loads were formed and there is a great fire risk in this kind of architecture. Through investigation in a large-scale wholesale commercial building in Xi'an, some data such as fire load, fuel types, room size were collected .All these data were analyzed and the types of fuel composition in different kinds of shop were comprehended. The research will contribute to management of fire prevention in wholesale market.
5
Kovalenko, E. G. "MONITORING OF GOODS TURNOVER AS A SPECIAL FORM OF STATE CONTROL." Vestnik of Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law, no. 1 (105) (March 3, 2021): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/2618-9526-2021-1-108-113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article studies the features of monitoring of goods turnover, including marking of goods, as well as turnover in the state information system of monitoring over turnover of goods involved in the relations of the operator issuing the codes, marking, collecting information, its storage and provision. The marking functions are defined: the function of analysis of wholesale and retail turnover, information function, identifying and control functions
6
SHAHBAZ, MUHAMMAD, ABU N. M. WAHID, and ADNAN HAIDER. "EMPIRICAL PSYCHOLOGY BETWEEN WHOLESALE PRICE AND CONSUMER PRICE INDICES: THE CASE OF PAKISTAN." Singapore Economic Review 55, no. 03 (September 2010): 537–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590810003882.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a small open economy, the retail sector adds value with a lag to existing production and uses existing domestic production as an input. Therefore, demand side dynamics depend on the wholesale prices of the domestic goods, the prices of the imported goods, the nominal exchange rate, the level of indirect taxes, the marginal cost of retail production and interest rates. Hence, this mechanism provides a theoretical basis for causality from wholesale prices to consumer prices. Being motivated by this causal transmission mechanism, this paper tries to examine the causal relationship between wholesale prices and consumer prices in a small developing economy like Pakistan. Empirical methodology uses recently developed tests for the existence of a long-run relationship between wholesale prices and consumer prices. Typically, in applied analysis, testing for the existence of cointegration and causality can only be carried out once the time series properties of the data have been established. For example, tests for cointegration require the variables to be integrated to the same order, typically I(1), prior to estimation. By eliminating the need for unit root pre-testing, the tests applied here considerably simplify the inference procedure. They also reduce the potential for distortions in the inference due to the unknown properties of the testing sequence. Our findings include robust evidence that, for Pakistan, there is a bidirectional causality between wholesale prices and consumer prices. Feedback impact shows that influences from the wholesale price index (WPI) to the consumers' price index (CPI) is stronger or dominating as compared to feedback from CPI to WPI supporting the Cushing-McGarvey (1990) hypothesis.
7
Podmeshalska, Yu, and A. Svezhentsova. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY OF AUDIT OF GOODS AT WHOLESALE TRADE ENTERPRISES." Investytsiyi: praktyka ta dosvid, no. 4 (February 28, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32702/2306-6814.2019.4.72.
Повний текст джерела
8
Kovaleva, Natalia Nikolaevna, Olga Vasilyevna Dedova, and Andrey Eduardovich Melguy. "Accounting of goods in pharmacies." Buhuchet v zdravoohranenii (Accounting in Healthcare), no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-17-2112-01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pharmacies belong to the category of wholesale and retail trade, but their goods are of high importance for the population, since they allow you to maintain or correct an important quality of a person — health. The implementation of operations for the movement of a wide range of medicines and medical products from suppliers through pharmacies to end-users at the same time differs in its similarity when reflected in the accounting process. Differences are observed in the approaches to setting a trade mark-up for each category of goods, depending on the frequency of purchases, or assigning them to a price segment. The exception to the rules for setting the price is vital medicines, for which the maximum price is set by the state. But the accounting of these pharmacy products also has the same mechanism as the goods without restrictions in the margin. In this case, the object of VAT taxation appears, the accounting of which has its own specifics, depending on the applicable tax regime.
9
GRECO, Anthony J. "A Concise History of United States Resale Price Maintenance Arrangements and its Current Status under State and Federal Laws." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.1(47).04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Resale price maintenance (RPM), a form of vertical price fixing is the practice whereby manufacturers of brand-name or trademark goods stipulate and attempt to enforce minimum, maximum, or actual wholesale and retail prices of such goods as they progress through the distribution chain to the final consumers of said products.
10
Wang, Liang, Tingjia Xu, and Shi Zhu. "Supply Chain Decision-Making Based on Warehouse Receipt Pledge and Risk Consideration under Twice Ordering Mode." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (July 30, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9310165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper studies supply chain decisions making between the retailer, supplier, and bank based on warehouse receipt pledge and risk consideration under twice ordering mode. The decentralized supply chain and centralized supply chain are divided by whether the supplier provides repurchase guarantees and whether the retailer offers revenue sharing. We develop a Stackelberg game model to analyze the influential mechanism among various actors and use the method of downside risk control to discuss the bank’s expected loss and the optimal loan pledge ratio. We carry out a simulation analysis, and the result is shown as follows: (i) either for decentralized or centralized supply chain, the retailer’s optimal order quantity and the optimal proportion that the number of goods pledged by the retailer’s twice ordering accounts for the number of first-ordering goods are all unique; (ii) the bank’s loan pledge ratio is a monotonically increasing function of disposal value of the unit remaining commodity; (iii) for centralized supply chain, the bank’s loan pledge ratio is the monotonically increasing function of repurchase ratio and wholesale price provided by the supplier, respectively; (iv) in the decentralized supply chain, the supplier’s return mainly comes from the wholesale revenue and is positively related to the wholesale volume and wholesale price; in the centralized supply chain, the supplier’s return is mainly from the retailer’s revenue sharing.
11
Hubeni, Yuriy, Oksana Krupa, Volodymyr Krupa, and Nataliia Raiter. "Globalization and Local Determinants of HORECA Customers Market Behavior in the Wholesale Food Market." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 20(35), no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2020.20.1.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the research of local determinants of HoReCa sphere subject economic behavior in the wholesale markets of agricultural production under hospitality sphere globalization in Ukraine. The authors generalized the key provisions of consumer market behavior theories and its formation factors in HoReCa sphere. The peculiarities of agricultural wholesale market functioning are defined and the competitive surrounding of wholesale food market in western region of Ukraine is characterized. Main principles of business organization in HoReCa sphere are studied; the impact of globalization and foreign economic activity vectors on this sphere internationalization is outlined. The results of research project made by the authors are given, which was aimed at examining motives and peculiarities of HoReCa customers market behavior when wholesale purchasing agricultural production for their own business. The research was conducted on the basis of “Shuvar” market of agricultural production Ltd. - the largest in Western Ukraine wholesale agricultural market. It consists of several specialized food halls, including HoReCa centre. The structure of HoReCa establishments, that are “Shuvar” wholesale market clients, is analyzed. The factors influencing their managers’ decisions, concerning purchase assortment, its frequency, the most convenient time of goods delivery, are investigated. The evaluation of significance degree of certain products purchase, including price, products homogeneity, their constant availability, exclusiveness, is received. HoReCa sphere subjects’ wishes were studied, concerning purchase information support in the wholesale market, for service quality improvement.
12
Amemiya, Yuki, Hiroshi Kitamura, and Jun Oshiro. "Market-Share Contracts with Vertical Externalities." Asian Journal of Law and Economics 5, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ajle-2013-0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractWe construct a model of market-share contracts with vertical externalities. When a dominant supplier offers a linear wholesale price to a retailer, vertical externalities, well-recognized as double-marginalization problems, arise in the vertical relation. The dominant supplier facing vertical externalities charges a wholesale price that is excessively high for both the vertical relation and social welfare. Under market-share contracts, the retailer can commit to increase the sales of goods produced by the dominant supplier for a lower wholesale price. We point out that this induces the vertical relation to engage in market-share contracts even in the absence of exclusionary effects in the upstream market. We also show that such contracts mitigate vertical externalities and improve social welfare.
13
Nikulina, Yu V., and Galina N. Chernukhina. "Multi-channel sales strategy as a competitive advantage in wholesale trade." Journal of Modern Competition 14, no. 80 (December 31, 2020): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/1993-7598-2020-14-4-40-53.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Relevance. The multi-channel sales strategy involves the simultaneous use of different sales channels by the trading company. This can be wholesale and retail sales, for example, online stores and regular offline stores located in shopping centers and pavilions. The use of multichannel requires the restructuring of the it infrastructure of the wholesale trade enterprise, which implements the processes of various sales channels in a single it environment. Due to the existence of a sales system at the enterprise, and not separate sales channels, a synergistic effect is achieved, which provides the company with an additional increase in sales. Currently, the problem of managing optimal sales channels and organizing product movement in wholesale trade determines the need for a systematic study that ensures the sustainable development of sales activities of modern wholesale enterprises based on the use of modern digital channels of interaction and diversification. Diversified approaches to sales channels provide security in the event that some sales decline. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have seen a halt in offline retail purchases. This is an example of why digital online solutions and diversification are necessary to create a successful and sustainable business. The purpose of the study: based on the analysis of various aspects of the strategic direction of management of multi-channel sales in wholesale trade in modern conditions. Objectives of the study: to identify sources of receipt and channels of sale of goods in wholesale trade; to analyze modern software and information technology solutions necessary for managing multi-channel sales, for working with products and customer base in wholesale distribution; to specify strategic directions of multi-channel sales management in the tactical context of working with customers as anti-crisis measures, etc. Results of the study. The author identified the sources of receipt and channels of sale of goods in wholesale trade. The following strategic directions of managing multi-channel sales in wholesale trade are also identified: increasing and careful selection of intermediary channels; increasing attention to supply chain management; maintaining and maintaining a high degree of customer loyalty (customer orientation); consolidating all channels into one strong channel; diversifying sales channels; using modern software tools and technologies for working with products and customers. It is concluded that companies that have implemented a well-planned multi-channel strategy increase the number of potential buyers, provide additional income and sustainable business growth. According to the authors, the strategic directions of multichannel sales management developed by him work on the entire life cycle of a wholesale enterprise: from business strategy to specific solutions to increase sales. The author also believes that in the future, most companies will invest in multi-channel sales at the country and international levels.
14
Akbar, Ricky, and Juliastrioza Juliastrioza. "Penerapan Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) untuk Sistem Informasi Pembelian, Persedian dan Penjualan Barang pada Toko EMI GROSIR dan ECERAN." Jurnal Nasional Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi 1, no. 1 (October 28, 2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/teknosi.v1i1.2015.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On Emi Store wholesale and retail business processes of purchasing, inventory, and sales are still made in the traditional and manual. This led to some problems, among others, is often an error occurred recording of purchases and sales of goods, calculation of the transaction, as well as the latest information the availability of goods in the warehouse. Therefore, it is necessary the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system for purchase information, inventory, and sales of goods aimed at overcoming these problems. ERP implementation stage began with the study of introduction. Its activities namely the introduction of the company as a whole with interviews and observation, identifying the business processes of purchasing, inventory, and sales of goods that are currently running and then make a proposal system in terkomputerisasinya, which is described by using the Business Process Model Notation (BPMN), as well as the depiction of a working model of the system to be applied using use case diagrams. The next stage is to conduct a study of the literature of a variety of books and journals to find a foundation theory and related research. Then do the selection of ERP software, configuration and customization of the ERP software modules, as well as the last application and testing. The results of this study indicate that ERP software that have been selected and applied IE applications can address in Odoo Stores Emi wholesale and retail.
15
TARAKANOV, M. L., I. A. TOPALOVA, and A. P. MAKOVEEV. "WAREHOUSE TO FRIED VEHICLE PRODUCTS: THE PROBLEMS OF THIS INTRUSIONS." Economic innovations 20, no. 1(66) (March 20, 2018): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.1(66).189-196.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Topicalit.y. The reproductive cycle of commodity roots of the fruit and vegetable production consists of the production of vegetables, fruits, berries and grapes, their transportation, storage, processing, service, formation of commodity lots, sales. In recent times, more and more attention is being paid to the problem of harmonization of relations between components of the reproductive cycle of commodity movements, the imbalance of which significantly inhibits the flow of goods in the market and reduces its productivity to 50%. Wholesale markets of agricultural products have considered as a promising organizational and legal form of commodity trading balancing. According to the current law, the functions of the wholesale markets for agricultural products are to promote access to consumer markets, eliminate excessive intermediary structures, conclude direct agreements between producers and food supply networks, etc. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to determine the priority measures to increase the impact of wholesale markets for agricultural products on balancing the components of the commodity market of fruit and vegetable products. Research results. The article considers the prospects of improving the functioning of the market of produce and produce through the integration of producers of products with wholesale buyers. The typical areas of the imbalance of relations in the reproductive cycle of commodity roots of the fruit and vegetable production have determined. Diagnostics of use of channels of promotion of fruit and vegetable products to consumer markets have carried out. The conceptual vision of further development of wholesale markets of agricultural products has given. The negative factors of the functioning of wholesale markets have revealed and the leading problem connected with the prevailing functioning of retail trade is determined. The proposals of priority service of small and medium-commodity producers, liquidation of superfluous intermediary structures, conclusion of direct agreements between producers and wholesale buyers have developed. Conclusions. Over the past few years, the market for fruit and vegetable products has a negative tendency. Changing it to a positive is largely due to the introduction of balancing mechanisms between the components of the reproductive cycle of commodity products. As one of the leading organizational and legal forms, it is necessary to consider the wholesale markets of agricultural products, which should ensure the effective interaction of small producers with wholesale consumers.
16
SAKHNO, Andrii, and Iryna PAVLYUK. "DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY OF SMALL AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES ECONOMIC ACTIVITY BY THE ANALYSIS METHOD OF FUNCTIONING ENVIRONMENT." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 2 (56) (June 29, 2021): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2021-2-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It has been proposed to use the analysis method of the operating environment to assess the effectiveness of small agricultural enterprises based on the two input factors characteristics (resources) – labor costs of enterprises, the cost of equity and the resultant factor – the volume of sales. Coefficients of coverage by volume of sold products (goods, works, services) of own capital cost and labor costs for small agricultural enterprises by types of economic activity have been calculated, which allowed types of economic activity rating by small enterprises by coefficients of coverage of sold products (goods, works, services) cost of capital, labor costs and financial results. It has been proved that the activity of small agricultural enterprises among all other types of economic activity has the highest rating on the coefficients of coverage of sold products (goods, works, services) of labor costs, but the lowest on the coefficients of coverage of sold products (goods, works, services) capital, despite the fact that the amount of profit is inferior only to economic entities engaged in wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles. Using the coefficients values of coverage of the sold products volume (goods, works, services), the cost of equity and labor costs, built an environment for small agricultural enterprises, which allowed to form a line of technical efficiency: (agriculture, forestry and fisheries-wholesale and retail trade; repair motor vehicles and motorcycles-information and telecommunications-education) and on the basis of the position of agriculture, forestry and fisheries to find a new position by designing a line with the position of inefficient economic activity (Activities in the field of administrative and support services). It has been outlined the possibility of optimizing the activities of small agricultural enterprises by increasing the volume of sold products (goods, works, services) and reducing costs, which will improve the financial result (will increase profits).
17
Timiryanova, Venera, Konstantin Grishin, and Dina Krasnoselskaya. "Spatial Patterns of Production-Distribution-Consumption Cycle: The Specifics of Developing Russia." Economies 8, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8040087.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The existing body of academic literature reveals that production, distribution, and consumption might be both consistently connected and geographically scattered. This requires assessing the spatial order of production–distribution–consumption cycle, within which exploring of spatial relationship would be based on mutual dependence on each other’s of production, distribution and consumption. Hierarchical and spatial nesting of production, distribution, and consumption data allows us to apply hierarchical spatial autoregressive models (HSAR). The study was conducted on data from 2132 municipalities within 84 regions of the Russian Federation in 2018. The created models enabled distinguishing intraregional and interregional effects and highlighted the positive effect of spatial interactions in production volume. The calculations showed that population income, which determine the demand for goods are positively associated with production volume while relationship between manufacturing and wholesale is negative, resulting in revision of relations between wholesale and manufacturing enterprises and boosting ways of improvement the competitiveness of manufactured goods. The results allow us not only to enhance understanding of the spatial pattern of production–distribution–consumption cycle, but also to reveal new opportunities in the development of supply chain location policy.
18
Panasenko, Svetlana, Ibragim Ramazanov, Maisa Seifullaeva, Alla Stolyarova, Elena Mayorova, and Alexander Nikishin. "Assessment of the current state of commodity circulation in the Russian Federation." Nexo Revista Científica 35, no. 01 (April 4, 2022): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v35i01.13926.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents the results of a study of the current state of the sphere of commodity circulation in the Russian Federation as part of the market economy and economic relations taking place in it. The process, system, situational methods of analysis were applied, which allowed identifying the main elements of the sphere of commodity circulation (commodity movement in the form of direct sales or wholesale trade, circulation of goods carried out by retail enterprises and organizations, cooperative activities for the purchase and sale of products), problems of the development of the sphere of circulation, including the uneven development of the transport network (especially at the level of such regions as the Far East, the Volga region), the underdevelopment of the market of wholesale distribution centers and the lack of federal platforms for effective redistribution of products between regions, its packaging, storage and transportation, customs services, lack of coordination of actions and adaptive abilities between economic entities in the sphere of commodity circulation. The authors have identified areas for improving the competitiveness of organizations in the sphere of commodity circulation, including the development of the logistics market of wholesale and distribution centers.
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Schwarze, Debra, and John E. Erwin. "SURVEY OF THE IMPACT OF THE FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY IN MINNESOTA." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 674b—674. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.674b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A phone survey was conducted to assess the total impact of the floriculture industry on the Minnesota economy. Data were collected from wholesale growers, garden center retailers, chain stores, and florists. Information was gathered on `hard good' sales associated with greenhouse produced plants as well as plant sales. In addition, data on labor and salaries associated with the production, distribution, and retailing of plants and goods associated with the floriculture industry was collected. This data will be provided to local flower growers organizations to enable these groups to actively lobby for their concerns within the state.
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Chevalier, Judith A., Anil K. Kashyap, and Peter E. Rossi. "Why Don't Prices Rise During Periods of Peak Demand? Evidence from Scanner Data." American Economic Review 93, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We examine retail and wholesale prices for a large supermarket chain over seven and one-half years. We find that prices fall on average during seasonal demand peaks for a product, largely due to changes in retail margins. Retail margins for specific goods fall during peak demand periods for that good, even if these periods do not coincide with aggregate demand peaks for the retailer. This is consistent with “loss-leader” models of retailer competition. Models stressing cyclical demand elasticities or cyclical firm conduct are less consistent with our findings. Manufacturer behavior plays a limited role in the countercyclicality of prices.
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Bure, Vladimir M., Vladimir V. Karelin, and Ludmila N. Polyakova. "Exact penalty functions in the problem of choosing the optimal wholesale order in the face of rapid fluctuations in demand." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Applied Mathematics. Computer Science. Control Processes 17, no. 4 (2021): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu10.2021.408.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current article discusses a different situation in the market, when there is a rush demand for a new product followed by a sharp drop in demand. The trading company uses the following scheme for the wholesale order of goods. The ordered product is divided into two parts, and the first batch of goods arrives immediately, it is sold over a certain period of time (0, Z,]. The second batch of goods is delivered at the time 7’, but at the time interval [0, 7]. This batch is sold at a discount and is completely sold out. Time T' corresponds to the end of the sale of the entire product. The time points 7), T' are selected by the trading firm from the condition of maximizing income. The need to consider such a wholesale order scheme is related to the fact that, firstly, the warehouses of the trading firms have limited capacity and cannot accommodate all the ordered goods, and secondly, a manufacturer may not offer the entire ordered batch of goods, since not all goods can be produced at the initial (zero) point of time immediately after receiving the order. At the time 71, the trading company completely sells the first batch of goods and receives financial resources, part of which is paid to the manufacturer. At the moment of time Т', Ме сотр/ефе sale of all purchased goods is completed. The choice of time points 7; and T' allow to determine the volume of the first batch of ordered goods and the total volume of product ordered from the manufacturer. In the article, a mathematical model is proposed that makes it possible to choose the optimal ordering strategy for a trading company in the conditions of excessive growth of demand for the new product in time 71,72 at some unknown point in time and т. Е [73,74], and the subsequent sharp drop in demand in the period of time [73, 74] due to the saturation of the market with a new product. Four possible variants of optimization problems are considered. A method of exact penalty function is suggested, which allows one to find their solutions.
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Arora, Jatin, Gagandeep ., S. J. Sugumar, and Ravinder Kumar. "Smart Goods Billing Management and Payment System for Shopping Malls." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.7 (March 18, 2018): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.10862.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the present scenario, it is essential to have an automatic billing system for shopping malls, supermarket and other wholesale & retail stores. Numerous billing systems like barcode scanning mechanism-based systems or tag-based systems are available in the market. It is important to replace such existing system with better and robust systems so hereby we proposed “Smart Goods Billing Management and Payment System for Shopping Malls”. In this system, the basic fundamental is barcode scanning for products, but we replace the conventional barcode scanner for faster and better results. In our prototype, the android phone is being used as a barcode scanner for simple, better and portable barcode scanner. This scanner is connected wirelessly to MCU via Bluetooth module. MCU is also connected to PC/Laptop for creating the database of all customers, their products, and bills. This database also tracks the total sale and number of goods sold per day. In addition, RFID technology is implemented in this system for payment through card-based system. Simulation and hardware-based results are proposed in this paper.
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POPE, JEFF. "COMPLIANCE COSTS OF THE WHOLESALE SALES TAX/PAYROLL TAX AND THE PROPOSED GOODS AND SERVICES TAX." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 12, no. 1 (March 1993): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1993.tb00873.x.
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Wang, L., X. Y. Chen, and H. Zhang. "Joint distribution models in fast-moving consumer goods wholesale enterprise: Comparative analysis and a case study." Advances in Production Engineering & Management 16, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14743/apem2021.2.395.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Joint distribution means multiple clients were provided distribution services together by only one third-party logistics company. It is a unified plan and implementation used in distribution centres and a distribution activity implemented by multiple consortia. Many problems in distribution can be solved through the joint use of distribution warehouse, vehicles and reasonable logistics business, so as to optimize the overall logistics node and route arrangement. This paper mainly discusses the model of joint distribution of fast moving consumer goods, proposes three types of the optimization model of joint distribution system with Chaopi as an example. We draw the conclusion that Chaopi Trading Co., Ltd. is a joint distribution system optimization business model. This paper puts forward several basic distribution models and analyzes them in combination with practical applications, which has strong practical significance. Although the development of public distribution in China is not very fast, it is an inevitable trend. Through the efforts and explorations of the governments of various countries, there will be more and more choices of public distribution models.
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Wang, L., X. Y. Chen, and H. Zhang. "Joint distribution models in fast-moving consumer goods wholesale enterprise: Comparative analysis and a case study." Advances in Production Engineering & Management 16, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14743/apem2021.2.395.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Joint distribution means multiple clients were provided distribution services together by only one third-party logistics company. It is a unified plan and implementation used in distribution centres and a distribution activity implemented by multiple consortia. Many problems in distribution can be solved through the joint use of distribution warehouse, vehicles and reasonable logistics business, so as to optimize the overall logistics node and route arrangement. This paper mainly discusses the model of joint distribution of fast moving consumer goods, proposes three types of the optimization model of joint distribution system with Chaopi as an example. We draw the conclusion that Chaopi Trading Co., Ltd. is a joint distribution system optimization business model. This paper puts forward several basic distribution models and analyzes them in combination with practical applications, which has strong practical significance. Although the development of public distribution in China is not very fast, it is an inevitable trend. Through the efforts and explorations of the governments of various countries, there will be more and more choices of public distribution models.
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Wei, Jie, Jinghui Lu, Weiyu Chen, and Zeling Xu. "Distribution Contract Analysis on e-Platform by Considering Channel Role and Good Complementarity." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 16, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 445–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16030028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although suppliers can sell their goods on e-retailers’ e-platforms through either a wholesale or agency contract, suppliers that produce complementary goods and have different channel roles have been confused as to how to choose an optimal distribution contract. This paper aims to study this problem by considering the combined impacts of suppliers’ channel roles, e-retailer’s referral fees, goods’ differences in the level of complementarity and goods’ differences in potential demand. Our results show that, regardless of one supplier’s distribution contract choice, the other supplier always prefers agency contract, which is independent of two suppliers’ channel roles, the e-retailer’s referral fees, two goods’ differences in the level of complementarity and two goods’ differences in the potential demand. Moreover, when two suppliers use different distribution contracts to sell goods with different levels of complementarity on the same e-retailer’s e-platform, low-complementarity goods have a larger optimal retail price only if the two goods’ differences in the level of complementarity are sufficiently high, and the supplier can obtain more profits by producing low-complementarity goods regardless of the supplier’s distribution contract and channel role.
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Indra Ava Dianta and Desy Setyowati. "PEMROGRAMAN BERORIENTASI OBYEK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KINERJA LAPORAN KEUANGAN PADA TOKO YK." Elkom : Jurnal Elektronika dan Komputer 12, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51903/elkom.v12i2.133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
YK store is a UKM (small and medium enterprises) whose activities are buying and selling wholesale goods such as oil, spices, noodles, flour, coconut milk, pepper, and others in moderation (wholesale). YK store manager does not have a bookkeeping application system for the process of making financial reports in accordance with financial accounting standards, and there is no support system for merchandise inventory which supports buying and selling transactions. Information systems for managing merchandise needed by companies to determine value according to transactions, for financial statements will use a journal of eternal methods to buy and sell transactions then post them to the ledger and make financial reports for all businesses. Bookkeeping information system design using microsoft visual basic 6.0, xammp as a server and mysql as a database. The results obtained from this information system can contain reports obtained in accordance with the types and financial statements for business activities
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Timiryanova, Venera M. "Connectivity of regional systems of consumer goods reproduction." R-Economy 7, no. 1 (2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/recon.2021.7.1.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Relevance. The question of how to achieve a more stable economic reproduction and how to expand it is of prime importance as reproduction determines the development of the whole economic system. Due to the constant economic transformations and the so-called 'networkization' of many processes, more research is needed into the spatial organization of reproduction, in particular the intraregional and interregional relationships between its elements. Research objective. This study aims at showing the spatial connections between phases of reproduction on the regional and municipal levels. Data and methods. The study relies on tools and methods of spatial econometric modelling, which includes calculations of univariate and bivariate global and local Moran's indices and diagrams of their dispersion. We constructed an adjacency matrix for Russian regions and municipalities. Overall, our study uses the data on 2,337 municipalities in 84 Russian regions. Results. It was found that the phase of consumption followed by the phases of distribution and exchange have the highest degree of connectivity. Spatial connectivity between the phases was the most pronounced in the case of retail trade and consumption and was much weaker in the case of wholesale trade and production. The analysis of the municipal-level data has revealed some previously undetected relationships between peripheral areas located near regional borders. Conclusions. In this study, we consider reproduction as a spatially organized economic system with interconnected, territorially dependent phases. Such approach provides us with new insights into the ongoing processes in the national economic space.
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Grynko, T. V., and I. O. Androsova. "Approaches to the Implementation of Strategic Planning at Trade Enterprises." PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY 4, no. 46 (2020): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2020-4-146-154.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The current situation in the commercial sector of Ukraine’s economy and changes that have taken place in commercial enterprises in Ukraine have been analyzed. The principles and methodical approaches have been suggested to introduce a system of strategic planning at enterprises functioning under conditions of developed market relations and unsteady economic environment; and to reveal the most effective tools of planning economic activity in the modern economic system. Factors of external and internal environment influencing the activity of enterprises have been defined. Today, the trade industry is undergoing significant changes due to the introduction of restrictions caused by the pandemic. The trade turnover indices of wholesale and retail enterprises in Ukraine for 2018–2020 show that wholesale trade has decreased in many sales areas. The growth of wholesale trade has only occurred in the following categories: trade in food, beverages and tobacco products (+9.75 %), trade in household goods (+6.57 %) and non-specialized wholesale trade (+0.73 %). Other areas had to reduce their turnover due to declining demand during the pandemic constraints. Retail trade, in its turn, increased its performance and brought income to enterprises, the Transcarpathian region being the only one to reduce (-9.49 %) the indices compared to the same period in 2019. The activity of commercial enterprises has also been analyzed, and approaches to introducing strategic planning at modern Ukrainian enterprises have been substantiated. The external and internal environment factors for the trade sector have been determined, and recommendations for implementing changes have been given. To solve these problems, it is necessary to develop a set of strategic planning measures to improve the state of Ukraine's trade sector. One of the first steps should be changing the development strategy for wholesale and retail enterprises, which will ensure the maintenance and development of an enterprise. Given the unstable situation in Ukraine’s economy and politics, alternative business development options should be designed, with consideration to possible changes.
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Hodges, Alan W., and John J. Haydu. "Economic Impact of Florida's Environmental Horticulture Industry." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-18.3.123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The economic impact of Florida's environmental horticulture industry in 1997 was estimated based on a telephone survey of wholesale plant nurseries, horticultural retailers, and landscape service firms. Sales of ornamental plants and related horticultural goods and services by the production, retail, and service sectors were estimated at $1.46 billion (B), $1.75B, and $2.70B, respectively. Domestic and international exports of horticultural products and services from Florida amounted to $659 million (M). Economic multiplier effects of commercial activity associated with purchased inputs from other industries and personal consumption expenditures by employees were estimated with an input-output model. Regional impacts of the wholesale nursery sector were also estimated separately for seven areas of the state. Economic impacts of Florida's environmental horticulture industry included total value added of $5.42B and employment of 187,000 people. These impacts are greater than for any other sector of agriculture and associated manufacturing in Florida, including the large fruit and vegetable industry.
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Faturohman, Nur Roni, and Wahyu Hidayat Riyanto. "Analisis Sektor Ekonomi Unggulan di Kota Batu Tahun 2012-2018." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi JIE 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jie.v4i1.6661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Economic development in Batu City cannot be separated from economic growth, while economic development encourages economic growth and vice versa economic growth accelerates the process of regional development. This study aims to determine the leading economic sectors in Batu City in 2012-2018. The results of the study are based on a combined analysis of Static Location Quotient (SLQ) and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ) obtained as sectors that are classified as leading economies, namely agriculture, mining, and fisheries, air procurement, construction, wholesale trade and trade, supply accomodation, real estate and other services. Mainstay economic sectors are the manufacturing sector, electricity and gas procurement, as well as transportation and warehousing. Prospective economic sectors are the information and communication sector, financial services and insurance, government administration, education services, as well as health services and social activities. And the lagging economic sector is the mining sector, and corporate services. Using Shift-Share (SS) analysis, the contributing sector is growing fast and is being developed for the manufacturing, construction, wholesale and retail, transportation and warehousing sectors, transportation, information and communication, financial services, real estate, corporate services, education services and health services. While the results of the analysis using the Klassen Typology sectors that are classified as fast-moving and fast-growing are the construction sector, wholesale trade and trade, the supply of goods and beverages, communication and information, and other services.
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Edy Sahputro, Slamet Cahyo, Muhamad Aznar Abdillah, and Edgar Niko Fernanda. "APLIKASI PENJUALAN GROSIR BERBASIS WEB PADA CV. SARWODADI." Jurnal Teknologi dan Bisnis 3, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37087/jtb.v3i1.60.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research is motivated by the owner of a wholesale pen trading business, so far CV. SARWODADI is still doing promotions and sales manually, so the range of promotions and sales is still limited and cannot be extended to several areas which causes the products produced to be less well known by the wider community. Troubleshooting solutions in CV. SARWODADI, namely by implementing a website-based sales application, so that it is expected to increase sales and marketing of CV. SARWODADI. The goal achieved is as a promotional media on the CV. SARWODADI and make it easier for consumers to see and buy products without having to go to the store. The research method used is the interview method, namely by asking questions directly to the owner of the UD. Irma Jaya Pen about how the flow of sales transactions, purchases, availability of goods, and the reporting process in CV. SARWODADI. Library Method by reading books and understanding materials related to Web-Based Wholesale Sales Applications on CV. SARWODADI is to learn the manual system that is running on CV. the SARWODADI. The result to be achieved is that it is hoped that the Web-Based Wholesale Sales Application can overcome the problems that exist in the old system so that it is able to meet all system needs.
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Sherstenikov, Yuriy V., Aleksandr G. Yakovenko, and Yevhen S. Bortulov. "Logistics system model optimization of an enterprise producing one type of goods." European Journal of Management Issues 28, no. 1-2 (June 25, 2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/192006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – to develop the logistics system (LS) model of an enterprise that allows performing joint model optimization of production capacity, retail network, and advertising campaign using J. Forrester's approach.
Findings. The paper elaborates on a numerical method for solving the optimization problem based on a system of equations in discrete time form. There we had the time behavior computations of all logistics system rates (production and supply), including the stocks’ level in the wholesale and retail sales networks. The optimization problem of determining the maximum economic efficiency is formulated and solved.
Theoretical implications. The paper's research performed in the paper forms a methodological basis for the mathematical model development of various logistics systems.
Practical implications. The created model is applicable for optimizing or determining the logistics systems’ optimal parameters.
Originality/Value. The authors' logistics system model is original. The model has no analogs in the scientific literature.
Research limitations/Future research. The main limitation is producing one type of product by an enterprise. Further research should reflect the product diversification possibility.
Paper type – theoretical.
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Freebairn, John. "Economic Arguments for a New Consumption Tax." Economic and Labour Relations Review 3, no. 1 (June 1992): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469200300102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The revenue, efficiency, distributional and simplicity effects of using a GST to replace some existing indirect taxes and to reduce income taxation are assessed. Replacing the wholesale sales tax (WST), the general revenue raising portion of petroleum excise and payroll tax with a goods and services tax (GST) promises efficiency gains and negligible net redistribution. The principal case for using a GST to fund reductions in Australia's hybrid income tax system is to increase the productivity of saving and investment.
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Yao, Yun, Li Wang, and Jingyi Shen. "Features and Applications of QR Codes." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss5.3762.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
QR code refers to the expansion of another one-dimensional readable bar code based on one-dimensional bar code, which uses black-and-white rectangular pattern to represent binary data, and the information contained in it can be obtained after being scanned by the equipment. Like the previous one-dimensional bar code, two-dimensional bar code is widely used in commercial activities, especially in high-tech industry, storage and transportation industry, wholesale and retail industry and other industries that need cheap and fast labeling information for goods.
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Gardeström, Elin. "Propaganda as marketing." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 10, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 478–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-11-2017-0071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This study aims to analyze the use of two concepts, propaganda and advertisement, in two areas of Swedish society during the 1930s; first, their use by the advertisement business, and second, their use by the Swedish Cooperative Union and Wholesale Society. Design/methodology/approach By adopting a perspective of conceptual history, inspired by Reinhart Koselleck, the author is trying to pinpoint the meanings that were ascribed to these concepts in a 1930s context, the interdependency between these concepts and other keywords that were used in connection with them. Findings The study reveals how the ambiguous and synonymous use of these concepts served different purposes in the two fields of study. In the 1930s, propaganda was a key concept of communication and was used in manifold ways for selling goods and disseminating ideas. Propaganda was used to explain the newly introduced American marketing terminology. During the 1930s, the field of advertisement was trying to change what previously had been labeled as “idea propaganda” into “advertisement.” The ambiguous use of concepts made it possible for the Swedish Cooperative Union and Wholesale Society to combine advertisement for their produced goods with disseminating ideas of the cooperative ideology. The concepts of enlightenment (upplysning) and propaganda were crucial to hold together the ideological and commercial parts of the cooperative movement. Originality/value The interaction of meanings between commercial and political concepts is rarely researched in conceptual history or marketing history, which this article advocates to be an important field of study.
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Huang, Yangyang, Zhenyang Pi, and Weiguo Fang. "Trade Credit with Barter in a Capital-Constrained Supply Chain." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 11361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011361.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Barter has emerged to alleviate capital pressure, maximize the circulation of goods, and facilitate the disposal of excess inventory. This study considers a two-level supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a capital-constrained retailer with trade credit, in which the retailer exchanges unsold products for needed subsidiary products on a barter platform. The retailer’s optimal order quantity and the manufacturer’s wholesale price are derived, and the influences of barter and other factors on the equilibrium strategy and performance of the supply chain are examined; these results are verified and supplemented by numerical simulation. We find that the retailer can increase profit by bartering when facing highly uncertain demand, that the retailer’s optimal order quantity increases with the supply rate and demand for subsidiary products, and that both manufacturer and retailer benefit from the high supply rate of subsidiary products. However, barter induces the manufacturer to raise the wholesale price to prevent its profit from being harmed. In addition, the manufacturer suffers from the retailer’s initial capital.
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Busnetty, Ida, Dian Octaviani, Husna Leila Yusran, and Safnita Safnita. "Assistance of the Tanah Abang Traders Association (HIPTA) in dealing with the Covid-19 Pandemic." Community Empowerment 6, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 1849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ce.5598.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The prolonged crisis due to the Covid-19 pandemic that hit Indonesia had a significant impact on various sectors, including the goods and services trade sector. Traders in the wholesale center of textiles and textile products in Tanah Abang are one of the parties who really feel the impact. The declining purchasing power of the people coupled with the necessity to close shops during the Implementation of community activity restrictions led to a decrease in income, while the obligation to pay operational costs still had to be carried out. This forced quite a number of traders to decide to close their businesses. The purpose of this activity is to find the best solution for the business continuity of traders. The method used is the focus group discussion. The conclusion obtained is the need for the application of digital marketing at the Tanah Abang wholesale center. The steps that need to be taken are socializing about the importance of digital marketing, training on social media creation and creating a market place or website that provides marketing access for all traders.
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Hrynchak, N. "APPLICATION OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF FACTORS OF LOGISTICS SERVICES MARKET DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE." Series: Economic science 7, no. 160 (November 27, 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-7-160-40-47.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study identifies and substantiates the main factors influencing the development of the market of logistics services in Ukraine through factor analysis by the method of main components. The application of the method of factor analysis to assess the development of the market of logistics services is based on the assumption that the indicators of different blocks are only indicators of certain existing market characteristics that are not directly measured. 9 indicators were selected for the study: wholesale turnover of enterprises, retail trade turnover, volume of exports of goods, volume of imports of goods, hryvnia devaluation index against the US dollar, rail freight index, consumer price index for transport, consumer price index for fuel and lubricants, consumer price index for transport services. Bartlett’s sphericity criterion and the calculation of the adequacy of the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin sample were used for the study. It was found that the largest variance has such components as price indices for transport, fuels and lubricants, the volume of foreign and domestic (wholesale and retail) trade, which total 83.1%. The analysis of factors according to the received calculations is made.A study of factor analysis of the development of the market of logistics services showed that the segment of freight and warehousing logistics is not significantly affected by indicators combined in the component that characterized the price indices for transport, transport services, etc., is changes in domestic and foreign trade are greater impact on changes in the volume of these segments, regardless of changes in prices for services and related goods in the market of logistics services. The selection of factors according to the proposed method allows to determine their influence, but does not fully clarify the mechanism of influence, so the direction of further research should be to identify hidden variables that determine the presence of statistical correlations.
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Riani, Nuru, and Zulkarnain Zulkarnain. "ANALISIS COMMON SIZE DAN RASIO KEUANGAN PADA SUBSEKTOR WHOLESALE (DURABLE & NON-DURABLE GOODS) YANG TERCATAT DI BEI." Progress: Jurnal Pendidikan, Akuntansi dan Keuangan 3, no. 2 (August 18, 2020): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/progress.v3i2.939.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this research was to calculate and analyse the financial performance of the Wholesale Durable & Non-Durable Goods Subsector that were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2017 and 2018 by using the financial ratio and common size method. The financial ratio method used liquidity ratios (CR, QR, and cash ratio.), solvency (DAR and DER), activity (total assets turnover and inventory turnover), and profitability (GPM, NPM, and ROE). This reseach used secondary data in the form of statement of financial position and income statements. The method used was descriptive quantitative. The conclusion of the calculation using the financial ratio method was the company has been classified as less good that the results were not suit with the industry standards. For the calculation used common size, indicated that assets and equity decreased, while liabilities increased.
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Yasuba, Yasukichi. "Did Japan Ever Suffer From a Shortage of Natural Resources Before World War II?" Journal of Economic History 56, no. 3 (September 1996): 543–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700016934.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Until the end of the nineteenth century, Japan raised its per capita income, starting from a low level, by exporting primary commodities and importing manufactured goods. Around the turn of the century, Japan became a net importer of natural resources. Yet it is doubtful that Japan ever suffered severely from a shortage of natural resources before the Manchurian Incident of 1931. It was the military expansion in the 1930s that created an artificial shortage of mineral resources, the wholesale exodus of population, and a lowering in the standard of living of the general public.
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Garza Gil, María Dolores, and Lucy Amigo Dobaño. "La política pesquera común y el Brexit: implicaciones para las empresas españolas." Studies of Applied Economics 37, no. 3 (October 9, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v37i3.2777.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study addresses the analysis of the perception of Galician companies linked to marine fishing, wholesale trade, fish canning, marine aquaculture and processing. An analysis of perceptions of trade in goods, worker mobility, foreign fisheries policy and access to fishery resources is carried out. Inferential analysis is also performed by considering contingency tables based on the factors extracted. The results reflect a majority negative perception of the Brexit process by companies in the Marine Fisheries and Marketing branches of fishery products, with this perception being particularly significant in smaller size companies.
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Cui, Xiaoming, Lin Zhao, Yuhao Zhou, Xin Lin, Runze Ye, Ke Ma, Jia-Fu Jiang, et al. "Transmission dynamics and the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions in the COVID-19 outbreak resurged in Beijing, China: a descriptive and modelling study." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (September 2021): e047227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047227.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectiveTo evaluate epidemiological characteristics and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 outbreak resurged in Beijing and to assess the effects of three non-pharmaceutical interventions.DesignDescriptive and modelling study based on surveillance data of COVID-19 in Beijing.SettingOutbreak in Beijing.ParticipantsThe database included 335 confirmed cases of COVID-19.MethodsTo conduct spatiotemporal analyses of the outbreak, we collected individual records on laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 from 11 June 2020 to 5 July 2020 in Beijing, and visitor flow and products transportation data of Xinfadi Wholesale Market. We also built a modified susceptible-exposed-infected-removed model to investigate the effect of interventions deployed in Beijing.ResultsWe found that the staff working in the market (52.2%) and the people around 10 km to this epicentre (72.5%) were most affected, and the population mobility entering-exiting Xinfadi Wholesale Market significantly contributed to the spread of COVID-19 (p=0.021), but goods flow of the market had little impact on the virus spread (p=0.184). The prompt identification of Xinfadi Wholesale Market as the infection source could have avoided a total of 25 708 (95% CI 13 657 to 40 625) cases if unnoticed transmission lasted for a month. Based on the model, we found that active screening on targeted population by nucleic acid testing alone had the most significant effect.ConclusionsThe non-pharmaceutical interventions deployed in Beijing, including localised lockdown, close-contact tracing and community-based testing, were proved to be effective enough to contain the outbreak. Beijing has achieved an optimal balance between epidemic containment and economic protection.
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Fomina, I. M. "On the limits of using the "hypothetical monopolist" test (SSNIP) for antitrust regulation purposes." Russian competition law and economy, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/2542-0259-2020-1-60-69.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order of antimonopoly legislation applying in the area of analysis of the condition of competition in the market antimonopoly body currently uses the theory of branch markets. According to the level of standardization of a goods (services), markets are divided into markets for a homogenous goods (services) and markets for a differentiated goods (services). Goods markets which includes independent companies of suppliers (manufacturers) and consumers recognizes as «classic» goods markets if fair competition terms among the suppliers has been violated. However, the branch markets for number of commodity groups doesn’t considered as typical regardly to development of wholesale markets and resale system, trading networks and aspiration of trading objects for expansion of goods nomenclature and range.The concept of competition as the interaction of producers of srictly homogenous goods, reflected in the Procedure for analysis of the condition of competition in the goods market, approved by the FAS Russia dated april 28, 2010 № 220, makes it difficult to determine the markets boundaries and therefore requires revision.The author does not notes unjustified restriction absence and eligibility criteria while using probabilistic (prognostic) models as toolkit for evidence receiving when considering a case on violating of the antimonopoly legislation. Using above-stated approaches is contradiction to the basic principles of the administrative process. In particular, using the “hypothetical monopolist” test (SSNIP) to determine the market’s goods boundaries seems to be incorrect.The article considers abovestated issues solutions ways that improves authenticity and unprejudicity of decisions in the area of antimonopoly legislation application in order to prevent and restrict the vioations of the antimonopoly legislation.
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RUBAN, Olga Victorovna, Andrey Vladimirovich VOLOSHIN, Julia Jur'evna SUSLOVA, Nadezhda Vasilyevna ANANEVA, and Lubov Ivanovna PODACHINA. "Electronic Wholesale Services: Advantages and Promising Directions of Development." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 4 (June 15, 2020): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.4(50).33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It has been demonstrated in the presented study that the use of services plays a key role in the formation of a new type of the competitive economy based on the information technology and involves the innovation of mutually beneficial commercial interactions. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the content, forms, and mechanism of the workflow management have been investigated in the aspect of the main trends in the development of the monetary relations. The search for the modern business technology predetermined the development of the electronic wholesale market and the possibility to improve the convenience of the service of doing business. The subjects of this sector of commodity circulation confirm the efficiency of the formation of economic relations in the segment of online trade services and the prospects of the electronic business.
The analysis of the electronic market trade workflow allowed to establish the main trends in its development, to identify the specifics of partnerships, their establishment, and the online implementation of trade procedures through the electronic document workflow.
As a result of the study, the authors have established the reasons for the increase in the number of participants of electronic marketplaces, changes in the commodity structure in the corporate procurement sector, the mechanism for reducing purchase prices through electronic auction, and the possibility of optimizing costs and increasing the efficiency of managerial processes in the organization by improving the service automation of business selling processes in a competitive environment.
Based on the comparison of the number of auctions conducted and the amount of deals concluded, it has been noted that the largest number of auctions were held in consumer goods, where the average deal value was the least, while the deals of the highest value were in the provision of services, with the lowest proportion of the conducted auctions.
The authors of the study have analyzed potential commercial and technological risks and identified the main fraudulent schemes in electronic commerce and measures aimed at preventing or eliminating certain risk factors and conditions of uncertainty of the result.
Based on the opinions of the experts, the promising directions for developing the electronic market and electronic wholesale services have been noted in the study, which can be achieved through the creation of independent electronic trading platforms by large industrial corporations, as well as through the use of the information and communication network functions in the internal corporate interaction in large holdings. Combining the capabilities of the marketplaces of the corporate and public procurement sectors and launching a joint service for electronic trading while maintaining established business processes will improve the efficiency of the commercial activities of participating organizations.
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Yashchenko, A. V. "WHOLESALE MARKET OF ELECTRICITY AND POWER AS RESULT OF RAO UES REFORM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ALTAI KRAI)." Economics Profession Business, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202162.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines the specific structures and mechanisms of power supply to consumers that have developed as a result of the so-called market transformations of RAO UES of Russia. Reforms, conceived as market reforms, in fact, ended up as a conglomeration of administrative and bureaucratic structures and certain principles, rules and procedures that vaguely resemble market relations. In fact, the transformation of the electric power industry was forced to take into account the anti-market nature of its functioning: first, technological (specificity of the product and the industry); second, organizational and administrative, requiring a special organization, which is fundamentally different from the traditional market for goods and services. Therefore, the transformation of the electric power industry, carried out by the method of trial and error, has gone through a rather difficult path of registration, re-registration, change of the legal status of market participants. Almost all the processes of buying and selling electricity and capacity are surrounded by numerous rules, restrictions, institutions that have nothing to do with the market. This concerns the choice of counterparties, electricity payment processes and especially capacity, when the consumer pays in advance for the goods that were not actually purchased from the supplier.
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Novitasari, Citra Ayu, and Panca Nugraha. "Tren Bisnis Tour Ke Tiongkok." Jurnal Pariwisata Terapan 1, no. 2 (September 28, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpt.30152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, several cities in Indonesia have been rife with the business tour to China. The purpose of this business tour is to survey and analyze wholesale market and factories in China. The cheap goods from China is the main reason for the beginners and mid-sized businesman, online and offline begin to try to follow this tour. The number of enthusiasts makes more and more individual or tour agent who offer services for tour business assistance to China. This is a new opportunity for tour and travel business in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to know the trend of tourism business or business tour in Indonesia today.
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Nuraliev, S. U. "Features of Ensuring Economic and Food Security in the Context of Globalization." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 9 (2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2020-0-9-15-19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article discusses issues of ensuring economic and food security of the country in terms of globalization, the peculiarities of state control and regulation of the economy and efficiency of the economic resources of society for the production of economic goods to meet public needs, increasing the level of income and quality of life of the population. The article focuses on assessing the current situation and analyzing foreign experience, studying the main issues of organizing commodity movement, solving problems of wholesale food trade, and improving the mechanism of state support in this area to realize Russia’s competitive advantages and opportunities in the domestic and international markets.
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Maji, Sumit Kumar, Arindam Laha, and Debasish Sur. "Dynamic Nexuses between Macroeconomic Variables and Sectoral Stock Indices: Reflection from Indian Manufacturing Industry." Management and Labour Studies 45, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 239–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x20922076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Determination of significant sector specific macroeconomic factors under the board manufacturing industry is an important task. In Indian context, using the monthly data on five major manufacturing sector specific indices (such as BSE-Basic Materials, BSE-Consumer Discretionary Goods and Services, BSE-Fast Moving Consumer Goods, BSE-Health Care and BSE-Industrials) and the macroeconomic variables (gold price, index of industrial production, wholesale price index, money supply, foreign portfolio investment ratio (FPIR), rate of interest, real effective exchange rate and crude oil price and economic policy uncertainty) for the period September, 2005 to November, 2016, the present study attempted to explore the significant sector specific macroeconomic variables in long run as well as short run. The empirical results obtained by applying the ARDL-UECM model suggested that economic policy uncertainty, FPIR and price factor were observed to be the most important determinants of all the five sectoral stock indices for the study period.
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Putra, Ardiono, Zeplin Jiwa Husada Tarigan, and Hotlan Siagian. "Influence of Information Quality on Retailer Satisfaction through Supply Chain Flexibility and Supplier Relationship Management in the Retail Industry." Jurnal Teknik Industri 22, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/jti.22.2.93-102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Businesses always compete to improve customer satisfaction. A firm engaged in as a distributor as well, always try to provide satisfaction to their customer, in this case, retailer and wholesales. The distributor can improve retailer satisfaction by providing such information that suits retailer requirements in the pursuit that the supply chain flow can move quickly, particularly on the flow of products from the manufacturing ordered by the distributors. This study aims to obtain a relationship between distributors and retailer companies. This study surveyed 100 retailers, and wholesale companies engaged in Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) and the supplier domiciled in the city of Makassar, South Sulawesi, with revenues of more than IDR 300,000,000. - / year. SmartPLS software version 2.0 was used to test the hypothesis. The results of the study found that information quality can provide a positive increase in improving supplier relationship management. Adequate information quality cannot significantly increase supply chain flexibility and retailer satisfaction. Supplier relationship management built by distributors can have an impact of 0.611 on supply chain flexibility in retail and retail satisfaction companies of 0.367. The stronger distributor and retailer relationship can increase distributor flexibility and retail satisfaction. Supply chain flexibility built by distributor companies can have a significant impact on retailer satisfaction of 0.463. This research provides an improvement in the development of supply chain management theory, in particular, building relationships with customers.