Статті в журналах з теми "Whited model"
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1
Kim, Tae-Nyun. "The impact of cash holdings and external financing on investment-cash flow sensitivity." Review of Accounting and Finance 13, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 251–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-09-2012-0080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – This paper aims to propose several factors which can explain the negative relationship between financial constraints and investment-cash flow sensitivity. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses traditional fixed effects model and minimum distance panel estimation by Erickson and Whited (2000) to estimate investment-cash flow sensitivity in the cash flow-augmented investment equation. In addition, principal component analysis is used to construct a financial constraints measure. Findings – First, it was found that substitutability between cash holdings and free cash flow can partially explain why financially constrained firms do not depend on cash flow as heavily as we expect. Second, it was confirmed that the level of net external financing can also partially explain the investment-cash flow sensitivity puzzle. Furthermore, it was argued that the influence of cash holdings and external financing on investment-cash flow sensitivity is caused by the low level of internal cash flow for financially constrained firms. This argument is supported by our findings from an examination of investment-cash flow sensitivity for bank-dependent firms during the recession periods. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature by suggesting possible partial explanations for the contradictory relationship between investment-cash flow sensitivity and financial constraints.
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Nguyen, Nguyet, Dung Nguyen, and Thomas P. Wakefield. "Using the Hidden Markov Model to Improve the Hull-White Model for Short Rate." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2018.9.2.588.
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Akresh, Ilana Redstone, and Reanne Frank. "Differential Returns?: Neighborhood Attainment among Hispanic and Non–Hispanic White New Legal Permanent Residents." City & Community 17, no. 3 (September 2018): 788–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12313.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We use data from the New Immigrant Survey to examine patterns of residential attainment among Hispanic immigrants who recently became legal permanent residents (LPRs) relative to new LPR non–Hispanic white immigrants. We focus on whether these Hispanic and non–Hispanic white immigrants differ in their ability to transform human capital into residential advantage. Our results suggest that the answer depends on the neighborhood attribute in question. When predicting residence in tracts with relatively more non–Hispanic whites, the answer is yes, with evidence in support of the place stratification model of residential attainment. We find that non–Hispanic white immigrants have access to relatively whiter neighborhoods than their Hispanic immigrant counterparts, irrespective of differences in education levels. When assessing Hispanic immigrants’ ability to enter socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, however, the differences we observe are mostly accounted for by compositional differences in sociodemographic and acculturation factors. Taken together, our findings suggest that Hispanic immigrants are more similar to their white immigrant counterparts when it comes to converting higher education into higher income neighborhoods than into increased residential integration with whites; although their exposure to more socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods at all levels of education remains lower than that of their white immigrant counterparts.
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Hong, OiSaeng, Sally L. Lusk, and David L. Ronis. "Ethnic Differences in Predictors of Hearing Protection Behavior Between Black and White Workers." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 19, no. 1 (March 2005): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/rtnp.19.1.63.66339.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the study is to determine whether there are ethnic differences in predictors of hearing protection behavior between Black and White workers. The Predictors of Use of Hearing Protection Model (PUHPM) derived from Pender’s Health Promotion Model (Pender, 1987) was used as a conceptual model. A total of 2,119 (297 Blacks, 1,822 Whites) were included in the analysis. Internal consistency of instrument items was assessed using theta reliability estimates. Significant predictors of the use of hearing protective devices (HPDs) for Black and White workers and differences in predictors between the two groups were examined using multiple regression with interaction terms. Ethnic differences in scale or individual item scores were assessed using chi-square and t-test analyses. Different factors influenced hearing protection behavior among Black and White workers. The model was much less predictive of Blacks’ hearing protection behavior than Whites’ (R2 = .12 vs. .36). Since the PUHPM was not as effective in predicting hearing protection behavior for Blacks as for Whites, future studies are needed to expand the PUHPM through qualitative study and to develop culturally appropriate models to identify factors that better predict hearing protection behavior as a basis for developing effective interventions.
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Kato, Tsukasa. "Measurement Invariance in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale among English-Speaking Whites and Asians." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 5298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105298.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale has been widely used to measure depressive symptoms. This study compared the measurement invariances for one-, two-, three-, and four-factor models of the CES-D across English-speaking Whites and Asians: White Americans, White Australians, Indians, Filipinos, and Singaporeans. White Americans and Australians, Indians, Filipinos, and Singaporeans English speakers (782 men and 824 women) whose ages ranged from 20 to 79 years, completed the CES-D. They were recruited from the data pool of the 2013 and 2014 Coping and Health Survey. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the original four-factor model showed the best fit, compared to the other models. Mean and covariance structure analyses showed that the factor means of the CES-D subscales among Whites were significantly lower than were those among Asians; the score gap was particularly high between Whites and Indians. Additionally, Indians scored the highest on all subscales of the CES-D compared to all other countries. Overall, CES-D scores among Whites were lower than those among Asians.
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Gazabon, Shirley A., Patricia J. Morokoff, Lisa L. Harlow, Rose Marie Ward, and Kathryn Quina. "Applying the Transtheoretical Model to Ethnically Diverse Women at Risk for HIV." Health Education & Behavior 34, no. 2 (August 4, 2006): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198105285328.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study is to compare the reliability and predictability of transtheoretical model (TTM) constructs when applied to minority and White women at risk for HIV. Participants consisted of 332 women, including Blacks, Asians, Hispanics, Native Americans, other non-Whites, and Whites. The results supported the reliability and validity of the TTM variables for minority women as well as for White women. Hierarchical multiple regressions demonstrated that TTM variables were able to predict over and above demographic variables. Structural equation models indicate strong support for a mediational model in which the pros and cons predict condom stage of change and unprotected sex though the mediation of self-efficacy. This study provides strong support for TTM scales applied to minority as well as White women at risk for HIV. The authors discuss how these variables might be incorporated into interventions aimed at increasing condom use in minority women.
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Reid, Leonard N., Karen Whitehill King, and Peggy J. Kreshel. "Black and White Models and Their Activities in Modern Cigarette and Alcohol Ads." Journalism Quarterly 71, no. 4 (December 1994): 873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909407100411.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article compares model characterizations and activity portrayals of blacks and whites in modern cigarette and alcohol advertising. An analysis of 418 cigarette and alcohol ads appearing in eleven magazines from June 1990 through June 1991 revealed a world in which blacks and whites smoke and drink separately, seldom encountering one another. Despite this segregation, black and white portrayals are similar in terms of sexual suggestiveness and involvement in erotic or romantic activities. However, noteworthy differences also exist. For example, blacks are more often portrayed in leisure activities while whites are portrayed at work. Femininity is a more dominant theme in black than in white representations, while masculinity themes are more dominant in ads with white representations.
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Good, David H., and Maureen A. Pirog-Good. "A Simultaneous Probit Model of Crime and Employment for Black and White Teenage Males." Review of Black Political Economy 16, no. 1-2 (June 1987): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02900927.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examines the relationships between the employability and criminality of white and black male teenagers. A disequilibrium model of employment and crime is formulated and estimated as a simultaneous probit equation system. Our results show that black teenagers who are employed engage in fewer criminal activities. Thus, it appears that blacks view employment and crime as alternative income-generating activities. On the other hand, the criminal behavior of white male teenagers is unaffected by their employment status. The evidence that we provide indicates that whites tend to use employment as a cover for crime or to moonlight in crime. The differences in the behaviors of whites and blacks can be explained, in part, by different legitimate opportunity structures for whites and blacks. One of the more important policy implications is that job opportunities targeted to high risk, black teenage populations will have the additional beneficial effect of reducing crime rates.
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McCabe, Rosemarie, and Stefan Priebe. "Explanatory models of illness in schizophrenia: Comparison of four ethnic groups." British Journal of Psychiatry 185, no. 1 (July 2004): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.1.25.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundExplanatory models of illness may differ between ethnic groups and influence treatment satisfaction and compliance.AimsTo compare explanatory models among people with schizophrenia from four cultural backgrounds and explore their relationship with clinical and psychological characteristics.MethodExplanatory models, insight, treatment compliance, health locus of control, quality of life, treatment satisfaction, therapeutic relationships and symptomatology were assessed in UK Whites and Bangladeshis, African-Caribbeans and West Africans.ResultsWhen biological and supernatural causes of illness were compared, Whites cited biological causes more frequently than the three non-White groups, who cited supernatural causes more frequently. When biological and social causes were compared, Whites cited biological causes more frequently than African-Caribbeans and Bangladeshis, who cited social causes more frequently. A biological explanatory model was related to enhanced treatment satisfaction and therapeutic relationships but not treatment compliance.ConclusionsExplanatory models of illness contribute to patient satisfaction with treatment and relationships with clinicians.
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Lang, Kevin, and Michael Manove. "Education and Labor Market Discrimination." American Economic Review 101, no. 4 (June 1, 2011): 1467–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.4.1467.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using a model of statistical discrimination and educational sorting, we explain why blacks get more education than whites of similar cognitive ability, and we explore how the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), wages, and education are related. The model suggests that one should control for both AFQT and education when comparing the earnings of blacks and whites, in which case a substantial black-white wage differential emerges. We reject the hypothesis that differences in school quality between blacks and whites explain the wage and education differentials. Our findings support the view that some of the black-white wage differential reflects the operation of the labor market. (JEL I21, J15, J24, J31, J71)
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Brown, Lauren. "The Black-White Mental Health Paradox Among Older Adults: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1935.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Most studies of middle-aged adults find blacks have higher levels of psychological distress compared to whites but have lower risk of common psychiatric disorders. For instance, there is evidence of lower rates of depressive and anxiety disorders among blacks relative to whites despite large disparities in stress, discrimination and physical health in midlife—commonly referred to as the black-white mental health paradox. We examine evidence of the black-white paradox in anxiety and depressive symptoms among older adults. Data come from 6,019 adults ages 52+ from the 2006 Health and Retirement Study. Unadjusted models show older blacks report more anxiety and depressive symptoms than whites. After adjusting for socioeconomic factors, everyday discrimination, chronic conditions, and chronic stress, there are no black-white differences in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Findings suggest the black-white mental health paradox only extends into older adulthood for blacks living under similar stress and health landscapes as whites.
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Adrianzen Herrera, Diego, Insu Koh, Radhika Gangaraju, Tomi Akinyemiju, and Neil A. Zakai. "Peripheral Blood Cytopenia and Risk of Cancer Mortality." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-144793.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Introduction: Unexplained peripheral blood cytopenia remains a challenge in clinical practice which requires sorting through an array of etiologies from transient abnormalities to premalignant conditions. Clonal hematopoiesis has established an association between cytopenia and hematologic cancer, likely caused by inflammatory responses leading to hematopoietic stress. Similar mechanisms may occur in other organ systems and lead to neoplasia as the link between inflammation and solid tumors is well known. Thus, cytopenia may represent an early marker of serious conditions, including malignancy. Using the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study, we studied the association between cytopenia and cancer mortality. Methods: REGARDS prospectively enrolled 30,239 US black and white adults from 2003 to 2007 (41% black). Sociodemographic and medical data were obtained by phone interview, physical exam, and laboratory studies at enrollment (baseline CBC drawn after 8,000 people were recruited). Cancer death was identified via semiannual phone follow-up through 2018 to ascertain health events and linkage with Social Security Death and National Death Indexes. Cytopenia was defined as presence of 2 or more of the following: 1) hemoglobin below age, sex, and race-specific lowest 5th percentile, 2) white cell count below race-specific lowest 5th percentile, 3) platelet count below lowest 5th percentile, and 4) macrocytosis (MCV >98fL). Participants with baseline cancer, missing CBC, or lost to follow-up were excluded. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard of cancer mortality associated with cytopenia, adjusting for demographics (Model 1), Model 1 + risk factors for cancer/anemia (Model 2), and Model 1 + socioeconomics (Model 3). Differences in the association of cytopenia and cancer death by race was tested by cross-product interaction terms and Inverse Odds Ratio Weighting (IORW) mediation analysis was conducted to study the effect of cytopenia as mediator in the race-cancer death interaction. Results: The analysis population included 19,028 participants, 62% were female and 60% were white. Median follow up was 9 years. There were 1112 (5.8%) cancer deaths and 3725 (19.6%) deaths from other causes. Cytopenia was present in 383 (2%) participants, of which 250 (65%) were white and 113 (35%) were black. Cytopenia prevalence increased by age and was higher in males (56%). Cytopenia was associated with increased risk of cancer mortality in all multivariate models adjusting for demographics (HR=1.60, 95%CI 1.16-2.21), cancer risk factors (HR=1.67, 95%CI 1.2-2.32), and socioeconomics (HR=1.58, 95%CI 1.12-2.23). Anemia and macrocytosis, but not leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, were hematologic parameters individually associated with risk of cancer death (Table 1). The 10-year cumulative incidence of cancer death was 13% for participants with baseline cytopenia vs. 6.5% for those without cytopenia (p<0.01, Figure 1). The race by cytopenia interaction term was significant with higher HR for cancer mortality in blacks compared to whites in all models: 2.01 vs 1.41, p=0.016 in model 1 (demographics), 2.12 vs 1.45, p=0.009 in model 2 (cancer risk factors), 1.82 vs 1.44, p=0.04 in model 3 (socioeconomics). Anemia and macrocytosis were individual hematologic parameters with higher HR for cancer death in blacks compared to whites and significant race by cytopenia interaction terms across all models (Table 2). Mediation analysis by IORW method showed that cytopenia was not a significant mediator in the pathway between the race and cancer death association (not shown). Discussion: In a large biracial prospective cohort, cytopenia was associated with increased risk of cancer mortality after adjusting for demographics, socioeconomics, and cancer risk factors. Cytopenia was a race-specific risk factor for cancer death affecting blacks more than whites, but not a mediator of the race and cancer death association. We conclude that 1) cytopenia is a risk factor for cancer death, with stronger association in blacks than whites, and 2) race is an effect modifier for the association of cytopenia with cancer death, but cytopenia is not a mediator of the black to white difference in cancer mortality. These results can inform further studies aimed at clarifying racial disparities in cancer death through theorized mechanisms such as clonal hematopoiesis. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Gangaraju: Alexion: Consultancy; Sanofi Genzyme: Consultancy.
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Choi, Sungjoo. "Workforce Diversity and Job Satisfaction of the Majority and the Minority." Review of Public Personnel Administration 37, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371x15623617.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The structural approaches of workforce diversity note that the racial composition of work groups may affect work attitudes of racial/ethnic minority and White employees in different ways. Analyzing the data from the federal workforce, this study examines how the racial mixture of the agency affects job satisfaction of racial/ethnic minority and White employees. To do so, three models for all employees, Whites, and racial/ethnic minorities were tested using ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions with agency-fixed effects. The results suggest that holding a minority status in their agency may bring lower job satisfaction to both racial/ethnic minority and White employees. Racial/ethnic minorities reported the lowest job satisfaction in predominantly White settings, while Whites expressed the lowest job satisfaction in minority–majority settings. In contrast, racial/ethnic minorities reported the highest job satisfaction when they hold a majority status in their agency (minority–majority settings). Interestingly, Whites seem to be most satisfied in White-majorities settings, which are less homogeneous than predominantly White settings. The finding for all employees showed that federal employees stated higher satisfaction in White-majorities settings than in others.
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Abdullah, N. A. Z., M. S. M. Fouzi, and M. S. Mohd Sani. "Computational Modal Analysis on Finite Element Model of Body-in-white Structure and Its Correlation with Experimental Data." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 2 (July 7, 2020): 7915–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.17.2.2020.10.0591.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, computational modelling and simulation are highly popular to increase the efficiency, productivity and shorten the product development period. The quality of a structure also can be determined by using computational analysis such as finite element analysis. Body-in-white structure, as one of the most important structures in the automotive field, has gained a lot of interest as the topic of research. This increase the demand of having a good finite element model of the structure. However, since body-in-white is a highly complicated structure, sometimes modelling simplification cannot be avoided. This study intended to investigate the level of accuracy of the simplified body-in-white model that was modelled by using several modelling strategies. The first body-in-white finite element model was modelled by neglecting the existing joint element in its actual structure. The other body-in-white model includes the joint element by including two different one-dimensional elements to replicate the joining in BIW actual structure. Validation on these body-in-white models are performed by correlating the finite element modal properties with the experimental modal properties. The discrepancies that had surfaced after the correlation was reduced by using a model updating method. The discussed results showed that as the model is under major simplification, several parameters were inaccurately assumed in the initial body-in-white model. Thus, the model updating method has successfully determined the less accurate parameter and the level of discrepancies between the model and experimental data were successfully reduced.
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Newman, Benjamin J., Yamil Velez, and Shanna Pearson-Merkowitz. "Diversity of a Different Kind: Gentrification and Its Impact on Social Capital and Political Participation in Black Communities." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 1, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 316–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2016.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe literature examining the effect of residential integration on political behavior primarily focuses on how whites react to the entrance of non-whites into their communities. Over the past few decades however, the process of “white return” to urban centers throughout the nation has created the opportunity to invert the standard approach to studying racial context by exploring how minorities react to the entrance of whites into their communities. We adapt realistic conflict theories to the case of gentrification, and offer a model of the effect of white in-migration on social capital (SC) and political engagement in black communities. We demonstrate that white population growth erodes SC in black neighborhoods only where the larger surrounding community is majority black, and where such growth is accompanied by rising housing costs. Further, we find that residing in a gentrifying context, by eroding social capital, ultimately results in the political demobilization of black citizens.
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Yaemsiri, Sirin, E. Carolyn Olson, Ka He, and Bonnie D. Kerker. "Food concern and its associations with obesity and diabetes among lower-income New Yorkers." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 1 (August 3, 2011): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011001674.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractObjectiveTo examine food concern (FC) and its associations with obesity and diabetes in a racially diverse, urban population.DesignCross-sectional population-based survey.SettingFive boroughs of New York City.SubjectsLower-income adults (n 5981) in the 2004 New York City Community Health Survey.ResultsThe overall prevalence of obesity was 24 % and was higher among FC than non-FC white men and women, black women, US- and foreign-born whites and foreign-born blacks. In multivariable analysis, FC was marginally associated with obesity (OR = 1·18, 95 % CI 0·98, 1·42) among all lower-income New Yorkers, after controlling for socio-economic factors. The association of FC and obesity varied by race/ethnicity, with FC being positively associated with obesity only among white New Yorkers. FC whites had 80 % higher odds of obesity than whites without FC (OR = 1·80; 95 % CI 1·21, 2·68), with a model-adjusted obesity prevalence of 20 % among non-FC whites v. 31 % among FC whites. FC was not associated with diabetes after controlling for obesity and socio-economic factors.ConclusionsThe prevalence of obesity was significantly higher among FC whites and certain subgroups of blacks. FC was positively associated with obesity risk among lower-income white New Yorkers. Programmes designed to alleviate FC and poverty should promote the purchase and consumption of nutritious, lower-energy foods to help address the burden of obesity in lower-income urban populations.
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Nosov, P., A. Ben, G. Nosova, and V. Novikov. "MODEL OF ATTENTION DISTRIBUTION OF THE NAVIGATOR WHILE KEEPING A NAVIGATIONAL WATCH." Scientific Bulletin Kherson State Maritime Academy 2, no. 21 (2019): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33815/2313-4763.2019.2.21.026-034.
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Camacho, David, Denise Burnette, Maria P. Aranda, and Ellen Lukens. "THE ASSOCIATION OF LONELINESS AND CHRONIC CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT PAIN AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN AND WHITE OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2281.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Loneliness and pain are significant public health problems in later life, yet limited research has examined how these factors interact among racially diverse older adults. Guided by the Biopsychosocial Model of Pain, we used data from Waves 2 and 3 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project to investigate the relationship between loneliness and chronic pain among 1,102 African-American and White adults aged 50 and over. Using logistic regression analyses, our final models considered demographics, physical and mental health, functioning, medication, health behaviors and social factors. Approximately 32% of African Americans and 28% of Whites reported chronic loneliness. Compared to Whites African-Americans were 2.5 times more likely to experience chronic pain. Among White participants, loneliness was not associated with chronic pain; however, the interaction of being African-American and lonely was associated with decreased odds of chronic pain in main and gendered analyses. African American women were 4 times more likely than White women to report chronic pain. Our results address the objectives of the National Pain Strategy (2016) to elucidate the experiences of chronic pain among diverse elders in the US. Future work should seek a deeper understanding of loneliness and chronic pain among African Americans elders and how cultural dynamics may help explain our counter intuitive findings (e.g., “Superwoman Schema”).
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Canady, Renée B., Manfred Stommel, and Claudia Holzman. "Measurement Properties of the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in a Sample of African American and Non-Hispanic White Pregnant Women." Journal of Nursing Measurement 17, no. 2 (August 2009): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.17.2.91.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigated the appropriateness of using the CES-D scale for comparing depressive symptoms among pregnant women of different races. Black and White women were matched on education, age, Medicaid status, and marital status–living arrangements. The matching procedure yielded a study sample of 375 in each ethnic group. Using a confirmatory factor analysis, the fit of several factor models for the CES-D was evaluated. One CES-D item, “everything was an effort,” showed a low item-total correlation (0.04 among blacks, 0.22 among whites) and was excluded from further analysis. After imposing the constraints of equal factor loadings and factor covariance across both groups, a two-factor model with 19 CES-D items provided a good fit. Only the loading for the “was happy” item displayed a small difference between the two groups. Furthermore, the correlations between the original 20-item and the unbiased 18-item scales were r = 0.994 for Whites and r = 0.992 for Blacks. The results suggest that the 20-item CES-D can be used to compare depressive symptoms in White and Black pregnant women without introducing significant ethnic–racial bias in the measurement of these symptoms.
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Hutchings, Vincent L., and Cara Wong. "RACISM, GROUP POSITION, AND ATTITUDES ABOUT IMMIGRATION AMONG BLACKS AND WHITES1." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 11, no. 2 (2014): 419–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x14000198.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractPrevious research has shown that racial or ethnic prejudice is one of the most influential antecedents of opposition to more expansive immigration policies. In this paper, we explore whether a theoretical perspective derived from the group position model might represent an additional and complementary explanation for immigration attitudes. We also compare how well the prejudice and group position models explain immigration attitudes among both White and Black Americans. Most of the previous work in this literature focuses solely on Whites’ attitudes, and it remains unclear how well models designed with this group in mind might also apply to African Americans. We rely upon the 2004–2005 National Politics Study to explore the power of these models. In general, we find that measures derived from the group position model account for immigration attitudes even after controlling for various forms of out-group prejudice. The pattern of results also differs considerably across the two racial groups in our study.
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Lichter, Daniel T., Domenico Parisi, and Michael C. Taquino. "White Integration or Segregation? The Racial and Ethnic Transformation of Rural and Small Town America." City & Community 17, no. 3 (September 2018): 702–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12314.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rural America has seemingly been “left behind” in an era of massive immigration and growing diversity. The arrival of new immigrants has exposed many rural whites, perhaps for the first time, to racial and ethnic minority populations. Do rural whites increasingly live in racially diverse nonmetropolitan places? Or is white exposure to racially diverse populations expressed in uneven patterns of residential integration from place to place? We link microdata from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (1989–to–2009 waves) to place data identified in the 1990–2010 decennial censuses. We estimate multilevel, fixed–effects models of rural white exposure to minority populations that involve linking individual predictors to changing demographic and economic local environments. Using entropy scores, our analyses highlight the extraordinary rise since 1990 in exposure of all rural populations, including whites, to racially diverse communities. Variation in white exposure to rural minorities is driven primarily by changing local demographic and economic conditions. Net of individual background characteristics, whites are significantly less likely to live in racially diverse places than other ethnoracial groups. White population growth is occurring disproportionately in the least racially diverse rural communities. For blacks and other minorities, growth is taking place disproportionately in the most racially diverse places.
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Gonul, Rami, and Salvador Luria. "Determination Of Doppler -Mode Ultrasonic Cardiogram Variables In Healthy Adult White Coat Cats." American Journal of Veterinary Sciences And Wildlife Discovery 01, no. 02 (September 1, 2019): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajvswd/volume01issue02-02.
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Kiang, Mathew V., Nancy Krieger, Caroline O. Buckee, Jukka Pekka Onnela, and Jarvis T. Chen. "Decomposition of the US black/white inequality in premature mortality, 2010–2015: an observational study." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e029373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029373.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectiveDecompose the US black/white inequality in premature mortality into shared and group-specific risks to better inform health policy.SettingAll 50 US states and the District of Columbia, 2010 to 2015.ParticipantsA total of 2.85 million non-Hispanic white and 762 639 non-Hispanic black US-resident decedents.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe race-specific county-level relative risks for US blacks and whites, separately, and the risk ratio between groups.ResultsThere is substantial geographic variation in premature mortality for both groups and the risk ratio between groups. After adjusting for median household income, county-level relative risks ranged from 0.46 to 2.04 (median: 1.03) for whites and from 0.31 to 3.28 (median: 1.15) for blacks. County-level risk ratios (black/white) ranged from 0.33 to 4.56 (median: 1.09). Half of the geographic variation in white premature mortality was shared with blacks, while only 15% of the geographic variation in black premature mortality was shared with whites. Non-Hispanic blacks experience substantial geographic variation in premature mortality that is not shared with whites. Moreover, black-specific geographic variation was not accounted for by median household income.ConclusionUnderstanding geographic variation in mortality is crucial to informing health policy; however, estimating mortality is difficult at small spatial scales or for small subpopulations. Bayesian joint spatial models ameliorate many of these issues and can provide a nuanced decomposition of risk. Using premature mortality as an example application, we show that Bayesian joint spatial models are a powerful tool as researchers grapple with disentangling neighbourhood contextual effects and sociodemographic compositional effects of an area when evaluating health outcomes. Further research is necessary in fully understanding when and how these models can be applied in an epidemiological setting.
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Kor, A., E. Baspinar, S. Karaca, and S. Keskin. "The determination of growth in Akkeci (White goat) female kids by various growth models." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 3 (December 5, 2011): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3917-cjas.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to determine the growth of 26 Akkeci (White goat = Saanen × Kilis (Bı) crossbreed) female kids by measuring their body weight, withers height, body length, heart girth depth, heart girth width, heart girth circumference, leg circumference and volume index in two-week intervals from birth to 500 days of age and by using different growth models (Monomolecular, Gompertz, Weibull and Richards). An approximate volume index was calculated by multiplying the values of heart girth depth, body length and heart girth width. The best one among these models was determined in respect of RMS (square root of Residual Means Squares which is calculated from the Square Root of Error Mean Square in ANOVA), R<sup>2</sup>%, Adjusted R<sup>2</sup>%, Mallow’s C<sub>p</sub>statistic, and asymptotic correlation coefficients criteria. As a result, it was determined that Weibull growth model (which is not concerned with Weibull statistical distribution but is related to parameters of Weibull distribution) was suitable for the above-mentioned material and studied traits.
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Hossain, Sharmin, May A. Beydoun, Michele K. Evans, Alan B. Zonderman, and Marie F. Kuczmarski. "Caregiver Status and Diet Quality in Community-Dwelling Adults." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061803.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: We investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of diet quality with middle-aged caregiver status. Methods: Caregiving in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study (57.7% women, 62% African American (AA)) was measured at waves 3 (2009–2013) and 4 (2013–2017) (mean follow-up time 4.1 years). Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) derived from two separate 24 h diet recalls. Multivariable ordinary least square regression was performed for cross-sectional analyses of the association of wave 4 caregiving with wave 4 HEI-2010. Wave 3 caregiving was examined both cross-sectionally and with annual rate of change in HEI using mixed-effects linear regression Models. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, and poverty status. Results: Cross-sectional analyses at wave 4 demonstrate an inverse association of frequent caregiving (“Daily or Weekly” vs. “Never”) for grandchildren with HEI-2010 total score (i.e., lower diet quality) among Whites (β = −2.83 ± 1.19, p = 0.03, Model 2) and AAs (β = −1.84 ± 0.79, p = 0.02,). The “cross-sectional” analysis pertaining to grandchildren caregiving frequency suggested that frequent caregiving (i.e., “Daily or Weekly” vs. “Never” (β = −2.90 ± 1.17, p = 0.04)) only among Whites was inversely related to HEI-2010 total score. Total HEI-2010 score was also related to caring (Model 1), for the elderly over “5 years vs. Never” among Whites (−7.31 ± 3.54, p = 0.04, Model 2). Longitudinally, we found slight potential improvement in diet quality over time (“Daily or Weekly” vs. Never by TIME interaction: +0.88 ± 0.38, p = 0.02) with frequent caregiving among Whites, but not so among AAs. Conclusions: Frequent caring for grandchildren had an inverse relationship with the diet quality of White and AA urban middle-aged caregivers, while caring for elderly was inversely linked to diet quality among Whites only. Longitudinal studies should address the paucity of research on caregivers’ nutritional quality.
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Hays, Ron D., Neetu Chawla, Erin E. Kent, and Neeraj K. Arora. "Measurement equivalence of the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Medicare survey items between non-Hispanic whites and Asians." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2016): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.7_suppl.259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
259 Background: Asians report worse experiences with care than Whites. This could be due to true differences in care received, expectations about care, or survey response styles. To examine measurement equivalence of the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Medicare survey items between Whites and Asians. Methods: We conducted multiple group confirmatory factor analyses to evaluate measurement equivalence of CAHPS Medicare survey data between White and Asian Medicare beneficiaries for three CAHPS reporting composites (communication with personal doctor, access to care, plan customer service) and global ratings of care using pooled CAHPS data from 2007-2011. Responses were obtained from non-Hispanic whites (n = 1,326,410) and Asians (n = 40,672). The median age for whites was 70, with 24% 80 or older, and 70 for Asians, with 23% 80 or older. Fifty-eight percent of the whites and 56% of the Asians were female. Results: A model without group-specific estimates fit the data as well as a model that included 12 group-specific estimates suggested by Lagrange multiplier tests (Comparative Fit Index = 0.922, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.064). Three of the 12 group-specific estimates consisted of 7 factor loadings, 3 measured variable errors, and 2 item intercepts. Six of the factor loadings were larger for Asians than for whites. Conclusions: This study provides general support for measurement equivalence in response to the CAHPS Medicare survey composites (communication, access, customer service) and global ratings between White and Asian respondents, supporting comparison of care experiences for the two groups.
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Pei, Qiang, and Long Li. "Structural Modal Parameter Identification Based on ARMA Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 736–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Structural parameter identification is a significant technology to show certain characteristics and material damage of earthquake resistant structures or building materials in structural engineering and seismic engineering field. ARMA time-series method is belonged to time-domain method. ARMA time-series method for estimating the modal parameters of structure is presented in this paper. In order to verify the accuracy of the method, analytical simulation studies are performed for a frame structure model on the basis of simulated data under white-noise excitation conditions. And the results are analyzed and discussed. The research demonstrates that ARMA time-series method can effectively identify the modal parameters.
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Assari, Shervin. "Race, Education Attainment, and Happiness in the United States." International Journal of Epidemiologic Research 6, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijer.2019.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background and aims: As suggests by the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDR) theory, education attainment and other socioeconomic status (SES) indicators have a smaller impact on the health and well-being of non-White than White Americans. To test whether MDR also applies to happiness, in the present study, Blacks and Whites were compared in terms of the effect of education attainment on the level of happiness among American adults. Methods: General Social Survey (1972-2016) is a series of national surveys that are performed in the United States. The current analysis included 54785 adults (46724 Whites and 8061 Blacks). The years of schooling (i.e., education attainment) and happiness were the main independent variable and the main dependent variable of interest, respectively. In addition, other parameters such as gender, age, employment status, marital status, and the year of the survey were the covariates and race was the focal effect modifier. Finally, the logistic regression model was used to analyze the data. Results: Based on the results, high education attainment was associated with higher odds of happiness in the pooled sample. Further, a significant interaction was found between race and education attainment on the odds of happiness, showing a larger gain for Whites compared to Blacks. Racespecific models also confirmed this finding (i.e., a larger magnitude of the effect of education for Whites compared to Blacks). Conclusion: Overall, the MDR theory also applies to the effect of education attainment on happiness. Blacks’ disadvantage in comparison to the Whites in gaining happiness from their education may be due to the structural, institutional, and interpersonal racism and discrimination in the US. Therefore, there is a need for economic and public policies that can minimize the Blacks’ diminished returns of education attainment and other SES resources.
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HEATON, TIM B., and CARDELL K. JACOBSON. "Race Differences in Changing Family Demographics in the 1980s." Journal of Family Issues 15, no. 2 (June 1994): 290–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x94015002008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditional demarcators of family formation and dissolution have changed dramatically over the past few decades and Black-White differences have become pronounced. In this article, we explore the degree to which a relatively small set of variables can account for racial difference in timing of initiation of sexual activity, first marriage, first birth, and divorce. The independent variables included in the model are adolescent living arrangements (single-parent vs. two-parent), mother's educational level, religion, region of the country, area of residency (urban, suburban, rural), birth cohort, and year of the survey. Based on hazard models for the rate of occurrence of each event, we estimate how Blacks would differ if they had mean values on covariates equal to White observed means. Although the results differ for the four dependent variables, this particular set of independent variables does not provide a satisfactory explanation of the differences between Black and White family formation and dissolution. Blacks and Whites may be responding to different structural and cultural constraints not easily captured by basic demographic variables.
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Chávez-Moreno, Laura C. "Dual Language as White Property: Examining a Secondary Bilingual-Education Program and Latinx Equity." American Educational Research Journal 58, no. 6 (November 9, 2021): 1107–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00028312211052508.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This critical race ethnography examines a secondary-level dual-language (DL) program, a bilingual-education model thought to provide Latinxs educational equity. Drawing from a three-stage recursive analytic approach, I present evidence that a DL program’s policies and practices valued offering Latinx youth biliterate schooling only so long as DL was available and advantageous to Whites—which ultimately excluded some Latinx students from bilingual education and/or accessing its benefits. I theorize DL functions as white property when DL perpetuates racial hierarchies and preserves the value of a white racial identity, thereby maintaining Whites’ inequitable material accumulation. I problematize the logic of DL—highlighting that DL has the elitist tendencies of world-language education—and assess DL’s potential to deliver educational justice to Latinxs.
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Reifel, John W. "Black-White Housing Price Differentials: Recent Trends and Implications." Review of Black Political Economy 23, no. 1 (June 1994): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02895741.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Black-white housing price differentials consistent with racially discriminatory practices are rarely found by the studies that have used post-1970 data. Instead, those studies report price differentials consistent with the theory that whites buy segregation by bidding up the price of housing in certain neighborhoods. Unfortunately, the specifications used in most of these studies have been flawed. Here, a properly specified model is estimated using Annual Housing Survey data, augmented with objective measures of neighborhood conditions, from Grand Rapids, Michigan. The price differentials found support the trend found by the improperly specified models. Specifically, various owner bundles cost up to 16 percent more and various renter bundles cost up to 20 percent more in the predominantly white than in the predominantly black submarket. To the extent that residential integration remains one of society's goals, this trend calls for innovative policies that go beyond enforcement of existing Fair Housing laws.
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Peng, Rui, Ming Ronnier Luo, and Mingkai Cao. "Modelling incomplete chromatic adaptation on a display under different ambient illuminations." Color and Imaging Conference 2019, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-2629.2019.27.41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purposes of this study was to investigate the chromatic adaptation and adaptive whites on a display under various ambient lighting conditions with different chromaticity and illuminance. An image including black text and white background was rendered by means of the CAT02 chromatic adaptation transform, into 42 different white stimuli varying at 6 CCTs and 7 Duv levels. Twenty observers assessed the neutral white evaluations of each color stimulus via psychophysical experiments. The optimization based on the neutral white stimulus under each ambient lighting condition suggested a lower degree of chromatic adaptation under the conditions with a lower CCT and a lower illuminance level. The results were used to model the adaptive display white and the incomplete adaptation factor (D) for CAT02 under different ambient illumiantions.
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Narayan, K. M. Venkat, Dimple Kondal, Natalie Daya, Unjali P. Gujral, Deepa Mohan, Shivani A. Patel, Roopa Shivashankar, et al. "Incidence and pathophysiology of diabetes in South Asian adults living in India and Pakistan compared with US blacks and whites." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 9, no. 1 (March 2021): e001927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001927.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
IntroductionWe compared diabetes incidence in South Asians aged ≥45 years in urban India (Chennai and Delhi) and Pakistan (Karachi), two low-income and middle-income countries undergoing rapid transition, with blacks and whites in the US, a high-income country.Research design and methodsWe computed age-specific, sex-specific and body mass index (BMI)-specific diabetes incidence from the prospective Center for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia Study (n=3136) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (blacks, n=3059; whites, n=9924). We assessed factors associated with incident diabetes using Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsSouth Asians have lower BMI and waist circumference than blacks and whites (median BMI, kg/m2: 24.9 vs 28.2 vs 26.0; median waist circumference, cm 87.5 vs 96.0 vs 95.0). South Asians were less insulin resistant than blacks and whites (age-BMI-adjusted homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, µIU/mL/mmol/L: 2.30 vs 3.45 vs 2.59), and more insulin deficient than blacks but not whites (age-BMI-adjusted homeostasis model assessment of β-cell dysfunction, µIU/mL/mmol/L: 103.7 vs 140.6 vs 103.9). Age-standardized diabetes incidence (cases/1000 person-years (95% CI)) in South Asian men was similar to black men and 1.6 times higher (1.37 to 1.92) than white men (26.0 (22.2 to 29.8) vs 26.2 (22.7 to 29.7) vs 16.1 (14.8 to 17.4)). In South Asian women, incidence was slightly higher than black women and 3 times (2.61 to 3.66) the rate in white women (31.9 (27.5 to 36.2) vs 28.6 (25.7 to 31.6) vs 11.3 (10.2 to 12.3)). In normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m2), diabetes incidence adjusted for age was 2.9 times higher (2.09 to 4.28) in South Asian men, and 5.3 times (3.64 to 7.54) in South Asian women than in white women.ConclusionsSouth Asian adults have lower BMI and are less insulin resistant than US blacks and whites, but have higher diabetes incidence than US whites, especially in subgroups without obesity. Factors other than insulin resistance (ie, insulin secretion) may play an important role in the natural history of diabetes in South Asians.
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Lamar, Melissa, Debra Fleischman, Sue Leurgans, Konstantinos Arfanakis, and Lisa Barnes. "Relationship of Indicators of Cardiovascular Health With Change in Cognition in Older Blacks." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2827.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Older Blacks perform more poorly on cognitive testing than older Whites. Increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVD-RFs) among Blacks compared to Whites contribute to these disparities. We investigated whether white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in late-life, a consequence of mid-life CVD-RFs, modify the association between late-life CVD-RFs and cognition in 167 Blacks (age~75yrs; non-demented at baseline). Participants were evaluated for blood pressure (BP) markers of cardiovascular health (systolic/diastolic BP, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP) hypertension), WMH volumes adjusted for intracranial volume, and cognition (global and domain-specific at baseline and annually, ~8yrs). Adjusted models revealed differential associations between BP markers and baseline cognition; diastolic BP and MAP predicted faster decline in episodic memory. Hypertension was not significant in any model; however, when adding WMH, the hypertension*WMH interaction was significant for baseline cognition. Cognition among older Blacks is a complex function of BP markers of cardiovascular health and WMH.
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Wolf, J., and M. Wolfová. " Effect of service sire on litter size traits in Czech Large White and Landrace pigs." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 5 (May 18, 2012): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5920-cjas.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The proportion of variance for service sire effect was estimated for three litter size traits (numbers of piglets born, born alive, and weaned) in Czech Large White (89 231 litters) and Czech Landrace (28 320 litters) pigs. Each trait in the first parity was considered as one trait and that trait in the second and subsequent parities was treated as a repeated trait. Consequently, three two-trait animal models were evaluated for each litter size trait: (i) the service sire effect was included and the complete relationship matrix for all the animals (service sires and sows) was taken into account; (ii) the service sire effect was included as a random effect without inclusion of the relationship matrix; (iii) the service sire effect was omitted from the model. Using the residual variance as a criterion, both models including the service sire effect were slightly better than the model without this effect. Estimates of genetic parameters were very similar for the two models including the service sire effect. The proportion of variance for service sire was in the range from 2 to 3% (standard error approx. 0.2%) in Czech Large White and 2% (standard error approx. 0.3%) in Czech Landrace for all three litter size traits and all models. Models without service sire effect or models including service sire as a simple random effect and without inclusion of the genetic relationship matrix are recommended for genetic evaluation of litter size traits.
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Havlík, P., F. Jacquet, Boisson J-M, S. Hejduk, and P. Veselý. "Mathematical programming models for agri-environmental policy analysis: A case study from the White Carpathians." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 52, No. 2 (February 17, 2012): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4996-agricecon.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BEGRAB_PRO.1 – a mathematical programming model for BEef and GRAssland Biodiversity PRoduction Optimisation – elaborated for analysis of organic suckler cow farms in the Protected Landscape Area White Carpathians, the Czech Republic, is presented and applied to the analysis of jointness between several environmental goods. In this way, the paper complements recent studies on jointness between commodities and non-commodities. If these goods are joint in production, agri-environmental payments must be carefully designed because they do not influence only production of the environmental good they are intended for but also the production of other environmental goods. If jointness is negative, any increase in the payment for an environmental good leads to a decrease in production of other environmental goods.
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Kister, Ilya, Tamar Bacon, and Gary R. Cutter. "How Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Vary by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity." Neurology: Clinical Practice 11, no. 4 (May 28, 2021): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000001105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectiveLittle is known about how symptom severity in the various neurologic domains commonly affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) varies by age, sex, and race/ethnicity.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of patients with MS attending 2 tertiary centers in the New York City metropolitan area, who self-identified as White, African American (AA), or Hispanic American (HA). Disability was rated with Patient-Determined Disability Steps (PDDS) and symptom severity, with SymptoMScreen (SyMS), a validated battery for assessing symptoms in 12 domains. Analyses comparing race, sex, and age groups were performed using analysis of variance models and Tukey honestly significant difference tests to control the overall type I error. A multivariable model was constructed to predict good self-rated health (SRH) that included demographic variables, PDDS, and SyMS domain scores.ResultsThe sample consisted of 2,622 patients with MS (age 46.4 years; 73.6% female; 66.4% White, 21.7% AA, and 11.9% HA). Men had higher adjusted PDDS than women (p = 0.012), but similar total SyMS scores. Women reported higher fatigue and anxiety scores, whereas men had higher walking and dexterity scores. AAs and HAs had higher symptom domain scores than Whites in each of the 12 domains and worse SRH. In a multivariable logistic model, only pain, walking, depression, fatigue, and global disability (PDDS), but not sex or race/ethnicity, predicted good SRH.ConclusionsAA and HA race/ethnicity was associated with higher overall disability, higher symptom severity in each of the 12 domains commonly affected by MS, and worse SRH relative to Whites. However, only symptom severity and disability, and not demographic variables, predicted good SRH.
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Sezer, M., and S. Tarhan. "Model parameters of growth curves of three meat-type lines of Japanese quail." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 1 (December 5, 2011): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3991-cjas.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was focused on a comparison of the growth characteristics and parameters of three meat-type lines of Japanese quail. The body weight data of wild-type, dotted-white and extended-brown quail lines over time were collected and fitted to Richards equation. The relevant parameters were compared based on the Confidence Interval Test. Confidence Interval Test calculates the percentages of model predictions staying in the confidence intervals of the corresponding experimental data. Both sexes of brown quails showed lower weight gains than the other two lines. Behind the inflection point a decline in the absolute growth rate was slowest for brown females. In general, Richards model parameter values showed deviations of one line from the other lines to a varying extent. Shape parameter for males (0.335–0.618) and maturation index for females (0.067–0.077) tend to be the most critical parameters. When the overall models were used to predict the weight of other lines, the models of white and wild males showed great similarity. Overall model predictions for male brown and white quails, for female brown and wild-type quails showed the largest differences. Like in males, white and wild females were the closest lines but the likeliness percentage was lower than that for males. The proposed method of parameter comparison can be a useful tool for researchers working on biological modelling.
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Gangaraju, Radhika, Insu Koh, Marguerite R. Irvin, Leslie A. Lange, Damon E. Houghton, Diego A. Herrera, Monika Safford, Mary Cushman, Smita Bhatia, and Neil A. Zakai. "Peripheral Blood Cytopenia and Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 5002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-125956.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
INTRODUCTION: African-Americans (blacks) have higher risk of stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) - collectively referred to here as cardiovascular disease (CVD), than Caucasian-Americans (whites). Though partly explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors, half of the excess risk in blacks is not explained by known risk factors. Recent data suggest increased risk of CVD and mortality in individuals with clonal hematopoiesis, which often presents as cytopenia. Using peripheral blood cytopenia as a marker of clonal hematopoiesis, we examined the association between cytopenia and risk of CVD and mortality in blacks and whites. METHODS: The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study enrolled 30,239 US black and white adults between 2003 and 2007 (41% black). Socio-demographics and medical history were obtained by telephone interview, and laboratory studies (including complete blood count [CBC]) and physical exam from an in-home visit at baseline. Participants or their proxies were contacted every 6 months to ascertain CVD events, hospitalizations or deaths, and medical records were reviewed to confirm these events. Cytopenia was defined using thresholds in Table 1 as presence of 2 or more of the following: i) hemoglobin in age-, sex-, and race-specific lowest 5th percentile; ii) white cell count in race-specific lowest 5th percentile; iii) platelet count in lowest 5th percentile, and iv) macrocytosis (MCV >98fL). Participants with pre-baseline history of stroke (for analyses including stroke or CVD mortality) or CHD (for analyses including CHD or CVD mortality) and those with missing CBC were excluded. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of incident CVD and mortality associated with cytopenia. Models adjusted for socio-demographics (Model 1), Framingham stroke or CHD risk factors (Model 2), and estimated glomerular filtration rate and C-reactive protein (Model 3) were used. Differences in the association of cytopenia with outcomes by race were tested using cross-product interaction terms, using a p of <0.1 for interaction. RESULTS: The study included 19,544 participants who were followed for a median of ~9 years. There were 798 (4.3% of those at risk) incident stroke cases and 727 (4.3%) incident CHD cases; 1033 (5.3%) died of CVD, and 3933 (20.1%) died of all-causes. Cytopenia was present in 378 (1.9%) participants, ranging from 0.9% to 3.5% in blacks, 1.4 to 3.9% in whites, 1.6 to 3.9% in men, and 0.9 to 1.8% in women, with increasing prevalence by age. There was no association between cytopenia and stroke or CHD risk in any model. However, cytopenia was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.34-2.22), and CVD mortality (HR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.11-2.19) in the extended risk factor Model 3 and also in CVD risk factor adjusted model (Model 2), with little evidence of confounding (Table 2). While the race by cytopenia interaction term was not significant in any model for incident CHD or mortality, the interaction for cytopenia by race for stroke was statistically significant (p-interaction=0.08) in Model 2. The HR of stroke for cytopenia in blacks was 0.86 (95%CI: 0.46-1.61), and for whites was 1.96 (95%CI: 1.0-3.82). CONCLUSION: In this large biracial cohort, cytopenia was associated with increased all-cause and CVD mortality. Cytopenia was a race-specific risk factor for stroke affecting white Americans but not black Americans. With growing knowledge on the role of clonal hematopoiesis in CVD risk and mortality, further work is needed to determine if our phenotype of cytopenia is accurate in classifying clonal hematopoiesis and for determining the mortality risk. Given these findings, assessing clonal hematopoiesis and outcomes related to clonal hematopoiesis in diverse populations is critical to understanding the interactions between somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells and CVD/mortality risk. Disclosures Safford: Amgen: Research Funding.
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Wang, Yuan, Li Xu, Xi Liang Dai, and Sheng Hui Peng. "Model Analysis of Car’s Body-in-White Based on FEA." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.454.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, the finite element model of some car’s body-in-white is established in Hypermesh. The model analysis is executed based on the element model in ANSYS. Through the model analysis the dynamic parameters of the body-in-white are obtained. At the same time，the modal test of a real car body is implemented. The reliability of the finite element model is validated based on the modal test. The results show that the stiffness of the body-in-white is great enough and it can provide optimal design for future designers.
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Louie, Patricia, Laura Upenieks, Arjumand Siddiqi, David R. Williams, and David T. Takeuchi. "Race, Flourishing, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States, 1995–2016." American Journal of Epidemiology 190, no. 9 (March 17, 2021): 1735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract We assessed whether race moderates the association between flourishing and all-cause mortality. We used panel data from the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS) (1995–2016; n = 2,851). Approximately 19% of White respondents and 23% of Black respondents in the baseline sample died over the course of the 21-year study period (n = 564). Cox proportional hazard models showed that Blacks had a higher mortality rate relative to Whites and higher levels of flourishing were associated with a lower mortality rate. Furthermore, a significant interaction between flourishing and race in predicting death was observed. Blacks with higher levels of flourishing had a mortality rate that was not significantly different from that of Whites. However, Blacks, but not Whites, with low flourishing scores had a higher mortality rate. As such, health-promotion efforts focused on enhancing flourishing among Black populations may reduce the Black–White gap in mortalityrate.
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Malinowski, Catalina, Xiudong Lei, Hui Zhao, Sharon H. Giordano, and Mariana Chavez Mac Gregor. "Impact of Medicaid expansion on two-year mortality among stage IV breast cancer (BC) patients according to race." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 6525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.6525.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
6525 Background: Inadequate access to healthcare services is associated with worse outcomes. Disparities in access to cancer care are more frequently seen among racial/ethnic minorities, uninsured patients, and those with low socioeconomic status. A provision in the Affordable Care Act called for expansion of Medicaid eligibility in order to cover more low-income Americans. In this study, we evaluate the impact of Medicaid expansion in 2-year mortality among metastatic BC patients according to race. Methods: Women (aged 40-64) diagnosed with metastatic BC (stage IV de novo) between 01/01/2010 and 12/31/2015 and residing in states that underwent Medicaid expansion in 01/2014 were identified in the National Cancer Database. For comparison purposes, 2010-2013 was considered the pre-expansion period and 2014-2015 the post-expansion period. We calculated 2-year mortality difference-in-difference (DID) estimates between White and non-White patients using multivariable linear regression models. Results are presented as adjusted differences (in % points) between groups in the pre- and post-expansion periods and as adjusted DID with 95%CI. Covariates included age, comorbidity, BC subtype, insurance type, transfer of care, distance to hospital, region, residence area, education, income quartile, facility type and facility volume. In addition, overall survival (OS) was evaluated in pre- and post-expansion periods via Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models; results are presented as 2-year OS estimates, hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% CIs. Results: Among 7,675 patients included, 4,942 were diagnosed in the pre- and 2,733 in the post-expansion period. We observed a reduction in 2-year mortality rates in both groups according to Medicaid expansion. Among Whites 2-year mortality decreased from 42.5% to 38.7% and among non-Whites from 45.4% to 36.4%, resulting in an adjusted DID of -5.2% (95%CI -9.8 to -0.6, p = 0.027). A greater reduction in 2-year mortality was observed among non-Whites in a sub-analysis of patients who resided in the poorest quartile (n = 1372), with an adjusted DID of -14.6% (95%CI -24.8 to -4.4, p = 0.005). In the multivariable Cox model, during the pre-expansion period there was an increased risk of death for non-Whites compared to Whites (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.26, P = 0.04), however no differences were seen in the post-expansion period between the two groups (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.07, P = 0.31). Conclusions: Medicaid expansion reduced racial disparities by decreasing the 2-year mortality of non-White patients with metastatic breast cancer and reducing the gap when compared to Whites. These results highlight the positive impact of policies aimed at improving equity and increasing access to health care.
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Hasan, Md Moudud, Md Shariot Ullah, Ajoy Kumar Saha, and MG Mostofa Amin. "Comparing the performances of multiple rainfall-runoff models of a karst watershed." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (July 18, 2021): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v6i1.54878.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Different modeling concepts, a simple (black-box) to a fully distributed modeling (white-box), were used to develop a rainfall-runoff model based on the watershed characteristics to estimate runoff at the watershed outlet. A conceptual (grey-box) model is usually a balance between the black-box and white-box model. In this study, three grey-box models were developed by varying model structures for a karst watershed. The performance of the grey-box models was evaluated and compared with a semi-distributed type (white-box) model that was developed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool in a previous study. The evaluation was carried out using goodness-of-fit statistics and extreme flow analysis using WETSPRO (Water Engineering Time Series Processing tool). Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies (NSE) of the grey-box models were from 0.39 to 0.77 in the calibration period and from 0.30 to 0.61 in the validation period. However, the white-box model performed better in terms of NSE but has a higher bias. The best grey-box model performed better in simulating extreme flow, whereas the white-box (SWAT) model adequately simulated daily flows.
Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (1), 26-39
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Nather, R. E. "Asteroseismology of white dwarf stars." Highlights of Astronomy 10 (1995): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600011473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Perhaps the hardest scientific problems to solve are those most scientists believe have already been solved, but which have not. Any model we make of an astronomical process is doomed to be incomplete at some level; the “broad-brush” picture of stellar structure and evolution is often accepted as a solved problem, but in fact many discrepancies exist between our models and the observations.For example, the “standard solar model” fails to predict the observed neutrino flux from the Sun, and its insistence that the Sun’s luminosity increased by 30% over geological time is not in accord with the evidence. White dwarf stars were thought to be stable against pulsation because the models did not pulsate, and it took a long time to improve them to the point where they did, and could then begin to match our observations of pulsating white dwarfs. For several years their outer hydrogen layers were thought to be extremely thin because models with thicker layers did not pulsate; once the zoning problem was found and solved in the models they could begin to match observations better. These past difficulties illustrate a common danger: it is very easy to confuse our models with the observed reality they try to mimic, and to assume they match better than they do. In what follows I will try to keep the observations and our models of them separate.
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Usher, Therri, Darrell J. Gaskin, Kelly Bower, Charles Rohde, and Roland J. Thorpe. "Residential Segregation and Hypertension Prevalence in Black and White Older Adults." Journal of Applied Gerontology 37, no. 2 (March 22, 2016): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0733464816638788.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: The purpose of this article was to assess segregation’s role on race differences in hypertension among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites aged 50 and over. Method: Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg, or self-reported antihypertensive medication use. Segregation measures combined race, neighborhood racial composition, and individual and neighborhood poverty level. Logistic models produced odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each segregation category, adjusting for health-related factors. Results: Blacks in Black (OR = 2.54, CI = [1.61, 4.00]), White (OR = 2.56, CI = [1.24, 5.31]), and integrated neighborhoods (OR = 3.23, CI = [1.72, 6.03]) had greater odds of hypertension compared with Whites in White neighborhoods. Poor Whites in poor neighborhoods (OR = 1.74, CI = [1.09, 2.76]), nonpoor Blacks in nonpoor (OR = 3.03, CI = [1.79, 5.12]) and poor neighborhoods (OR = 4.08, CI = [2.16, 7.70]), and poor Blacks in nonpoor (OR = 4.35, CI = [2.17, 8.73]) and poor neighborhoods (OR = 2.75, CI = [1.74, 4.36]) had greater odds compared with nonpoor Whites in nonpoor neighborhoods. Conclusion: Interventions targeting hypertension among older adults should consider neighborhood compositions.
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RALEY, R. KELLY. "Black-White Differences in Kin Contact and Exchange Among Never Married Adults." Journal of Family Issues 16, no. 1 (January 1995): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251395016001005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research uses the National Survey of Families and Households to explore Black-White differences in kin contact and exchange among unmarried young adults. Many significant differences between Blacks and Whites are found in both the descriptive statistics and in regression models that control for education, employment, and area of residence. This article also investigates the role of premarital fertility in race differences for women. Unmarried Black men and women are more likely than Whites to be living with relatives, especially nonnuclear relatives. In addition, Black women contact mothers and siblings and socialize with relatives more often than White women. However, Blacks are less likely to exchange aid with any relative, although they are more likely to exchange aid with relatives other than their parents.
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Asare, Matthew, Charles Stewart Kamen, Gary R. Morrow, Charles E. Heckler, Luke Joseph Peppone, Joan Long, Sharon Cole, et al. "Racial/ethnic differences in comprehension of biospecimen sharing/banking: University of Rochester Cancer Center NCI Community Oncology Research Program (URCC-NCORP) nationwide study in 710 cancer and healthy subjects." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e18077-e18077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e18077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
e18077 Background: Informed consent documents containing language about biospecimen storage/sharing (BSS) may be a barrier to minority participation in cancer research. We explored this issue in a nationwide URCC-NCORP observational study by assessing whether breast cancer patients and healthy control subjects, who provided consent to a cognitive function study, differed in their understanding of the ways their BSS could be used by researchers. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from female breast cancer patients scheduled to receive chemotherapy at NCORPs and healthy controls. After reading a consent form related to BSS and consenting to participate in a study about cognitive function, participants’ understanding of BSS was evaluated using four items for biospecimen sharing (score 0-4); three items for relevance to care (score 0-3); nine items for biospecimen use (score 0-9); and six for research purpose (score 0-6); a higher score indicates better understanding. Linear models were used to compare the mean scores between white and non-white subjects, adjusting for education and baseline reading comprehension (WRAT). Results: 461Breast cancer patients and 249 healthy controls completed the survey. The adjusted linear models showed that white subjects scored higher than non-whites (mean scores 14.43 vs. 13.43) on the survey questions overall (p < 0.05), after accounting for education and WRAT. White subjects were more likely than non-whites to correctly answer all the questions for the biospecimen use (42.1% vs. 34.4%, p < 0.22), biospecimen sharing (31.3% vs. 28.1%, p < 0.74), relevance to care (35.1% vs. 17.2%, p < 0.01), and research purpose (4.1% vs. 1.4%, p < 0.97). Conclusions: Our research suggests that informed consent comprehension related to BSS is low overall across all racial/ethnic backgrounds, but non-white subjects’ scores remained lower than whites even after adjusting for education and WRAT. Efforts should be made by researchers to make it easier for all study subjects, especially non-white subjects, to understand informed consent form and BSS.
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NYLAND, G. A., B. C. McKENZIE, P. R. MYLES, M. G. SEMPLE, W. S. LIM, P. J. M. OPENSHAW, R. C. READ, et al. "Effect of ethnicity on care pathway and outcomes in patients hospitalized with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the UK." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 6 (August 1, 2014): 1129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001873.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYData were extracted from the case records of UK patients admitted with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. White and non-White patients were characterized by age, sex, socioeconomic status, pandemic wave and indicators of pre-morbid health status. Logistic regression examined differences by ethnicity in patient characteristics, care pathway and clinical outcomes; multivariable models controlled for potential confounders. Whites (n = 630) and non-Whites (n = 510) differed by age, socioeconomic status, pandemic wave of admission, pregnancy, recorded obesity, previous and current smoking, and presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. After adjustment fora prioriconfounders non-Whites were less likely to have received pre-admission antibiotics [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0·43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·28–0·68,P < 0·001) but more likely to receive antiviral drugs as in-patients (aOR 1·53, 95% CI 1·08–2·18,P = 0·018). However, there were no significant differences by ethnicity in delayed admission, severity at presentation for admission, or likelihood of severe outcome.
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Ide, Michael Enku, Blair Harrington, Yolanda Wiggins, Tanya Rouleau Whitworth, and Naomi Gerstel. "Emerging Adult Sons and Their Fathers: Race and the Construction of Masculinity." Gender & Society 32, no. 1 (December 22, 2017): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243217743245.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Challenging the public dichotomy characterizing fathers as “involved” or “absentee,” we investigate racial variation in college men’s perceptions of their paternal relationships and the gendered constructions these promote. The analysis draws on intensive interviews (n = 76) with Asian American, Black, and white sons from one university and survey data (n = 1,576) from 24 institutions. In both data sets, Asian Americans and Blacks describe greater paternal distance than do whites. This conceals variations in sons’ understanding of fathers. Asian Americans often criticize their fathers’ distance, disidentifying with the near-exclusive focus on breadwinning they describe among fathers. In contrast, Blacks and whites normalize and identify with their dads. Blacks emphasize the “laid-back,” “cool” masculinity their dads impart, while whites often emphasize the independent masculinity based on mentorship and friendship their dads offer. Recasting sociological theories, we argue these differences emanate from divergent structural contexts, but more importantly, cultural conceptions of fatherhood, race, and gender as well as public discussions that valorize white models of fatherhood.
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Cihlar, Jennifer, and Carl Fichtenbaum. "1255. Comparison in AIDS-Related Mortality Between African Americans and Whites with Human Immunodeficiency Virus During the HAART Era." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1118.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Background Higher death rates have been reported in African American (AA) compared with non-Hispanic whites with HIV infection. However, there are no published studies of attributable mortality by racial and ethnic groups. We evaluated differences in attributable mortality between AA and whites. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all persons with HIV infection who received care at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center whose deaths were between 1996 and 2017. We abstracted chart data using a standard data tool and identified all deaths reported to the social security national database. Probable cause of death was assigned using the EuroSida CoDe methodology. Primary endpoint was to compare AIDS vs. non-AIDS-related deaths between AA and whites. Results Initial analysis of 588 deaths are reported through 2007 (44% AA and 53% white). The median age at the time of HIV diagnosis was 37 years for AA patients and 36 years for white patients, while median age at the time of death was 43 years for AA and 42 years for whites (P = ns). 16.9% of AA were women, 2.6% were transgender; 10.3% of whites were women and 1% were transgender (P < 0.02). Risk factors for HIV acquisition included: MSM, 61.3% of whites vs. 46.0% AA; heterosexual contact, 11.7% of whites vs. 13.4% for AA; and injection drug use 16.9% white vs. 18.3% AA (P < 0.0001). African Americans had both lower median CD4 counts at the time of diagnosis and within 3–6 months prior to death (167 and 68 cells/mm3, respectively) as compared with whites (214 and 103 cells/mm3, respectively) (P < 0.0001 for both). There was no statistical significance of having AIDS at entry into the practice between AA and whites (P = 0.79). AIDS-related deaths accounted for a larger percentage of overall deaths within white patients (51%) compared with AA patients (40%) (P = 0.03). Conclusion Our data show that while a greater percent of AIDS-related deaths were found in whites vs. AA in the early HAART era, AA patients typically have lower CD4 counts at the time of diagnosis and within 3–6 months prior to death. Future analyses will examine specific attributable mortality, HIV viremia and changes in causes of death over later HAART era. Understanding factors associated with mortality may inform care models to prevent or delay future deaths. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.