Статті в журналах: "WHITE SPOT DISEASE"

1

Volnukhin, B. A., L. F. Znamenskaya, I. A. Kappusheva, N. L. Muradyan, and A. S. Dvornikov. "Phototherapy of extragenital white spot disease." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 91, no. 6 (December 24, 2015): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2015-91-6-61-66.

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Objective. To study the effectiveness of UVA1therapy and PUVA therapy in patients with extragenital lichen sclerosus. Materials and methods. Effectiveness of the phototherapy methods was studied in 12 patients with extragenital lichen sclerosus (8 women, 4 men) aged from 19 to 61 years old with the disease history of 1-25 years. 6 patients received UVA1therapy while 3 patients received general PUVA therapy and 3 patients - local PUVA therapy. All the patients underwent phototherapy in the form of monotherapy. Results. After the treatment clinical improvement was observed in 6 patients from the UVA1 group (100%) and 4 patients from the PUVA group (66.7%), significant improvement of clinical picture and clinical remission were registered in 1 (16.7%) and 2 (33.3%) patients from the PUVA group, respectively. Phototherapy caused partial or full regress of main lichen sclerosus symptoms: sclerosis, induration, erythema, epidermal atrophy and skin hypopigmentation. The tolerability of treatment was satisfying, serious adverse effects were not reported. Conclusion. Conducted research indicates the effectiveness of UVA1therapy and PUVA therapy in patients with extragenital lichen sclerosus. Phototherapy may be a choice in the management of the disease.

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Fowler and Ambrose. "Alternative Diagnostic Tools for White Spot Disease." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036049.

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Ufaz, Shai, Adi Balter, Chen Tzror, Shai Einbender, Ori Koshet, Janna Shainsky-Roitman, Zvi Yaari, and Avi Schroeder. "Anti-viral RNAi nanoparticles protect shrimp against white spot disease." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 3, no. 1 (2018): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7me00092h.

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Nearly 20% of cultured shrimp die every year due to viral diseases. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of nanoparticulate RNA interference (RNAi) to down-regulate genes in Penaeus vannamei shrimp and protect shrimp against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV, i.e. white spot disease).

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Joshi, Surabhi, and Chintan Joshi. "Management of Enamel White Spot Lesions." Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 3, no. 3 (2013): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10031-1052.

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ABSTRACT Dental caries is a highly prevalent multifactorial disease and is a major public health problem. A goal of modern dentistry is to manage enamel white spot lesions noninvasively and effectively an attempt to prevent disease progression and improve esthetics, strength and function. The progression of caries has been tried to be curbed at initial stage only but for that only use of fluoride application was suggested but with recent developments in dental materials other remineralization options as well as noninvasive masking procedure can be performed to attain best result. This article reviews all the materials and techniques mentioned in the literature to manage the world's most common disease in its initial stage only. How to cite this article Joshi S, Joshi C. Management of Enamel White Spot Lesions. J Contemp Dent 2013;3(3):133-137.

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Inada, Mari, Tohru Mekata, and Toshiaki Itami. "White Spot Disease: WSD ( = Penaeid Acute Viremia: PAV)." Fish Pathology 52, no. 3 (2017): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.52.115.

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Arboleda, MDM, and WT Reichardt. "Vibrio sp. causing Porites ulcerative white spot disease." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 90, no. 2 (June 11, 2010): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao02222.

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Alifuddin, M., D. Dana, M. Eidman, M. B. Malole, and F. H. Pasaribu. "White Spot Disease in Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon Fab.) : Infection of White Spot Virus at 20, 100 and 200 uG/Ml by Dipping Method within 120 Minutes Exposure Time." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2007): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.2.31-35.

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An infection trial of white spot disease on tiger shrimp was conducted by water borne inoculation with the different of viral concentration. The result showed that the viral concentration influenced the appearance of white spot specific lesion, occurrence and disease development. This study also indicated that white spot virus infect hepato-pancreatic tissue as well as gill, intestine and lymphoid tissues. Key word: White spot virus, infectious disease, tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fab. <h2>ABSTRAK</h2> Percobaan penularan penyakit white spot pada udang windu telah dilakukan secara perendaman dengan berbagai konsentrasi virus. Hasil percobaan ini memperlihatkan, bahwa konsentrasi virus mempengaruhi kemunculan lesi spesifik penyakit white spot, kejadian dan perkembangan penyakit. Percobaan ini juga memperlihatkan, bahwa hepatopankrea terserang virus white spot disamping, insang, usus dan jaringan limfoid. Kata kunci: Virus white spot, penyakit infeksi, udang windu, Penaeus monodon Fab.

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Bright Singh, IS, M. Manjusha, SS Pai, and R. Philip. "Fenneropenaeus indicus is protected from white spot disease by oral administration of inactivated white spot syndrome virus." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 66 (2005): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao066265.

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Alifuddin, M., D. Dana, M. Eidman, M. B. Malole, and F. H. Pasaribu. "Patogenesis of White Spot Virus Infection (WSV) on Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon Fab.)." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.2.85-92.

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The pathogenesis determination of white spot disease on tiger shrimp to study effect of various white spot virus concentrations on pathological changes was conducted by water borne infection with the several of viral concentration within 60 minute using black tiger shrimp post larvae. The result showed the incubation period of the disease based on appeareance of white spot at 2-2000 ng/ml is 17 days p.i., whilst at 0.2-0.02 ng/ml is 19 days p.i. It seem, the lowest viral concentration stimulated respond immune of shrimp which indicated by low mortalities percentage (13.3 and 10.6%). Stage of disease development recognized throughout histological analyse, based on hypertropie of nuclei, is stage 0-4. Based on microscopic observation, the white spot seen pleomorphic forms which related to its development and seem to be used as rapid diagnostic tool for indicating of WS infection. This study also proved by histological observation that hepatopancreatic tissue can be infected as well as epidermis of carapace, gill, intestine and lymphoid tissues. One of pathological changes by WS infection is white spot as pathogonomic lesi of the disease. Keyword : White spot virus, infectious disease, tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab.)

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KAIGE, Noboru, and Teruo MIYAZAKI. "A histopathological study of white spot disease in Japanese flounder." Fish Pathology 20, no. 1 (1985): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.20.61.

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Stentiford, G. D., and D. V. Lightner. "Cases of White Spot Disease (WSD) in European shrimp farms." Aquaculture 319, no. 1-2 (September 2011): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.06.032.

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Selvin, J., and AP Lipton. "Vibrio alginolyticus associated with white spot disease of Penaeus monodon." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 57 (2003): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao057147.

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Le, Thanh Binh, Minh Ngoc Truong, Thi Nguyet Ho, and Thi Huyen Le. "Trichoderma asperellum T10 - Apotential microbial strain against the Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causes white spot disease on dragon fruitin Binh Thuan province." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 64, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.64(10db).14-19.

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The Trichoderma asperellum T10 isolated from soil for dragon fruit growth in Binh Thuan province, has a strong antagonistic ability against the Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, causing the white spot disease on dragon fruit. The results showed that T. asperellum T10 had a high antagonistic effect against fungal pathogens of 100%, and the inhibitory zone diameterreached 28.00 mm in laboratory conditions. T. asperellum T10 has been influential in the prevention and treatment of white spot disease in greenhouse conditions and reducing disease rates by 28-40% and disease index by 23-33% compared to the control. T. asperellum T10 is proposed as a potential strain of a microbial product for the prevention and treatment of white spot disease on dragon fruit.

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14

Haapkylä, J., A. S. Seymour, J. Trebilco, and D. Smith. "Coral disease prevalence and coral health in the Wakatobi Marine Park, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, no. 2 (April 2007): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315407055828.

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This is the first study on coral diseases in the Wakatobi Marine National Park (WMNP), south-east Sulawesi. It aimed to provide baseline knowledge of coral disease prevalence and coral health in this remote region. Results indicate a low disease prevalence of 0.57% with only two known diseases occurring within the sampling unit, white syndrome (0.42%) and tumours (0.15%). They affected 15 taxonomic groups from a total of 32 taxonomic groups. The presence of black-band disease (BBD), skeletal eroding band (SEB) disease and Porites ulcerative white spot disease (PUWSD) was identified outside the study area. A large number of corals were affected by previously undescribed conditions (9.7% of colonies). The impact of lesions named as green spot, green band, pigmented spot, and flatworm infestation is not known and represents an important area for future studies.

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Phanse, Yashdeep, Supraja Puttamreddy, Duan Loy, Julia Vela Ramirez, Kathleen A. Ross, Ignacio Alvarez-Castro, Mark Mogler, et al. "RNA Nanovaccine Protects against White Spot Syndrome Virus in Shrimp." Vaccines 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091428.

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In the last 15 years, crustacean fisheries have experienced billions of dollars in economic losses, primarily due to viral diseases caused by such pathogens as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Asian tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. To date, no effective measures are available to prevent or control disease outbreaks in these animals, despite their economic importance. Recently, double-stranded RNA-based vaccines have been shown to provide specific and robust protection against WSSV infection in cultured shrimp. However, the limited stability of double-stranded RNA is the most significant hurdle for the field application of these vaccines with respect to delivery within an aquatic system. Polyanhydride nanoparticles have been successfully used for the encapsulation and release of vaccine antigens. We have developed a double-stranded RNA-based nanovaccine for use in shrimp disease control with emphasis on the Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei. Nanoparticles based on copolymers of sebacic acid, 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane, and 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane exhibited excellent safety profiles, as measured by shrimp survival and histological evaluation. Furthermore, the nanoparticles localized to tissue target replication sites for WSSV and persisted through 28 days postadministration. Finally, the nanovaccine provided ~80% protection in a lethal WSSV challenge model. This study demonstrates the exciting potential of a safe, effective, and field-applicable RNA nanovaccine that can be rationally designed against infectious diseases affecting aquaculture.

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Christanti, Chelvieana A., Debora V. Widyanti, Yesica C. Rhenata, Floreta D. Icasari, David L. Gultom, Sudarsono Siburian, and Wahyu Irawati. "INCREASED RESISTANCE OF PENAEUS MONODON TO WHISPOVIRUS CAUSES WHITE SPOT SYNDROME THROUGH ANTIVIRUS GENE TRANSFER." BIOLINK (Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan Industri Kesehatan) 8, no. 1 (August 13, 2021): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/biolink.v8i1.4597.

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The shrimp species Penaeus monodon is the main commodity of Indonesian aquaculture. One of the obstacles when cultivating tiger prawns is the attack of white spot disease (White Spot Syndrome Virus) which makes the quality and quantity of production decrease. One attempteffective for overcoming the white spot virus attack on shrimp, namely through the transfer of antiviral genes. Previous researchers carried out the transfer of antiviral genes to provide immunological effects so that they were resistant to pathogen attack and could prevent the death of tiger prawns. Destinationwriting article that is This study aims to determine the increase in resistance of tiger shrimp to Whispovirus that causes White Spot Syndrome through the transfer of antiviral genes. The type of research conducted is descriptive qualitative with a literature review method that discusses five focus studies, namely Whispovirus as a cause of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) disease in tiger prawns, tiger shrimp infected with White Spot Syndrome Virus, the use of PmAV antiviral genes in the treatment of Whispovirus , the mechanism of transfection of antiviral genes in the treatment of Whispovirus infection against tiger prawns, and changes in tiger shrimp resistance after insertion of antiviral genes. The conclusion obtained is that the addition of antiviral genes in tiger shrimp DNA can increase its resistance to Whispovirus.

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Sauer, Aline Vanessa, Katia Regina Rocha, Ricardo Martins Gonçalves, Walter Fernandes Meirelles, José Edson Fontes Figueiredo, Ivanildo Evódio Marriel, and Luzia Doretto Paccola-Meirelles. "Survival of pantoea ananatis, causal agent of maize white spot disease in crop debris." Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (June 23, 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.2015v1i1p21.

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Maize white spot, caused by the bacterium Pantoea ananatis, is one of the most detrimental diseases of maize in Brazil and has contributed to significant yield reduction. In this study, P. ananatis isolates were recovered from maize white spot lesions, healthy leaves, corn crop residues and Digitaria horizontalis. All the bacterial isolates were identified and characterized by morphological traits analysis, acid production from sorbitol and glycerol, ice nucleation activity, metabolic fingerprint similarities and molecular analysis by Polymerase Chain Reaction with species-specific primers for P. ananatis (ANAF/ANAR). Results showed that isolates recovered from maize white spot lesions were similar to those isolates collected from other sources. It suggests that corn crop residues, D. horizontalis and healthy leaf surface of the corn plant itself, could be a source of survival for P. ananatis.

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Ismail, Ramli A., Edwin L. A. Ngangi, and Markus T. Lasut. "Effect of NPK ferlilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) on seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, growth and white spot desease prevention." AQUATIC SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jasm.2.1.2014.12389.

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Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Pengaruh pupuk NPK [nitrogen, fosfor, kalium] terhadap pertumbuhan dan penanggulangan penyakit ‘white spot’ pada rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii This study aimed to analyze the effect of NPK fertilizer absorption on the growth of seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, and the white spot disease prevention. This study could become a source of information for seaweed farmers to increase seaweed production through the use of NPK fertilizers. This study was conducted from January until March, 2014 in the waters of Toropot Village, the District of Bokan Islands, Banggai Laut. To know whether the different doses affect the white spot infection, ANOVA with Tukey's test was used. Results showed that all doses had the same potential to recover from white spot disease and heal faster than the control (no dose). The addition of nutrients N, P, and K at high dose could accelerate the recovery of the algae from white spot desease and increase the growth rate. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penyerapan pupuk NPK terhadap pertumbuhan dan penanggulangan penyakit white spot pada rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii. Penelitian ini dapat sebagai sumber informasi bagi pembudidaya rumput laut untuk meningkatkan produksi rumput laut melalui penggunaan pupuk NPK. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan mulai Januari sampai Maret 2014 di perairan Desa Toropot, Kecamatan Bokan Kepulauan, Kabupaten Banggai Laut. Untuk mengetahui apakah perbedaan dosis memberikan pengaruh terhadap serangan white spot, maka dilakukan pengujian ANOVA dengan uji Tukey. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa bahwa semua dosis memiliki potensi yang sama untuk memulihkan penyakit white spot dan lebih cepat penyembuhannya dari kontrol (tanpa dosis). Penambahan nutrien N, P dan K pada dosis tinggi dapat mempercepat pemulihan alga dari penyakit white spot dan dapat meningkatkan laju pertumbuhannya.

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Palupi, Ratna Diyah, Rahmadani Rahmadani, and Ira Ira. "Status of Coral Health and Disease in Kessilampe Waters, Kendari, South East Sulawesi." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 23, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.23.3.137-144.

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Diseases of coral reef organisms have become a global threat to coral reefs and a major cause of reef deterioration. The presence of coral diseases influence marine resources productivity that interact with coral reefs. The purpose of this research is to identify coral disease types and prevalence which include coral health compromiser. Data collection was done by using 40 m2 belt transects at three observation stations. The result showed that the White Syndrome (WS), Bleaching, Ulcerative White Spot (UWS), Skeleton Eroding Band (SEB), White Patch (WP), and Non Focal Bleaching were found at research sites, while the coral health compromisers were Sediment damage, fish bite, invertebrate galls, flatworm infestation, and pigmentation response. In addition disease of White Syndrome (WS), Bleaching, and Ulcerative White Spot (UWS) were the main disease with prevalence of disease is approximately 4%, while the others were lower than 1%. Overall the prevalence of diseases (14,52%) is higher than compromise health (13,98%). A total of 186 coral colonies observed with 27 colonies were affected by diseases. Meanwhile, the waters quality (salinity, pH, and nitrate) were below the threshold quality standards for marine aquatic animal and not supported of coral organism was presume organisms against pathogens bacterial. Although the prevalence of coral disease is still in normal condition but the decrease of water quality can lead the risk. Good management is required from local government to improve the water quality especially from terrestrial impact.

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Khajehrahimi, A. E., S. Tamadoni Jahromi, S. Pourmozaffar, and H. Rameshi. "A review on strategic programs to control shrimp white spot disease." International Journal of Veterinary Research 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/injvr.1.2.23.

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Kuular, Olimpiada. "Assessment of the resistance of strawberry varieties to major diseases in the south of Sakhalin." E3S Web of Conferences 392 (2023): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339201026.

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The article presents the main diseases of garden strawberries in the monsoon climate of the island. Sakhalin - gray rot and white spot. Observations were carried out from 2017 to 2020 in the experimental nursery of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Sakhalin Research Institute of Agriculture”. The purpose of the research was to assess the introduced varieties of garden strawberry for resistance to diseases with the selection of the most resistant varieties for its further introduction. The objects of study were 21 varieties of garden strawberry As a result of the research, varieties that are complexly resistant to white spot and gray rot were identified: Amulet, Deroyyal, El’santa. Deroyyal, El’santa, Figaro, Sal’sa, Tago. Varieties with resistance to white spot are distinguished: Tanyusha, Rumba, Evi, Amulet, Deroyyal, El’santa, Cheburashka. Varieties with weak, 1 point susceptibility to one of the diseases - Rumba, Evi, Cheburashka, Kleri, Podarok sud’by, Vima Zanta, Figaro, Tago, Sal’sa The most affected strawberry varieties to gray rot disease were noted in 2020. The most favorable for the development of white spot disease developed in 2018, 2020, associated with the temperature regime of the air in these years, where the sum of effective temperatures was 781 ° C and 830 ° C. and farms.

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Chakrabarty, U., S. Dutta, A. Mallik, and N. Mandal. "White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and prevalence of disease resistance in a commercially cultured population of Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata)." Crustaceana 87, no. 14 (2014): 1593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003382.

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White spot disease (WSD) caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the leading cause for huge economic destruction in the shrimp aquaculture industry. The present study investigates the prevalence of WSSV and disease-resistant shrimps among a commercially cultured population of Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798. Results suggest that WSSV prevalence among 32 culture ponds affected by various diseases was 58.2% cumulatively in 2009 and 2010. Real-time PCR yielded 1.46 × 108, 1.94 × 106 and 3.6 × 104 copies of WSSV per μg of genomic DNA of shrimp in severe, moderate and low infected shrimps, successively. Among the shrimps collected, the prevalence of disease resistance was 31.4% and 37.1% consecutively in 2009 and 2010. It was found that 34% of the shrimps were disease resistant while considering both years. This study shows the importance of using disease-resistant seeds for better shrimp health management.

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Suprapto, Hari. "THE EVIDENCE OF BACILLIFORM VIRUS A CAUSATIVE AGENT OF WHITE SPOT SYNDROME OF WHITE SHRIMP Penaeus merguiensis." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2003): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.9.1.20036.

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The rod-shape virus particles were found in the hyperthrophied nucleus and cytoplasm of diseased white shrimp Penaeus merguiensis naturally infected by White spot syndrome (WSBV). In natural infection cumulative mortality of shrimp were very high, 95 percent of population were dead in 3-7 days, and 5 percent of shrimp population survived. The disease was outbreak in intensive culture farms used the closed circulation sea water system. Others crustacean such as crabs and bentatos were not infected by WSBV at time of sampling. The virus particle were rod-shape ranging from 78 10 nm in diameter and 280 10 nm in length. The pathogenic bacteria mainly dominated by genus Vibrio sp were isolated from shrimp.

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Wang, C. S., Y. J. Tsai, and S. N. Chen. "Detection of White Spot Disease Virus (WSDV) Infection in Shrimp Usingin SituHybridization." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 72, no. 2 (September 1998): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1998.4771.

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Adhikari, Kavita, Chiranjivi Sharma, Anju Karki, Isha Budha Magar, Radhika Chand, and Sajana Gharti Magar. "Varietal Screening of Radish Genotypes Against Alternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria raphani) at Western Nepal." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 11, no. 4 (April 23, 2023): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v11i4.639-643.5346.

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Paucity of knowledge on resistant variety, high yield loss ranging from 32- 57% and dearth of knowledge on management of Alternaria leaf spot has been the major concerns in radish production in the world. Our study will aid in multiplication and standardization of the germane variety of radish resistant to Alternaria leaf spot disease so as to escalate the production, productivity, and the competitiveness in the domestic as well as in the international market. Hence, this experiment was rendered to screen the radish genotypes against Alternaria leaf spot disease in Western Nepal in 2021. Seven genotypes namely Sparkle white F1 hybrid, Korean cross, Palak-patta 35, Pyuthane red, 40 days, Geeta 33, and Mino early were used as the treatment and experiment was laid out in one factorial RCBD design. Each treatment was assigned with 8 plants for observation with 3 replications per treatment. Parameters like days to appearance of disease, incidence of disease on seedling, disease severity (3 scorings), mean score of disease, mean AUDPC and reaction of genotypes were measured during the experiment. Our study unveiled highly significant result for the days to appearance of disease, disease severity, mean score of disease and AUDPC among the genotypes of radish. Alternaria leaf spot first appeared in Pyuthane red (18.33 days) while appeared late in Mino early. Disease severity was found harsh in 40 days at each scoring (57.33, 64.67 and 70.33 respectively); on the contrary severity was minor in Sparkle white at each scoring (26.67, 35 and 44.17 respectively). Similarly, the highest MDS (3.4) and AUDPC (449.8) was found in 40 days, whereas the lowest MDS (1.7) and AUDPC (246.5) was observed in Sparkle white. Ultimately, it is contended that 40 days was found to be moderately susceptible variety while other varieties were found to be moderately resistant.

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Yadav, Kanika, Arunima Kumar Verma, Ajey Kumar Pathak, and Abhishek Awasthi. "In Silico Prediction of Molecular Interaction Within PmCBP-VP24 Complex to Understand Initial Instigation of WSSV into Shrimps." Genetics of Aquatic Organisms 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/2459-1831-v5_2_05.

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White Spot Disease is one of the most devastating diseases of shrimps. Molecular interaction between shrimp receptor protein PmCBP (Chitin binding protein of Peneaus monodon) and viral envelop protein VP24 is obligatory for binding of the White Spot Syndrome Virus to the shrimp digestive tract, and failure of this anchoring leads to an ineffectual infection. This is a first study that throws light on the molecular interaction of PmCBP-VP24 complex and provides important clues for initial steps of ingression of the virus into shrimps.

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Hagan, A. K., G. J. Keever, C. H. Gilliam, J. D. Williams, and G. Creech. "Susceptibility of Crapemyrtle Cultivars to Powdery Mildew and Cercospora Leaf Spot in Alabama." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-16.3.143.

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Abstract Reaction of 43 cultivars in three crapemyrtle taxa (Lagerstroemia indica, L. indica x fauriei and L. fauriei) to powdery mildew (Erysiphe lagerstroemia) and Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora lythracearum) was evaluated for three years in a simulated landscape planting in Auburn, AL. Overall, the incidence of powdery mildew was lower on L. indica x fauriei and L. fauriei than on L. indica. In two of three years, Cercospora leaf spot severity was similar among all cultivars of L. indica and L. indica x fauriei, while the single selection of L. fauriei ‘Fantasy’ proved highly resistant to this disease. Selected cultivars in each crapemyrtle taxa were resistant to one or both diseases. Over the three-year evaluation period, hybrid cultivars ‘Tuscarora’, ‘Tuskegee’, and ‘Tonto’, as well as L. fauriei ‘Fantasy’ were largely free of powdery mildew and suffered little damage from Cercospora leaf spot. Cultivars suffering light injury to the foliage along with little noticeable defoliation from either disease were L. indica x fauriei ‘Basham's Party Pink’, ‘Apalachee’, ‘Caddo’ as well as L. indica ‘Cherokee’ and ‘Glendora White’. Lagerstroemia indica ‘Carolina Beauty’, ‘Wonderful White’, ‘Raspberry Sundae’, ‘Powhatan’, ‘Peppermint Lace’, ‘Majestic Beauty’, and ‘Orbin Adkins’ were susceptible to both powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot. The mildew-resistant cultivars ‘Acoma’, ‘Near East’, ‘Yuma’, ‘Souix’, ‘Hopi’, and ‘Comanche’ suffered extensive spotting of the leaves, which extended well into the mid-canopy, along with heavy leaf shed due to Cercospora leaf spot. Cultivars which are susceptible to one or both diseases would be poor choices in low maintenance commercial or residential landscapes.

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Yatna, Puri, Yessy Yanitasari, and Dedih Dedih. "Sistem Pakar Mendiagnosis Penyakit Pada Ikan Gurami Menggunakan Metode Dempster Shafer." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 3, no. 2 (August 2, 2019): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v3i2.917.

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The limited knowledge possessed by gouramy cultivators on diseases that attack gouramy has become a problem and obstacle in the effort of hatchery and enlargement of gouramy and the lack of experts in gouramy to provide counseling about gouramy diseases, so it is necessary to develop expert system applications aimed at a forum for consultation with experts, diagnosing gouramy disease and providing solutions to prevent diseases of gouramy. In the expert system there are several inference machines that can be used, one of them is using dempster shafers which are mathematical theories for proof based on belief functions and plausible reasoning. Used to calculate the probability of an event obtained from a combination of separate pieces of information (facts). In this study an expert system for diagnosing disease in gouramy using a dempster shafer inference machine resulted in a calculation of the level of confidence in carp disease at the highest 99.85% in Red Disease (Motile Aeromonas Septocemia) and at least 90% in white spot disease (White spot ).

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Campos Krauer, Juan Manuel, Samantha M. Wisely, and Hanna M. Barber. "Lumpy Jaw in White-tailed Deer." EDIS 2020, no. 5 (October 15, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-uw472-2020.

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Lumpy jaw is a deer health problem that all deer farmers eventually face. It gets its name from the swollen jaws or cheeks and necrotic lesions it causes in and around the jaw bones of animals including white-tailed deer. The disease is considered a significant problem for deer farms in North America, where it is one of the most important production-limiting diseases and causes high rates of mortality in fawns. This 4-page fact sheet written by Juan M. Campos Krauer, Samantha M. Wisely, and Hannah M. Barber and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation explains how deer acquire lumpy jaw, how to spot it in deer, how to treat it, and how to prevent it in the first place.

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Talukder, Abu Salman, Nusrat Jahan Punom, Md Mostavi Enan Eshik, Mst Khadiza Begum, H. M. Rakibul Islam, Zakir Hossain, and Mohammad Shamsur Rahman. "Molecular identification of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and associated risk factors for white spot disease (WSD) prevalence in shrimp (Penaeus monodon) aquaculture in Bangladesh." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 179 (February 2021): 107535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2021.107535.

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Escanferla, Maria, Philip Wysmierski, Walter Meirelles, and Luzia Meirelles. "Viability and dissemination of Pantoea ananatis, etiological agent of Maize White Spot disease." Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 4, no. 2 (November 18, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.2018v4i2p52.

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Maize white spot (MWS) is a disease widely spread in maize production regions in Brazil and causes serious economic damages to the culture. Little is known about the dissemination, growth and development conditions of the MWS causal agent, the bacterium Pantoea ananatis. The objective of this work was to determine the viability of this bacterium, as well as its distribution in the plant. P. ananatis after isolated was stored in both, Nutrient Broth (NB) medium and in mineral oil. For the viability tests, the cultures stored in NB were maintained at 12ºC and –6ºC and the cultures stored in mineral oil were maintained at room temperature. The isolate remained viable for seven months in NB medium at the two temperatures assessed, and four months when stored in mineral oil. The presence of the P. ananatis bacteria was analyzed in, 1) soil samples collected close to rhizosphere, 2) in seeds from plants severely attacked by MWS, 3) foliar segments of healthy plants and 4) the stem of healthy plants. P. ananatis was found surviving epiphytically on the leaf surface and its population increased with plant age, air relative humidity, and decreasing of temperature. This agent was not found neither rhizosphere nor in seeds, but it was isolated in low quantity in maize stem. P. ananatis resides epiphytically on leaves and, due to several factors, may trigger injuries to its host. All epiphytic isolates were characterized in regards to ice nucleation activity, a characteristic of this pathogen.

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Debnath, Partho Pratim, Manjurul Karim, Hendrik Jan Keus, Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan, and Ben Belton. "Effects of White Spot Disease and Bio-Security on Shrimp Farming in Bangladesh." Fish Pathology 51, Special-issue (2016): S60—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.51.s60.

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Dey, Bipul K., Girsha H. Dugassa, Sheban M. Hinzano, and Peter Bossier. "Causative agent, diagnosis and management of white spot disease in shrimp: A review." Reviews in Aquaculture 12, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 822–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/raq.12352.

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Pomini, Armando M., Luzia D. Paccola-Meirelles, and Anita J. Marsaioli. "Acyl-Homoserine Lactones Produced byPantoeasp. Isolated from the “Maize White Spot” Foliar Disease." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, no. 4 (February 2007): 1200–1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf063136a.

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Ruiz-Velazco, Javier M. J., Alfredo Hernández-Llamas, Victor M. Gomez-Muñoz, and Francisco J. Magallon. "Dynamics of intensive production of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei affected by white spot disease." Aquaculture 300, no. 1-4 (February 2010): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.12.027.

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Ling, K. H., Y. M. Sin, and T. J. Lam. "Effect of copper sulphate on ichthyophthiriasis (white spot disease) in goldfish (Carassius auratus)." Aquaculture 118, no. 1-2 (December 1993): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90277-6.

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Souza, Danuza Araújo de, Fernanda Aparecida Castro Pereira, Juliana Andrade Dias, Monik Evelin Leite, and João Bosco dos Santos. "Reaction of common bean progenies to white mold derived from recurrent selection." Ciência Rural 44, no. 4 (April 2014): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782014000400001.

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This study was realized with the objective of verifying the resistance to white mold of common bean progenies derived from recurrent selection for resistance to angular leaf spot. The plant material used was obtained from a program of recurrent selection, which was started by crossing seven lines with carioca grain type with ten sources of resistance to angular leaf spot according to the partial diallel scheme. To evaluate the resistance to white mold, it was verified the reaction of 17 parents plus 35 selected progenies, to oxalic acid. Huge heterogeneity among the parents was observed, showing that some of them have resistance alleles to white mold, and thus, there is a possibility of recombine these alleles through the recurrent selection and obtaining progenies with high levels of resistance. Even in initial cycles, some progenies exhibited resistance to white mold similar to the one of cultivar 'G-122', which presents good level of resistance to this disease. This leads to infer that the original population already had some level of physiological resistance for the reaction to absorption of oxalic acid, and also for resistance to angular leaf spot. Thus, among the selected progenies for resistance to angular leaf spot, grain type and high yield, at least four progenies have resistance to white mold similar to the source of resistance 'G-122'.

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Dornelas, Gabriel Avelar, Edson Ampélio Pozza, Paulo Estevão de Souza, Rodrigo Véras da Costa, Adélia Aziz Alexandre Pozza, and Leandro Alvarenga Santos. "Nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the yield and intensity of the maize white spot." Revista Ceres 62, no. 4 (August 2015): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201562040004.

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A plant's nutritional balance can influence its resistance to diseases. In order to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of N and K on the yield and severity of the mayze white spot, two experiments were installed in the field, one in the city of Ijaci, Minas Gerais, and the other in the city of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. The experimental delimitation was in randomized blocks with 5 x 5 factorial analysis of variance, and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of five doses of N (20; 40; 80; 150; 190 Kg ha-1of N in the experiments 1 and 2) and five doses of K (15; 30; 60; 120; 180 Kg ha-1of K in experiment 1 and 8.75; 17.5; 35; 50; 100 Kg ha-1of K in experiment 2). The susceptible cultivar 30P70 was planted in both experiments. The plot consisted of four rows 5 meters long, with a useful area consisting of two central rows 3 meters each. Evaluations began 43 days after emergence (DAE) in the first experiment and 56 DAE in the second one. There was no significant interaction between doses of N and K and the disease progress P+. The effect was only observed for N. The K did not influence the yield and the severity of the disease in these experiments. Bigger areas below the severity progress curve of the white spot and better yield were observed with increasing doses of N. Thus, with increasing doses of N, the white spot increased and also did the yield.

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Hagan, A. K., J. R. Akridge, and M. E. Rivas-Davila. "Impact of Fungicide Inputs on the Severity of Entomosporium Leaf Spot on Selections of Dwarf Indian Hawthorn." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-21.1.16.

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Abstract In a simulated landscape planting in Brewton, AL, the impact of fungicide treatments on severity of Entomosporium leaf spot was assessed on 13 selections of Indian hawthorn, which range from highly susceptible to resistant to this disease. Chlorothalonil [Daconil 2787 4.17F] at 1.25 g ai/liter was applied at 2-and 4-week intervals to a randomly selected plant in each plot. The remaining plant in each plot was not sprayed and was the untreated control. From mid-winter to mid-spring in 1997, 1998, and 1999, fungicide applications were made over a 13-to 15-week period. When compared to unsprayed controls, reductions in the severity of Entomosporium leaf spot were noted on the fungicide-treated plants of nearly all selections, regardless of their susceptibility to Entomosporium leaf spot. As expected, disease severity was usually lower on those plants sprayed at 2-week rather than 4-week intervals. While chlorothalonil significantly reduced disease severity on the Entomosporium leaf spot resistant selections ‘Indian Princess’®, ‘Clara’, ‘Snow White’, ‘Olivia’™, and ‘Eleanor Tabor’™, only a limited reduction in the number of infected leaves in the canopy and perhaps a minor reduction in premature leaf loss were seen. In contrast, substantially less leaf spotting and defoliation on the selections such as ‘Spring Rapture’®, ‘White Enchantress’®, ‘Enchantress’®, ‘Heather’, ‘Harbinger of Spring’®, ‘Pinkie’, and ‘Bay Breeze’® were obtained with chlorothalonil, particularly when this fungicide was applied at 2-week intervals. When treated with chlorothalonil at 2-week intervals, disease severity on susceptible selections was, however, comparable to the damage levels observed on the unsprayed leaf spot resistant selections. When compared with costly and labor-intensive fungicide inputs, production and establishment of disease resistant selections is the preferred strategy for preventing destructive outbreaks of Entomosporium leaf spot on Indian hawthorn in the nursery and landscape.

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Zahra, Aminatul, Sukenda Sukenda, and Dinamella Wahjuningrum. "Extract of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa as immunostimulant to controlling white spot disease in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.16.2.174-183.

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ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to examine effect of Gracilaria verrucosa extract in diet with different dosages to enhance immune response and resistance against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the Pacific white shrimp. The experiment consisted of six treatments in three replicates respectively, namely K- (without extract), K + (without extract + infected WSSV), A (2 g/kg of feed + infected WSSV), B (3 g/kg of feed + infected WSSV), C (4 g/kg of feed + infected WSSV), and D (5 g/kg of feed + infected WSSV). White shrimp with initial body weight of 6.07±0.10 g were reared in the (60×30×30) cm with density of 10 shrimps/aquarium. G. verrucosa was extracted with ethyl acetate. Pacific white shrimp had been fed medicated feed three times daily 3% at satiation for 14 days. At 15th days, white shrimp were challenged with WSSV at 0.1 mL/shrimp intramuscularly. The results showed that the immune response shrimp (total hemocyte count, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, and phenoloxidase activity) fed medicated feed increased significantly compared to positive and negative controls. The best relative percent survival post-challenge test was at 4 g/kg dose of G. verrucosa, i.e 41.07±3.09%. Confirmation of WSSV using PCR showed that shrimps (A, B, C, D, and K+) were positively infected by WSSV. It was concluded that 4 g/kg dose of G. verrucosa gave the best result to enhance immune response and resistance to WSSV infection. Keywords: seaweed, Gracilaria verrucosa, immunostimulant, Pacific white shrimp, WSSV ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian ekstrak Gracilaria verrucosa melalui pakan dengan dosis yang berbeda untuk meningkatkan imunitas dan resistensi udang vaname terhadap serangan white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Penelitian ini terdiri atas enam perlakuan dan masing-masing tiga ulangan, yaitu K- (tanpa ekstrak), K+ (tanpa ekstrak + infeksi WSSV), A (2 g/kg pakan + infeksi WSSV), B (3 g/kg pakan + infeksi WSSV), C (4 g/kg pakan + infeksi WSSV), dan D (5 g/kg pakan + infeksi WSSV). Udang vaname dengan bobot 6,07±0,10 g dipelihara dalam akuarium dengan ukuran (60×30×30) cm dengan padat tebar 10 ekor/akuarium. Udang diberi pakan perlakuan secara at satiation sebanyak tiga kali sehari selama 14 hari. Pada hari ke-15 diuji tantang dengan WSSV pada dosis 0,1 mL/ekor secara intramuskular. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa respons imun udang (total hemosit, aktivitas fagositik, respiratory burst, dan aktivitas fenoloksidase) yang diberi pakan mengandung ekstrak G. verrucosa mengalami peningkatan signifikan dibanding perlakuan kontrol positif maupun negatif. Relative percent survival terbaik pasca uji tantang pada perlakuan C (4 g/kg), yaitu 41,07±3,09%. Konfirmasi WSSV dengan menggunakan PCR menunjukkan hasil bahwa udang (A, B, C, D, and K+) positif terinfeksi WSSV. Disimpulkan bahwa dosis ekstrak G. verrucosa 4 g/kg pakan memberikan hasil terbaik untuk meningkatkan respons imun pada udang vaname dan resistensi terhadap WSSV. Kata kunci: rumput laut, Gracilaria verrucosa, imunostimulan, udang vaname, WSSV

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Zahra, Aminatul, Sukenda Sukenda, and Dinamella Wahjuningrum. "Extract of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa as immunostimulant to controlling white spot disease in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.16.2.185-194.

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ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to examine effect of Gracilaria verrucosa extract in diet with different dosages to enhance immune response and resistance against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the Pacific white shrimp. The experiment consisted of six treatments in three replicates respectively, namely K- (without extract), K + (without extract + infected WSSV), A (2 g/kg of feed + infected WSSV), B (3 g/kg of feed + infected WSSV), C (4 g/kg of feed + infected WSSV), and D (5 g/kg of feed + infected WSSV). White shrimp with initial body weight of 6.07±0.10 g were reared in the (60×30×30) cm with density of 10 shrimps/aquarium. G. verrucosa was extracted with ethyl acetate. Pacific white shrimp had been fed medicated feed three times daily 3% at satiation for 14 days. At 15th days, white shrimp were challenged with WSSV at 0.1 mL/shrimp intramuscularly. The results showed that the immune response shrimp (total hemocyte count, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, and phenoloxidase activity) fed medicated feed increased significantly compared to positive and negative controls. The best relative percent survival post-challenge test was at 4 g/kg dose of G. verrucosa, i.e 41.07±3.09%. Confirmation of WSSV using PCR showed that shrimps (A, B, C, D, and K+) were positively infected by WSSV. It was concluded that 4 g/kg dose of G. verrucosa gave the best result to enhance immune response and resistance to WSSV infection. Keywords: seaweed, Gracilaria verrucosa, immunostimulant, Pacific white shrimp, WSSV ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian ekstrak Gracilaria verrucosa melalui pakan dengan dosis yang berbeda untuk meningkatkan imunitas dan resistensi udang vaname terhadap serangan white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Penelitian ini terdiri atas enam perlakuan dan masing-masing tiga ulangan, yaitu K- (tanpa ekstrak), K+ (tanpa ekstrak + infeksi WSSV), A (2 g/kg pakan + infeksi WSSV), B (3 g/kg pakan + infeksi WSSV), C (4 g/kg pakan + infeksi WSSV), dan D (5 g/kg pakan + infeksi WSSV). Udang vaname dengan bobot 6,07±0,10 g dipelihara dalam akuarium dengan ukuran (60×30×30) cm dengan padat tebar 10 ekor/akuarium. Udang diberi pakan perlakuan secara at satiation sebanyak tiga kali sehari selama 14 hari. Pada hari ke-15 diuji tantang dengan WSSV pada dosis 0,1 mL/ekor secara intramuskular. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa respons imun udang (total hemosit, aktivitas fagositik, respiratory burst, dan aktivitas fenoloksidase) yang diberi pakan mengandung ekstrak G. verrucosa mengalami peningkatan signifikan dibanding perlakuan kontrol positif maupun negatif. Relative percent survival terbaik pasca uji tantang pada perlakuan C (4 g/kg), yaitu 41,07±3,09%. Konfirmasi WSSV dengan menggunakan PCR menunjukkan hasil bahwa udang (A, B, C, D, and K+) positif terinfeksi WSSV. Disimpulkan bahwa dosis ekstrak G. verrucosa 4 g/kg pakan memberikan hasil terbaik untuk meningkatkan respons imun pada udang vaname dan resistensi terhadap WSSV. Kata kunci: rumput laut, Gracilaria verrucosa, imunostimulan, udang vaname, WSSV

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Cheshkova, A. F. "Quantitative assessment of white spot (Ramularia tulasnei) disease severity of strawberry based on hyperspectral imaging." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 957, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/957/1/012005.

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Abstract This study examined strawberry white spot disease severity using different hyperspectral imaging analyzing methods. The plant leaf images were classified by spectral angle mapper (SAM), by vegetation indices (RENDVI, GNDVI, MCARI) thresholds and by principal component analysis (PCA) method. The SAM method showed the overall accuracy 84% when classifying three types of visual symptoms of the disease.

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Cox, Natasja, Evelien De Swaef, Mathias Corteel, Wim Van Den Broeck, Peter Bossier, João J. Dantas-Lima, and Hans J. Nauwynck. "The Way of Water: Unravelling White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Transmission Dynamics in Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp." Viruses 15, no. 9 (August 28, 2023): 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15091824.

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White spot disease (WSD) is a severe viral threat to the global shrimp aquaculture industry. However, little is known about white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) transmission dynamics. Our aim was to elucidate this in Litopenaeus vannamei using peroral in vivo WSSV challenge experiments. We demonstrated that WSD progression was rapid and irreversible, leading to death within 78 h. Viral DNA shedding was detected within 6 h of disease onset. This shedding intensified over time, reaching a peak within 12 h of the time of death. Isolating shrimp (clinically healthy and diseased) from infected populations at different time points post-inoculation showed that host-to-host WSSV transmission was occurring around the time of death. Exposing sentinels to environmental components (i.e., water, feces, molts) collected from tanks housing WSSV-infected shrimp resulted in a significantly (p-value < 0.05) increased infection risk after exposure to water (1.0) compared to the risk of infection after exposure to feces (0.2) or molts (0.0). Furthermore, ingestion of WSSV-infected tissues (cannibalism) did not cause a significantly higher number of WSD cases compared to immersion in water in which the same degree of cannibalism had taken place.

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Widanarni, Widanarni, Dewi Rahmi, Muhamad Gustilatov, Sukenda Sukenda, and Diah Ayu Satyari Utami. "Immune responses and resistance of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed Probiotic Bacillus sp NP5 and prebiotic honey against White Spot Syndrome Virus infection." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 19, no. 2 (September 18, 2020): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.19.2.118-130.

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ABSTRACT White spot disease caused by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is the most serious viral disease and has a major impact on the decline in production of white shrimp farm. Improving the immune response through the application of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic is expected to be one of the environmentally friendly alternatives to prevent the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of administrating Baccillus sp. NP5 probiotic, honey prebiotic and a combination both (synbiotic) in enhancing immune response and resistence of white shrimp to WSSV infection. This study consisted of five treatments and three replications, namely positive control (feeding without probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics then challenged with WSSV), negative control (feeding without probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, then injected with PBS), pro (feeding with the addition of Bacillus sp. NP5 probiotics then challenged against WSSV), pre (feeding with the addition of honey prebiotics then challenged against WSSV), and sin (feeding with the addition of synbiotics then challenged against WSSV). White shrimp with an average weight of 1.8±0.06 gram/shrimp were reared at a density of 15 shrimps per aquarium (60 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm and water height of 20 cm) for eight weeks, then challenge against WSSV at lethal dose (LD50) dose as much as 0.1 ml per shrimp. The results showed that the immune response and resistence of white shrimp after treatments of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics were better than those in controls with the optimal found in prebiotics treatment. Keywords: Bacillus sp. NP5, honey, immune response, white shrimp, WSSV ABSTRAK White spot disease yang disebabkan oleh infeksi white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) merupakan penyakit viral paling serius dan berdampak besar terhadap penurunan produksi budidaya udang vaname. Perbaikan respons imun melalui aplikasi probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif ramah lingkungan untuk pencegahan serangan penyakit tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pemberian probiotik Bacillus sp. NP5, prebiotik madu dan gabungan keduanya (sinbiotik) dalam meningkatkan respons imun dan resistansi udang vaname terhadap infeksi WSSV. Penelitian ini terdiri dari lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan yaitu kontrol positif (pemberian pakan tanpa probiotik, prebiotik, dan sinbiotik kemudian diuji tantang dengan WSSV), kontrol negatif (pemberian pakan tanpa probiotik, prebiotik, dan sinbiotik kemudian diinjeksi PBS), pro (pemberian pakan dengan penambahan probiotik Bacillus sp. NP5 kemudian diuji tantang dengan WSSV), pre (pemberian pakan dengan penambahan prebiotik madu kemudian diuji tantang WSSV), dan sin (pemberian pakan dengan penambahan sinbiotik kemudian diuji tantang dengan WSSV). Udang vaname dengan bobot rata-rata 1.8±0.06 gram/ekor dipelihara dengan kepadatan 15 ekor per akuarium (60 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm) selama delapan minggu, kemudian diuji tantang dengan WSSV sebanyak 0.1 ml per ekor pada dosis LD50. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa respons imun dan resistansi udang vaname setelah pemberian probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik lebih baik (P<0.05) dibandingkan kontrol dengan hasil optimal pada perlakuan prebiotik. Kata kunci: Bacillus sp. NP5, madu, respons imun, udang vaname, WSSV.

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William Norbert Kuate Tueguem, Jules Patrice Ngoh Dooh, Thierry Atindo Songwe, Alain Heu, Charles Essome Sale, Albert Dongmo Nanfack, Patrice Ngatsi Zemko, and Zachée Ambang. "Reaction of some rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to brown spot disease caused by Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker." Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2021.2.2.0008.

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In Africa, rice is produced and is a source of food energy in most developing countries. But its cultivation faces to brown spot disease, caused by Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker, which is a serious seed-borne and seed transmitted disease of rice worldwide.The aim of this study was to screen rice varieties for resistance to brown spot disease in field conditions inYaoundé. A completely randomized Fisher block design with three repetitions was used during 2 growing seasons (2015 and 2016). Growth, yields and disease (incidence and severity) parameters were evaluated on four rice varieties (Nerica 3 and 8, White rice and Kamkou). Results show that height of the Nerica 8 variety (86.03cm) and the number of tillers of Kamkou variety (21.66) were significantly highest compared to others varieties (P<0.05) at 59 Days After Sowing (DAS). There was no significant difference on disease incidence for the different rice varieties at the end of rice plant cycle. However disease severity was lower on Nerica 3(2.71%) and Nerica8 (2.05%) varieties and higher on White variety (4.57%). Hence, Nerica 3 and 8 varieties were more tolerant to brown spot disease than others varieties. Overall, Nerica 3 (3.68 t ha-1) and Kamkou (3.51 t ha-1) varieties resulted in higher yields than white rice 28.93 t ha-1.

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Li, Xiao-liang, Chu-long Zhang, Wei-huan Fang, and Fu-cheng Lin. "White-spot disease of Chinese soft-shelled turtles (Trionyx sinens) caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus." Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B 9, no. 7 (July 2008): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.b0720009.

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Korkut, Gül Gizem, Chadanat Noonin, and Kenneth Söderhäll. "The effect of temperature on white spot disease progression in a crustacean, Pacifastacus leniusculus." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 89 (December 2018): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.026.

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Gunasinghe, Niroshini, Ming Pei You, Gregory R. Cawthray, and Martin J. Barbetti. "Cercosporin From Pseudocercosporella capsellae and its Critical Role in White Leaf Spot Development." Plant Disease 100, no. 8 (August 2016): 1521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-15-1192-re.

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Pseudocercosporella capsellae, the causative agent of white leaf spot disease in Brassicaceae, can produce a purple-pink pigment on artificial media resembling, but not previously confirmed as, the toxin cercosporin. Chemical extraction with ethyl acetate from growing hyphae followed by quantitative (thin-layer chromatography [TLC] and high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]) and qualitative methods showed an identical absorption spectrum, with similar retardation factor (Rf) values on TLC papers and an identical peak with the same retention time in HPLC as for a standard for cercosporin. We believe this is the first report to confirm that the purple-pink pigment produced by P. capsellae is cercosporin. Confocal microscopy detected green autofluorescence of cercosporin-producing hyphae, confirming the presence of cercosporin inside hyphae. The highly virulent UWA Wlra-7 isolate of P. capsellae produced the greatest quantity of cercosporin (10.69 mg g−1). The phytotoxicity and role of cercosporin in disease initiation across each of three Brassicaceae host species (Brassica juncea, B. napus, and Raphanus raphanistrum) was also studied. Culture filtrates containing cercosporin were phytotoxic to all three host plant species, producing large, white lesions on highly sensitive B. juncea, only water-soaked areas on least sensitive R. raphanistrum, and intermediate lesions on B. napus. It is noteworthy that sensitivity to cercosporin of these three host species was analogous to their susceptibility to the pathogen, viz., B. juncea the most susceptible, R. raphanistrum the least susceptible, and B. napus intermediate. The presence of cercosporin in the inoculum significantly increased disease severity on the highly cercosporin-sensitive B. juncea. We believe that this is the first study to demonstrate that P. capsellae produces cercosporin in liquid culture rather than agar media. Finally, this study highlights an important role of cercosporin as a pathogenicity factor in white leaf spot disease on Brassicaceae as evidenced by the ability of the cercosporin-rich culture filtrate to reproduce white leaf spot lesions on host plants and by the enhanced virulence of P. capsellae in the presence of cercosporin.

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Siladharma, I. Gusti Bagus, and Widiastuti Karim. "Contribution of Terrestrial Runoff to Coral Disease Prevalence on North Bali’s Massive Porites." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 22, no. 4 (December 3, 2017): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.22.4.193-200.

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The widespread of coral disease may threatened Bali`s marine tourism which is the main asset for the nation prosperity. However, the disease prevalence is still unknown, in particular inshore coral reefs near to tourist spot areas. Therefore, the research aims to investigate the contribution of terrestrial runoff to coral disease prevalence and to examine the relationships between disease prevalence and environmental parameters (nitrate, phosphate, organic carbon and total suspended solids (TSS)) within the population of massive Porites on shallow north Bali reefs. Syndrome, diseases and healthy colonies of massive Porites coral were counted and noted within a 2 x 10 m belt transect at 3 sampling sites. The dominant disease observed was ulcerative white spots (UWS), while the syndromes were pigmentation response and aggressive overgrowth by macroalgae. The highest mean UWS prevalence was at site 3 which was the closest site to runoff (prevalence = 91%).This disease only affected one colony at site 1 and 2, respectively. Disease prevalence had strong relationship with TSS and nitrate, yet it showed weak relationship with phosphate and organic carbon. These results suggest that terrestrial runoff could contribute to the disease prevalence by increasing the TSS, nutrients and organic carbon loading to the inshore ecosystems. High level of organic carbon could severe the disease, particularly when combined with elevated TSS and nutrient, by reducing the coral`s immunity system. Keywords: coral disease, prevalence, terrestrial runoff, Porites, ulcerative white spot, environmental parameter, North Bali.

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Cao, Ze-Yi, Bing-Wen Xi, Qing-Jie Zhou, Kai Chen, and Jun Xie. "Predation of Cyclopoid Copepods on the Theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: Shedding Light on Biocontrol of White Spot Disease." Pathogens 12, no. 7 (June 22, 2023): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070860.

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White spot disease, caused by the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, is a significant threat to the freshwater fish farming industry worldwide, resulting in massive mortality and economic losses. Eliminating the free-swimming theronts from the culture environment is considered crucial for the control of I. multifiliis infection. It is well-documented that planktonic ciliates are valuable food resources for macro-zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we developed a fluorescence labeling method for alive theronts and found that cyclopoid copepods Thermocyclops taihokuensis, Mesocyclops spp., Macrocyclops sp., and Paracyclopina sp. present predation on the theronts in co-culture experiments. Laboratory challenge tests further confirmed that the presence of zooplankton in the culture water body significantly reduced the infection of I. multifiliis in goldfish (p < 0.01). Results from this study revealed that cyclopoid copepods have the potential to be used as biological control agents against white spot disease in aquaculture.

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