Статті в журналах: "Whey Recycling"

1

Lustrato, Giuseppe, Elisabetta Salimei, Gabriele Alfano, Claudia Belli, Francesco Fantuz, Luigi Grazia, and Giancarlo Ranalli. "Cheese whey recycling in traditional dairy food chain: effects of vinegar from whey in dairy cow nutrition." Acetic Acid Bacteria 2, no. 1s (February 26, 2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aab.2013.s1.e8.

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Selected yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus Y102 strain) and an acetic acid bacterium (Acetobacter aceti, DSM-G3508 strain) were used as inocula respectively in cheese whey for alcoholic and acetic fermentations. The experimental tests were carried out at both laboratory and pilot plant (20 L and 2000 L) levels. The data from the trials (working period 28 days) show increased ethanol production, increased acetic acid yield, and greater fermentation stability with biomass recycling (18.6 g L–1). Batch and fed-batch fermentation tests resulted in increased and standardized alcoholic fermentation, and allowed acetic acid recovery (average lactose consumption 56%, ethanol 6.7 g L–1 d–1 and acetic acid production 4.35 g L–1 d–1). The effects administration were then investigated on milk yield and composition, nutritional status of dairy cows and physical characteristics of total mixed ration (TMR). Twenty Holstein cows were divided into two groups; group C, receiving the traditional TMR, and group W, receiving the TMR plus 10 L wheynegar. The dietary treatment, lasted 35 days, did not affect milk yield and composition except for the urea content, significantly lowered in group W. The selection of coarse (<19 mm), medium (8-19 mm) and fine (<8 mm) dietary particles was not influenced by the wheynegar administration however a tendential lower selection against coarse particles was noted in W. The results highlight that microbial biotechnologies may significantly contribute to both the valorization of whey and the development of a stable nutrient recycling system as a ingredient in dairy cattle diet.

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2

Maullu, Carlo, Giorgio Lampis, Alessandra Desogus, Angela Ingianni, Gian Maria Rossolini, and Raffaello Pompei. "High-Level Production of Heterologous Protein by Engineered Yeasts Grown in Cottage Cheese Whey." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 2745–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.6.2745-2747.1999.

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ABSTRACT Cottage cheese whey is a cheese industry by-product still rich in proteins and lactose. Its recycling is seldom cost-effective. In this work we show that the lactose-utilizing yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, engineered for production of recombinant human lysozyme, can be grown in cottage cheese whey, resulting in high-level production of the heterologous protein (125 μg/ml).

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3

Koller, Martin. "Recycling of Waste Streams of the Biotechnological Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Production byHaloferax mediterraneion Whey." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/370164.

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For manufacturing “bioplastics” such as poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA), the combination of utilization of inexpensive carbon sources with the application of robust microbial production strains is considered a decisive step to make this process more cost-efficient and sustainable. PHA production based on surplus whey from dairy industry was accomplished by the extremely halophile archaeonHaloferax mediterranei. After fermentative production of PHA-rich biomass and the subsequent cell harvest and downstream processing for PHA recovery, environmentally hazardous, highly saline residues, namely spent fermentation broth and cell debris, remain as residues. These waste streams were used for recycling experiments to assess their recyclability in subsequent production processes. It was demonstrated that spent fermentation broth can be used to replace a considerable part of fresh saline fermentation medium in subsequent production processes. In addition, 29% of the expensive yeast extract, needed as nitrogen and phosphate source for efficient cultivation of the microorganism, can be replaced by cell debris from prior cultivations. The presented study provides strategies to combine the reduction of costs for biomediated PHA production with minimizing ecological risks by recycling precarious waste streams. Overall, the presented work shall contribute to the quick economic success of these promising biomaterials.

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4

Chabanova, Oksana, Sergii Bondar, Yevhenii Kotliar, Tatiana Nedobiychuk, and Yakiv Verkhivker. "Analysis of the pectin extraction process at recycling of secondary material resources." Technology audit and production reserves 3, no. 3(59) (July 2, 2021): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.235270.

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The object of research is the secondary material resources of processing plant and animal raw materials, namely fruit pomace and milk whey. One of the most problematic areas is that the waste of these industries has high rates of biological and chemical oxygen consumption of wastewater, which significantly impairs the operation of local and city treatment facilities. In addition, the parameters of extraction and determination of the quality indicators of the obtained product are not well defined. The processing of whey and pomace of fruit crops can reduce the environmental burden on the environment and increase the efficiency of technological processes through resource conservation and obtaining a surplus product. The problem is solved, in particular, by using the process of extracting plant waste using milk whey and the process of energy-saving membrane concentration. In the course of the study, let’s use pectin-containing plant waste from juice production, namely watermelon, pumpkin, quince, beetroot, apple and a mixture of orange and tangerine pomace. The results obtained indicate that the process of extracting apple pomace with milk whey is promising, since the highest pectin content in the extract is established for apple pomace. The main amount of pectin substances passes into the extract starting from 75 minutes to 90 minutes. Extraction-hydrolysis for 2 hours at a temperature of 85 °C, pH=2–2.5 units determines the best results. Ultrafiltration of the obtained extract makes it possible to increase the pectin content up to 3.0 % with a protein content of more than 6.0 %. The membranes used in the experiment are characterized by high selectivity for protein and pectin. The fact is established that diafiltration makes it possible to effectively purify whey-pectin concentrates from ballast impurities with simultaneous enrichment of the concentrate with high-molecular components of whey. A technological scheme for the production of pectin-whey concentrate with high organoleptic and detoxification characteristics is proposed. The proposed technological process has a number of positive features, in particular, a high content of pectin substances, high value indicators, a significant reduction in the burden on the environment, economic benefits through energy conservation and obtaining a surplus product.

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5

Bugnicourt, E., M. Schmid, O. Mc Nerney, J. Wildner, L. Smykala, A. Lazzeri, and P. Cinelli. "Processing and Validation of Whey-Protein-Coated Films and Laminates at Semi-Industrial Scale as Novel Recyclable Food Packaging Materials with Excellent Barrier Properties." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/496207.

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A biopolymer coating for plastic films was formulated based on whey protein, and its potential to replace current synthetic oxygen barrier layers used in food packaging such as ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH) was tested. The whey-coating application was performed at semi-industrial scale. High barrier to oxygen with transmission rate down to ranges of 1 cm3(STP) m−2d−1bar−1at and 50% relative humidity (r.h.) but interesting humidity barrier down to ranges of 3 g m−2d−1(both normalized to 100 μm thickness) were reached, outperforming most existing biopolymers. Coated films were validated for storing various food products showing that the shelf life and sensory attributes were maintained similar to reference packaging films while complying with food safety regulations. The developed whey coating could be enzymatically removed within 2 hours and is therefore compatible with plastic recycling operations to allow multilayer films to become recyclable by separating the other combined layers. A life cycle assessment was performed showing a significant reduction in the environmental impact of the packaging thanks in particular to the possibility of recycling materials as opposed to incinerating those containing EVOH or polyamide (PA), but due to the use of biosourced raw materials.

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6

Colomban, Agn�s, Lo�c Roger, and Patrick Boyaval. "Production of propionic acid from whey permeate by sequential fermentation, ultrafiltration, and cell recycling." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42, no. 9 (November 5, 1993): 1091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260420911.

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7

Zhang, Yihao, Yinxiao Zhang, Zhiwei Ying, Wenhui Li, He Li, and Xinqi Liu. "Trypsin Inhibitor from Soybean Whey Wastewater: Isolation, Purification and Stability." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 10084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app121910084.

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Soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) was obtained from simulated soybean whey wastewater through a sustainable method consisting of isoelectric precipitation, ammonium sulfate salting out, and gel filtration chromatography, and the effect of temperature, pH, and pepsin on the stability of STI was also discussed. The results showed that the recovery rate of the trypsin inhibitory activity was 89.47%, the purity and the specific activity of STI were 71.11%, and 1442.5 TIU/mg in the conditions of pH 4.0 and 40% ammonium sulfate saturation. The soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) and soybean Bowman–Brik trypsin inhibitor (BBI) were obtained via gel filtration chromatography, and their specific activity levels were 1733.5 TIU/mg and 2588.3 TIU/mg, respectively. The STI displayed good stability over a wide temperature and pH range. The STI, KTI, and BBI were all resistant to pepsin hydrolysis, and their ability was ranked as BBI > STI > KTI. These findings will provide a theoretical basis for recycling STI from soybean whey wastewater and promoting better active compound utilization.

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8

Buyanova, Irina, Marina Kurbanova, Lev Ostroumov, and Olesya Kalugina. "Ecological problems related to the safe processing of dairy raw materials and whey." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128402016.

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A significant number of milk processing companies all over the world confront the challenge of whey recycling. To date, the processing of milk results in a considerable amount of waste products, which can be used in core production processes, for the output of additional products and can help neutralize harmful effects of milk processing waste waters on the environment. This factor emphasizes the relationship between food and environment. The extraction of water from cheese and curd whey in the manufacture of concentrates gives a solution to one of the challenges facing the dairy industry – the processing of secondary dairy raw resources. Whey concentrates have certain advantages because they are long-shelf-life and easy-to-transport products of high nutritional and biological value. Several studies have assessed process flow factors of whey dehydrating in the manufacture of whey concentrates. The research was carried out using an experimental unit of a vacuum dryer with the thermal radiation power supply. The concentrates with a percentage of dry substances ranging from 11 to 30 % were produced. The important outcomes to emerge from the study are data on the dynamics of vacuum-induced water extraction from cheese and curd whey, its appropriate modes, as well as regularities and specifics of water removal. The quality of concentrates was assessed according to key parameters. The organoleptic properties of sample concentrates met all criteria quite sufficiently, being similar to input parameters. Whey concentrates with a mass fraction of dry substances from 11 to 30.0 % are recommended to use in recipe compositions of fresh and fermented whey-containing drinks. IR-rays represent a good alternative to conventional thickening and drying processes of raw materials at high processing temperatures. The properties of input raw materials remain unaffected owing to non-destructive temperature modes of the vacuum dryer.

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9

Donzella, Silvia, Andrea Fumagalli, Stefania Arioli, Luisa Pellegrino, Paolo D’Incecco, Francesco Molinari, Giovanna Speranza, Daniela Ubiali, Marina S. Robescu, and Concetta Compagno. "Recycling Food Waste and Saving Water: Optimization of the Fermentation Processes from Cheese Whey Permeate to Yeast Oil." Fermentation 8, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8070341.

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With the aim of developing bioprocesses for waste valorization and a reduced water footprint, we optimized a two-step fermentation process that employs the oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus for the production of oil from liquid cheese whey permeate. For the first step, the addition of urea as a cost-effective nitrogen source allowed an increase in yeast biomass production. In the second step, a syrup from candied fruit processing, another food waste supplied as carbon feeding, triggered lipid accumulation. Consequently, yeast lipids were produced at a final concentration and productivity of 38 g/L and 0.57 g/L/h respectively, which are among the highest reported values. Through this strategy, based on the valorization of liquid food wastes (WP and mango syrup) and by recovering not only nutritional compounds but also the water necessary for yeast growth and lipid production, we addressed one of the main goals of the circular economy. In addition, we set up an accurate and fast-flow cytometer method to quantify the lipid content, avoiding the extraction step and the use of solvents. This can represent an analytical improvement to screening lipids in different yeast strains and to monitoring the process at the single-cell level.

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10

Uvarova, Inga, Dzintra Atstaja, Ugis Grinbergs, Janis Petersons, Astrida Gegere-Zetterstroma, and Sandra Kraze. "Transition to the circular economy and new circular business models – an in-depth study of the whey recycling." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 578 (November 4, 2020): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/578/1/012019.

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11

Dzyazko, Yuliya, Vladimir Zakharov, Yevhen Kolomiiets, and Kateryna Kudelko. "COMPOSITE ION-EXCHANGES FOR THE RECYCLING OF LIQUID WASTE OF DAIRY INDUSTRY." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 86, no. 5 (July 15, 2020): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.86.5.2020.38-52.

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The method of directed formation of particles of hydrated zirconium and titanium oxides into anion exchange resins has been developed. The approach based on the Ostwald-Freundlich thermodynamic equation is applied. Such approach, in particular, connects the size of particles with the solubility of the compound, volume and concentration of reagents. Less soluble zirconium dioxide is deposited as non-aggregated nanoparticles, the size of which does not exceed 10 nm. The composition of such composites is the most reproducible. In the case of more soluble titanium dioxide, aggregates of nanoparticles (up to 70 nm) are formed. When the concentration of the solution of metal salts in the polymer increases, the particles of micron size are deposited, the composition of this type of material is less reproduced. Non-aggregated nanoparticles increase the exchange capacity of the polymer. This leads to an increase in its electrical conductivity in 1.4-1.8 times. This is due to an increase in the concentration of mobile charge carriers in the polymer matrix that is caused by reducing its swelling. Other reason is a contribution of the counter-ions of the functional groups of inorganic component to ion transport. On the contrary, the aggregates of nanoparticles amplify the polymer swelling, resulting in a reduction of exchange capacity and electrical conductivity. Ion-exchangers were used for the ion exchange processing of nanofiltration permeate of milky whey, and for electromembrane desalination of protein concentrate.

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12

Yang, Zhennai, Eero Pahkala та Tuomo Tupasela. "Lactose hydrolysis by free and fibre-entrapped β-galactosidase from Streptococcus thermophilus". Agricultural and Food Science 2, № 5 (1 вересня 1993): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72665.

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To study lactose hydrolysis by β-galactosidase, this enzyme was produced from Streptococcus thermophilus strain 11F and partially purified by acetone and ammonium sulphate fractionation, and ion exchange chromatography on a Q Sepharose FF column. Lactose hydrolysis by the enzyme was affected by lactose concentrations, sugars and milk proteins. The maximum extent of lactose hydrolysis in buffer was obtained with a 15% lactose concentration. Addition of 2% of lactose, glucose, galactose or sucrose in milk inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzyme was activated by bovine serum albumin and a combination of αs-casein and β-casein. Of the casein fractions, the principal fraction, αs-casein, was less effective than β-casein and κ-casein. The fibre entrapped enzyme had a temperature optimum of 57°C, and a pH optimum from 7.5 to at least 9.0 with O-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside as substrate. By recycling with whey and skim milk through a jacketed glass column (1.6 cm x 30 cm) loaded with fibre-entrapped enzyme at 55°C, a lactose hydrolysis of 49.5% and 47.9% was achieved in 11 h and 7 h respectively.

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13

Silva, Ana Carina, Pedro M. R. Guimarães, José A. Teixeira, and Lucília Domingues. "Fermentation of deproteinized cheese whey powder solutions to ethanol by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effect of supplementation with corn steep liquor and repeated-batch operation with biomass recycling by flocculation." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 37, no. 9 (June 10, 2010): 973–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-010-0748-z.

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14

Nogueira, Gislaine Ferreira, Rafael Augustus de Oliveira, José Ignacio Velasco, and Farayde Matta Fakhouri. "Methods of Incorporating Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds into Films Made with Agro-Based Polymers for Application as Food Packaging: A Brief Review." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112518.

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Plastic, usually derived from non-renewable sources, is among the most used materials in food packaging. Despite its barrier properties, plastic packaging has a recycling rate below the ideal and its accumulation in the environment leads to environmental issues. One of the solutions approached to minimize this impact is the development of food packaging materials made from polymers from renewable sources that, in addition to being biodegradable, can also be edible. Different biopolymers from agricultural renewable sources such as gelatin, whey protein, starch, chitosan, alginate and pectin, among other, have been analyzed for the development of biodegradable films. Moreover, these films can serve as vehicles for transporting bioactive compounds, extending their applicability as bioactive, edible, compostable and biodegradable films. Biopolymer films incorporated with plant-derived bioactive compounds have become an interesting area of research. The interaction between environment-friendly biopolymers and bioactive compounds improves functionality. In addition to interfering with thermal, mechanical and barrier properties of films, depending on the properties of the bioactive compounds, new characteristics are attributed to films, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, color and innovative flavors. This review compiles information on agro-based biopolymers and plant-derived bioactive compounds used in the production of bioactive films. Particular emphasis has been given to the methods used for incorporating bioactive compounds from plant-derived into films and their influence on the functional properties of biopolymer films. Some limitations to be overcome for future advances are also briefly summarized. This review will benefit future prospects for exploring innovative methods of incorporating plant-derived bioactive compounds into films made from agricultural polymers.

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15

Beckett, L., S. Xie, J. Thimmapuram, H. A. Tucker, S. S. Donkin, and T. Casey. "Mammary transcriptome reveals cell maintenance and protein turnover support milk synthesis in early-lactation cows." Physiological Genomics 52, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00046.2020.

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A more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that support milk synthesis is needed to develop strategies to efficiently and sustainably meet the growing global demand for dairy products. With the postulate that coding gene transcript abundance reflects relative importance in supporting milk synthesis, we analyzed the global transcriptome of early lactation cows across magnitudes of normalized RNA-Seq read counts. Total RNA was isolated from milk samples collected from early-lactation cows ( n = 6) following two treatment periods of postruminal lysine infusion of 0 or 63 g/day. Twelve libraries were prepared and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq6000 platform using paired end reads. Normalized read counts were averaged across both treatments, because EBseq analysis found no significant effect of lysine infusion. Approximately 10% of the total reads corresponded to 12,730 protein coding transcripts with a normalized read count mean ≥5. For functional annotation analysis, the protein coding transcripts were divided into nine categories by magnitude of reads. The 13 most abundant transcripts (≥50K reads) accounted for 67% of the 23M coding reads and included casein and whey proteins, regulators of fat synthesis and secretion, a ubiquitinating protein, and a tRNA transporter. Mammalian target of rapamycin, JAK/STAT, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and ubiquitin proteasome pathways were enriched with normalized reads ≥100 counts. Genes with ≤100 reads regulated tissue homeostasis and immune response. Enrichment in ontologies that reflect maintenance of translation, protein turnover, and amino acid recycling indicated that proteostatic mechanisms are central to supporting mammary function and primary milk component synthesis.

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Mana, Giulia, Donatella Valdembri, and Guido Serini. "Conformationally active integrin endocytosis and traffic: why, where, when and how?" Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20190309.

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Spatiotemporal control of integrin-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for physiological and pathological events in multicellular organisms, such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, platelet aggregation, leukocytes extravasation, and cancer cell metastatic dissemination. Regulation of integrin adhesive function and signaling relies on the modulation of both conformation and traffic. Indeed, integrins exist in a dynamic equilibrium between a bent/closed (inactive) and an extended/open (active) conformation, respectively endowed with low and high affinity for ECM ligands. Increasing evidence proves that, differently to what hypothesized in the past, detachment from the ECM and conformational inactivation are not mandatory for integrin to get endocytosed and trafficked. Specific transmembrane and cytosolic proteins involved in the control of ECM proteolytic fragment-bound active integrin internalization and recycling exist. In the complex masterplan that governs cell behavior, active integrin traffic is key to the turnover of ECM polymers and adhesion sites, the polarized secretion of endogenous ECM proteins and modifying enzymes, the propagation of motility and survival endosomal signals, and the control of cell metabolism.

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17

Leslie, Mitch. "Why endosomes recycle GPCRs." Journal of Cell Biology 214, no. 7 (September 19, 2016): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.2147if.

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18

Han, Heesup, Kiattipoom Kiatkawsin, Hyungseo Bobby Ryu, Heekyoung Jung, and Wansoo Kim. "Determinants of young vacationers’ recycling and conservation behavior when traveling." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 47, no. 2 (February 27, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7650.

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We investigated key cognitive determinants that predict young vacationers’ recycling and water/energy/local resources conservation intention when traveling. We also examined the role of gender in this intention formation, used structural equation modeling, and tested for metric invariance. Results showed that environmental values, concern, and awareness significantly contribute to the generation of young vacationers’ intention to engage in recycling and to conserve water, energy, and local resources at a destination. In addition, environmental values had the strongest relationship with recycling and conservation intention, and gender significantly moderated the impact of environmental awareness on their intention. Overall, the findings inform researchers and practitioners about young vacationers’ environmentally sustainable tourism behavior.

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Huffman, Ann Hergatt, Brittney R. Van Der Werff, Jaime B. Henning, and Kristen Watrous-Rodriguez. "When do recycling attitudes predict recycling? An investigation of self-reported versus observed behavior." Journal of Environmental Psychology 38 (June 2014): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.03.006.

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Haldeman, Tracey, and Jeanine Warisse Turner. "Implementing a Community-Based Social Marketing Program to Increase Recycling." Social Marketing Quarterly 15, no. 3 (August 28, 2009): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000903154618.

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This article examines the effectiveness of implementing a community-based social marketing program to increase recycling. Researchers went door-to-door in a 200-home community distributing recycling containers, securing commitments to recycle, and increasing knowledge of what, why, how, and when to recycle. We analyzed the effect of the program by weighing recycling collected immediately after program implementation and then analyzing the weight of recycling collected a number of months later to measure sustainability. We found that automatic curbside distribution of recycling containers and face-to-face contact have a sizable, and partially sustainable, positive effect on the rate of recycling. Based on the results, we propose practical implications for motivating increased recycling.

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Duboc, Olivier, Konrad Steiner, Frank Radosits, Walter W. Wenzel, Walter Goessler, Alexandra Tiefenbacher, Peter Strauss, Herbert Eigner, Dietmar Horn, and Jakob Santner. "Field evaluation of a boron recycling fertiliser." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 2 (February 5, 2021): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/567/2020-pse.

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Boron (B) is a plant nutrient and a limited mineral resource. Therefore, secondary B sources such as end-of-life cellulose fiber insulation (CFI) should be preferred for B fertiliser production over primary borates. In addition, crop B fertilisation is challenging because B is only weakly adsorbed in soils and prone to leaching in particular if the soil pH is below 7. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of pyrolysed CFI (B-Biochar) on crop B uptake in the field and on B leaching in a lysimeter study. B-Biochar was pyrolysed at 600 °C and tested (1) in a field experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and (2) in a lab microlysimeter experiment to study B leaching under simulated rainfall. In the field experiment, B concentration in plant tissue increased by up to 100% with B-Biochar compared to the control (from 29.6 to 61.6 mg B/kg in young sunflower leaves) and was only slightly lower (–10% to –20%) than with water-soluble Na-tetraborate (Borax). This lower uptake was attributed to the slow-release properties of the B-Biochar. In the lysimeter experiment, 41% and 55% of added B through B-Biochar was leached below 16 cm depth when fertilised with 1 and 2 kg B/ha, respectively, but B concentration of the leachate remained below the 1 mg B/L threshold value for drinking water in the European Union. In conclusion, CFI has a strong potential as a secondary B source for fertiliser production, and pyrolysis appears to be a suitable process for that purpose. During the processing of CFI to fertiliser, more focus should be given to slow B release in the future in order to reduce losses by leaching.

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Charlier, Christophe, and Ankinée Kirakozian. "Public policies for household recycling when reputation matters." Journal of Evolutionary Economics 30, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 523–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00191-019-00648-5.

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Driver, J., D. Lijmbach, and I. Steen. "Why Recover Phosphorus for Recycling, and How?" Environmental Technology 20, no. 7 (July 1999): 651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332008616861.

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Dai, Y. C., M. P. R. Gordon, J. Y. Ye, D. Y. Xu, Z. Y. Lin, N. K. L. Robinson, R. Woodard, and M. K. Harder. "Why doorstepping can increase household waste recycling." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 102 (September 2015): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.06.004.

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25

Whyte, Chelsea. "Why the US is burning its recycling." New Scientist 241, no. 3220 (March 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(19)30421-x.

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Holovko, Serhiy. "ABOUT MODERN POSSIBILITIES OF REUSING ROAD-BUILDING MATERIALS WHEN REPAIRING ROAD PAVEMENTS OF AN IMPROVED LIGHTWEIGHT TYPE." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 3 (267)' 2021 (September 24, 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2021-3-267-30-35.

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At present, when developing design solutions for the repair of non-rigid road pavements of an improved lightweight type, they provide for the device of a base layer using cold recycling technology or from a crushed stone-sand mixture treated with a mineral or complex binder, and two layers of asphalt concrete are laid on top. Based on the results of exploratory studies aimed at wider reuse of road building materials, it is proposed, when repairing a road surface of an improved lightweight type, instead of the top layer of a base made of asphalt concrete, arrange a layer of road material made by the technology of cold recycling ” in the mixer” using an organic binder, and the bottom layer of the base should be made of road material made by the technology of cold recycling “on the road” using a mineral or complex binder. Considering that Ukraine has insufficient experience in preparing mixtures using cold recycling technology using foamed bitumen or bitumen emulsion, the features of their manufacture are given. After milling the asphalt concrete, the bottom layer of the base is reinforced from the road material made using the cold recycling technology “on the road” using a mineral or complex binder. Layers of materials arranged according to the technology of cold recycling, due to processing with a small amount of binders, have insufficient resistance to the action of the wheels of vehicles, and therefore, on top of these layers, it is necessary to arrange a coating layer of materials that provide resistance to dynamic action. The given approach allows to obtain a reduction in the cost of pavement repair due to a decrease in energy consumption for the preparation of asphalt concrete, since the production of materials using cold recycling technologies does not provide for heating the material.

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Oke, Adekunle, Seonaidh McDonald, Evagelos Korobilis-Magas, Oluyomi A. Osobajo, and Bankole Osita Awuzie. "Reframing Recycling Behaviour through Consumers’ Perceptions: An Exploratory Investigation." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 13849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413849.

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Despite the increasing awareness of the consequences of waste, there is no consensus on how and why consumers engage in recycling, making it challenging to design behavioural interventions that might promote recycling, especially in organisational settings. This study is designed to explain consumers’ recycling behaviour and how it differs across contexts, particularly between home and work settings. Using personal accounts of 367 employees from different organisations in the UK, this study explores recycling behaviour at home and work including its motivations and barriers. The findings show that recycling behaviour is different across contexts due to many disparate factors underlying people’s waste generation and recycling behaviours from one context to another. According to the findings, buying and consumption behaviour and waste generation patterns influence the way consumers engage in recycling. The study further demonstrates that contextual factors and individual circumstances are important contributors to consumption behaviour, waste production, and recycling behaviour. While recycling behaviour has been investigated extensively, the findings of this study indicate the need for consumption and waste production patterns to be taken into consideration when designing recycling interventions, enhancing the prospect of a circular economy. This study contributes to theory and practice by associating recycling behaviour with buying and consumption behaviour, including waste generation patterns.

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Rompf, Stephan, Clemens Kroneberg, and Thomas Schlösser. "Institutional trust and the provision of public goods: When do individual costs matter? The case of recycling." Rationality and Society 29, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463117701124.

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This research asks whether and how institutional trust—trust in the reliability, effectiveness, and legitimacy of public institutions—promotes the provision of public goods. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we apply three choice models to the example of recycling behavior: a standard rational choice model, the low-cost hypothesis, and a dual-process theory. The models carry competing hypotheses about the interplay of trust and incentives in recycling behavior. Using survey data collected in four countries (Sweden, Denmark, the United States, and the United Kingdom), we find a positive and significant interaction effect of institutional trust and recycling costs on self-reported recycling behavior. No such interaction was found using generalized social trust as a second measure of trust. Our results support a dual-process perspective and indicate that high levels of institutional trust can suppress the inhibiting effect of individual costs on cooperation in a collective action dilemma.

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Strydom, Wilma. "Barriers to Household Waste Recycling: Empirical Evidence from South Africa." Recycling 3, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling3030041.

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A small percentage of South Africans regularly recycle most of their recyclables, which was only 4% and 7.2% in 2010 and 2015, respectively. This empirical quantitative study, the first study on this scale in South Africa, aimed to ascertain the reasons why people do not recycle. This paper reports the results from a survey conducted among a representative sample of 2004 respondents in eleven of South Africa’s large urban areas. Each respondent selected three main reasons why people do not recycle from ten possible options as well as the one main reason. The results show that (i) insufficient space, (ii) no time, (iii) dirty and untidiness associated with recycling, (iv) lack of recycling knowledge, and (v) inconvenient recycling facilities are perceived as the main reasons why people do not recycle. Non-recycling households (74% of the respondents) give high priority to time and knowledge. Low recyclers—those that sporadically recycle few items—and young South Africans give high priority to services (inconvenient facilities and no curbside collection). Lack of knowledge is an important factor for people from dense settlements as well as the unemployed looking for work. Improved recycling services such as regular curbside collections have the potential to overcome time and space barriers. Recycling services as well as recycling knowledge will have to improve to encourage the youth, the unemployed, and those living in informal areas to recycle and realize the opportunities locked in the waste sector. The perceptions of respondents from non-recycling households differ from those from recycling households. The larger representation of non-recyclers in developing countries emphasize the importance of understanding local evidence when comparing and implementing results from developed countries. The learning from this study could also assist other developing countries to encourage household participation in recycling initiatives.

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Higley, Leon G., and David W. Stanley-Samuelson. "When Is Writing Not Writing? The Ethics of Recycling." American Entomologist 42, no. 4 (1996): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/42.4.204.

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Vogt, Bryan D., Kristoffer K. Stokes, and Sanat K. Kumar. "Why is Recycling of Postconsumer Plastics so Challenging?" ACS Applied Polymer Materials 3, no. 9 (August 23, 2021): 4325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c00648.

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Biswas, Abhijit, Jane W. Licata, Daryl McKee, Chris Pullig, and Christopher Daughtridge. "The Recycling Cycle: An Empirical Examination of Consumer Waste Recycling and Recycling Shopping Behaviors." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 19, no. 1 (April 2000): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.19.1.93.16950.

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The findings of this research indicate that attitude toward recycling has a significant effect on waste recycling and recycling shopping behaviors. In addition, affect, past behavior, and subjective norm explain significant incremental variance in the two types of recycling behaviors. Moderator analyses show that for waste recycling behavior, affect plays a lesser role when the strength of attitude toward recycling is strong, and vice-versa. Finally, the authors find a significant correlation between waste recycling behavior and recycling shopping behavior. The authors discuss managerial and public policy issues based on these findings.

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Kuczyńska-Łażewska, Anna, Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska, and Agnieszka Witkowska. "Recovery of Valuable Materials and Methods for Their Management When Recycling Thin-Film CdTe Photovoltaic Modules." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 7836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247836.

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Due to the development of new photovoltaic technologies, there is a need to research new recycling methods for these new materials. The recovery of metals from photovoltaic (PV) modules would reduce the consumption of raw materials. Therefore, the development of recycling technologies for used and damaged modules of newer generations is important for environmental reasons. The aim of the research is to shed light on the nature of the chemical reactions that occur in recycling technology for second-generation photovoltaic modules. This work is focused mainly on cells made of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe). It was proven that prior thermal delamination was necessary. Moreover, an improvement in understanding of the recovery process depending on used leaching solution was achieved.

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OLDENZIEL, RUTH, and HEIKE WEBER. "Introduction: Reconsidering Recycling." Contemporary European History 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000192.

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When citizens recycle waste, we consider this an act of responsible ‘green’ citizenship. Today's consumers query the environmental impact of their consumption. Shoppers wonder whether the goods they buy are properly recyclable; others translate their concerns for the environment into a daily practice of separating, storing, collecting and transporting reusable waste. Most European consumer-citizens have incorporated recycling into their daily routine. Today, modern recycling is usually seen as a product of the 1970s, when grass-root movements and environmental policies generated new consumer practices. The assumption is that recycling only gained widespread public support from industry, politics and consumers a few decades ago.

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Zhang, Fangfang, Hao Wang, and Xiaoyu Wu. "The Impact of Government Subsidies on Single-Channel Recycling Based on Recycling Propaganda." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 8189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238189.

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The recycling of waste products is an important way to achieve global sustainable development. To analyze the impact of different objects of government subsidies on single-channel recycling based on recycling propaganda, four theory game models of single-channel recycling based on government subsidies and recycling propaganda are established. By comparing and analyzing the effects of different subsidies and propaganda strategies on the recycling of waste products in the four models, this article mainly draws the following conclusions: the government selecting different objects to subsidize has the same effect on the unit recycling price, quantity, and revenue of waste products; when the government subsidizes the processors, the consigned recycling price of waste products will increase, but when the government subsidizes recyclers, it will decrease; when the propagandist is determined, the optimal value of propaganda is related to the sensitivity of residents to the unit recycling price of waste products, the unit propaganda of waste products, and the expenses of propagating waste products.

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SOCALICI, Ana, Cristina PACURAR, Corneliu BIRTOK BANEASA, Adina BUDIUL BERGHIAN, and Oana GAIANU. "ANALYSIS OF THE METAL LOAD STRUCTURE WHEN DESIGNING STEELS IN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES." European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ejmse.2021.06.04.212.

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In the steel industry, scrap metal is an important raw material resource for the electric arc furnace. The overall steel recycling rate is estimated at around 85%. The work presents an analysis of the structure of the metal load when elaborating steels in electric arc furnaces. The metal load consists of different categories of scrap metal. The influence of the quality of these types of waste on the recycling process and on the finished product by investigating the effect of the composition of the load on the steel removal is presented.

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37

Gulchekhra Mirzaeva and Abdug’aniyev Nazirjon. "Environmental protection when processing road-building materials." Middle European Scientific Bulletin 6 (November 5, 2020): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47494/mesb.2020.6.103.

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This article presents the most acceptable ways of recycling waste road building materials, as well as the main measures to eliminate the negative impact on the environment of waste road building materials obtained in the process of construction, restoration and reconstruction of roads. These activities will solve a number of problems associated with the negative impact on the environment of construction waste.

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38

Kang, Yao, Juhong Chen, and Di Wu. "Research on Pricing and Service Level Strategies of Dual Channel Reverse Supply Chain Considering Consumer Preference in Multi-Regional Situations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 9143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239143.

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Facing the increasingly serious waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling problem, recycling enterprises actively introduce online recycling channels, build dual channel reverse supply chains (DRSC), and use high-level recycling price and service levels to enhance consumers’ recycling enthusiasm and recycling amount. Nevertheless, in China, where the imbalance of regional development is widespread, the recycling center, third-party recycler (TPR), and third-party platform (TPP) are faced with the choices of pricing and service level when facing multi-regional consumers. This paper mainly answers the following questions: (1) When the recycling center and TPP introduce online recycling channels in multi-regional situations, how should they set online recycling price, transfer price, and service level? (2) When consumer preference for online channels changes in a certain region, how should recycling enterprises adjust their optimal pricing and service level decisions for different regions to maximize their own profits? How do the profits of recycling enterprises change? In order to solve the above problems, in this paper, we propose three pricing and service level decision models for the recycling center with online channels, namely, keeping prices unchanged, unifying all prices, and maximizing its own profits. By using the Stackelberg game to solve the model, we get the optimal pricing, service level decisions, as well as the maximum profits of the recycling center, TPP, and TPR when consumer preference changes. By analyzing the results of the model, we find that the change of consumer preference for online channels in a certain region will affect the decision and profits of multi-regional recycling enterprises. Specifically, consumer preference for online channels in a certain region will not only lead to an increase in the profits of the recycling center and TPP and a decrease in the profit of local TPRs, but also an increase in the profit of TPRs in other regions. In addition, at the beginning of introducing online channels, the recycling center can adopt two strategies to avoid conflicts among channels: keeping offline transfer prices unchanged and unifying all transfer prices, but the former promotes its economic profits more significantly.

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Shao, Yuan, Xudong Deng, Qiankai Qing, and Yajuan Wang. "Optimal Battery Recycling Strategy for Electric Vehicle under Government Subsidy in China." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 4855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124855.

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Motivated by the increasing environmental concerns about the used electric vehicle batteries in China, an electric vehicle manufacturer’s battery recycling strategy under government subsidy was studied. A consumer utility function was used to capture consumer environmental awareness associated with battery recycling and the game-theoretical approach was applied to analyze the interaction between the government and the manufacturer. It was found that, with an exogenous government subsidy, the manufacturer either recycles all the batteries, or it does not recycle any batteries if the impact of the recycling scale on costs is unremarkable; otherwise, the manufacturer recycles some used batteries when the benefit from recycling is moderate. Interestingly, an increased subsidy causes the manufacturer’s battery recycling rate to decrease if the subsidy is sufficiently large. When the government subsidy is endogenously, either full recycling, no recycling, or partial recycling can still arise. The optimal battery recycling rate and social welfare are lower in a non-cooperative game than in a cooperative game if the benefit from recycling is relatively low. The main findings were numerically justified with realistic subsidy data in China. The numerical results indicate: (1) the optimal battery recycling rate locates in a closed interval from 0 to 1 given an exogenous or an endogenous government subsidy, and it decreases with the subsidy when the subsidy is not less than 50% of the production cost of electric vehicle; (2) the social welfare first increases to a maximum value and then decreases as the subsidy increases; and (3) the optimal battery recycling rate increases significantly and the social welfare is improved when there is cooperation between the government and the manufacturer.

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Ma, Baolong, Xiaofei Li, Zhongjun Jiang, and Jiefan Jiang. "Recycle more, waste more? When recycling efforts increase resource consumption." Journal of Cleaner Production 206 (January 2019): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.063.

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Wu, Di, Juhong Chen, Ruyu Yan, and Ruijun Zhang. "Pricing Strategies in Dual-Channel Reverse Supply Chains Considering Fairness Concern." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091657.

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The fierce competition in the recycling industry and the rapid development of internet technology has prompted recycling centers to develop a dual-channel reverse supply chain with both offline and online recycling channels. After the introduction of online channels, recycling centers and third-party recyclers (TPR) have paid attention to the division of profits in supply chain systems and the behavior of fairness concerns. Therefore, it is necessary to help recycling enterprises make pricing decisions in consideration of fairness concerns. This paper is aimed at answering the following two main questions: (1) When the recycling center or TPR have fairness concerns, how does the optimal pricing and revenue of supply chain members change when both sides are neutral? (2) When the fairness concern coefficient changes, how does the overall revenue of the supply chain system change? How should supply chain members adjust their pricing decisions to maximize their own profits? In order to solve the above problems, Stackelberg game models were made from three aspects: both sides are neutral, only the TPR has fairness concerns, and only the recycling center has fairness concerns. Based on the results of the example analyses for the model, we found that when only the TPR has fairness concerns, the profit of the recycling center and the transfer price of offline channels will decrease, while the profit of TPR is the opposite. Furthermore, when only a recycling center has fairness concerns, it will lead to the reduction of not only the recycling price and transfer price of offline channels, but also the profits of the entire supply chain system. Specially, whether it is for a recycling center or TPR, a lower level of fairness concern coefficient has a stronger impact on pricing and revenue than at high levels.

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42

Fujii, Toru, and Kazuya Okubo. "Why Recycling Carbon Fibers and How Promoting its Business!" Seikei-Kakou 27, no. 12 (November 20, 2015): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.27.497.

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Morgan, Fred W., and Margaret V. Hughes. "Understanding recycling behavior in Kentucky: Who recycles and why." JOM 58, no. 8 (August 2006): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-006-0050-8.

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Dominguez, Francina, and Praveen Kumar. "Precipitation Recycling Variability and Ecoclimatological Stability—A Study Using NARR Data. Part I: Central U.S. Plains Ecoregion." Journal of Climate 21, no. 20 (October 15, 2008): 5165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli1756.1.

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Abstract Precipitation recycling is one of the key mechanisms linking the land surface and atmospheric dynamics. This work explores the physical mechanisms that modulate precipitation recycling variability at the daily-to-intraseasonal time scales in the central U.S. plains ecoregion using a set of land–atmosphere variables derived from the North American Regional Reanalysis dataset. Recycling estimates are performed using the Dynamic Recycling Model, which allows for analysis at shorter time scales than the previous bulk recycling models. In the central U.S. plains ecoregion local evapotranspiration only becomes an important contributor to precipitation when moisture of advective origin, the largest contributor to precipitation, diminishes. Consequently, the recycling ratio is negatively correlated to precipitation. The dominant mechanism is a negative feedback, which ensures that, even when precipitation is low, evapotranspiration continues to feed moisture into the overlying atmosphere and contribute to rainfall. Consequently, in the central U.S. plains, precipitation recycling acts as a mechanism for ecoclimatological stability through local negative feedbacks. Additionally, the zonal and meridional winds and moisture fluxes were also found to be important drivers of recycling variability. As winds decrease, the air has more time to traverse the region and capture moisture of evaporative origin. Evapotranspiration variability is not an important driver for recycling ratio variability in the central U.S. plains. Only during the extremely dry 1988 summer drought, when soil moisture storage was depleted, did the recycling ratio variability closely follow evapotranspiration.

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Wu, Zhengxiang, Tingting Guo, and Baoku Li. "Message framing's role in encouraging idle item recycling." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 33, no. 8 (February 1, 2021): 1758–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-03-2020-0135.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of framing idle item recycling appeals as gains or losses on influencing consumers' idle item recycling intention by assessing the mediating role of perceived impact and the moderating role of product attachment.Design/methodology/approachIn total, three experiments were conducted to gather data. The assumed hypotheses were verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and bootstrap analysis.FindingsStudy 1 illustrated that loss-framed messages are more persuasive than gain-framed messages for less-involved consumers in idle item recycling, whereas message framing shows no significant difference in more-involved consumers' intention. Study 2 suggested that perceived impact tends to increase less-involved consumers' recycling intention when the message is framed as loss. Study 3 demonstrated that less-involved consumers would react to idle item recycling messages when they are strongly attached to a product. Further, gain-framed messages are more efficacious than loss-framed messages in influencing more-involved consumers' recycling intention when they are strongly attached to a product.Originality/valuePrevious research focuses on promoting waste recycling behavior initiated by local, city or national governments. This study provides some of the first evidence on the influence mechanism of message framing on consumers' idle item recycling intention and offers insights into companies to develop effective advertising strategies for idle item recycling management.

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Kurdve, Martin, Mats Zackrisson, Mats I. Johansson, Burcak Ebin, and Ulrika Harlin. "Considerations when Modelling EV Battery Circularity Systems." Batteries 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5020040.

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The electric vehicle market is expected to grow substantially in the coming years, which puts new requirements on the end-of-life phase and on the recycling systems. To a larger extent, the environmental footprint from these vehicles is related to raw material extraction and production, and, consequently, a material- and energy-efficient 3R system (reuse, remanufacturing, recycling) is urgently needed. The ability to understand and model the design and development of such a system therefore becomes important. This study contributes to this by identifying factors that affect 3R system design and performance, relating these factors to the various actors and processes of the system and categorising them according to time from implementation to impact. The above is achieved by applying a PEST analysis (political, economic, social and technological factors), differentiating between political, economic, social and technological factors. Data were gathered from literature, by interviews and by a number of workshops in the automotive industry and the 3R system and observations at meetings, etc. The study confirms some previous results on how vehicle battery 3R systems work and adds knowledge about the influencing factors, especially the timeframes and dynamics of the system, necessary for modelling the system and the influencing factors. For practitioners, the results indicate how to use appropriate models and which factors are most relevant to them.

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47

Yuan, Xi gang, and Xiao qing Zhang. "Recycler Reaction for the Government Behavior in Closed-Loop Supply Chain Distribution Network: Based on the System Dynamics." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/206149.

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With system dynamics, we establish three-closed-loop supply chain distribution network system model which consists of supplier, manufacturer, two retailers, and products (parts) recycler. We proposed that recycler make reflect for the government policy by adjusting the recycling ratio and recycling delay. We use vensim software to simulate this model and investigate how the products (parts) recyclers behavior influences the loop supply chain distribution system. The result shows that (1) when recyclers respond positively to government policies, recycling will increase the proportion of recyclers. When recyclers respond negatively to government policy making, recycling will reduce the proportion of recyclers. (2) When the recovery percentage of recyclers improves, manufacturers, Retailer 1, and Retailer 2 quantity fluctuations will reduce and the bullwhip effect will diminish. (3) When the proportion of recycled parts recyclers is lowered, manufacturers, Retailer 1, and Retailer 2 inventory fluctuation will increase and the bullwhip effect will be enhanced. (4) When recyclers recycling product delays increased, volatility manufacturers order quantity will rise, but there is little change in the amount of fluctuation of orders of the two retailers. (5) When recycling parts recyclers delay increases, fluctuations in the supplier order quantity will rise, but there is little change in the amount of fluctuation of orders of the two retailers.

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Lin, Ping Sien, Chi Wen Chang, and Tung Lin Wu. "The Applicability of Estimated Equations of Recycling Agents on the Viscosity Variety of Aged Asphalt Binders." Advanced Materials Research 723 (August 2013): 670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.723.670.

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This study was to perform the viscosity test of adding different ratios (from 10% to 40%) of three recycling agents (RAs), namely RA25, RA75 and RA250, to the reclaimed asphalt binder (RAB) containing a viscosity of 42800 poises. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of various RAs on the viscosity of aged asphalt binders. The viscosity values were also estimated based on the recycling model of aged asphalt binder developed by authors and the equations developed by Arrhenius (1887), Grunberg and Nissan (1949) and Epps et al. (1980). The results show that there are significant variations in the viscosity of recycling asphalt binder when being added different ratios of RA. The estimated viscosity values computed by the recycling model of aged asphalt binder are closer to the tested results when compared with the equations developed by Arrhenius (1887), Grunberg and Nissan (1949) and Epps et al. (1980). Furthermore, the Recycling Index (RI) developed by the recycling model of aged asphalt binder can clearly and precisely reveal the recycling performance of different kinds of RAs. The Gmix from the equation developed by Grunberg and Nissan (1949) has an apparent effect on estimating the viscosity when adding RA to the RAB.

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Akhmedov, G. Ya, and A. S. Kurbanismailova. "ABOUT THE PROBLEMS OF USING THERMOMINERAL WATER WHEN RECYCLING COMBUSTIBLE GASES." PROCEEDINGS OF INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY DAGESTAN SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF RAS 64, no. 1 (2020): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33580/2541-9684-2020-64-1-107-113.

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50

Oliver, Jason, Stefanie Benjamin, and Hillary Leonard. "Recycling on vacation: Does pro-environmental behavior change when consumers travel?" Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science 29, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 266–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21639159.2019.1577158.

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