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1
NOWAK, MICHAŁ, JUSTYNA LEŚNIOWSKA-NOWAK, and MAGDALENA SOZONIUK. "Regulation of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene expression in cereals by copper and manganese excess." Agronomy Science 75, no. 2 (July 17, 2020): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2020.2.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within many different cytotoxic activities of heavy metals in plant cells, one of the most important is connected with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Mechanism of plant cell defense against reactive oxygen species and free radicals has a comprehensive character. The aim of presented paper is characterization of changes in mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene transcript level that occurred in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings during copper and manganese treatment. Our results show down-regulation of MnSOD expression in most cases after the oxidative burst evoked by copper excess. Manganese treatment, on the other hand, caused differential reaction of tested material indicating the substantial impact of cultivar genetic background in molecular response to the same stress-inducing conditions.
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Pigolev, Alexey, Dmitry Miroshnichenko, Alexander Pushin, Vasily Terentyev, Alexander Boutanayev, Sergey Dolgov, and Tatyana Savchenko. "Overexpression of Arabidopsis OPR3 in Hexaploid Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Alters Plant Development and Freezing Tolerance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 3989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123989.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Jasmonates are plant hormones that are involved in the regulation of different aspects of plant life, wherein their functions and molecular mechanisms of action in wheat are still poorly studied. With the aim of gaining more insights into the role of jasmonic acid (JA) in wheat growth, development, and responses to environmental stresses, we have generated transgenic bread wheat plants overexpressing Arabidopsis 12-OXOPHYTODIENOATE REDUCTASE 3 (AtOPR3), one of the key genes of the JA biosynthesis pathway. Analysis of transgenic plants showed that AtOPR3 overexpression affects wheat development, including germination, growth, flowering time, senescence, and alters tolerance to environmental stresses. Transgenic wheat plants with high AtOPR3 expression levels have increased basal levels of JA, and up-regulated expression of ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE, a jasmonate biosynthesis pathway gene that is known to be regulated by a positive feedback loop that maintains and boosts JA levels. Transgenic wheat plants with high AtOPR3 expression levels are characterized by delayed germination, slower growth, late flowering and senescence, and improved tolerance to short-term freezing. The work demonstrates that genetic modification of the jasmonate pathway is a suitable tool for the modulation of developmental traits and stress responses in wheat.
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Gulick, Patrick J., Simon Drouin, Zhihua Yu, Jean Danyluk, Guylaine Poisson, Antonio F. Monroy, and Fathey Sarhan. "Transcriptome comparison of winter and spring wheat responding to low temperature." Genome 48, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Freezing tolerance in plants is a complex trait that occurs in many plant species during growth at low, nonfreezing temperatures, a process known as cold acclimation. This process is regulated by a multigenic system expressing broad variation in the degree of freezing tolerance among wheat cultivars. Microarray analysis is a powerful and rapid approach to gene discovery. In species such as wheat, for which large scale mutant screening and transgenic studies are not currently practical, genotype comparison by this methodology represents an essential approach to identifying key genes in the acquisition of freezing tolerance. A microarray was constructed with PCR amplified cDNA inserts from 1184 wheat expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that represent 947 genes. Gene expression during cold acclimation was compared in 2 cultivars with marked differences in freezing tolerance. Transcript levels of more than 300 genes were altered by cold. Among these, 65 genes were regulated differently between the 2 cultivars for at least 1 time point. These include genes that encode potential regulatory proteins and proteins that act in plant metabolism, including protein kinases, putative transcription factors, Ca2+ binding proteins, a Golgi localized protein, an inorganic pyrophosphatase, a cell wall associated hydrolase, and proteins involved in photosynthesis.Key words: wheat microarray, expression profile, plant transcription, cold-regulated genes, freezing tolerance, cold acclimation, winter hardiness, stress genes, gene regulation, wheat transcriptome.
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Bringloe, David H., Tristan A. Dyer, and John C. Gray. "Developmental, circadian and light regulation of wheat ferredoxin gene expression." Plant Molecular Biology 27, no. 2 (January 1995): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00020184.
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Bi, Huihui, Yue Zhao, Huanhuan Li, and Wenxuan Liu. "Wheat Heat Shock Factor TaHsfA6f Increases ABA Levels and Enhances Tolerance to Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Transgenic Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abiotic stresses are major constraints limiting crop growth and production. Heat shock factors (Hsfs) play significant roles in mediating plant resistance to various environmental stresses, including heat, drought and salinity. In this study, we explored the biological functions and underlying mechanisms of wheat TaHsfA6f in plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses. Gene expression profiles showed that TaHsfA6f has relatively high expression levels in wheat leaves at the reproductive stage. Transcript levels of TaHsfA6f were substantially up-regulated by heat, dehydration, salinity, low temperature, and multiple phytohormones, but was not induced by brassinosteroids (BR). Subcellular localization analyses revealed that TaHsfA6f is localized to the nucleus. Overexpression of the TaHsfA6f gene in Arabidopsis results in improved tolerance to heat, drought and salt stresses, enhanced sensitivity to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), and increased accumulation of ABA. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing data demonstrated that TaHsfA6f functions through up-regulation of a number of genes involved in ABA metabolism and signaling, and other stress-associated genes. Collectively, these results provide evidence that TaHsfA6f participates in the regulation of multiple abiotic stresses, and that TaHsfA6f could serve as a valuable gene for genetic modification of crop abiotic stress tolerance.
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Kubo, Tomohiko, Takumi Arakawa, Yujiro Honma, and Kazuyoshi Kitazaki. "What Does the Molecular Genetics of Different Types of Restorer-of-Fertility Genes Imply?" Plants 9, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030361.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a widely used trait for hybrid seed production. Although male sterility is caused by S cytoplasm (male-sterility inducing mitochondria), the action of S cytoplasm is suppressed by restorer-of-fertility (Rf), a nuclear gene. Hence, the genetics of Rf has attained particular interest among plant breeders. The genetic model posits Rf diversity in which an Rf specifically suppresses the cognate S cytoplasm. Molecular analysis of Rf loci in plants has identified various genes; however, pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein (a specific type of RNA-binding protein) is so prominent as the Rf-gene product that Rfs have been categorized into two classes, PPR and non-PPR. In contrast, several shared features between PPR- and some non-PPR Rfs are apparent, suggesting the possibility of another grouping. Our present focus is to group Rfs by molecular genetic classes other than the presence of PPRs. We propose three categories that define partially overlapping groups of Rfs: association with post-transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial gene expression, resistance gene-like copy number variation at the locus, and lack of a direct link to S-orf (a mitochondrial ORF associated with CMS). These groups appear to reflect their own evolutionary background and their mechanism of conferring S cytoplasm specificity.
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Appleford, N. E. J., and J. R. Lenton. "Hormonal regulation of alpha-amylase gene expression in germinating wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains." Physiologia Plantarum 100, no. 3 (July 1997): 534–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb03058.x.
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Li, Jiao, He, Sun, Xu, Zhang, Jiang, Li, and Niu. "Gene Expression Profiles and microRNA Regulation Networks in Tiller Primordia, Stem Tips, and Young Spikes of Wheat Guomai 301." Genes 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2019): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10090686.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tillering and spike differentiation are two key events for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A study on the transcriptomes and microRNA group profiles of wheat at the two key developmental stages will bring insight into the molecular regulation mechanisms. Guomai 301 is a representative excellent new high yield wheat cultivar in the Henan province in China. The transcriptomes and microRNA (miRNA) groups of tiller primordia (TPs), stem tips (STs), and young spikes (YSs) in Guomai 301 were compared to each other. A total of 1741 tillering specifically expressed and 281 early spikes differentiating specifically expressed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Six major expression profile clusters of tissue-specific DEGs for the three tissues were classified by gene co-expression analysis using K-means cluster. The ribosome (ko03010), photosynthesis-antenna proteins (ko00196), and plant hormone signal transduction (ko04075) were the main metabolic pathways in TPs, STs, and YSs, respectively. Similarly, 67 TP specifically expressed and 19 YS specifically expressed differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, 65 of them were novel. The roles of 3 well known miRNAs, tae-miR156, tae-miR164, and tae-miR167a, in post-transcriptional regulation were similar to that of other researches. There were 651 significant negative miRNA–mRNA interaction pairs in TPs and YSs, involving 63 differentially expressed miRNAs (fold change > 4) and 416 differentially expressed mRNAs. Among them 12 key known miRNAs and 16 novel miRNAs were further analyzed, and miRNA–mRNA regulatory networks during tillering and early spike differentiating were established.
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Rees, Hannah, Rachel Rusholme-Pilcher, Paul Bailey, Joshua Colmer, Benjamen White, Connor Reynolds, Sabrina Jaye Ward, et al. "Circadian regulation of the transcriptome in a complex polyploid crop." PLOS Biology 20, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): e3001802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001802.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The circadian clock is a finely balanced timekeeping mechanism that coordinates programmes of gene expression. It is currently unknown how the clock regulates expression of homoeologous genes in polyploids. Here, we generate a high-resolution time-course dataset to investigate the circadian balance between sets of 3 homoeologous genes (triads) from hexaploid bread wheat. We find a large proportion of circadian triads exhibit imbalanced rhythmic expression patterns, with no specific subgenome favoured. In wheat, period lengths of rhythmic transcripts are found to be longer and have a higher level of variance than in other plant species. Expression of transcripts associated with circadian controlled biological processes is largely conserved between wheat and Arabidopsis; however, striking differences are seen in agriculturally critical processes such as starch metabolism. Together, this work highlights the ongoing selection for balance versus diversification in circadian homoeologs and identifies clock-controlled pathways that might provide important targets for future wheat breeding.
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Debernardi, Juan M., Daniel P. Woods, Kun Li, Chengxia Li, and Jorge Dubcovsky. "MiR172-APETALA2-like genes integrate vernalization and plant age to control flowering time in wheat." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 4 (April 25, 2022): e1010157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010157.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plants possess regulatory mechanisms that allow them to flower under conditions that maximize reproductive success. Selection of natural variants affecting those mechanisms has been critical in agriculture to modulate the flowering response of crops to specific environments and to increase yield. In the temperate cereals, wheat and barley, the photoperiod and vernalization pathways explain most of the natural variation in flowering time. However, other pathways also participate in fine-tuning the flowering response. In this work, we integrate the conserved microRNA miR172 and its targets APETALA2-like (AP2L) genes into the temperate grass flowering network involving VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1), VRN2 and FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (FT1 = VRN3) genes. Using mutants, transgenics and different growing conditions, we show that miR172 promotes flowering in wheat, while its target genes AP2L1 (TaTOE1) and AP2L5 (Q) act as flowering repressors. Moreover, we reveal that the miR172-AP2L pathway regulates FT1 expression in the leaves, and that this regulation is independent of VRN2 and VRN1. In addition, we show that the miR172-AP2L module and flowering are both controlled by plant age through miR156 in spring cultivars. However, in winter cultivars, flowering and the regulation of AP2L1 expression are decoupled from miR156 downregulation with age, and induction of VRN1 by vernalization is required to repress AP2L1 in the leaves and promote flowering. Interestingly, the levels of miR172 and both AP2L genes modulate the flowering response to different vernalization treatments in winter cultivars. In summary, our results show that conserved and grass specific gene networks interact to modulate the flowering response, and that natural or induced mutations in AP2L genes are useful tools for fine-tuning wheat flowering time in a changing environment.
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Webster, Hollie, Gabriel Keeble, Bernard Dell, John Fosu-Nyarko, Y. Mukai, Paula Moolhuijzen, Matthew Bellgard, et al. "Genome-level identification of cell wall invertase genes in wheat for the study of drought tolerance." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 7 (2012): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) drought-induced pollen sterility is a major contributor to grain yield loss and is caused by the downregulation of the cell wall invertase gene IVR1. The IVR1 gene catalyses the irreversible hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose, the essential energy substrates which support pollen development. Downregulation of IVR1 in response to drought is isoform specific and shows variation in temporal and tissue-specific expression. IVR1 is now prompting interest as a candidate gene for molecular marker development to screen wheat germplasm for improved drought tolerance. The aim of this study was to define the family of IVR1 genes to enable: (1) individual isoforms to be assayed in gene expression studies; and (2) greater accuracy in IVR1 mapping to the wheat genetic map and drought tolerance QTL analysis. Using a cell wall invertase-specific motif as a probe, wheat genomics platforms were screened for the presence of unidentified IVR1 isoforms. Wheat genomics platforms screened included the IWGSC wheat survey sequence, the wheat D genome donor sequence from Aegilops tauschii Coss, and the CCG wheat chromosome 3B assembly: contig506. Chromosome-specific sequences homologous to the query motif were isolated and characterised. Sequence annotation results showed five previously unidentified IVR1 isoforms exist on multiple chromosome arms and on all three genomes (A, B and D): IVR1–3A, IVR1–4A, IVR1–5B, IVR1.2–3B and IVR1-5D. Including three previously characterised IVR1 isoforms (IVR1.1–1A, IVR1.2–1A and IVR1.1–3B), the total number of isoform gene family members is eight. The IVR1 isoforms contain two motifs common to cell wall invertase (NDPN and WECPDF) and a high degree of conservation in exon 4, suggesting conservation of functionality. Sequence divergence at a primary structure level in other regions of the gene was evident amongst the isoforms, which likely contributes to variation in gene regulation and expression in response to water deficit within this subfamily of IVR1 isoforms in wheat.
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Ermakov, Anton, Aleksandr Bobrovskikh, Ulyana Zubairova, Dmitrii Konstantinov, and Alexey Doroshkov. "Stress-induced changes in the expression of antioxidant system genes for rice (Oryza sativa L.) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." PeerJ 7 (November 29, 2019): e7791. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7791.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Plant cell metabolism inevitably forms reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cells or lead to their death. The antioxidant system (AOS) evolved to eliminate a high concentration of ROS. For plants, this system consists of the seven classes of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant compounds. Each enzymatic class contains a various number of genes which may vary from species to species. In such a multi-copy genetic system, the integration of evolutionary characteristics and expression data makes it possible to effectively predict promising breeding targets for the design of highly-yielding cultivars. In the plant cells, ROS production can increase as a result of abiotic stresses. Accordingly, AOS responds to stress by altering the expression of the genes of its components. Expression profiles of AOS enzymes, including their changes under stress, remains incomplete. A comprehensive study of the system behavior in response to stress for different species gives the key to identify the general mechanisms of AOS regulation. In this article, we studied stress-induced changes in the expression of AOS genes in photosynthetic tissues for rice and bread wheat. Methods A meta-analysis of genome-wide transcriptome data on stress-induced changes in expression profiles of antioxidant genes using microarray and next generation sequencing (NGS) experiments from the GEO NCBI database for rice and bread wheat was carried out. Experimental study of expression changes in short (6 h) and prolonged (24 h) cold stress responses for selected AOS genes of bread wheat cultivars Saratovskaya29 and Yanetzkis Probat was conducted using qPCR. Results The large-scale meta-transcriptome and complementary experimental analysis revealed a summary of fold changes in the AOS gene expression in response to cold and water deficiency for rice and bread wheat.
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Bhati, Kaushal Kumar, Valdeko Kruusvee, Daniel Straub, Anil Kumar Nalini Chandran, Ki-Hong Jung, and Stephan Wenkel. "Global Analysis of Cereal microProteins Suggests Diverse Roles in Crop Development and Environmental Adaptation." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 10 (August 6, 2020): 3709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.400794.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
MicroProteins are a class of small single-domain proteins that post-translationally regulate larger multidomain proteins from which they evolved or which they relate to. They disrupt the normal function of their targets by forming microProtein-target heterodimers through compatible protein-protein interaction (PPI) domains. Recent studies confirm the significance of microProteins in the fine-tuning of plant developmental processes such as shoot apical meristem maintenance and flowering time regulation. While there are a number of well-characterized microProteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, studies from more complex plant genomes are still missing. We have previously developed miPFinder, a software for identifying microProteins from annotated genomes. Here we present an improved version where we have updated the algorithm to increase its accuracy and speed, and used it to analyze five cereal crop genomes – wheat, rice, barley, maize and sorghum. We found 20,064 potential microProteins from a total of 258,029 proteins in these five organisms, of which approximately 2000 are high-confidence, i.e., likely to function as actual microProteins. Gene ontology analysis of these 2000 microProtein candidates revealed their roles in stress, light and growth responses, hormone signaling and transcriptional regulation. Using a recently developed rice gene co-expression database, we analyzed 347 potential rice microProteins that are also conserved in other cereal crops and found over 50 of these rice microProteins to be co-regulated with their identified interaction partners. Overall, our study reveals a rich source of biotechnologically interesting small proteins that regulate fundamental plant processes such a growth and stress response that could be utilized in crop bioengineering.
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Lv, Shikai, Huan Guo, Min Zhang, Qiaohui Wang, Hong Zhang, and Wanquan Ji. "Large-Scale Cloning and Comparative Analysis of TaNAC Genes in Response to Stripe Rust and Powdery Mildew in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Genes 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11091073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2 (NAC) transcription factors (TFs) constitute the largest plant-specific TF superfamily, and play important roles in various physiological processes, including stress responses. Stripe rust and powdery mildew are the most damaging of the fungal diseases that afflict wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, studies on Triticum aestivum NAC (TaNAC)s’ role in resistance to the two diseases are still limited, especially in an overall comparative analysis of TaNACs responding or not to fungal stress. In the present study, 186 TaNAC transcripts were obtained from the resistant hexaploid wheat line N9134 under fungal stress, and 180 new transcripts were submitted to GenBank. Statistical results show that 35.1% (54/154) of TaNAC genes responded to stripe rust and powdery mildew in the seedling stage. “Abnormal” coding transcripts of differentially expressed (DE)-TaNAC genes in wheat responding to fungal stress were found in a significantly higher proportion (24/117 vs. 8/69, p = 0.0098) than in non-DE-NACs. This hinted that the alternative splicing of TaNAC genes was active in transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation during plant-pathogen interactions. Full-length NAC proteins were classified into nine groups via phylogenetic analysis. Multiple-sequence alignment revealed diversity in the C-terminal structural organization, but the differentially expressed gene (DEG)-encoding proteins enriched in Subgroups VI and VII were conserved, with WV[L/V]CR amino acid residues in Motif 7 following the NAM domain. Our data that showed TaNAC TFs responded to fungal disease, which was affected by expression levels and by the regulation of multifarious transcript variants. These data for TaNAC responses to stripe rust and/or powdery mildew and their numerous structural variants provide a good resource for NAC function–mechanism analysis in the context of biotic-stress tolerance in wheat.
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Miao, Luke, Chunli Chen, Li Yao, Jaclyn Tran, and Hua Zhang. "Genome-wide identification, characterization, interaction network and expression profile of GAPDH gene family in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)." PeerJ 7 (November 14, 2019): e7934. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7934.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key glycolytic enzyme that plays important roles in multiple cellular processes including phytohormone signaling, plant development, and transcriptional regulation. Although GAPDH genes have been well characterized in various plant species such as Arabidopsis, tobacco, wheat, rice, and watermelon, comprehensive analysis has yet to be completed at the whole genome level in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). In this study, six GAPDH genes distributed across four chromosomes were identified within the sweet orange genome. Their gene structures, conserved subunits, and subcellular localization were also characterized. Cis-element analysis of CsGAPDHs’ promoter regions and the results of dark treatments indicate that CsGAPDH may be involved in photosynthesis. CsGAPDH genes expressed either in a tissue-specific manner or constitutively were ultimately identified along with their expression response to phosphorus deficiency treatments. In addition, a dual-luciferase transient assay was performed to reveal the transcriptional activation of CsGAPDH proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis for proteins interacting with CsGAPDHs helped to uncover the roles these CsGAPDHs play in other plant processes such as citrus seed germination. This study provides a systematic analysis of the CsGAPDH gene family in the sweet orange genome, which can serve as a strong foundation for further research into the biochemical properties and physiological functions of CsGAPDHs.
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Xu, Y., C. Badea, F. Tran, M. Frick, D. Schneiderman, L. Robert, L. Harris, et al. "Next-Gen sequencing of the transcriptome of triticale." Plant Genetic Resources 9, no. 2 (March 25, 2011): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000281.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Triticale possesses favourable agronomic attributes originating from both its wheat and rye progenitors, including high grain and biomass yields. Triticale, primarily used as animal feed in North America, is an excellent candidate for production of industrial bio-products. Little is known about the coordination of gene expression of rye and wheat genomes in this intergeneric hybrid, but significant DNA losses from the parental genomes have been reported. To clarify the regulation of gene expression in triticale, we carried out 454 sequencing of cDNAs obtained from root, leaf, stem and floral tissues in different lines of triticale and rye exhibiting different phenotypes and assembled reads into contigs. Related to the data assembly were the absence of reference genomes and the paucity of rye sequences in GenBank or other public databases. Consequently, we have sequenced cDNA libraries from roots, seedlings, leaves, floral tissues and immature seeds to facilitate the identification of triticale sequences originating from rye. To further characterize the wheat-derived cDNAs, we also developed a database close to 25,000 non-redundant full-length wheat coding sequence genes, based on existing databases and contigs that were verified against protein sequences from the grass genomes of Brachypodium distachyon, rice, sorghum and maize.
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Jiang, Wenqiang, Lei Yang, Yiqin He, Haotian Zhang, Wei Li, Huaigu Chen, Dongfang Ma, and Junliang Yin. "Genome-wide identification and transcriptional expression analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD) family in wheat (Triticum aestivum)." PeerJ 7 (November 19, 2019): e8062. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are a family of key antioxidant enzymes that play a crucial role in plant growth and development. Previously, this gene family has been investigated in Arabidopsis and rice. In the present study, a genome-wide analysis of the SOD gene family in wheat were performed. Twenty-six SOD genes were identified from the whole genome of wheat, including 17 Cu/Zn-SODs, six Fe-SODs, and three Mn-SODs. The chromosomal location mapping analysis indicated that these three types of SOD genes were only distributed on 2, 4, and 7 chromosomes, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of wheat SODs and several other species revealed that these SOD proteins can be assigned to two major categories. SOD1 mainly comprises of Cu/Zn-SODs, and SOD2 mainly comprises of Fe-SODs and Mn-SODs. Gene structure and motif analyses indicated that most of the SOD genes showed a relatively conserved exon/intron arrangement and motif composition. Analyses of transcriptional data indicated that most of the wheat SOD genes were expressed in almost all of the examined tissues and had important functions in abiotic stress resistance. Finally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to reveal the regulating roles of wheat SOD gene family in response to NaCl, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol stresses. qRT-PCR showed that eight randomly selected genes with relatively high expression levels responded to all three stresses based on released transcriptome data. However, their degree of response and response patterns were different. Interestingly, among these genes, TaSOD1.7, TaSOD1.9, TaSOD2.1, and TaSOD2.3 feature research value owing to their remarkable expression-fold change in leaves or roots under different stresses. Overall, our results provide a basis of further functional research on the SOD gene family in wheat and facilitate their potential use for applications in the genetic improvement on wheat in drought and salt stress environments.
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Jia, Xiaowei, Xuyang Si, Yangyang Jia, Hongyan Zhang, Shijun Tian, Wenjing Li, Ke Zhang, and Yanyun Pan. "Genomic profiling and expression analysis of the diacylglycerol kinase gene family in heterologous hexaploid wheat." PeerJ 9 (December 14, 2021): e12480. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12480.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The inositol phospholipid signaling system mediates plant growth, development, and responses to adverse conditions. Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) is one of the key enzymes in the phosphoinositide-cycle (PI-cycle), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol (DAG) to form phosphatidic acid (PA). To date, comprehensive genomic and functional analyses of DGKs have not been reported in wheat. In this study, 24 DGK gene family members from the wheat genome (TaDGKs) were identified and analyzed. Each putative protein was found to consist of a DGK catalytic domain and an accessory domain. The analyses of phylogenetic and gene structure analyses revealed that each TaDGK gene could be grouped into clusters I, II, or III. In each phylogenetic subgroup, the TaDGKs demonstrated high conservation of functional domains, for example, of gene structure and amino acid sequences. Four coding sequences were then cloned from Chinese Spring wheat. Expression analysis of these four genes revealed that each had a unique spatial and developmental expression pattern, indicating their functional diversification across wheat growth and development processes. Additionally, TaDGKs were also prominently up-regulated under salt and drought stresses, suggesting their possible roles in dealing with adverse environmental conditions. Further cis-regulatory elements analysis elucidated transcriptional regulation and potential biological functions. These results provide valuable information for understanding the putative functions of DGKs in wheat and support deeper functional analysis of this pivotal gene family. The 24 TaDGKs identified and analyzed in this study provide a strong foundation for further exploration of the biological function and regulatory mechanisms of TaDGKs in response to environmental stimuli.
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Kong, Lingrang, Herbert W. Ohm, and Joseph M. Anderson. "Expression analysis of defense-related genes in wheat in response to infection by Fusarium graminearumContribution from Purdue University Agricultural Research Programs as journal article No. 2007-18090." Genome 50, no. 11 (November 2007): 1038–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g07-085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the fungi Fusarium g raminearum and Fusarium culmorum , is a worldwide disease of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The Chinese cultivar Ning 7840 is one of a few wheat cultivars with resistance to FHB. GeneCalling™, an open-architecture mRNA-profiling technology, was used to identify differentially expressed genes induced or suppressed in spikes of Ning 7840 after infection by F. graminearum. One hundred and twenty-five cDNA fragments representing transcripts differentially expressed in wheat spikes were identified. Based on BLASTN and BLASTX analyses, putative functions were assigned to some of the genes: 28 were assigned functions in primary metabolism and photosynthesis, 7 were involved in defense response, 14 were involved in gene expression and regulation, 24 encoded proteins associated with structure and protein synthesis, 42 lacked homology to sequences in the database, and 3 were similar to cloned multidrug resistance or disease resistance proteins. Of particular interest in this study were genes associated with resistance and defense against pathogen infection. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR indicated that of 51 genes tested, 19 showed 2-fold or greater induction or suppression in infected Ning 7840 in comparison with the water-treated control. The remaining 32 genes were not significantly induced or suppressed in infected Ning 7840 compared with the control. Subsequently, these 19 induced or suppressed genes were examined in the wheat line KS24-1, containing FHB resistance derived from Lophopyrum elongatum , and Len, an FHB-susceptible wheat cultivar. The temporal expression of some of these sequences encoding resistance proteins or defense-related proteins showed FHB (resistance specific) induction, suggesting that these genes play a role in protection against toxic compounds in plant–fungus interactions. On the basis of comprehensive expression profiling of various biotic or abiotic stress response genes revealed by quantitative PCR in this study and other supporting data, we hypothesized that the plant–pathogen interactions may be highly integrated into a network of diverse biosynthetic pathways.
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Luo, Liqing, Jianfang Bai, Shaohua Yuan, Liping Guo, Zihan Liu, Haoyu Guo, Tianbao Zhang, et al. "Genome Wide Identification and Characterization of Wheat GH9 Genes Reveals Their Roles in Pollen Development and Anther Dehiscence." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 6324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116324.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) is a key member of the hydrolase family in the process of cellulose synthesis and hydrolysis, playing important roles in plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic characteristics and gene expression involved in pollen fertility conversion and anther dehiscence from a genomewide level. In total, 74 wheat GH9 genes (TaGH9s) were identified, which were classified into Class A, Class B and Class C and unevenly distributed on chromosomes. We also investigated the gene duplication and reveled that fragments and tandem repeats contributed to the amplification of TaGH9s. TaGH9s had abundant hormone-responsive elements and light-responsive elements, involving JA–ABA crosstalk to regulate anther development. Ten TaGH9s, which highly expressed stamen tissue, were selected to further validate their function in pollen fertility conversion and anther dehiscence. Based on the cell phenotype and the results of the scanning electron microscope at the anther dehiscence period, we found that seven TaGH9s may target miRNAs, including some known miRNAs (miR164 and miR398), regulate the level of cellulose by light and phytohormone and play important roles in pollen fertility and anther dehiscence. Finally, we proposed a hypothesis model to reveal the regulation pathway of TaGH9 on fertility conversion and anther dehiscence. Our study provides valuable insights into the GH9 family in explaining the male sterility mechanism of the wheat photo-thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile (PTGMS) line and generates useful male sterile resources for improving wheat hybrid breeding.
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Li, Junchang, Jing Zhang, Huijuan Li, Hao Niu, Qiaoqiao Xu, Zhixin Jiao, Junhang An, Yumei Jiang, Qiaoyun Li, and Jishan Niu. "The Major Factors Causing the Microspore Abortion of Genic Male Sterile Mutant NWMS1 in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 6252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246252.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Male sterility is a valuable trait for genetic research and production application of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). NWMS1, a novel typical genic male sterility mutant, was obtained from Shengnong 1, mutagenized with ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). Microstructure and ultrastructure observations of the anthers and microspores indicated that the pollen abortion of NWMS1 started at the early uninucleate microspore stage. Pollen grain collapse, plasmolysis, and absent starch grains were the three typical characteristics of the abnormal microspores. The anther transcriptomes of NWMS1 and its wild type Shengnong 1 were compared at the early anther development stage, pollen mother cell meiotic stage, and binucleate microspore stage. Several biological pathways clearly involved in abnormal anther development were identified, including protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, starch and sucrose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. There were 20 key genes involved in the abnormal anther development, screened out by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), including SKP1B, BIP5, KCS11, ADH3, BGLU6, and TIFY10B. The results indicated that the defect in starch and sucrose metabolism was the most important factor causing male sterility in NWMS1. Based on the experimental data, a primary molecular regulation model of abnormal anther and pollen developments in mutant NWMS1 was established. These results laid a solid foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of wheat male sterility.
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Sakit ALHaithloul, Haifa Abdulaziz, Muhammad Ishfaq Khan, Arafa Musa, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Ayshah Aysh ALrashidi, Imtiaz Khan, Ehab Azab, et al. "Phytotoxic effects of Acacia saligna dry leachates on germination, seedling growth, photosynthetic performance, and gene expression of economically important crops." PeerJ 10 (August 2, 2022): e13623. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13623.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of dry leachates of Acasia saligna was tested on the seedling growth, photosynthesis, biochemical attributes, and gene expression of the economically important crops, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and arugula (Eruca sativa L.). Different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) of stem extract (SE) and leaf extract (LE) of A. saligna were prepared, and seedlings were allowed to grow in Petri plates for 8 days. The results showed that all plant species exhibited reduced germination rate, plant height, and fresh and dry weight due to leachates extracts of A. saligna. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), exhibited differential regulation due to the extract treatment. The SOD was increased with increasing the concentration of extracts, while CAT and APX activities were decreased with increasing the extract concentrations. In addition, leachate extract treatment decrease chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, PSII activity, and water use efficiency, with evident effects at their higher concentrations. Furthermore, the content of proline, sugars, protein, total phenols, and flavonoids were reduced considerably due to leachates extract treatments. Furthermore, seedlings treated with high concentrations of LE increased the expression of genes. The present results lead to the conclusion that A. saligna contains significant allelochemicals that interfere with the growth and development of the tested crop species and reduced the crops biomass and negatively affected other related parameters. However, further studies are suggested to determine the isolation and purification of the active compounds present in A. saligna extracts.
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Srinivas, S. "Development: nature and nurture." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 20 (October 15, 2000): 3549–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.20.3549.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Development? Genetics, Epigenetics and Environmental Regulation edited by V. E. A. Russo, D. J. Cove, L. G. Edgar, R. Jaenisch and F. Salamini Springer-Verlag (1999) pp. 542. ISBN 3–540-62754-5 51. 50/$89.95 One of the fascinations of development is the sheer complexity of the process. At a basic level, the goal is to produce an organism with a coherent form, composed of cells that are properly differentiated, and located at the proper positions relative to one another. To do this, even the simplest organism needs to employ myriad genetic interactions to regulate correctly the developmental process. Furthermore, it needs to be able to perpetuate the differences between genetically identical cells as the development of the organism progresses. Finally, it needs to respond to environmental cues that may play a role in determining how the organism develops. Development? Genetics, Epigenetics and Environmental Regulations addresses these three aspects of the development of various organisms in a series of chapters contributed by different authors. In the words of the editors, the aim of the collection is to “.cover key concepts, key approaches, and many of the key systems.” They also intend the book to be useful to students entering the field of development, by introducing a wide range of developmental problems in a variety of systems, thereby enabling them to decide upon an organism to study. For the most part, the book does justice to its stated goals. It is, however, important to keep in mind that it is very much a modern view of the genetic basis of development, with the operative words being genetic and modern. As a result, little or no mention is made of widely used model systems in which the study of genetics is difficult or impossible (such as the frog and chick), or of processes for which the genetic basis is not well understood. The text also does not deal with classical, but nevertheless instructive, experiments such as those on inductive tissue interactions, the fates of embryonic tissues, or the movements of sheets of cells. The book is divided into three sections, covering microbial systems (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic), plants and animals. The section on microbial systems has chapters on topics ranging from virus assembly to the control of the cell cycle in Asperigillus nidulans. Some of the other subjects covered in this section are the control of gene expression in prokaryotes, cell type determination in yeast, and the development of Myxobacteria. The second section begins with a chapter providing an overview of plant embryogenesis. This is followed by chapters that cover root development in Arabidopsis, flower development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum and leaf development in Maize. This section also has chapters dealing with endosperm development, the developmental response of plants to environmental light and the symbiotic relation between bacteria and plants. The third section, which makes up roughly half of the book, starts with four chapters on various aspects of development in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, including axis formation, cell fate determination and organogenesis. This is followed by chapters dealing with Drosophila axis formation, neurogenesis and imaginal disk development. Other chapters discuss vertebrate myogenesis, the role of neurotrophins in nervous system development, and olfactory receptor gene regulation. There are also chapters devoted solely to epigenetic phenomena such as X-chromosome inactivation, the role of imprinting in human disease, and DNA methylation as a mechanism for epigenetic modification. The individual chapters have a fairly consistent structure, each beginning with a brief introduction to the system under discussion before plunging into the details of the problem being studied. They all end with a brief discussion of where the current research is likely to lead in the future, and a summary of what was discussed in the chapter. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Poulev, Alexander, Joseph R. Heckman, Ilya Raskin, and Faith C. Belanger. "Tricin levels and expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in developing grains of purple and brown pericarp rice." PeerJ 7 (February 18, 2019): e6477. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6477.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The methylated flavone tricin has been associated with numerous health benefits, including reductions in intestinal and colon cancers in animal models. Tricin is found in a wide range of plant species and in many different tissues. However, whole cereal grains, such as rice, barley, oats, and wheat, are the only food sources of tricin, which is located in the bran portion of the grain. Variation in tricin levels was found in bran from rice genotypes with light brown, brown, red, and purple pericarp color, with the purple pericarp genotypes having the highest levels of tricin. Here, we analyzed tricin and tricin derivative levels in developing pericarp and embryo samples of a purple pericarp genotype, IAC600, that had high tricin and tricin derivative levels in the bran, and a light brown pericarp genotype, Cocodrie, that had no detectable tricin or tricin derivatives in the bran. Tricin and tricin derivatives were detected in both the pericarp and embryo of IAC600 but only in the embryo of Cocodrie. The purple pericarp rice had higher total levels of free tricin plus tricin derivatives than the light brown pericarp rice. When expressed on a per grain basis, most of the tricin component of IAC600 was in the pericarp. In contrast, Cocodrie had no detectable tricin in the pericarp samples but did have detectable chrysoeriol, a precursor of tricin, in the pericarp samples. We also used RNA-Seq analysis of developing pericarp and embryo samples of the two cultivars to compare the expression of genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. The results presented here suggest that understanding the basis of tricin accumulation in rice pericarp may lead to an approach to increasing tricin levels in whole grain rice. From analysis of gene expression levels in the pericarp samples it appears that regulation of the flavone specific genes is independent of regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. It therefore may be feasible to develop brown pericarp rice cultivars that accumulate tricin in the pericarp.
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Khurana, P., H. Chauhan, and N. Khurana. "Characterization and expression of high temperature stress responsive genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S94—S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3261-cjgpb.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To elucidate the effects of high temperatures, wheat plants (Triticum aestivum cv. CPAN 1676) were given heat shocks at 37°C and 42°C for two hours, and responsive genes were identified through PCR-Select Subtraction technology. Four subtractive cDNA libraries, including three forward and one reverse subtraction, were constructed from three different developmental stages. A total of 5500 ESTs were generated and 3516 high quality ESTs were submitted to Genbank. More than one third of the ESTs generated fall in unknown/no hit categories upon a homology search through BLAST analysis. A large number of high temperature responsive genes have been identified and characterized. Reverse subtraction analysis in developing grains showed extensive transcriptional changes upon heat stress as revealed by comparative analysis with forward subtraction. Differential expression was confirmed by cDNA macroarray and by northern/RT-PCR analysis. Expression analysis of wheat plants subjected to high temperature stress, after one and four days of recovery, showed fast recovery in seedling tissues. However, recovery was small in the developing seed tissue after two hours of heat stress. Ten selected genes were analysed in further detail by quantitative real-time PCR in an array of 35 different wheat tissues representing major developmental stages as well as different abiotic stresses. Tissue specificity was examined along with cross talk with other abiotic stresses and putative signalling molecules. The results obtained contribute towards understanding the regulation of genes at different developmental stages in wheat crucial to withstanding and recovery from heat stress.
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Miryeganeh, Matin. "Epigenetic Mechanisms of Senescence in Plants." Cells 11, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11020251.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Senescence is a major developmental transition in plants that requires a massive reprogramming of gene expression and includes various layers of regulations. Senescence is either an age-dependent or a stress-induced process, and is under the control of complex regulatory networks that interact with each other. It has been shown that besides genetic reprogramming, which is an important aspect of plant senescence, transcription factors and higher-level mechanisms, such as epigenetic and small RNA-mediated regulators, are also key factors of senescence-related genes. Epigenetic mechanisms are an important layer of this multilevel regulatory system that change the activity of transcription factors (TFs) and play an important role in modulating the expression of senescence-related gene. They include chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modification, and the RNA-mediated control of transcription factors and genes. This review provides an overview of the known epigenetic regulation of plant senescence, which has mostly been studied in the form of leaf senescence, and it also covers what has been reported about whole-plant senescence.
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Chooi, Yit-Heng, Mariano Jordi Muria-Gonzalez, Oliver L. Mead, and Peter S. Solomon. "SnPKS19Encodes the Polyketide Synthase for Alternariol Mycotoxin Biosynthesis in the Wheat Pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 16 (May 29, 2015): 5309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00278-15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTAlternariol (AOH) is an important mycotoxin from theAlternariafungi. AOH was detected for the first time in the wheat pathogenParastagonospora nodorumin a recent study. Here, we exploited reverse genetics to demonstrate that SNOG_15829 (SnPKS19), a close homolog ofPenicillium aethiopicumnorlichexanthone (NLX) synthase genegsfA, is required for AOH production. We further validate thatSnPKS19is solely responsible for AOH production by heterologous expression inAspergillus nidulans. The expression profile ofSnPKS19based on previousP. nodorummicroarray data correlated with the presence of AOHin vitroand its absencein planta. Subsequent characterization of the ΔSnPKS19mutants showed thatSnPKS19and AOH are not involved in virulence and oxidative stress tolerance. Identification and characterization of theP. nodorumSnPKS19cast light on a possible alternative AOH synthase gene inAlternaria alternataand allowed us to survey the distribution of AOH synthase genes in other fungal genomes. We further demonstrate that phylogenetic analysis could be used to differentiate between AOH synthases and the closely related NLX synthases. This study provides the basis for studying the genetic regulation of AOH production and for development of molecular diagnostic methods for detecting AOH-producing fungi in the future.
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Gonzali, Silvia, and Pierdomenico Perata. "Fruit Colour and Novel Mechanisms of Genetic Regulation of Pigment Production in Tomato Fruits." Horticulturae 7, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fruit colour represents a genetic trait with ecological and nutritional value. Plants mainly use colour to attract animals and favour seed dispersion. Thus, in many species, fruit colour coevolved with frugivories and their preferences. Environmental factors, however, represented other adaptive forces and further diversification was driven by domestication. All these factors cooperated in the evolution of tomato fruit, one of the most important in human nutrition. Tomato phylogenetic history showed two main steps in colour evolution: the change from green-chlorophyll to red-carotenoid pericarp, and the loss of the anthocyanic pigmentation. These events likely occurred with the onset of domestication. Then spontaneous mutations repeatedly occurred in carotenoid and phenylpropanoid pathways, leading to colour variants which often were propagated. Introgression breeding further enriched the panel of pigmentation patterns. In recent decades, the genetic determinants underneath tomato colours were identified. Novel evidence indicates that key regulatory and biosynthetic genes undergo mechanisms of gene expression regulation that are much more complex than what was imagined before: post-transcriptional mechanisms, with RNA splicing among the most common, indeed play crucial roles to fine-tune the expression of this trait in fruits and offer new substrate for the rise of genetic variables, thus providing further evolutionary flexibility to the character.
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Hou, Lijiang, Aihua Zhang, Ruochen Wang, Peng Zhao, Dongzhi Zhang, Yujie Jiang, Chamila Jeewani Diddugodage, Xiaoming Wang, Zhongfu Ni, and Shengbao Xu. "Brassinosteroid Regulates Root Development with Highly Redundant Genes in Hexaploid Wheat." Plant and Cell Physiology 60, no. 8 (May 17, 2019): 1761–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz088.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Brassinosteroid (BR) plays an important role in plant development and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, but its specific function remains largely unknown in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), preventing its utilization in this important crop. In this study, the function of BR and its underlying cytological role in wheat root development were comprehensively investigated. Our findings demonstrated that BR has a conserved function in regulating root length in wheat, and novel roles in regulating lateral root emergence and root diameter were uncovered. Analyses of BR homologous gene composition and evolutionary divergence demonstrated that the genetic framework of the wheat BR pathway was close to that of rice, but contained highly redundant homologous copies of genes from the subgenome A, B and D. These homologous copies showed active expression and shared a conserved BR response. The expression of wheat DWF4 and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) genes in Arabidopsis confirmed that multiple homologous copies maintained their conserved function in regulating root development, highlighting their redundant status and indicating that a special challenge exists in wheat gene modification to deal with this high redundancy. However, our results suggested that the hypermorphic effect of T. aestivum GSK (TaGSK) genes with point mutations may be an effective approach to overcome this redundancy in the manipulation of BR signaling in wheat. Our study provides fundamental data uncovering the function of BR in wheat root development, the underlying genetic basis and a possible strategy to manipulate BR signaling in hexaploid wheat.
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Liu, Hongzhan, Chaoqiong Li, Lin Qiao, Lizong Hu, Xueqin Wang, Junsheng Wang, Xianle Ruan, et al. "The Sugar Transporter family in wheat (Triticum aestivum. L): genome-wide identification, classification, and expression profiling during stress in seedlings." PeerJ 9 (May 4, 2021): e11371. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11371.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The sugar transporter protein (STP) plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and stress tolerance. We performed genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the STP gene family to investigate the STPSs’ potential roles in the growth of wheat seedlings under stress. Here, a total of 81 TaSTP genes containing the Sugar_tr conserved motif were identified within the wheat genome. Bioinformatic studies including phylogenetic tree, chromosome position, and tandem repeat were performed to analyze the identified genes. The 81 TaSTP genes can be classified into five main groups according to their structural and phylogenetic features, with several subgroups, which were located separately on chromosomes A, B, and D. Moreover, six gene clusters were formed with more than three genes each. The results of three comparative syntenic maps of wheat associated with three representative species suggested that STP genes have strong relationships in monocots. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that most TaSTP genes displayed different expression profiles after seedlings were subjected to six days of different stress (10% PEG6000, 150 mM NaCl, and their combination, respectively), suggesting that these genes may be involved in regulating plant growth and stress tolerance. In conclusion, 81 TaSTP genes were identified and their expressions changed under stress, indicating TaSTP’s potential roles in wheat growth monosaccharide distribution is regulated.
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Kage, Udaykumar, Jonathan J. Powell, Donald M. Gardiner, and Kemal Kazan. "Ribosome profiling in plants: what is not lost in translation?" Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 18 (May 27, 2020): 5323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa227.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Translation is a highly dynamic cellular process whereby genetic information residing in an mRNA molecule is converted into a protein that in turn executes specific functions. However, pre-synthesized mRNA levels do not always correlate with corresponding protein levels, suggesting that translational control plays an essential role in gene regulation. A better understanding of how gene expression is regulated during translation will enable the discovery of new genes and mechanisms that control important traits in plants. Therefore, in recent years, several methods have been developed to analyse the translatome; that is, all mRNAs being actively translated at a given time, tissue, and/or developmental stage. Ribosome profiling or ribo-seq is one such technology revolutionizing our ability to analyse the translatome and in turn understand translational control of gene expression. Ribo-seq involves isolating mRNA–ribosome complexes, treating them with a RNase, and then identifying ribosome-protected mRNA regions by deep sequencing. Here, we briefly review recent ribosome profiling studies that revealed new insights into plant biology. Manipulation of novel genes identified using ribosome profiling could prove useful for increasing yield through improved biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Lu, Z. X., D. Gaudet, B. Puchalski, T. Despins, M. Frick, and A. Laroche. "Inducers of resistance reduce common bunt infection in wheat seedlings while differentially regulating defence-gene expression." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 67, no. 3-5 (September 2005): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2005.12.001.
Повний текст джерела
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Camargo Rodriguez, Anyela Valentina. "Integrative Modelling of Gene Expression and Digital Phenotypes to Describe Senescence in Wheat." Genes 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060909.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Senescence is the final stage of leaf development and is critical for plants’ fitness as nutrient relocation from leaves to reproductive organs takes place. Although senescence is key in nutrient relocation and yield determination in cereal grain production, there is limited understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control it in major staple crops such as wheat. Senescence is a highly orchestrated continuum of interacting pathways throughout the lifecycle of a plant. Levels of gene expression, morphogenesis, and phenotypic development all play key roles. Yet, most studies focus on a short window immediately after anthesis. This approach clearly leaves out key components controlling the activation, development, and modulation of the senescence pathway before anthesis, as well as during the later developmental stages, during which grain development continues. Here, a computational multiscale modelling approach integrates multi-omics developmental data to attempt to simulate senescence at the molecular and plant level. To recreate the senescence process in wheat, core principles were borrowed from Arabidopsis Thaliana, a more widely researched plant model. The resulted model describes temporal gene regulatory networks and their effect on plant morphology leading to senescence. Digital phenotypes generated from images using a phenomics platform were used to capture the dynamics of plant development. This work provides the basis for the application of computational modelling to advance understanding of the complex biological trait senescence. This supports the development of a predictive framework enabling its prediction in changing or extreme environmental conditions, with a view to targeted selection for optimal lifecycle duration for improving resilience to climate change.
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Wyler, Michele, Christoph Stritt, Jean-Claude Walser, Célia Baroux, and Anne C. Roulin. "Impact of Transposable Elements on Methylation and Gene Expression across Natural Accessions of Brachypodium distachyon." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 11 (August 27, 2020): 1994–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a large fraction of plant genomes and are mostly present in a transcriptionally silent state through repressive epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation. TE silencing is believed to influence the regulation of adjacent genes, possibly as DNA methylation spreads away from the TE. Whether this is a general principle or a context-dependent phenomenon is still under debate, pressing for studying the relationship between TEs, DNA methylation, and nearby gene expression in additional plant species. Here, we used the grass Brachypodium distachyon as a model and produced DNA methylation and transcriptome profiles for 11 natural accessions. In contrast to what is observed in Arabidopsis thaliana, we found that TEs have a limited impact on methylation spreading and that only few TE families are associated with a low expression of their adjacent genes. Interestingly, we found that a subset of TE insertion polymorphisms is associated with differential gene expression across accessions. Thus, although not having a global impact on gene expression, distinct TE insertions may contribute to specific gene expression patterns in B. distachyon.
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Zhu, Dong, Yanlin Liu, Man Jin, Guanxing Chen, Slaven Prodanovic, and Yueming Yan. "Expression and function analysis of wheat expasin genes EXPA2 and EXPB1." Genetika 51, no. 1 (2019): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1901261z.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Expansins are a group of plant cell wall loosening proteins that play important roles in plant growth and development. In this study, we performed the first study on the molecular characterization, transcriptional expression and functional properties of two wheat expansin genes TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1. The results indicated that TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1 genes had typical structural features of plant expansin gene family. As a member of ?-expansins, TaEXPA2 is closely related to rice OsEXPA17 while the ?- expansin member TaEXPB1 has closely phylogenetic relationships with rice OsEXPAB4. The genetic transformation to Arabidopsis showed that both TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1 were located in cell wall and highly expressed in roots, leaves and seeds. Overexpression of TaEXPA2 and TaEXPB1 genes showed similar functions, causing rapid root elongation, early bolting, and increases in leaves number, rosette diameter and stems length. These results demonstrated that wheat expansin genes TaEXPA1 and TaEXPB2 can enhance plant growth and development.
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Huang, Wendi, Yiqin He, Lei Yang, Chen Lu, Yongxing Zhu, Cai Sun, Dongfang Ma, and Junliang Yin. "Genome-wide analysis of growth-regulating factors (GRFs) in Triticum aestivum." PeerJ 9 (January 19, 2021): e10701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10701.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Growth-Regulating Factor (GRF) family encodes a type of plant-specific transcription factor (TF). GRF members play vital roles in plant development and stress response. Although GRF family genes have been investigated in a variety of plants, they remain largely unstudied in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The present study was conducted to comprehensively identify and characterize the T. aestivum GRF (TaGRF) gene family members. We identified 30 TaGRF genes, which were divided into four groups based on phylogenetic relationship. TaGRF members within the same subgroup shared similar motif composition and gene structure. Synteny analysis suggested that duplication was the dominant reason for family member expansion. Expression pattern profiling showed that most TaGRF genes were highly expressed in growing tissues, including shoot tip meristems, stigmas and ovaries, suggesting their key roles in wheat growth and development. Further qRT-PCR analysis revealed that all 14 tested TaGRFs were significantly differentially expressed in responding to drought or salt stresses, implying their additional involvement in stress tolerance of wheat. Our research lays a foundation for functional determination of TaGRFs, and will help to promote further scrutiny of their regulatory network in wheat development and stress response.
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Simonov, A. V., O. G. Smirnova, M. A. Genaev, and T. A. Pshenichnikova. "The identification of a new gene for leaf pubescence introgressed into bread wheat from Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. and its manifestation in a different genotypic background." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 19, no. 3 (April 27, 2021): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262121000277.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractLeaf pubescence is widespread among higher plants. In bread wheat, a relationship was found between this trait and the efficiency of photosynthetic processes and productivity. In this work, we established the chromosomal localization of the gene for leaf pubescence introgressed from Triticum timopheevii into a bread wheat line 821 and studied its expression in the genetic background of two wheat cultivars differing in genetic control and phenotypic expression of pubescence. To obtain quantitative characteristics of pubescence in cultivars and hybrid populations, the LHDetect2 program was used, which makes it possible to estimate the length and number of trichomes on a leaf fold. A genetic analysis showed the dominant inheritance of the gene. Monosomic analysis F2 was used to establish chromosome localization and investigate the expression of the gene in cultivars Saratovskaya S29 (S29) and Diamant 2 (Dm2). As a result, the gene Hltt, introgressed from T. timopheevii, was identified and localized in the distal region of the long arm of 5A chromosome for the first time. In both F2 populations, the gene reduced the density of trichomes and formed long trichomes, uncharacteristic for the two recipient cultivars S29 and Dm2. A larger number of long trichomes was formed in the genetic background of S29, which carry the bread wheat gene Hl1 and Hl3 for leaf pubescence, than in Dm2. Development of substitution and isogenic lines with the fragment of introgression carrying the gene Hltt will allow determining function and assessing the adaptive significance of the gene more precisely.
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Qin, Shiyu, Hongen Liu, Zed Rengel, Wei Gao, Zhaojun Nie, Chang Li, Mingyang Hou, Jin Cheng, and Peng Zhao. "Boron inhibits cadmium uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by regulating gene expression." Plant Science 297 (August 2020): 110522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110522.
Повний текст джерела
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Zhang, J. X., R. P. Singh, J. A. Kolmer, J. Huerta-Espino, Y. Jin, and J. A. Anderson. "Genetics of Leaf Rust Resistance in Brambling Wheat." Plant Disease 92, no. 7 (July 2008): 1111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-7-1111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The CIMMYT-developed spring wheat ‘Brambling’ has a high level of adult-plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina. Our objectives were to determine the genetic basis of resistance in seedlings and adult plants and the magnitude of genotype × environment effects on the expression of APR. Brambling was crossed with spring wheat ‘Jupateco 73S’ that is highly susceptible to current predominant P. triticina races in Mexico and the United States. The F1, F2:3, F4:5, F4:6, and F5:7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were evaluated under artificial field epidemics in Mexico and St. Paul, MN. The RILs also were tested with five races of P. triticina in greenhouse seedling experiments. A DNA marker was used to postulate the presence of slow-rusting gene Lr34 in the RILs. F1 data suggested strong dominant effect of the APR genes in Brambling. The proportion of homozygous susceptible lines in each generation indicated the presence of three effective resistance genes in adult plants of Brambling in tests in Mexico and three or four genes in tests in St. Paul. The RILs segregated for seedling genes Lr14a and Lr23 and adult-plant slow-rusting gene Lr34 derived from Brambling and Lr17a from Jupateco 73S. Gene Lr23 conditioned APR to P. triticina races present in the St. Paul nursery and accounted for the additional effective gene at this location. Expression of APR was influenced by the environment in the RILs, even though Brambling displayed a consistent response, indicating that stability of APR can be achieved by combinations of slow-rusting resistance genes.
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Mar-Aguilar, Fermín, Alejandra Arreola-Triana, Daniela Mata-Cardona, Vianey Gonzalez-Villasana, Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla, and Diana Reséndez-Pérez. "Evidence of transfer of miRNAs from the diet to the blood still inconclusive." PeerJ 8 (September 17, 2020): e9567. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9567.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding, single-strand RNA molecules that act as regulators of gene expression in plants and animals. In 2012, the first evidence was found that plant miRNAs could enter the bloodstream through the digestive tract. Since then, there has been an ongoing discussion about whether miRNAs from the diet are transferred to blood, accumulate in tissues, and regulate gene expression. Different research groups have tried to replicate these findings, using both plant and animal sources. Here, we review the evidence for and against the transfer of diet-derived miRNAs from plants, meat, milk and exosome and their assimilation and putative molecular regulation role in the consuming organism. Some groups using both miRNAs from plant and animal sources have claimed success, whereas others have not shown transfer. In spite of the biological barriers that may limit miRNA transference, several diet-derived miRNAs can transfer into the circulating system and targets genes for transcription regulation, which adds arguments that miRNAs can be absorbed from the diet and target specific genes by regulating their expression. However, many other studies show that cross-kingdom transfer of exogenous miRNAs appears to be insignificant and not biologically relevant. The main source of controversy in plant studies is the lack of reproducibility of the findings. For meat-derived miRNAs, studies concluded that the miRNAs can survive the cooking process; nevertheless, our evidence shows that the bovine miRNAs are not transferred to human bloodstream. The most important contributions and promising evidence in this controversial field is the transference of milk miRNAs in exosomes and the finding that plant miRNAs in beebread regulate honeybee caste development, and cause similar changes when fed to Drosophila. MiRNAs encapsulated in exosomes ensure their stability and resistance in the harsh conditions presented in milk, bloodstream, and gastrointestinaltract to reinforce the idea of transference. Regardless of the model organism, the idea of source of miRNAs, or the approach—bioinformatics or in vivo—the issue of transfer of miRNAs from the diet remains in doubt. Our understanding of the cross-kingdom talk of miRNAs needs more research to study the transfer of “xenomiRs” from different food sources to complement and expand what we know so far regarding the interspecies transfer of miRNAs.
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Ma, Lingjie, Sheng-Wei Ma, Qingyan Deng, Yang Yuan, Zhaoyan Wei, Haiyan Jia, and Zhengqiang Ma. "Identification of Wheat Inflorescence Development-Related Genes Using a Comparative Transcriptomics Approach." International Journal of Genomics 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6897032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inflorescence represents the highly specialized plant tissue producing the grains. Although key genes regulating flower initiation and development are conserved, the mechanism regulating fertility is still not well explained. To identify genes and gene network underlying inflorescence morphology and fertility of bread wheat, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from different tissues were analyzed using a comparative transcriptomics approach. Based on statistical comparison of EST frequencies of individual genes in EST pools representing different tissues and verification with RT-PCR and RNA-seq data, 170 genes of 59 gene sets predominantly expressed in the inflorescence were obtained. Nearly one-third of the gene sets displayed differentiated expression profiles in terms of their subgenome orthologs. The identified genes, most of which were predominantly expressed in anthers, encode proteins involved in wheat floral identity determination, anther and pollen development, pollen-pistil interaction, and others. Particularly, 25 annotated gene sets are associated with pollen wall formation, of which 18 encode enzymes or proteins participating in lipid metabolic pathway, including fatty acid ω-hydroxylation, alkane and fatty alcohol biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. We showed that the comparative transcriptomics approach was effective in identifying genes for reproductive development and found that lipid metabolism was particularly active in wheat anthers.
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Farshadfar, Ezatollah, and Reza Amiri. "Assessment of genetic diversity and estimation of genetic parameters for remobilization related traits of wheat under drought conditions." Genetika 48, no. 1 (2016): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1601139f.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to evaluate genetic variability and estimation of remobilization related traits in wheat using biometrical genetic techniques an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates under post-anthesis drought stress conditions in the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran during 2011-2012 cropping season. The results of analysis of variance showed significant differences between the genotypes for all studied traits except current photosynthesis (CP) and current photosynthesis share into kernel yield (CPSKY). High genetic gain and broad sense heritability estimates were observed for penultimate remobilization share into kernel yield (PenRSKY) and internodes remobilization share into kernel yield (IRSKY) indicating high genetic potential, low effect of environment and predominant role of additive gene effect on their expression. Spike dry matter remobilization (SDMR), spike dry matter remobilization efficiency (SDMRE) and spike remobilization share into kernel yield (SRSKY) exhibited the highest phenotypic and genetic positive correlation with kernel yield (KY). Moreover, the highest genotypic and phenotypic covariance was observed between kernel yield (KY) and SDMR, CP, SDMRE and SRSKY, respectively. The highest environmental covariance was identified between kernel yield (KY), peduncle dry matter remobilization (PedDMR) and penultimate dry matter remobilization (PenDMR), respectively. High co-heritability was detected between SDMRE and PedDMR, PedDMRE and PenDMR and between peduncle remobilization share into kernel yield (PedRSKY) and internodes dry matter remobilization efficiency (IDMRE), suggesting that selection of either of the traits would simultaneously affect the others, positively.
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Kondorosi, A., E. Kondorosi, Z. Györgypal, Z. Banfalvi, J. Gyuris, P. Putnoky, E. Grosskopf, et al. "Molecular genetic basis of Rhizobium–legume interactions." Genome 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-053.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recognition of the appropriate legume and nodule induction are controlled by common (nod) and host-specific nodulation (hsn) genes in Rhizobium. The nod and hsn genes are activated by the product of the regulatory nodD in conjunction with specific flavonoids excreted by the plant. Differences in the flavonoid specificity of the NodD proteins occur between different Rhizobium species, or between strains of a given species or even within one strain containing several copies of the nodD gene. Accordingly, the nodD gene controls the host-specific expression of nod and hsn genes. In addition, the nodulation genes are under not only positive but also negative regulation which is mediated by a nod-specific repressor protein. This dual control is required for optimal nodulation of the plant host. Further steps in nodule development are again controlled by the infecting Rhizobium. It was found that at least four different classes of Rhizobium fix genes are involved directly or indirectly in the expression of late nodulin genes, finally leading to the establishment of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.Key words: Rhizobium meliloti, nodulation genes, plant signals, fix genes, alfalfa.
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Brukhin, Vladimir, and Emidio Albertini. "Epigenetic Modifications in Plant Development and Reproduction." Epigenomes 5, no. 4 (November 19, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes5040025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plants are exposed to highly fluctuating effects of light, temperature, weather conditions, and many other environmental factors throughout their life. As sessile organisms, unlike animals, they are unable to escape, hide, or even change their position. Therefore, the growth and development of plants are largely determined by interaction with the external environment. The success of this interaction depends on the ability of the phenotype plasticity, which is largely determined by epigenetic regulation. In addition to how environmental factors can change the patterns of genes expression, epigenetic regulation determines how genetic expression changes during the differentiation of one cell type into another and how patterns of gene expression are passed from one cell to its descendants. Thus, one genome can generate many ‘epigenomes’. Epigenetic modifications acquire special significance during the formation of gametes and plant reproduction when epigenetic marks are eliminated during meiosis and early embryogenesis and later reappear. However, during asexual plant reproduction, when meiosis is absent or suspended, epigenetic modifications that have arisen in the parental sporophyte can be transmitted to the next clonal generation practically unchanged. In plants that reproduce sexually and asexually, epigenetic variability has different adaptive significance. In asexuals, epigenetic regulation is of particular importance for imparting plasticity to the phenotype when, apart from mutations, the genotype remains unchanged for many generations of individuals. Of particular interest is the question of the possibility of transferring acquired epigenetic memory to future generations and its potential role for natural selection and evolution. All these issues will be discussed to some extent in this review.
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Soltis, Nicole E., Celine Caseys, Wei Zhang, Jason A. Corwin, Susanna Atwell, and Daniel J. Kliebenstein. "Pathogen Genetic Control of Transcriptome Variation in the Arabidopsis thaliana – Botrytis cinerea Pathosystem." Genetics 215, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303070.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In plant–pathogen relations, disease symptoms arise from the interaction of the host and pathogen genomes. Host–pathogen functional gene interactions are well described, whereas little is known about how the pathogen genetic variation modulates both organisms’ transcriptomes. To model and generate hypotheses on a generalist pathogen control of gene expression regulation, we used the Arabidopsis thaliana–Botrytis cinerea pathosystem and the genetic diversity of a collection of 96 B. cinerea isolates. We performed expression-based genome-wide association (eGWA) for each of 23,947 measurable transcripts in Arabidopsis (host), and 9267 measurable transcripts in B. cinerea (pathogen). Unlike other eGWA studies, we detected a relative absence of locally acting expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL), partly caused by structural variants and allelic heterogeneity hindering their identification. This study identified several distantly acting trans-eQTL linked to eQTL hotspots dispersed across Botrytis genome that altered only Botrytis transcripts, only Arabidopsis transcripts, or transcripts from both species. Gene membership in the trans-eQTL hotspots suggests links between gene expression regulation and both known and novel virulence mechanisms in this pathosystem. Genes annotated to these hotspots provide potential targets for blocking manipulation of the host response by this ubiquitous generalist necrotrophic pathogen.
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Innes, R. L., and E. R. Kerber. "Resistance to wheat leaf rust and stem rust in Triticum tauschii and inheritance in hexaploid wheat of resistance transferred from T. tauschii." Genome 37, no. 5 (October 1, 1994): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Twelve accessions of Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. were genetically analyzed for resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f.sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn.) of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Four genes conferring seedling resistance to leaf rust, one gene conferring seedling resistance to stem rust, and one gene conferring adult-plant resistance to stem rust were identified. These genes were genetically distinct from genes previously transferred to common wheat from T. tauschii and conferred resistance to a broad spectrum of pathogen races. Two of the four seedling leaf rust resistance genes were not expressed in synthetic hexaploids, produced by combining tetraploid wheat with the resistant T. tauschii accessions, probably owing to the action of one or more intergenomic suppressor loci on the A or B genome. The other two seedling leaf rust resistance genes were expressed at the hexaploid level as effectively as in the source diploids. One gene was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 2D more than 50 cM from the centromere and the other was mapped to chromosome 5D. Suppression of seedling resistance to leaf rust in synthetic hexaploids derived from three accessions of T. tauschii allowed the detection of three different genes conferring adult-plant resistance to a broad spectrum of leaf rust races. The gene for seedling resistance to stem rust was mapped to chromosome ID. The degree of expression of this gene at the hexaploid level was dependent on the genetic background in which it occurred and on environmental conditions. The expression of the adult-plant gene for resistance to stem rust was slightly diminished in hexaploids. The production of synthetic hexaploids was determined to be the most efficient and flexible method for transferring genes from T. tauschii to T. aestivum, but crossing success was determined by the genotypes of both parents. Although more laborious, the direct introgression method of crossing hexaploid wheat with T. tauschii has the advantages of enabling selection for maximum expression of resistance in the background hexaploid genotype and gene transfer into an agronomically superior cultivar.Key words: Triticum tauschii, rust resistance, gene expression, gene transfer, wheat, synthetic hexaploid.
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Garner, Christopher M., Benjamin J. Spears, Jianbin Su, Leland J. Cseke, Samantha N. Smith, Conner J. Rogan, and Walter Gassmann. "Opposing functions of the plant TOPLESS gene family during SNC1-mediated autoimmunity." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): e1009026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Regulation of the plant immune system is important for controlling the specificity and amplitude of responses to pathogens and in preventing growth-inhibiting autoimmunity that leads to reductions in plant fitness. In previous work, we reported that SRFR1, a negative regulator of effector-triggered immunity, interacts with SNC1 and EDS1. When SRFR1 is non-functional in the Arabidopsis accession Col-0, SNC1 levels increase, causing a cascade of events that lead to autoimmunity phenotypes. Previous work showed that some members of the transcriptional co-repressor family TOPLESS interact with SNC1 to repress negative regulators of immunity. Therefore, to explore potential connections between SRFR1 and TOPLESS family members, we took a genetic approach that examined the effect of each TOPLESS member in the srfr1 mutant background. The data indicated that an additive genetic interaction exists between SRFR1 and two members of the TOPLESS family, TPR2 and TPR3, as demonstrated by increased stunting and elevated PR2 expression in srfr1 tpr2 and srfr1 tpr2 tpr3 mutants. Furthermore, the tpr2 mutation intensifies autoimmunity in the auto-active snc1-1 mutant, indicating a novel role of these TOPLESS family members in negatively regulating SNC1-dependent phenotypes. This negative regulation can also be reversed by overexpressing TPR2 in the srfr1 tpr2 background. Similar to TPR1 that positively regulates snc1-1 phenotypes by interacting with SNC1, we show here that TPR2 directly binds the N-terminal domain of SNC1. In addition, TPR2 interacts with TPR1 in vivo, suggesting that the opposite functions of TPR2 and TPR1 are based on titration of SNC1-TPR1 complexes by TPR2 or altered functions of a SNC1-TPR1-TPR2 complex. Thus, this work uncovers diverse functions of individual members of the TOPLESS family in Arabidopsis and provides evidence for the additive effect of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of SNC1.
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Tsujimoto, H. "Production of Near-Isogenic Lines and Marked Monosomic Lines in Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Chinese Spring." Journal of Heredity 92, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/92.3.254.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Sixteen near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying a marker gene were produced by the recurrent backcrossing method in the genetic background of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Chinese Spring (CS). Three genes from alien species showed segregation distortion. In NILs carrying a marker gene of rye (Secale cereale) or Aegilops caudata, the alien chromosome segments were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The NILs were grown with replications and the effect of marker genes on plant morphology in the genetic background of CS was investigated. These NILs were further crossed with the corresponding monosomics of CS and 13 monosomic lines whose monosome carries a respective marker gene were established and named “marked monosomics.” Many of the marked monosomics were distinguishable from the disomic NILs because of the different dosage effect of the genes. The NILs are utilized for studies on gene isolation or gene regulation. Marked monosomics are useful not only for monosomic analysis but also for production of homologous chromosome substitution lines because chromosome observation is not required.
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Tian, Lu, Jianlin Wang, M. Paulus Fong, Meng Chen, Hongbin Cao, Stanton B. Gelvin, and Z. Jeffrey Chen. "Genetic Control of Developmental Changes Induced by Disruption of Arabidopsis Histone Deacetylase 1 (AtHD1) Expression." Genetics 165, no. 1 (September 1, 2003): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.1.399.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Little is known about the role of genetic and epigenetic control in the spatial and temporal regulation of plant development. Overexpressing antisense Arabidopsis thaliana HD1 (AtHD1) encoding a putative major histone deacetylase induces pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development. It is unclear whether the developmental abnormalities are caused by a defective AtHD1 or related homologs and are heritable in selfing progeny. We isolated a stable antisense AtHD1 (CASH) transgenic line and a T-DNA insertion line in exon 2 of AtHD1, resulting in a null allele (athd1-t1). Both athd1-t1 and CASH lines display increased levels of histone acetylation and similar developmental abnormalities, which are heritable in the presence of antisense AtHD1 or in the progeny of homozygous (athd1-t1/athd1-t1) plants. Furthermore, when the athd1-t1/athd1-t1 plants are crossed to wild-type plants, the pleiotropic developmental abnormalities are immediately restored in the F1 hybrids, which correlates with AtHD1 expression and reduction of histone H4 Lys12 acetylation. Unlike the situation with the stable code of DNA and histone methylation, developmental changes induced by histone deacetylase defects are immediately reversible, probably through the restoration of a reversible histone acetylation code needed for the normal control of gene regulation and development.
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Agrawal, Shreni, and Esha Rami. "A Review: Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Transformation to Increase Plant Productivity." Journal of Phytopharmacology 11, no. 2 (April 10, 2022): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2022.11211.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In genetics and molecular biology Gene transformation is a gene alteration technique that involves the introduction and expression of a foreign gene into the host organism. There are many gene transformation methods like particle bombardment electroporation micro-injection, (PEG), for different biotechnological experiments But Plant gene transformation is a widely used procedure for obtaining transgenic plants and plant models to understand gene functions. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a natural genetic engineer which is rod-shaped gram-negative soil-born barteri. Initially Agrobacterium was utilized to transform only dicot plants but over the year’s modification in plant transformation protocol. It was now utilized in monocot plants as well as in fruits plants too. Agrobacterium tumefaciens inserts its (DNA), (Transfer DNA-T-DNA), into the host plant. The transmitted (DNA), is randomly integrated into the host cell's genetic material inside the infected plant cell nucleus. Alternatively bacterial DNA, can transiently remain in the nucleus without integrating into the genome but it still replicates alongside the plant genome, using its machinery and expressing its genes to make separate gene products. Besides the traditional method new research has also been done to transform the plants through agrobacterium. Various methods have been developed to transform monocotyledonous plants such as wheat maize rice and fruity plants. Generally dicotyledonous plants can be transformed by the traditional method of agrobacterium but various methods have also been developed for dicots for various applications. Here, we have taken an example of a tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum), transformed with different methods.