Книги: "Web data sets"

1

M, Abello James, Pardalos P. M. 1954-, and Resende, Mauricio G. C., 1955-, eds. Handbook of massive data sets. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2002.

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2

Humberto, Bustince, Herrera Francisco Dr, and Montero Javier, eds. Fuzzy sets and their extensions: Representation, aggregation, and models : intelligent systems from decision making to data mining, web intelligence, and computer vision. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

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3

Wen zi lu ru. Dalian: Dongbei cai jing da xue chu ban she, 2000.

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4

Huijin, Chen, ed. Zhong wen zhi mei: Cang Jie Zhong wen shu ru fa. Taibei Shi: Di san bo wen hua shi yeh gu fen you xian gong si, 1994.

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5

Da yi Zhong wen shu ru fa. 7th ed. Taibei Shi: Di san bo wen hua shi yeh gu fen yu xian gong si, 1994.

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6

Jianyun, Dai, ed. Zhong wen shu ru ji neng jing sai yu jian ding. Taibei Shi: Song gang dian nao tu shu zi liao gu fen you xian gong si, 1991.

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7

Zhong wen jie zi yuan li Cang Jie shu ru fa Word to Word. Taibei Shi: Mai tian chu ban she you xian gong si, 1998.

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8

Quan zi ku Zhong wen cang jie shu ru fa: Dian nao, shou ji, ping ban jun shi yong. Taibei Shi: Shang qi zi xun gu fen you xian gong si, 2016.

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9

Liang an tong fan jian ti Zhong wen Cang Jie shu ru fa. Taibei Shi: Qi feng zi xun gu fen you xian gong si, 2006.

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10

Weiruan xin zhu yin shu ru fa: Zhong wen da zi gao shou su cheng shou ce. Taibei Shi: Shi shu tang wen hua shi ye gu fen you xian gong si, 1998.

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11

Xie, Dajiong. Zhong wen shu ru fa wan quan shou ce: Ji su xue hui Cang jie, Jiu fang, Yue yin, Zong heng. [Xianggang] Jiulong: Zhi nan zhen ji tuan you xian gong si, 2003.

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12

Qing qing song song xue Cang Jie shu ru fa. Taibei Shi: Song gang dian nao tu shu zi liao yu xian gong si, 1990.

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13

Sloot, Bart, and Aviva Groot, eds. The Handbook of Privacy Studies. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462988095.

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The Handbook of Privacy Studies is the first book in the world that brings together several disciplinary perspectives on privacy, such as the legal, ethical, medical, informatics and anthropological perspective. Privacy is in the news almost every day: mass surveillance by intelligence agencies, the use of social media data for commercial profit and political microtargeting, password hacks and identity theft, new data protection regimes, questionable reuse of medical data, and concerns about how algorithms shape the way we think and decide. This book offers interdisciplinary background information about these developments and explains how to understand and properly evaluate them. The book is set up for use in interdisciplinary educational programmes. Each chapter provides a structured analysis of the role of privacy within that discipline, its characteristics, themes and debates, as well as current challenges. Disciplinary approaches are presented in such a way that students and researchers from every scientific background can follow the argumentation and enrich their own understanding of privacy issues.

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14

Lemeshko, Boris, and Irina Veretel'nikova. Criteria for testing hypotheses about randomness and the absence of a trend. Application Guide. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1587437.

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The monograph discusses the application of statistical criteria aimed at testing hypotheses about the absence of a trend in the analyzed samples. The rejection of such a hypothesis gives grounds to consider the analyzed data as samples of independent equally distributed random variables. We consider a set of special criteria aimed at testing such hypotheses, as well as a set of criteria for the uniformity of laws, the uniformity of averages and the uniformity of variances, which can also be used for these purposes. The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are emphasized, the application of criteria in conditions of violation of standard assumptions is considered. Estimates of the power of the criteria are given, which allows you to navigate when choosing the most preferred criteria. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and increase the validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It is intended for specialists who are interested in the application of statistical methods for the analysis of various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality and who are in contact with the processing of experimental results, the need for data analysis in their activities. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists of various profiles (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.) who face the need for statistical analysis of experimental results in their activities. It will also be useful for university teachers, graduate students and students.

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15

(Editor), J. Abello, P. M. Pardalos (Editor), and M. G. Resende (Editor), eds. Handbook of Massive Data Sets (Massive Computing). Springer, 2002.

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16

Internetscale Pattern Recognition New Techniques For Voluminous Data Sets And Data Clouds. Taylor & Francis Inc, 2012.

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17

Herrera, Francisco, Javier Montero, and Humberto Bustince. Fuzzy Sets and Their Extensions : Representation, Aggregation and Models: Intelligent Systems from Decision Making to Data Mining, Web Intelligence and ... Springer, 2010.

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18

Herrera, Francisco, Javier Montero, and Humberto Bustince. Fuzzy Sets and Their Extensions : Representation, Aggregation and Models: Intelligent Systems from Decision Making to Data Mining, Web Intelligence and Computer Vision. Springer London, Limited, 2007.

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19

Wooldridge, Jeffrey. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (with Economic Applications Online, Econometrics Data Sets with Solutions Manual Web Site Printed Access Card). 3rd ed. South-Western College Pub, 2005.

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20

(Translator), P. Scott Horne, ed. Fonts & Encodings. O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2007.

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21

Haralambous, Yannis. Fonts and Encodings. O'Reilly Media, Incorporated, 2007.

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22

Zhong wen shu ru fa ji Zhong wen da zi. 8th ed. Taibei Shi: Di 3 bo wen hua shi yeh gu fen yu xian gong si, 1994.

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23

Zhong wen kuai da gao shou, cang jie su cheng zi xue tong. Xianggang: Chao mei ti chu ban you xian gong si, 2015.

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24

Wenxin, Zheng, ed. Zhong wen shu ru fa da quan. Xianggang: Zhi nan zhen ji tuan you xian gong si, 2001.

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25

Guo ji biao zhun tong yong duo ba wei bian ma zi fu ji, tong yi di Zhong Ri Han Han zi =: ISO/IEC DIS 10646 information technology universal multiple-octet ... set (UCS) unified ideographic CJK characters. Xing guang (Zhong wen dian nao) you xian gong si (Xianggang), 1992.

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26

Godfrey, Barry, Pam Cox, Heather Shore, and Zoe Alker. Our Sample and Our Sources. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788492.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 sets out the methods we used to trace 400 children who passed through the four institutions covered in the study, as well as a smaller group of their siblings (50) and others who received alternative court disposals (50). Using some of the most comprehensive sets of official and personal data ever assembled for a historical study of this kind, we have constructed 500 personal life grids. While some of our life grids are skeletal, most are full of rich personal data. In this chapter, we outline the key primary sources used, the rationale for selecting our core sample and ‘control group’, the challenges of combining historical life course and digital research methods, notably the challenges of tracing women’s lives in this context, and a final discussion around the ethics of historical life course research.

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27

Wich, Serge A., and Alex K. Piel, eds. Conservation Technology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850243.001.0001.

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The global loss of biodiversity is occurring at an unprecedented pace. Despite the considerable effort devoted to conservation science and management, we still lack the basic data on the distribution and density of most animal and plant species, which in turn hampers our efforts to study changes over time. In addition, we often lack behavioural data from the very animals most influenced by environmental changes; this is largely due to the financial and logistical limitations associated with gathering scientific data on animals that are either widely distributed, cryptic, or negatively influenced by human presence. To overcome these limitations, conservationists are increasingly employing technology to facilitate such data collection. The use of camera traps, acoustic sensors, satellite data, drones, and sophisticated computer algorithms to analyse the large data sets collected are becoming increasingly common. Although there are several specialist books on some of these technologies, there is currently no overarching volume that describes the available technology for conservation and evaluates its varied applications. This edited volume will fill this void, bringing together a team of international experts using a diverse range of approaches.

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28

Solymosi, Reka, and Kate J. Bowers. The Role of Innovative Data Collection Methods in Advancing Criminological Understanding. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.35.

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Environmental criminology emphasizes the importance of situational factors associated with increased risk in terms of crime opportunities. One branch of research in this field is oriented toward strengthening the scientific approach to understanding the link between exposure to risk and crime. To achieve this, we need data about how potential victims and potential offenders spend their time, and what places they visit as part of their daily activities. This chapter lays out the potential of novel data sets and then considers in detail two of these new approaches. The first approach involves utilizing advances in technology and sensing to develop bespoke surveys created with specific research studies in mind. The second makes use of existing “big data” or “open-access data” sources on people’s everyday interactions with the environment, and combines multiple data sources to make inferences about routine activities and their link to perception of crime and place.

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29

Snijders, Tom A. B., and Mark Pickup. Stochastic Actor Oriented Models for Network Dynamics. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.10.

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Stochastic Actor Oriented Models for Network Dynamics are used for the statistical analysis of longitudinal network data collected as a panel. The probability model defines an unobserved stochastic process of tie changes, where social actors add new ties or drop existing ties in response to the current network structure; the panel observations are snapshots of the resulting changing network. The statistical analysis is based on computer simulations of this process, which provides a great deal of flexibility in representing data constraints and dependence structures. In this Chapter we begin by defining the basic model. We then explicate a new model for nondirected ties, including several options for the specification of how pairs of actors coordinate tie changes. Next, we describe coevolution models. These can be used to model the dynamics of several interdependent sets of variables, such as the analysis of panel data on a network and the behavior of the actors in the network, or panel data on two or more networks. We finish by discussing the differences between Stochastic Actor Oriented Models and some other longitudinal network models. A major distinguishing feature is the treatment of time, which allows straightforward application of the model to panel data with different time lags between waves. We provide a variety of applications in political science throughout.

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30

Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. Impact of Market Forces on Addictive Substances and Behaviours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.001.0001.

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This book examines the ‘web of influence’ formed by industries which manufacture and sell ‘addictive’ products in the EU. The differences between alcohol, food, gambling, and tobacco as consumer products are obvious. However, we explore whether food, alcohol, and gambling industries are merely replicating tobacco tactics or innovating in corporate strategy. Using a new data set on corporate networks formed by the tobacco, alcohol, food, and gambling industries at the EU level, the book shows the interlocking connections between corporations, trade associations, and policy intermediaries, including lobbyists and think tanks. Quantitative data guide qualitative studies on the content of corporate strategy and the attempts of corporations to ‘capture’ policy and three crucial ancillary domains—science, civil society, and the news and promotional media. The effects of these three arenas on policy networks and outcomes are examined with a focus on new forms of policy partnership such as corporate social responsibility and partnership governance. Drawing on our structural data, we show the comprehensive engagement of industry with science-policy issues in the EU, the ways that corporations can dominate agendas and decision making, as well as the potential for popular pressures and public health agendas to be effective. The book concludes by asking what solutions might be possible to the evident public health challenges posed by the addictions web of influence. It proposes key evidence-based transparency and public health reforms that have the best chance of minimizing the burden of disease from addictions in the medium to long term.

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31

Rönkkö, Risto, Stuart Rutherford, and Kunal Sen. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the poor: Insights from the Hrishipara diaries. 46th ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/984-6.

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In this paper, we examine the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the livelihoods of the poor. We use an unusually rich data set from a ‘financial diaries’ study known as the Hrishipara Daily Diaries Project. The data set tracks the economic and financial transactions of 60 individuals and their families in a semi-rural setting in Bangladesh on a real-time basis from October 2019 to September 2020. We document individual diarists’ behavioural responses to COVID-19, which reveal the varied experiences of the poor during the pandemic. We find that the pandemic and associated government lockdowns had significant negative effects on the livelihoods of the poor in our study, with financial inflows and outflows, incomes, and household expenditures below pre-pandemic levels during the pandemic period. To cope with the pandemic, households drew down on their cash reserves at home, as well as cutting down on non-food expenditures to protect their spending on food.

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32

Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Entropy and Surrogate Testing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0005.

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Reconstructing real-world system dynamics from time series data on a single variable is challenging because real-world data often exhibit a highly volatile and irregular appearance potentially driven by several diverse factors. NLTS methods help eliminate less likely drivers of dynamic irregularity. We set a benchmark for regular behavior by investigating how linear systems of ODEs are restricted to exponential and periodic dynamics, and illustrating how irregular behavior can arise if regular linear dynamics are corrupted with noise or shift over time (i.e., nonstationarity). We investigate how data can be pre-processed to control for the noise and nonstationarity potentially camouflaging nonlinear deterministic drivers of observed complexity. We can apply signal-detection methods, such as Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), to separate signal from noise in the data, and test the signal for nonstationarity potentially corrected with SSA. SSA measures signal strength which provides a useful initial indicator of whether we should continue searching for endogenous nonlinear drivers of complexity. We begin diagnosing deterministic structure in an isolated signal by attempting to reconstructed a shadow attractor. Finally, we use the classic Lorenz equations to illustrate how a deterministic nonlinear system of ODEs with at least three equations can generate observed irregular dynamics endogenously without aid of exogenous shocks or nonstationary dynamics.

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33

Hong, Sun-ha. Technologies of Speculation. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479860234.001.0001.

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What counts as knowledge in the age of big data and smart machines? Technologies of datafication renew the long modern promise of turning bodies into facts. They seek to take human intentions, emotions, and behavior and to turn these messy realities into discrete and stable truths. But in pursuing better knowledge, technology is reshaping in its image what counts as knowledge. The push for algorithmic certainty sets loose an expansive array of incomplete archives, speculative judgments, and simulated futures. Too often, data generates speculation as much as it does information. Technologies of Speculation traces this twisted symbiosis of knowledge and uncertainty in emerging state and self-surveillance technologies. It tells the story of vast dragnet systems constructed to predict the next terrorist and of how familiar forms of prejudice seep into the data by the back door. In software placeholders, such as “Mohammed Badguy,” the fantasy of pure data collides with the old specter of national purity. It shows how smart machines for ubiquitous, automated self-tracking, manufacturing knowledge, paradoxically lie beyond the human senses. This data is increasingly being taken up by employers, insurers, and courts of law, creating imperfect proxies through which my truth can be overruled. This book argues that as datafication transforms what counts as knowledge, it is dismantling the long-standing link between knowledge and human reason, rational publics, and free individuals. If data promises objective knowledge, then we must ask in return, Knowledge by and for whom; enabling what forms of life for the human subject?

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34

Baker, Mark C., and Jonathan Bobalijk. On Inherent and Dependent Theories of Ergative Case. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.5.

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This chapter compares the view that ergative case is an inherent case assigned by v to an NP that it theta-marks (the ICT) to the view that ergative case is a dependent case assigned to a higher NP when there is a lower NP in the same local domain (the DCT). First we present instances in which a nonagent receives ergative case when there is another NP nearby, in applicative constructions in Shipibo, Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic), and Chukchi. Conversely, we present instances in which an agent fails to receive ergative, either because the second NP has been rendered invisible, or because the clause is subsumed within a larger case domain (ECM, causatives). Both data sets support the DCT over the ICT. Finally, we argue that no known language displays a straightforwardly active case pattern—a fact that can be explained by the DCT but not the ICT.

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35

Halpin, Darren R., and Anthony J. Nownes. The New Entrepreneurial Advocacy. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190883003.001.0001.

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The role of business in the American political system has always stirred emotions. Contemporary evidence of the clear and growing disparities in wealth between ordinary citizens and business elites has drawn new attention to this topic. Recently, the canon on the activities of business elites in politics has grown, as we have learned a great deal about how business firms and their ultra-wealthy leaders and investors seek to exert political influence. This book examines one form of business elite activity that has thus far received surprisingly little scholarly attention despite the high-profile political efforts of billionaire businesspeople such as Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg. Specifically, the book examines what we call the new entrepreneurial advocacy. Where previous work focuses on a cross section of either the wealthiest Americans or the largest firms in the United States, this book takes a deep dive into the political activities of a single yet pivotal cohort: the founders and CEOs of Silicon Valley firms. Leveraging a vast range of unique data sets—spanning the political donations of firms and their leaders; the local, state, and Washington lobbying of Silicon Valley firms; the social media and media commentary of Silicon Valley CEOs and founders; and the role of elites in supporting and founding new political organizations—this book shines a light on the role of this important set of elites in contemporary American political life.

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36

Lundh, Anna, ed. An Overview of Swedish Higher Education and Research 2022. Universitetskanslersambetets publikationer, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53340/ukap-6.

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The introductory chapter provides an overall understanding of the Swedish higher education system. We begin with a description of how the present system for higher education and research developed, with focus on some major reforms that defined the development over the last 50 years. We then describe in more detail the current Swedish higher education system, that is to say, the basis for operations at higher education institutions (HEIs). This is followed by a chapter about how Swedish higher education managed the coronavirus pandemic in 2021. The main part of the report describes trends and developments, through data about students, doctoral students, international students, staff, research, funding and the financial operations of the HEIs, in an accessible way for a broad group of readers. The report concludes with a set of tables that show quantitative data for students, doctoral students, staff and funding per higher education institution.

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37

Barker, Nathan, C. Austin Davis, Paula López-Peña, Harrison Mitchell, A. Mushfiq Mobarak, Karim Naguib, Maira Emy Reimão, Ashish Shenoy, and Corey Vernot. Migration and the labour market impacts of COVID-19. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/896-2.

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Using detailed microdata, we document how migration-dependent households are especially vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. We create pre- and post-COVID panel datasets for three populations in Bangladesh and Nepal, leveraging experimental and observational variation in prior migration dependence. We report 25 per cent greater declines in earnings and fourfold greater prevalence of food insecurity among migrant households since March. Causes include lower migration rates, less remittance income per migrant, isolation in origin communities, and greater health risks. We compile a large set of secondary data to demonstrate the extent of vulnerability worldwide and conclude with recommendations for policy targeted at migrants.

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38

Bauer, Paul C., and Markus Freitag. Measuring Trust. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.1.

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This article focuses on the measurement of trust. First, we start with a brief conceptualization of trust, contrasting it with the concept of generalized trust. Second, we survey developments in trust measurement since the 1960s. Third, we summarize and try to systematize a number of measurement debates that have taken place. Fourth, we outline how trust measurement may develop in the future, discuss how differently formulated survey questions may abate some of the debates within the field, and present empirical data that follow some of these directions. Essentially we argue that trust—as opposed to generalized trust—should be measured through reliance on a set of more specific questions that measure expectations across a series of different situations.

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39

Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj, and Alexander Tsoukas. Assessment and monitoring outcomes in axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0013.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a heterogeneous condition with multiple effects and a variable course. Monitoring outcomes is required to optimize treatment and care. There are a significant number of outcomes that could potentially be measured in patients with axSpA. Performing these in routine clinical practice has resource and logistic implications, so clinicians and teams looking after patients with axSpA need to decide which aspects they will monitor locally. Most national and international guidelines for the use of biologics require regular monitoring of disease activity. In this chapter, we outline suggested core data sets and review some of the key validated outcomes for axSpA. These include a range of patient-reported and clinician-assessed measures covering disease activity, symptoms (such as pain, stiffness, and fatigue), function, mobility, work disability, and quality of life. We also review the roles of acute phase blood tests and imaging in monitoring axSpA.

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40

Flynn, Shawn W. The Pre-Born Child. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784210.003.0002.

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A previously unstudied stage of the child’s life in current scholarship, the pre-born child is an essential expression of the child’s life in the ancient Near East. Through Mesopotamian medical texts, personal letters, prayers, and the mythology that intersects with this data set, thought on pre-born and birthing children strongly suggests the child’s value in domestic cult. In particular the connection between child and deity is an important connection between the child and the domestic cult that underpins the question of value. This data illustrates how the child is understood in ancient Israel, showing that texts like Jeremiah 1 and Psalm 139 are rooted in a wider comparative matrix. Here we see where Israelite intersects and diverges from its cultural matrix to make unique claims about YHWH through the pre-born child.

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41

St John, Taylor. Why is Exit So Hard? Positive Feedback and Institutional Persistence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0009.

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Chapter eight analyzes why institutions persist, even when they generate unintended consequences for the states that created them. The chapter sets out a typology of possible actions that governments can take to exit from investor–state arbitration. To date, governments have engaged in remarkably little exit. The second section explores how positive feedback has created a new constituency of law firms and investors with an interest in arbitration and therefore has led to a new politics of ISDS. The third section discusses other types of feedback that have stabilized and developed a dense web of commitments enshrining investor–state arbitration. The fourth section observes that over time, competitive dynamics emerged and define investor–state arbitration today: competition between law firms, arbitration organizations, and even jurisdictions hoping to host arbitrations makes exit and reform more difficult. The barriers to exit may be highest for capacity-constrained states.

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42

Barbiero, Francesca, Philipp-Bastian Brutscher, Atanas Kolev, Alexander Popov, and Marcin Wolski. Misallocation of Investment in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0003.

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Using a pan-European, firm-bank matched data set, we find weak evidence of investment misallocation in Europe. Firms with higher debt overhangs invest significantly less, in particular in sectors that are facing good global growth opportunities. We also find that firms with higher debt overhangs are more likely to invest if they borrow from undercapitalized banks, and this effect is particularly strong in industries facing good global growth opportunities, suggesting a misallocation of investment associated with ‘zombie lending’. Our results are consistent with theories of investment misallocation due to agency problems at firms and at banks.

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43

McCahery, Joseph A., and F. Alexander de Roode. Corporate Litigation in Specialized Business Courts. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.40.

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Plaintiffs’ lawyer fees and monetary awards have a distorting effect on shareholder value effects in US derivative cases. In this chapter we analyze the benefits of corporate litigation without these externalities using a data set for the Netherlands between 2002 and 2013. We find significant abnormal returns within a short timespan surrounding the filing and resolution of M&A-related lawsuits. Over longer horizons, resolutions have little impact on shareholder value. However, our findings suggest that longer waiting times for court resolutions are costly. The evidence from the Netherlands supports the view that in settings without strong distortions derivative style litigation may be important.

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44

Black, Helen K., John T. Groce, and Charles E. Harmon. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190602321.003.0001.

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Chapter One offers a brief history of the rise in awareness of the vast numbers of informal, family caregivers caring for aged, demented, and impaired loved ones in the home. The importance of informal caregivers to the healthcare system, both financially and emotionally, emerged in studies exploring the numbers of home caregivers and the nature of their care work. Early studies also focused on the sense of burden caregivers experienced due to caregiving. Since the 1980s, caregiving studies have been a constant in research, and have become increasingly complex in the use of large data sets and advanced technology to study the number of caregivers, their characteristics and labors, and the outcomes of caregiving on their emotional and physical health. Few studies have focused solely on the experience of caregiving in African-American elder male caregivers, and in the way we accomplish here.

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O'Cathain, Alicia. A Practical Guide to Using Qualitative Research with Randomized Controlled Trials. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198802082.001.0001.

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A Practical Guide to Using Qualitative Research with Randomized Controlled Trials focuses on qualitative research, emphasizing subjectivity, flexibility, open data collection, depth, and context, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs), emphasizing objectivity, standardization, measurement, and a key goal of bias reduction. The differences between the two methodologies make their combination an interesting ‘extreme case’ of mixed methods research. The book is about how to use qualitative research when preparing for, undertaking, or implementing the results of an RCT. The focus is on a range of designs, including pilot and pragmatic RCTs. The book focuses on health research because the majority of RCTs are undertaken in this field. It is written for researchers who are undertaking or planning to undertake qualitative research with RCTs. The book may also be useful to researchers leading RCTs and graduate students. It does not explain how to do qualitative research or how to do RCTs. The book focuses on how to undertake qualitative research in the specific context of RCTs. The book is divided into three parts. Part 2 offers the practical guidance promised within the title of the book. Each chapter focuses on key steps when undertaking qualitative research in the context of RCTs: writing a proposal, selecting research questions, collecting data, analysing data, integrating qualitative and quantitative components, and publishing. Part 1 sets the scene for the practical aspects. Part 3 focuses on the human beings we work closely with during research and offers practical advice to ensure these interactions are positive and fruitful.

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Kozinets, Robert V., and Manuela Nocker. Netnography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0007.

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Robert V. Kozinets and Manuela Nocker explain how data can be collected using online ethnography or netnography—unconventional in organizational research. A netnography is a specific set of related data collection, analysis, ethical, and research practices. The approach has been used to study online collaboration, and the conversations, languages, online behaviours, and symbolic repertoires of different groups. Online netnography is distinct from traditional in-person ethnography. Ethnography focuses on single field sites; netnography addresses the dispersed nature of online sociality. Prolonged field immersion is less meaningful in netnographic investigations. And the pace of internet technology development encourages a pace of research faster than that of traditional ethnography. As our social and corporate worlds become intertwined, widening access to personal information, ownership of that information is contentious, raising research ethics dilemmas. Ethnography and netnography are not value-neutral, and technology is encouraging us to question what we wish to achieve with our research.

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Anjum, Rani Lill, and Stephen Mumford. Metascience and Better Science. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733669.003.0001.

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Central to science is a set of norms for the correct, systematic acquisition of empirical knowledge, such as that data should be objective, results repeatable, and that theories should bring predictive success. These norms remain contested, however. Science cannot evaluate its own norms since doing so is a distinctly philosophical enterprise. This tells us that scientism is wrong: the idea that science can answer every question. A question that it cannot answer is what justifies science. We will answer this and other questions philosophically with a focus on the causal sciences. Science and metascience may then achieve a reflective equilibrium.

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Shaffer, Paul, Ravi Kanbur, and Richard Sandbrook, eds. Immiserizing Growth. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832317.001.0001.

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Immiserizing Growth occurs when growth fails to benefit, or harms, those at the bottom. It is not a new concept, appearing such figures as Malthus, Ricardo and Marx. It is also not empirically insignificant, occurring in between 10% and 35% of cases, depending on the data set and the growth and poverty measures used. In spite of this, it has not received its due attention in the academic literature, dominated by the prevailing narrative that ‘growth is good for the poor’. The chapters in this volume aim to arrive at a better understanding of when, why and how growth fails the poor. They combine discussion of mechanisms of Immiserizing Growth with empirical data on trends in growth, poverty and related welfare indicators. In terms of mechanisms, politics and political economy are chosen as useful entry points to explain IG episodes. The disciplinary focus is diverse, drawing on economics, political economy, applied social anthropology, and development studies. A number of methodological approaches are represented including statistical analysis of household survey and cross-country data, detailed ethnographic work and case study analysis drawing on secondary data. Geographical coverage is wide including Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, the People’s Republic of China, Singapore, and South Korea, in addition to cross-country analysis. As the first book-length treatment of Immiserizing Growth in the literature, we believe that this volume constitutes an important step in redirecting attention to this issue.

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Addison, Tony, and Atanu Ghoshray. Pandemics and their impact on oil and metal prices. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/914-3.

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We examine the effect of pandemics on selected commodity prices—in particular, those of zinc, copper, lead, and oil. We set up a vector autoregressive model and analyse data since the mid-nineteenth century to determine how prices reacted to pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish Flu, 1957 Asian Flu, and 1968 Hong Kong Flu. We control for demand and supply fundamentals to generate forecasts from the point of outbreak, and we consider whether any pattern can be deduced in reactions to adverse global shocks. Results are varied, depending on choice of commodity and magnitude and type of response. No clear conclusions are possible from past pandemics, and we conclude that at the time of writing, forecasts are difficult to make in the ongoing current pandemic too. We conclude by estimating impulse response functions to assess likely impact and the subsequent response of commodity prices to the shock.

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50

Callender, Craig. Looking at the World Sideways. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797302.003.0008.

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When physics tells its story of the world, it writes on spatial pages and we flip pages in the temporal directions. The present moment contains the seeds of what happens next. Relativity challenges many of our pre-theoretical thoughts about time, yet even this would-be destroyer of time adheres to the idea that production or determination runs along the set of temporal directions. We might think of this fact as one of the last remnants left of manifest time in physics. Is even this residue of manifest time safe from physics? Looking at the world sideways, can we march “initial” data from “east” to “west” as well as from earlier to later? Or put even more loosely: can physics tell its stories if we write on non-spatial pages and read in non-temporal directions?

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