Дисертації з теми "Weather file"
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POURABDOLLAHTOOTKABONI, MAMAK. "Towards Climate Resilient and Energy Efficient Buildings: A Comparative Study on Energy Related Components, Adaptation Strategies, and Whole Building Performance." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2973984.
Повний текст джерелаCasagrande, Bruna Gomes. "Cenários climáticos futuros: diagnóstico prospectivo do desempenho termoenergético de edifícios comerciais no Brasil para o século XXI." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6178.
Повний текст джерелаConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Ao mesmo tempo em que foram desenvolvidos no Brasil programas com a meta de racionalização do sistema energético nacional, motivados principalmente pelas crises enfrentadas pelo país, como o racionamento de 2001, estudos a respeito do comportamento do clima em escala mundial apresentaram avanços expressivos, acilitados pela evolução tecnológica e computacional. Entre as estratégias para contenção do desperdício da energia produzida está o consumo pelas edificações, uma vez que a adoção de sistemas construtivos adequados pode reduzir o consumo final de eletricidade. Tal constatação constitui um dos preceitos da arquitetura bioclimática, que preconiza a necessidade de adaptação do edifício ao clima local, sendo, para isso, imprescindível a compreensão dos fenômenos climáticos. Desta forma, o princípio que conduziu esta pesquisa foi o comportamento variável do clima, consenso para grande parte dos climatologistas, e suas consequências para as demandas energéticas futuras, particularmente durante o ciclo de vida planejado para cada edifício. Investigar o impacto das mudanças projetadas para o clima ao longo do século XXI no desempenho termoenergético de edificações comerciais artificialmente climatizadas localizadas em diferentes cidades do Brasil foi o principal objetivo deste estudo. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram divididos em quatro etapas, iniciando-se por uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática central mudanças climáticas bem como os temas correlacionados, com especial ênfase para a associação entre conforto térmico e a questão energética. Na segunda etapa foram estabelecidos os mecanismos para preparação de arquivos climáticos futuros, incluindo-se a seleção de cidades para representação das diferentes condições geográficas do território brasileiro. Posteriormente foi efetuado o recorte do objeto, com a indicação dos parâmetros de controle e das variáveis em análise, designandose as características do edifício que não serão afetadas por intervenções futuras: percentual de abertura nas fachadas, dispositivos de proteção solar e orientação das maiores fachadas. A etapa final foi dedicada às simulações, realizadas no programa DesignBuilder a partir da configuração dos 192 modelos paramétricos. Os resultados da aplicação da metodologia, analisados quantitativa e qualitativamente, reproduziram, de forma generalizada, um aumento no consumo de 10,7% em 2020, 16,9% em 2050 e 25,6% em 2080, em relação ao consumo atual. Apesar da significância desse aumento, inclusive para o planejamento energético nacional, aumentos mais expressivos foram registrados em estudos internacionais, reforçando a necessidade de consideração dos fenômenos regionais na preparação de dados climáticos futuros neste tipo de pesquisa. Em Recife, a variação de parâmetros construtivos não provocou diferenças tão significativas nas taxas de aumento do consumo quanto nas outras cinco localidades, sendo que Brasília apresentou as maiores taxas de aumento. Considerando-se os edifícios de todas as cidades, a presença de dispositivos de proteção solar foi a variável com maior impacto para diminuição do consumo, e o edifício orientado a Leste e Oeste, com grandes aberturas desprotegidas, apresentou consumo significativamente superior aos outros modelos, atual e futuramente. Por fim, ao contrário da maioria dos resultados mensais observados, em Porto Alegre ocorreu uma diminuição no consumo em alguns meses de 2020 e 2050, ocasionada possivelmente pela diminuição dos períodos de utilização da climatização artificial para aquecimento
At the same time that programs were developed in Brazil with the goal of the national energy system rationalization, mainly motivated by the crisis faced by the country as in the rationing of 2001 studies of the climate s behavior on a global scale showed significant advances, facilitated by technological and computational development. One of the strategies for containment the waste energy produced is the energy consumption by buildings, since the adoption of appropriate constructive systems can reduce the final electricity consumption. This was a principle of bioclimatic architecture, which recommends an adaptation of the building to the local climate conditions, and for that, it is essential to understand the climate system. Therefore, the principle that guided the development of this research was the variable behavior of the climate, which is consensus for most climatologists, and its consequences for the future energy demands of buildings, particularly along the planned life cycle for each building. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of projected changes to the climate over the twenty-first century in the thermo energetic performance of commercial buildings artificially acclimatized located in different cities of Brazil. The methodological procedures were divided into four stages, initiating with an extensive literature review on the central theme climate change as well as related topics, with special emphasis on the relationship between thermal comfort and energy issue. In the second step mechanisms for preparing future climate files were established, including the selection of cities for representation of different geo-climatic conditions of the Brazilian territory. After that the definition of the object was performed, indicating the control parameters and variables in the analysis, assigning the characteristics of the building that will not be affected by future interventions window wall ratio, solar shading and orientation of the largest facades. The final step was dedicated to the simulations, performed in the program DesignBuilder from the configuration of the 192 parametric models. The results of applying the methodology, analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, reproduced in generalized way an increase in energy consumption in buildings by 10.7% in 2020, 16.9% in 2050 and 25.6% in 2080, compared to current consumption. Although the significance of this increase, including the national energy planning, most significant increases were recorded in international studies, reinforcing the need for consideration of regional climate events in the preparation of future climate data in this type of research. In Recife, the variation of constructive parameters did not cause as significant differences in the rates of increase in consumption as the other five locations, and Brasilia had the highest rates of increase. Considering the buildings of all the cities, the presence of solar shading was the variable with the greatest impact on reducing energy consumption, and the building oriented east and west, with large unprotected openings, showed energy consumption significantly superior to other models, in all cities and periods. Finally, unlike most of monthly results observed, in Porto Alegre occurred a decrease in energy consumption in some months of 2020 and 2050, possibly caused by the reduction in time use of artificial air conditioning heating
Lundström, Lukas. "Weather data for building simulation : New actual weather files for North Europe combining observed weather and modeled solar radiation." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-16446.
Повний текст джерелаWeiler, Michael. "Weathered." Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10267249.
Повний текст джерелаWEATHERED is a means to give back and say thanks to all who have helped me through life and offer similar aid to anyone willing to listen. Presented within the CRAIVE Lab at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Technology Park on March 4th, 4pm to 8pm, it depicts an allegorical journey of survival, change, and rediscovery as people are reunited with their identity after separating themselves from it as a means of survival.
In the Thesis, the autobiographical forces behind WEATHERED are defogged, revealing a personal past of birth, growth, abuse, survival, and healing. It will further unravel and look deeper into the artwork's use of allegory, its development process, and conceptual decisions and symbolism, all in conjunction with the artist's creative growth and metamorphosis.
Pope, Ellis Abel. "Integrating technology into a grade five resource-based weather unit." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0029/MQ47468.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPower, Mitchell J. "Recent and Holocene fire, climate, and vegetation linkages in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1232403871&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1180996482&clientId=11238.
Повний текст джерелаTypescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes appendices with Foy Lake pollen and charcoal data and fire atlas metadata. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-244). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
Nikolaidis, Theoklis. "Water ingestion effects on gas turbine engine performance." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3516.
Повний текст джерелаJessee, Sharon A. "A monotony of fine weather imagined worlds in contemporary American fiction /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1986. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8616607.
Повний текст джерелаViegas, de Barros Ana Lúcia. "Impact of climatic variability on the fire behaviour of different land ecosystems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4874.
Повний текст джерелаTenna, Alyce. "An evaluation of the weather research and forecasting model's ability in simulating fire weather for the Southwest of Western Australia." Thesis, Tenna, Alyce (2016) An evaluation of the weather research and forecasting model's ability in simulating fire weather for the Southwest of Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/35249/.
Повний текст джерелаSimpson, Colin Campbell. "Numerical Modelling of Atmospheric Interactions with Wildland Fire." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7800.
Повний текст джерелаDíaz, Avalos Carlos. "Space-time analysis of forest fires /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6375.
Повний текст джерелаHoward, Amy L. "Stormy Weather: Lena Horne, Dorothy Dandridge and the Cultural Politics of Stardom." W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626198.
Повний текст джерелаHartung, Carl. "Design and implementation of a wireless sensor network for weather monitoring in wildland fire environments." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1435215.
Повний текст джерелаSouthey, Diane. "Wildfires in the Cape floristic region : exploring vegetation and weather as drivers of fire frequency." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9017.
Повний текст джерелаThis study assessed the spatial and temporal patterns of wildfires in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). It focused on the factors that influence fire frequency; namely vegetation age, ignition sources and weather conditions. This work was done to aid decisions on fire management in fynbos nature reserves. Fire intervals were extracted from historical fire records in four reserves in the CFR. The study sites were the Cederberg and Hottentots-Holland (western) reserves and the Swartberg and Outeniqua (eastern) reserves, and fire records were used from 1970 to 2007. A non-parametric technique and smoothing methods were used to highlight patterns in the extracted fire intervals. Comparisons of fire frequency were made between the study sites to analyse spatial patterns of burning. The impact of anthropogenic ignitions on fire frequency was analysed to explore the effect of people on fire patterns. The relationship between fuel age and fire size was analysed to determine the influence of vegetation age on fire patterns. Two novel methods were described in this thesis. The first method developed a technique to analyse temporal patterns in fire frequency while avoiding the impacts of temporal autocorrelation. The second method analysed the relationship between weather condition and fire events by utilising self-organising maps of synoptic states. A temporal change in the frequency of these synoptic states was tested for over the recording period. Synoptic states were used to produce two regional fire risk indicators for the CFR. I found that fire intervals in western study areas of CFR were shorter than fire intervals in eastern study areas. The effect of anthropogenic ignition sources shortened fire intervals in all study sites; however, this was relative to the natural fire frequency of each study site. Prescribed burning as a form of fire management contributed relatively little to the total area burned in all study sites. Fuel age has a significant correlation to fire size in only the drier (Swartberg) study site. A decreasing trend in fire return intervals was found in three study sites; Cederberg, Hottentots-Holland and Outeniqua. Synoptic states characteristic of the southern-most extent of a tropical easterly wave low were correlated to frequency fire events in the western study areas. Fires in the eastern study areas were correlated to a synoptic state characteristic of a tropical temperate trough. Easterly wave lows are associated with strong atmospheric convection whereas tropical temperate troughs are associated with pre-frontal conditions and strong, hot and dry winds. The frequencies of these synoptic states were shown to have increased in recent decade. The factors influencing fire frequency in the western CFR are predominantly sources of ignition, while the availability of fuels and suitable weather conditions restrict fires in the eastern CFR. Fire frequency has increased in the study sites where weather exerts the dominant control and this is due to the increase in synoptic states that promote wildfires. Historical records show that fire management has had little impact on the total area burned, thus fire management under climate change is unlikely to influence fire frequency.
Brown, Parker Brandt. "Finding new representations in science and natural history film through a deconstruction of televised weather forcasting." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/brown/BrownP1208.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBanholzer, Sandra. "The Central Pacific El Niño and its impact on weather and forest fire patterns in western North America." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42949.
Повний текст джерелаValese, Eva. "Applicazione del Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System nel contesto della Grande Regione Alpina (GAR): potenzialità e problematiche." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426147.
Повний текст джерелаPur non rappresentando il principale disturbo ecologico in Nord Italia, gli incendi boschivi impegnano sul campo il personale operativo, a cui va assicurata la sicurezza dell’ambiente di lavoro. In questa ricerca viene analizzata l’applicazione del Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System in alcune regioni dell’Italia Settentrionale (Veneto, Valle d’Aosta e Lombardia), sia a livello di predisposizione iniziale del sistema che di esplorazione avanzata di potenzialità e problematiche. Lo studio contestualizza queste regioni nel contesto della Grande Regione Alpina, prendendo in considerazione diversi livelli spaziali di analisi. Tre le principali tematiche affrontate: 1) la realizzazione di un sistema di calcolo e la spazializzazione dell’indice di pericolo canadese nella regione Veneto e una calibrazione pilota in Provincia di Verona; 2) la valutazione dei fattori predisponenti il verificarsi di fuochi di chioma in Valle d’Aosta con la produzione di modelli predittivi della variazione di umidità nei combustibili aerei vivi; 3) la valutazione preliminare dell’indice rispetto ad alcuni eventi straordinari in Lombardia. Gli avanzamenti prodotti mirano a riempire, seppur parzialmente, le lacune nella conoscenza degli incendi boschivi invernali, e ad evidenziarne la specificità.
Speakman, Dorian. "Severe and extreme weather and its impact on the UK fire service : A study of the effects in four regions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518523.
Повний текст джерелаTai, Pui Kuen Amos P. K. "Impact of Climate Change on Fine Particulate Matter \((PM_{2.5})\) Air Quality." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10576.
Повний текст джерелаEngineering and Applied Sciences
Wells, Brian S. "Caregiver Perception and the Role of Seasonality in Under-five Childhood Diarrhea Incidence in Svay Rieng Province, Cambodia." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7380.
Повний текст джерелаBarykina, Elena [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Parisi, and Jan [Akademischer Betreuer] Freund. "Assessment of the energy yield for thin-film photovoltaic modules using satellite retrieved solar irradiance and weather reanalysis data / Elena Barykina ; Jürgen Parisi, Jan Freund." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202109896/34.
Повний текст джерелаBarykina, Elena [Verfasser], Jürgen Akademischer Betreuer] Parisi, and Jan A. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Freund. "Assessment of the energy yield for thin-film photovoltaic modules using satellite retrieved solar irradiance and weather reanalysis data / Elena Barykina ; Jürgen Parisi, Jan Freund." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202109896/34.
Повний текст джерелаBarykina, Elena [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Parisi, and Jan A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Freund. "Assessment of the energy yield for thin-film photovoltaic modules using satellite retrieved solar irradiance and weather reanalysis data / Elena Barykina ; Jürgen Parisi, Jan Freund." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202109896/34.
Повний текст джерелаPortocarrero-Urdanivia, Cristhian, Angela Ochoa-Cuentas, Luis Arauzo-Gallardo, and Carlos Raymundo. "Hydraulic Fill Assessment Model Using Weathered Granitoids Based on Analytical Solutions to Mitigate Rock Mass Instability in Conventional Underground Mining." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653789.
Повний текст джерелаThis study uses analytical solutions to assess a hydraulic fill model based on weathered granitoid to increase underground opening stability and mitigate rock bursts during mining operations in a conventional underground mining company located in the Coastal Batholiths of the Peruvian Andes. This study assesses the previous geological database provided by the mine, analyzes the on-site strengths produced by the exploitation works that will subsequently be filled, identifies the quality of the material used in the landfill (granitoids) through laboratory tests, and compares compressive strength at different depths, all contemplated within the landfill model used. This study focuses on the applicability of hydraulic fills in conventional underground mine using natural geological material such as granitoid.
Revisión por pares
Smith, Jennifer Lauren. "Every Night at 8pm." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2496.
Повний текст джерелаMolbeck, Blyth Marco Aurelio, and Vega María Isabel Acosta. "Extendable ladder cover solution for swedish fire vehicles." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-12641.
Повний текст джерелаDavid, Telse. "Studying the contribution of urban areas to fine sediment and associated element contents in a river bed." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-113554.
Повний текст джерелаMisch- und Regenwasserentlastungen beeinträchtigen die Qualität von Vorflutgewässern. Unter anderem gelangt Feinsediment während Entlastungsereignissen in Vorflutgewässer. Dieses erhöht die Fracht an suspendiertem Sediment und verstärkt die Kolmatierung der Gewässersohle. Damit ist das hyporheische Interstitial, das ein wichtiges Fließgewässerhabitat ist, vom Eintrag von Feinsediment betroffen. Diese Arbeit untersucht, wie sehr urbane Flächen zur Feinsedimentfracht und zur Fracht von partikulär gebundenen Elementen beitragen können, die im Bettsediment zurückgehalten werden. Sie beruht auf einer umfangreichen Messkampagne. Das Untersuchungsgebiet dafür war die Bode, ein mittelgroßer Fluss in Mitteldeutschland. Etwa 10 km flussaufwärts der Mündung fand die Messkampagne nahe der Kleinstadt Staßfurt statt. Im Rahmen dieser Messkampagne haben wir den Eintrag von Feinsediment in das Bettsediment durch Sedimentkörbe erfasst. Drei Quellen dieses Feinsediments haben wir berücksichtigt. In Staßfurt wurden eine Regen- und zwei Mischwassereinleitungen beprobt, um urbane Flächen zu erfassen. Als zweite Quelle wurde natürlich vorkommendes Feinsediment berücksichtigt. Dafür haben wir Sedimentkerne flussaufwärts von Staßfurt genommen. Als dritte Quelle haben wir das stromaufwärts liegende Einzugsgebiet erfasst, indem wir das suspendierte Sediment beprobt haben. Für alle Proben wurde der Elementgehalt bestimmt, um das Elementmuster des Feinsediments, das ins Bettsediment eingetragen wurde, und der Quellen zu ermitteln. Der Grund für diese Messstrategie war, dass das Elementmuster des Feinsediments in den Körben aus den Elementmustern der Quellen, Regen- bzw. Mischwassereinleitungen, natürlich vorkommendes Feinsediment und suspendiertes Sediment aus dem Einzugsgebiet, resultieren sollte. Damit ist es möglich, den Beitrag über Mischungsmodelle zu berechnen. Im Untersuchungsgebiet unterscheidet sich das Feinsediment, das von urbanen Flächen stammt, von dem flussbürtigen Feinsediment aufgrund erhöhter Kupfer-, Zink-, Stickstoff- und Phosphorgehalte. Wir haben das Elementmuster der urbanen Flächen mit einer Clusteranalyse genauer untersucht. Dies ergab, dass das partikulär gebundene Elementmuster quellenspezifisch ist, wobei sich Stickstoff, Phosphor und Kohlenstoff Abwasser zuordnen lassen, während die meisten Metalle wie Kupfer und Zink hauptsächlich aus dem Oberflächenabfluss stammen. Das Maß, zu dem die Muster von Messpunkt zu Messpunkt übereinstimmen, wird durch die Variabilität beschränkt, die die Proben eines Messpunktes aufweisen. Diese Variabilität hängt dabei von der Komplexität des Einzugsgebiets ab. Über eine Mischungsrechnung konnten wir berechnen, wie viel urbane Flächen zur Fracht von Feinsediment und daran gebundenen Elementen in den Sedimentkörben beitrugen. Im Untersuchungsgebiet stammen etwa 10 % des Feinsediments, das durch die Sedimentkörbe aufgefangen wurde, von urbanen Flächen. Der Beitrag der Stadt Staßfurt konnte dabei aber nicht von dem Beitrag weiter flussaufwärts gelegener urbaner Gebiete getrennt werden. Daraus folgt, dass weiter stromaufwärts liegende Gebiete mehr beitragen als Staßfurt. Wegen des erhöhten Gehalts an z.B. Kupfer und Zink tragen urbane Flächen ca. 40 % und damit überproportional hoch zur partikulär gebundenen Kupfer- und Zinkfracht bei. Für die Berechung des Quellenbeitrags zum Feinsediment spielt es keine große Rolle, welche Elemente in der Mischungsrechnung berücksichtigt werden. Verschiedene Elementmuster ergeben, dass der Medianbeitrag urbaner Flächen zwischen 0 und 20 % liegt. Dies entspricht dem Interquartilsabstand der ursprünglichen Mischungsrechnung. Ein weiteres Resultat der Untersuchungen ist, dass die Sedimentkörbe den anthropogenen Einfluss überschätzten, weil sie das umgebende Bettsediment nicht exakt abbildeten und als Falle funktionierten. Innerhalb Staßfurts gibt es ein Sodawerk, das seine Produktionsabwässer in die Bode einleitet. Während der Messkampagne wurde diese Quelle nicht direkt erfasst. Es war trotzdem möglich, diese Quelle durch nicht-negative Matrix-Faktorisierung zu identifizieren. Die nicht-negative Matrix-Faktorisierung ergab, dass das Abwasser des Sodawerks eine Hauptquelle des Feinsediments der Bode ist. Bis zu 30 % des Feinsediments in den Sedimentkörben flussabwärts von Staßfurt lassen sich dem Sodawerk zuordnen. Dieses Feinsediment besteht hauptsächlich aus Karbonaten und verdünnt die meisten Elementgehalte. Dies wurde deutlich, indem die Elementbindungen nach dem BCR Extraktionsschema untersucht wurden. Diese Arbeit zeigt die Relevanz, die urbane Flächen als Quelle von Feinsediment und daran gebundener Elementfracht haben, die ins Interstitial eingetragen werden. Sie zeigt, dass die Elementgehalte ein Muster bilden, mit dem es möglich ist, über eine Mischungsrechnung zu klären, wie viel urbane Flächen zum Feinsediment beitragen. Die Arbeit zeigt ferner, dass nicht-negative Matrix-Faktorisierung ermöglicht, eine so charakteristische Quelle wie ein Sodawerk zu identifizieren
Nolde, Michael [Verfasser]. "Development of a web-based fire danger forecasting system for Mediterranean landscapes using open source software and crowd-sourced weather data - the isle of Sardinia (Italy) as an example / Michael Nolde." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042440255/34.
Повний текст джерелаCardil, Forradellas Adrián. "Ecology, meteorology and simulation of large wildland fires." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/365040.
Повний текст джерелаLos eventos con temperaturas extremas favorecen la ocurrencia de grandes incendios forestales y tienen consecuencias en la salud y mortalidad humana, los patrones de perturbación forestal, la productividad agrícola y las repercusiones económicas de estas consecuencias combinadas. Para conocer si los eventos de temperaturas extremas están cambiando bajo la dinámica de cambio global, se analizaron las cifras anuales de días de alta temperatura (aquellos con temperaturas superiores a los 20, 22,5 y 25 ºC a 850 hPa) en el sur de Europa en el periodo 1978-2012. Un aumento significativo en la frecuencia de este tipo de días se encontró en muchas áreas durante el período de tiempo analizado, y se identificaron patrones en la distribución espacial de estos cambios. Además, este trabajo analiza los efectos de días de alta temperatura en incendios forestales medianos y grandes en España desde 1978, así como en otras áreas (Cerdeña, Italia). Un día de alta temperatura se define cuando la temperatura del aire a 850 hPa es mayor que el percentil 95 de la temperatura del aire a 850 hPa de junio a septiembre en todo el período de estudio. Elegí la temperatura a 850 hPa porque caracteriza adecuadamente el estado de la baja troposfera. Los efectos de las altas temperaturas sobre los incendios forestales fueron notables y significativos en términos de número de incendios (el 15% del total de los grandes incendios ocurrieron bajo días de alta temperatura) y área quemada (25% del total de área quemada se produjo bajo días de alta temperatura). El tamaño de los incendios también fue significativamente mayor en condiciones de alta temperatura y gran parte de los incendios más grandes en los últimos 20 años fueron en este tipo de condiciones extremas. Además, tanto el número de incendios como el área quemada solamente disminuyeron bajo días de no alta temperatura en el período de estudio. La peor consecuencia de los incendios forestales es la pérdida de vidas humanas, un fenómeno que se ha producido con regularidad durante las últimas décadas en todo el mundo. Este trabajo analiza todos los incendios forestales en España con víctimas registradas entre 1980 y 2010. Los incendios se clasificaron por la causa que provocó la muerte de las víctimas durante los incendios forestales con el objetivo de estudiar las causas más frecuentes en accidentes mortales y cómo se relaciona con distintas regiones geográficas, el tamaño de los incendios, y las condiciones climáticas extremas (es decir, días de alta temperatura). Se analizaron tendencias temporales en el número de individuos heridos y muertos en el periodo de estudio. Se observa que el número anual de víctimas no disminuyó en el período de estudio. El atrapamiento es la causa más frecuente de muerte dentro de los empleados de extinción de incendios. El tamaño de los incendios es un factor clave en la aparición de las víctimas ya que el 95% de las muertes en incendios forestales (sin contar las bajas aéreas) ocurrió en incendios mayores de 100 ha. Los días de alta temperatura también fueron claves debido a que el 60% de atrapamientos se produjo en este tipo de días.
Els esdeveniments amb temperatures extremes afavoreixen l’aparició de grans incendis forestals amb conseqüències en la salut i mortalitat humana, els patrons de pertorbació forestal, la productivitat agrícola i les repercussions econòmiques d’aquestes conseqüències combinades. Per conèixer si els esdeveniments de temperatures extremes estan canviant amb la dinàmica de canvi global, es van analitzar les xifres anuals de dies amb altes temperatures (aquells dies amb temperatures superiors als 20, 22.5 i 25ºC a 850hPa) al sud d’Europa en el període 1978-2012. Un augment significatiu en la freqüència d’aquest tipus de dies es va trobar en moltes àrees durant el període de temps analitzat, i es van identificar patrons en la distribució espacial d’aquests canvis. A més, aquest treball analitza els efectes de dies d’alta temperatura en incendis forestals mitjans i grans a Espanya des de 1978, així com en altres àrees (Cerdenya, Itàlia). Es defineix un dia d’alta temperatura quan la temperatura de l’aire a 850hPa és més gran que el percentil 95 de la temperatura de l’aire a 850hPa de juny a setembre en tot el període d’estudi. Vaig triar la temperatura a 850hPa perquè caracteritza adequadament l’estat de la baixa troposfera. Els efectes de les altes temperatures sobre els incendis forestals van ser notables i significatius en termes de nombre d’incendis (el 15% del total dels grans incendis es van produir en dies d’alta temperatura) i àrea cremada (el 25% del total d’àrea cremada es va produir en dies d’alta temperatura). Les dimensions dels incendis també van ser significativament més grans en condicions de temperatura i gran part dels incendis més grans en els últims 20 anys van ser en aquest tipus de condicions extremes. A més, tant el nombre d’incendis com l’àrea cremada només van disminuir en dies de no alta temperatura en el període d’estudi. La pitjor conseqüència dels incendis forestals és la pèrdua d’éssers humans, un fenomen que s’ha produït amb regularitat durant les últimes dècades a tot el món. Aquest treball analitza tots els incendis forestals d’Espanya amb víctimes registrades entre els anys 1980 i 2010. Els incendis es van classificar per la causa que va provocar la mort de les víctimes durant els incendis forestals amb l’objectiu d’estudiar les causes més freqüents en accidents mortals i la seva relació amb les diferents regions geogràfiques, les dimensions dels incendis, i les condicions climàtiques extremes (és a dir, dies d’alta temperatura). Es van analitzar tendències temporals en el nombre d’individus ferits i morts en el període d’estudi. L’atrapament és la causa més freqüent de mort dins dels empleats d’extinció d’incendis. Les dimensions dels incendis són un factor clau en l’aparició de les víctimes, ja que el 95% de les morts en incendis forestals (sense tenir en compte les baixes aèries) es van produir en incendis que afectaven més de 100 ha. Els dies d’alta temperatura també van ser claus pel fet que el 60% d’atrapaments es van produir en aquest tipus de dies.
Kayahan, Ahmet. "Compressibility Of Various Coarse-grained Fill Materials In Dry And Wet Loading Conditions In Oedometer Test." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/4/1052539/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаbypass&rsquo
which is a fill material used in the construction of metro of Eryaman. Using these four materials, large-scale double oedometer tests were carried out to investigate compressibility in both dry and wet conditions. The double oedometer testing technique is used to investigate the effect of soaking on compressibility behaviour of compacted fill materials. Various compactive efforts were used in the compaction stage to investigate the effect of compactive effort on compressibility and degradation of the four gravelly materials. Gradations of the post-test samples were obtained and particle breakage due to compaction using various compactive efforts and particle breakage due to compression were determined. It is found that amount of compression does not necessarily depend on the dry density of the material and fine fraction is also a dominating property regarding the compressibility in coarse-grained fill materials. The vertical strains induced by soaking are on the order of 12% - 20% of the compression measured in dry loading case for the well-graded coarse-grained fill materials tested. Besides, there is significant particle breakage in the compaction process and no further particle breakage in the oedometer test for GP material.
Lecoeur, Eve. "Influence de l'évolution climatique sur la qualité de l'air en Europe." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1176/document.
Повний текст джерелаAir pollution is the result of high emissions of pollutants (and pollutant precursors) and unfavorable meteorological conditions. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the pollutants of great concern for human health. Every year, a repeated or continuous exposure to such particles is responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among the concerned populations and leads to premature deaths. Climate change is expected to impact meteorological variables (temperature, wind, precipitation,...). Those variables will influence numerous factors, which will affect air quality (emissions, precipitation scavenging, gas/particle equilibrium,...). A large body of studies have already investigated the effects of climate change on ozone, whereas only a few have addressed its effects on PM2.5 concentrations, especially over Europe. This is the subject we investigate in this thesis. Large-scale circulation is closely linked to surface meteorological variables. Therefore, it is expected that it will impact PM2.5 concentrations too. In this thesis, we develop a statistical algorithm to estimate future PM2.5 concentrations from present PM2.5 observations, selected meteorological variables and tools to represent this circulation (weather regimes and weather types). The lack of daily observations of PM2.5 and its components over Europe prevents us to used observations. Consequently, we have created a pseudo-observed PM2.5 data set, by using the Polyphemus/Polair3D air quality Chemical-Transport Model. Both operational and dynamic evaluations were conducted against EMEP measurements, to ensure that the influence of meteorological variables on PM2.5 concentrations is correctly reproduced by the model. As far as we know, this dynamic evaluation of an air quality model with respect to meteorology is the first conducted to date.Future PM2.5 concentrations display an increase over the U.K., northern France, Benelux, and in the Balkans, and a decrease over northern, eastern, and southeastern Europe, Italy, and Poland compared to the historical period. The evolution of weather type frequencies is not sufficient to explain the PM2.5 changes. The relationships between the large-scale circulation and the weather types, between the weather types and meteorological variables, and between meteorological variables and PM2.5 concentrations evolve with future meteorological conditions and also contribute to PM2.5 changes. The statistical method developed in this thesis is a new approach to estimate the impact of climate and climate change on PM2.5 concentrations over Europe. Despite some uncertainties, this approach is easily applicable to different models and scenarios, as well as other geographical regions and other pollutants. Using observations to establish the pollutant-meteorology relationship would make this approach more robust
Slávik, Ľuboš. "Dynamická faktorová analýza časových řad." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445469.
Повний текст джерелаKarouni, Ali. "Réalisation d'une plate-forme fondée sur la théorie de la décision, l'optimisation et la diffusion pour prévoir, modéliser et gérer une catastrophe naturelle : les feux de forêts." Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0043.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the last decades, the number of occurrences of natural disasters has increased noticeably which lead to catastrophic results on human as well as properties and green areas. But despite the huge amount of damages, this helps to draw the attention of researchers, organizations and the various governmental and non-governmental sectors towards analyzing these phenomena, their causes & effects, allowing to recognize their behaviors and the methods to predict their occurrence and thus reaching the phase of risk management contributing to prevent their incidence or limit the consequences. As the risk of happening often exists, the instantaneous presence of dangers is also possible. Here appears the importance of any effort that serves to tackle such crises. In this contribution, the phenomenon of forest fires is studied. In Lebanon, green areas declined dramatically during the last decades, what imposes an urgent intervention with strict governmental policies and support of non-governmental organizations. The global orientation is towards techniques that predict high fire risks, allowing for precautions to preclude fire occurrences or at least limit their consequences. Forest fire prediction proves to contribute in preventing fire occurrence or reducing its catastrophic impacts in worst cases on human lives, properties and green forestry
Fargeon, Hélène. "Effet du changement climatique sur l'évolution de l'aléa incendie de forêt en France métropolitaine au 21ème siècle." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0025.
Повний текст джерелаWildfires impacting French forests are currently concentrated in the South, especially in the Mediterranean and Aquitaine regions. Climate projections for the 21st century in France question the impact of climate change on wildfire hazard. We focus on two particular issues: the evolution of the fire danger and fire regime in regions already facing frequent wildfires today, and the potential extension of the risk to new regions in the future.Climate change effect was first determined using projections of an empirical fire danger index (FWI) under future climate, computed for five contrasted climatic models under two greenhouse gases emission scenarios. These projections highlight a very strong increase in fire danger levels in the areas already facing wildfires, especially in the Mediterranean, with a very good agreement between climate models. The range of the increase in the North and the West, though existing, is more challenging to quantify, because of climate model uncertainties.This first approach was limited by the ability of FWI to represent fire activity. Therefore, we developed a probabilistic model for fire activity, aiming at projecting fire numbers and burnt areas under future climate. The approach considers that fires result from underlying random processes that determine the occurrence and the fire size based on the FWI and various spatiotemporal factors. The model was fitted following a Bayesian approach using the Promethee database, which records fire observations in the Mediterranean area. Model projections under historical and future conditions demonstrated that FWI projections underestimated projected fire activity increases, mainly due to the non-linearity of the fire-climate relation. Thus, fire danger increases projected in summer in the Mediterranean in 2080 (pessimistic scenario) are considerably lower (25 to 59%) than those for burnt areas (48 to 202%).This approach does not apply to regions where wildfires are currently sparse, and unreliably recorded, especially in Northern France. Yet we extrapolated the model, established over the Mediterranean area, to the rest of Southern France where data were sufficient. Among the difficulties encountered while extrapolating to the national scale, the variation of fuel structure is a critical issue. It was not included in the projections, but its implications are discussed
Shehaj, Marinela. "Robust dimensioning of wireless optical networks with multiple partial link failures." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2540.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis summaries the work we have done in optimization of wireless optical networks. More specifically, the main goal of this work is to propose appropriate network dimensioning algorithms for managing the demand and ensuring traffic satisfaction in a network under partial link failures (i.e. when some links and/or nodes are operational with reduced capacity) caused mostly by weather conditions. The primary criterion in deciding the efficiency of the proposed algorithms for the network is the dimensioning cost of the network while keeping the traffic satisfaction at high reasonable levels. The main application area we have in mind are the networks that apply Free Space Optics (FSO) - a well established broadband wireless optical transmission technology where the communication links are provided by means of a laser beam sent from the transmitter to the receiver placed in the line of sight. FSO networks exhibit several important advantages but the biggest disadvantage is vulnerability of the FSO links to weather conditions, causing substantial loss of the transmission power over optical channel. This makes the problem of network dimensioning important, and, as a matter of fact, di cult. Therefore, a proper approach to FSO network dimensioning should take such losses into account so that the level of carried traffic is satisfactory under all observed weather conditions. In this thesis, we firstly describe such an approach. In the first part of the thesis, we introduce a relevant dimensioning problem and present a robust optimization algorithm for such enhanced dimensioning. To construct our approach we start with building a reference failure set which uses a set of weather data records for a given time period against which the network must be protected. Next, a mathematical model formulation of the robust network dimensioning problem uses the above failure set. Yet, such obtained reference set will most likely contain an excessive number of states and at the same time will not contain all the states that will appear in the reality. Hence, we propose to approximate the reference failure set with a special kind of virtual failure set called K-set parameterized by an integer value K, where K is less than or equal to the number of all links in the network. For a given K, the K-set contains all states corresponding to all combinations of K, or less, simultaneously affected links. Sometimes, there are situations where the weather is extremely bad and what we propose is to build a hybrid network model composed of FSO and fiber links. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the improvement of the so-called uncertainty sets (or uncertainty polytopes). In the first part we have introduced the idea of link Ksets. Now we extend this by considering simultaneous degradations of K nodes (meaning degradation of all adjacent links). Finally, inspired by the hitting set problem a new idea was to find a large number of subsets of two or three affected links and to use all possible combinations (composed of 2 or at most 3 of this subsets) to build a new virtual failure set that covers as much as possible the reference failure set that we got from the study of real weather data records. Next, this new failure set will serve as input for our cut-generation xxi algorithm so that we can dimension the network at a minimum cost and for a satisfactory demand realization. A substantial part of the work is devoted to present numerical study for different network instances that illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. A dedicated space is given to the construction of a realistic network instance called Paris Metropolitan Area Network (PMAN)
Jing-Yang, Wu, and 吳景揚. "Studies on the Forest Fire and Fire Weather Index-A Case Study of Nan-Tou Forest District." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71165042937560192655.
Повний текст джерела國立中興大學
森林學系
91
This paper which including the forest fire situation analyzed, fuel factor, people factor, and weather factor is concentrating on the forest fire basic situation and fire weather index. By the fire situation analyzed and the research of the fuel, energy, and weather we can provide the information of forest fire rescue. The summary of obtained result is as follows : Luanta forest fire situation have clear and obvious seasonal change. The fire type is always ground fire which burning light fuel. Almost forest fire were caused with people and the most reason were smoking. Finally we make the Wet Coefficient to know the forest fire potential in the forestry. Through the index we can adjust the method about forest fire rescuer. The findings will provide detailed information for forest fire and make some help with forest fire rescuer in the future.
Fox-Hughes, PD. "A meteorolgical investigation of the 'springtime bump' : an early season peak in the fire danger experienced in Tasmania." Thesis, 2014. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/22701/1/Fox_Hughes_whole_thesis_2014.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаNdalila, MN. "The 2013 Forcett-Dunalley fire : a geospatial analysis of fire severity, pyrocumulonimbus dynamics, and smoke emissions." Thesis, 2020. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/35863/1/Ndalila_whole_thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPodur, Justin Joseph. "Weather, forest vegetation, and fire suppression influences on area burned by forest fires in Ontario /." 2006. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=442450&T=F.
Повний текст джерелаYan, Shao-Ling, and 顏少陵. "Applying Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System in Wind-break Forests of Taichung Harbor, Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/guvjva.
Повний текст джерела吳鳳科技大學
消防研究所
105
Most of the fires in the windbreak areas of Taichung Harbor were concentrated in the northeast monsoon beginning from September to February of the following year. During this period, the precipitation in the forest area was low, and the litter in the forest area was dry. In this paper, based on the daily metrological data (temperature, preeipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed), and the Canadian forest fire weather index system was introduced, and the meteorological data and forest fire data from 1991 to 2015 in Taichung Harbor were used to study the correlation between forest fire index and forest fire. The results showed that the DSR continued to increase from the beginning of 1990 (DSR = 10.48), but in the past 10 years has shown a lower value(DSR = 1.54), and found that the surface ignition susceptibility or ignition probability of windbreak forest area in Taichung Harbor is increasing continuously from 1990 to 1995 (FFMC=78.76), but is decreasing from 2010 to 2015(FFMC=74.76).
Brown, Parker Brandt. "Finding new representations in science and natural history film through a deconstruction of televised weather forecasting." 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/brown/BrownP1208.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаTypescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Ronald Tobias. Weatherscape is a DVD accompanying the thesis. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 25-26).
Chiang, Chih-Teng, and 江志騰. "Investigate the effect that the characteristic species ratio at fire, typhoons and the conditions of weather on Taihsi station." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84182891883915938832.
Повний текст джерела國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系碩士班
99
The study is on photochemical station and the main station at Taihsi county in Yunlin, using the monitoring data and making the volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) species mass ratio, and choosing the lower reaction Benzene ( referred to as B ). The major of VOCs species includes Toluene,( referred to as T ), m/p-Xylene,( referred to as X ) , 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, ( referred to as 124-TMB ), 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene, ( Referred to as 135-TMB ). The characteristic species of the petrochemical industry of Styrene, ( referred to as S ) and Isopropylbenzene, ( referred to as IPB ). The species mass ratio can avoid the different layer of atmosphere and make the atmosphere space’s mass variation. By OH free radical method can estimate the photochemical age, and verify the species ratio and have the normal relationship of photochemical age. The higher ratio indicates the fresh air. The whole month data is so gigantic and can’t control the variational condition. For prominent and estimated the possible pathway. The study used each species’ top 5% mass ratio and top 3 major species mass ratio to proceed researching. When concluded and analyzed the data of temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed, and Principal Component Analysis ( referred to as PCA ) method is applied to analyze the top 5% species ratio out form the May-December 2010 at Taihsi station. When the mass of species, wind speed and wind direction are the main factor, it explain reaching to 83.6% variance volume of the top 5% average ratio ( T/B ,124-TMB/B, S/B, IPB/B ). First the air mass aging characteristic, photochemical half-life, sea-land wind effect and transport distance methods to proceed the top 5% species ratio( such as T/B, X/B, 124-TMB/B, 135-TMB/B, S/B, and IPB/B ) and the top three of species ratio of the month. Then proceeding of 6th cracking plant petrochemistry’s fire, date of typhoon event researching, and finally capitalize on backward trajectory path and T/B, S/B and IPB/B ratio to support the different relationships between time and wind information of pollution. Summary, it has the significant effect of sea and land wind. Because the species ratio with S/B and IPB/B ratio mainly come from the southwest winds, it is caused a higher ratio of species on May to December. About northeast wind it would cause the increase of the T/B, X/B ratio of species. While the northwest wind axis is caused by the shorter half-life 1,3,5-TMB may be increased, and increasing to top 5% 135-TMB/B ratio (circa 0.78). The main emitted resource of species may be concern with the industrial combustion. Finally we can figure out the species ratio with fire and typhoon are no significant connected with 6th cracking plant petrochemistry. Typhoon events are associated with different axis wind and bring the different species increasing. For example, the northeast monsoon, which cause that S/B species ratio relative about half of July and August (circa 0.55). Therefore, it should compare that different types of species ratio effect and coordinated with sea-land wind transport distance comparison. By the 8 hours’ backward trajectory path estimation, track at the station when the prevailing sea-land wind effect on May to August. The land wind is more significant on the top three of S/B ratio (Between 2.4~3.5), but the sea wind is more significant on the top three of IPB/B ratio (between 0.4~0.7). The northeast wind is the main axis wind effected on October to December. It is made T/B, S/B and IPB/B the top 3 ratio appeared in the northeast monsoon path. This study’ contribution are applied to the integrated with station wind direction, speed, temperature and emission source ratio data. The statistics method to analyze and judge the VOCs emission that source on the nearby area (Air Quality inspecting station). Especially petrochemical industry specific species to S/B and IPB/B ratio research. And screen each month’ top 5 % data to control the fresh air mass’s VOCs audit value, and to decrease specific species affected by photochemical reaction, after sifting data we can proceed another analysis. The study of VOCs data screen and analytical method are coordinated photochemical year estimation, sea-land wind effect research backward trajectory analysis, that can search under the industrial area’s normal and abnormal emittion condition to the neihborhood contribution or search the typhoon etc. climate condition to industrial area peripheral density’s affect, investigated the pollutant reason and can judge the pollutant source. The study can supply some easier data analysis and the evalution of emission source.
Pinner, Luke. "The relative influence of weather, vegetation and terrain on the severity of the 2003 fires in Kosciusko National Park." Master's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150946.
Повний текст джерелаGirardin, Martin-Philippe. "Dendrochronological reconstruction of the variability in atmospheric circulation and fire weather conditions for the past three centuries in the Canadian boreal forest." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/20727.
Повний текст джерелаKarouni, Ali. "Réalisation d'une plate-forme fondée sur la théorie de la décision, l'optimisationet la diffusion pour prévoir, modéliser et gérer une catastrophe naturelle : les feux de forêts." Thesis, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0043.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the last decades, the number of occurrences of natural disasters has increased noticeably which lead to catastrophic results on human as well as properties and green areas. But despite the huge amount of damages, this helps to draw the attention of researchers, organizations and the various governmental and non-governmental sectors towards analyzing these phenomena, their causes & effects, allowing to recognize their behaviors and the methods to predict their occurrence and thus reaching the phase of risk management contributing to prevent their incidence or limit the consequences. As the risk of happening often exists, the instantaneous presence of dangers is also possible. Here appears the importance of any effort that serves to tackle such crises. In this contribution, the phenomenon of forest fires is studied. In Lebanon, green areas declined dramatically during the last decades, what imposes an urgent intervention with strict governmental policies and support of non-governmental organizations. The global orientation is towards techniques that predict high fire risks, allowing for precautions to preclude fire occurrences or at least limit their consequences. Forest fire prediction proves to contribute in preventing fire occurrence or reducing its catastrophic impacts in worst cases on human lives, properties and green forestry
Sahany, Sandeep. "Fine-Scale Structure Of Diurnal Variations Of Indian Monsoon Rainfall : Observational Analysis And Numerical Modeling." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/980.
Повний текст джерела"Analysis of the Impact of Urban Heat Island on Energy consumption of Buildings in Phoenix." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.14486.
Повний текст джерелаDissertation/Thesis
M.S. Architecture 2011
David, Telse. "Studying the contribution of urban areas to fine sediment and associated element contents in a river bed." Doctoral thesis, 2012. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26906.
Повний текст джерелаMisch- und Regenwasserentlastungen beeinträchtigen die Qualität von Vorflutgewässern. Unter anderem gelangt Feinsediment während Entlastungsereignissen in Vorflutgewässer. Dieses erhöht die Fracht an suspendiertem Sediment und verstärkt die Kolmatierung der Gewässersohle. Damit ist das hyporheische Interstitial, das ein wichtiges Fließgewässerhabitat ist, vom Eintrag von Feinsediment betroffen. Diese Arbeit untersucht, wie sehr urbane Flächen zur Feinsedimentfracht und zur Fracht von partikulär gebundenen Elementen beitragen können, die im Bettsediment zurückgehalten werden. Sie beruht auf einer umfangreichen Messkampagne. Das Untersuchungsgebiet dafür war die Bode, ein mittelgroßer Fluss in Mitteldeutschland. Etwa 10 km flussaufwärts der Mündung fand die Messkampagne nahe der Kleinstadt Staßfurt statt. Im Rahmen dieser Messkampagne haben wir den Eintrag von Feinsediment in das Bettsediment durch Sedimentkörbe erfasst. Drei Quellen dieses Feinsediments haben wir berücksichtigt. In Staßfurt wurden eine Regen- und zwei Mischwassereinleitungen beprobt, um urbane Flächen zu erfassen. Als zweite Quelle wurde natürlich vorkommendes Feinsediment berücksichtigt. Dafür haben wir Sedimentkerne flussaufwärts von Staßfurt genommen. Als dritte Quelle haben wir das stromaufwärts liegende Einzugsgebiet erfasst, indem wir das suspendierte Sediment beprobt haben. Für alle Proben wurde der Elementgehalt bestimmt, um das Elementmuster des Feinsediments, das ins Bettsediment eingetragen wurde, und der Quellen zu ermitteln. Der Grund für diese Messstrategie war, dass das Elementmuster des Feinsediments in den Körben aus den Elementmustern der Quellen, Regen- bzw. Mischwassereinleitungen, natürlich vorkommendes Feinsediment und suspendiertes Sediment aus dem Einzugsgebiet, resultieren sollte. Damit ist es möglich, den Beitrag über Mischungsmodelle zu berechnen. Im Untersuchungsgebiet unterscheidet sich das Feinsediment, das von urbanen Flächen stammt, von dem flussbürtigen Feinsediment aufgrund erhöhter Kupfer-, Zink-, Stickstoff- und Phosphorgehalte. Wir haben das Elementmuster der urbanen Flächen mit einer Clusteranalyse genauer untersucht. Dies ergab, dass das partikulär gebundene Elementmuster quellenspezifisch ist, wobei sich Stickstoff, Phosphor und Kohlenstoff Abwasser zuordnen lassen, während die meisten Metalle wie Kupfer und Zink hauptsächlich aus dem Oberflächenabfluss stammen. Das Maß, zu dem die Muster von Messpunkt zu Messpunkt übereinstimmen, wird durch die Variabilität beschränkt, die die Proben eines Messpunktes aufweisen. Diese Variabilität hängt dabei von der Komplexität des Einzugsgebiets ab. Über eine Mischungsrechnung konnten wir berechnen, wie viel urbane Flächen zur Fracht von Feinsediment und daran gebundenen Elementen in den Sedimentkörben beitrugen. Im Untersuchungsgebiet stammen etwa 10 % des Feinsediments, das durch die Sedimentkörbe aufgefangen wurde, von urbanen Flächen. Der Beitrag der Stadt Staßfurt konnte dabei aber nicht von dem Beitrag weiter flussaufwärts gelegener urbaner Gebiete getrennt werden. Daraus folgt, dass weiter stromaufwärts liegende Gebiete mehr beitragen als Staßfurt. Wegen des erhöhten Gehalts an z.B. Kupfer und Zink tragen urbane Flächen ca. 40 % und damit überproportional hoch zur partikulär gebundenen Kupfer- und Zinkfracht bei. Für die Berechung des Quellenbeitrags zum Feinsediment spielt es keine große Rolle, welche Elemente in der Mischungsrechnung berücksichtigt werden. Verschiedene Elementmuster ergeben, dass der Medianbeitrag urbaner Flächen zwischen 0 und 20 % liegt. Dies entspricht dem Interquartilsabstand der ursprünglichen Mischungsrechnung. Ein weiteres Resultat der Untersuchungen ist, dass die Sedimentkörbe den anthropogenen Einfluss überschätzten, weil sie das umgebende Bettsediment nicht exakt abbildeten und als Falle funktionierten. Innerhalb Staßfurts gibt es ein Sodawerk, das seine Produktionsabwässer in die Bode einleitet. Während der Messkampagne wurde diese Quelle nicht direkt erfasst. Es war trotzdem möglich, diese Quelle durch nicht-negative Matrix-Faktorisierung zu identifizieren. Die nicht-negative Matrix-Faktorisierung ergab, dass das Abwasser des Sodawerks eine Hauptquelle des Feinsediments der Bode ist. Bis zu 30 % des Feinsediments in den Sedimentkörben flussabwärts von Staßfurt lassen sich dem Sodawerk zuordnen. Dieses Feinsediment besteht hauptsächlich aus Karbonaten und verdünnt die meisten Elementgehalte. Dies wurde deutlich, indem die Elementbindungen nach dem BCR Extraktionsschema untersucht wurden. Diese Arbeit zeigt die Relevanz, die urbane Flächen als Quelle von Feinsediment und daran gebundener Elementfracht haben, die ins Interstitial eingetragen werden. Sie zeigt, dass die Elementgehalte ein Muster bilden, mit dem es möglich ist, über eine Mischungsrechnung zu klären, wie viel urbane Flächen zum Feinsediment beitragen. Die Arbeit zeigt ferner, dass nicht-negative Matrix-Faktorisierung ermöglicht, eine so charakteristische Quelle wie ein Sodawerk zu identifizieren.
Vieira, Inês dos Santos. "Identification of iberian large fires climate conditions." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/39905.
Повний текст джерелаOs incêndios florestais são um risco que não é recente na Península Ibérica. No entanto, é inquestionável que alguns dos episódios mais dramáticos, tanto em termos de vítimas infligidas como de área total ardida, ocorreram durante este século, particularmente na região Oeste da Península Ibérica. A sua ocorrência é responsável, todos os anos, por uma grande quantidade de área ardida, traduzindo-se com frequência em impactos humanos e socioeconómicos significativos. Como tal, existe um reconhecimento crescente que a identificação de uma multiplicidade de padrões de circulação associados à ocorrência de fogos (Fire Weather Types, FWT) tem um interesse considerável em estudos de regimes de fogo, nomeadamente para 1) uma melhor compreensão da relação entre a meteorologia e a ocorrência de fogos; 2) explicar os padrões de severidade dos fogos; 3) melhorar as projeções/previsões e estratégias de combate aos fogos. Neste estudo propõe-se a identificação e a análise dos fatores meteorológicos que controlam as variações da atividade associada aos grandes incêndios na Península Ibérica. Para isso, procede-se à classificação dos grandes de incêndios (aqueles cuja área ardida é superior ao percentil 95) para uma estação de fogos estendida (maio a outubro) para quatro regiões com regimes de fogo semelhantes. A identificação dessas regiões é feita de acordo com as condições meteorológicas locais (temperatura, humidade relativa, velocidade do vento e índices representativos da secura dos combustíveis), recorrendo-se a uma análise de compósitos para diferentes escalas temporais e de forma a captar a variabilidade interanual, subsazonal e sinótica. Para além disso, pretende-se ainda utilizar a análise de clusters (K-means) para identificar um conjunto limitado de FWT, sendo cada um caracterizado por uma certa combinação de condições meteorológicas sinergéticas condutoras do fogo. A identificação dos limiares a partir dos quais um determinado fogo se considera um grande incêndio em cada uma das quatro regiões da Península Ibérica, permitiu a identificação de limiares distintos, sendo a região Este aquela que apresenta o valor mais elevado (171 ha). A análise de compósitos aplicada a uma escala diária para as anomalias standardizadas das variáveis meteorológicas e para os índices que funcionam como proxies de seca, tendo em conta os percentis 1, 85, 95, 98 calculados para as áreas queimadas associados aos eventos ocorridos em cada uma das regiões, permite verificar um aumento das anomalias (em módulo) com o aumento da área queimada dos incêndios. A uma escala de 12 dias, as variáveis meteorológicas são aquelas que têm maior importância na distinção da atividade associada aos grandes incêndios, embora com desfazamentos (lags) temporais diferentes para as quatro regiões. A uma escala mais longa (oito meses), os índices que traduzem a secura dos combustíveis a diferentes camadas do solo são aqueles que têm maior importância. A aplicação da análise de clusters permitiu identificar três FWT distintos para cada uma das regiões. O FWT_1 caracteriza-se por anomalias da velocidade do vento elevadas (acima de um desvio padrão). No caso do FWT_2, as anomalias das variáveis meteorológicas são bastante menores, situando-se abaixo de um desvio padrão. Por fim, o FWT_3 distingue-se por apresentar elevadas anomalias da temperatura e humidade relativa (acima de um desvio padrão). As quatro regiões apresentam, no entanto, resultados diferentes para cada um dos FWT identificados. Para além disso, verifica-se que o FWT_3 é aquele a que estão associadas as condições de secura dos combustíveis mais intensa para todas as regiões. A uma escala de 12 dias, verifica-se que: 1) para o caso do FWT_1 a influência do vento está restrita ao dia do fogo; 2) para o FWT_2 as anomalias variam em torno de zero sem nenhum padrão definido; 3). O FWT_3 não apresenta uma influência restrita ao dia do fogo, mas a sua influência varia nas quatro regiões. A análise do estado da secura dos combustíveis associados aos eventos caracterizados por cada um dos FWT permitiu identificar que o FWT_3 é aquele a que corresponde a uma situação em que os os índice representativos da secura dos combustíveis apresentam anomalias mensais mais elevadas quando comparadas com as anomalias do FWT_1 e FWT_2 para as quatro regiões. Esta análise permitiu identificar as condições climáticas associados à ocorrência dos grandes incêndios para quatro regiões da Península Ibérica tendo em conta as características meteorológicas das regiões, permitindo assim, diferenciar as condições meteorológicas e as diferentes escalas temporais entre a atividade que está na origem de todos os incêndios e aquela que está associada aos grandes incêndios.
The Mediterranean region is characterized by the frequent occurrence of summer wildfires representing an environmental and socioeconomic burden. Some Mediterranean countries (or provinces) are particularly prone to Large Fires (LF), namely Portugal, Galicia, Greece, and southern France. On the other hand, the Mediterranean basin corresponds to a major hotspot of climate change, and anthropogenic warming is expected to increase the total burned area due to fires in Mediterranean Europe. Here, we propose to classify summer large fires for four regions of Iberia (with similar fire regimes) according to their local-scale weather conditions (i. e. temperature, relative humidity, wind speed) and fire danger weather indices (Duff Moisture Code and Drought Code). The composite analysis was used to investigate the impact of local and regional climate drivers at different time scales, and to identify distinct climatologies associated with the occurrence of LF in Iberia for an extended fire season (May to October). A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the variables with the highest variance explained for the fire day. Also, cluster analysis was used to identify a limited set of Fire Weather Types (FWT), each characterized by a combination of meteorological conditions leading to a better understanding of the relationship between meteorology and fire. For each of the regions, three FWTs were identified with different characteristics. The FWT_1 is characterized by high anomalies (above one std) of zonal wind velocity. The FWT_2 presents anomalies of the meteorological variables within the average (bellow one std). Finally, the FWT_3 is categorized by high positive temperature anomalies (above one std) and strong negative relative humidity anomalies (bellow one std). The methodology followed allowed to objectively identify for different regions of Iberia multiple fire climatologies associated with the occurrence of LF.