Статті в журналах: "WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF CHROME-NITRIDE"

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Keshavamurthy, R., J. Madhu Sudhan, Anurag Kumar, Vivek Ranjan, Pratyush Singh, and Amandeep Singh. "Wear Behaviour of Hard Chrome and Tungsten Carbide-HVOF Coatings." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 11 (2018): 24587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.256.

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Kaviti, R. Vara Prasad, D. Jeyasimman, Ramesh Kumar S C, and Mohan Babu BM. "Investigation of wear behaviour of magnesium reinforced with boron nitride nanocomposite using ANN." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 12A (April 28, 2022): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30101.

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The present study aims to study the wear behaviour of Mg reinforced with boron nitride nanocomposite. The dry sliding wear behaviour of Mg reinforced with boron nitride (0.5 wt.%) is reviewed by following ASTM standards G99, i.e., dry sliding on pin-on-disk wear test apparatus. Three wear parameters, namely load, sliding speed, and sliding distance, were considered in this study. The experiments for wear rate have been conducted as per ASTM standards G99. The wear rate obtained for Mg reinforced with boron nitride (0.5 wt.%) is predicted by the ANN toolbox of Matlab R2021a using the Levenberg-Marquardt (trainlm) algorithm, which trains the feed-forward neural network having 3-5-1 (three input neurons, five hidden neurons in the single hidden layer and one output neuron). Experimental data sets obtained from the pin-on-disk wear test have been utilized to develop ANN. The results concluded that the error for wear loss of Mg reinforced with boron nitride (0.5 wt.%) lies within 20%, with an average percentage error of 2.6% between experimental values and ANN predicted values.

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Spies, Heinz-Joachim, Horst Biermann, and Anke Fischer. "Nitriding behaviour of the intermetallic alloy FeAl." International Journal of Materials Research 96, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2005-0136.

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Abstract An iron-based intermetallic FeAl alloy was gas nitrided under well-defined conditions, and the influences of the process parameters, i. e., time, temperature, and nitriding potential on the layer formation, were investigated. Microstructural, morphological, and chemical characterization of the nitride layer was performed by means of glow discharge optical spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, internal-stress measurement, hardness– depth profiles, and indentation fracture mechanics. Pin-on-disk tests were carried out to investigate the load-bearing capacity and wear resistance of the nitride layers. The formation of hexagonal AlN during the nitriding treatment leads to an increase in hardness of about 920 – 980 HV 0.025 and to a significant improvement of the wear resistance. Additional annealing tests proved the thermal stability of the nitride layer up to 950 °C.

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Piconi, Corrado, Vincenzo De Santis, and Giulio Maccauro. "Clinical Outcomes of Ceramicized Ball Heads in Total Hip Replacement Bearings: A Literature Review." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 15, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000330.

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Background Metallic ball heads for total hip replacement (THR) bearings with ceramicized surfaces were introduced in orthopedics during the second half of the 1980s, with the aim of decreasing the wear of polyethylene cups. Methods An analysis was made of the literature regarding outcomes for metallic ball heads with ceramicized surfaces now in clinical use (TiN, TiNbN, ZrN, monoclinic ZrO2), as well as carbon coatings (pyrolytic carbon, diamond-like carbon) and silicon nitride as coatings in ball heads for THR bearings. Results Notwithstanding the diffusion of ceramicized ball heads in THRs, there are few reports about their clinical outcomes in hip arthroplasty. In addition, several clinical studies and some registry data are putting under scrutiny the clinical advantages of ceramicized ball heads over cobalt chrome (CoCr) alloy and ceramic ball heads. Conclusions The wear of THR bearings with ceramicized ball heads looks like it depends more on the behavior of the polyethylene cups than on the treatment of the ball head surface. The risk of coating damage and of its consequences has to be taken into account in selecting this type of bearing.

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Liang, Bu Nv, Biao Chen, Zhen Yu Zhang, and Peng Lin Zhang. "Wear Behaviour of Thermal Spray Welded FeNi and CeO₂ Composite Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.363.

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FeNi alloy powders with and without 0.4 % CeO2were flame spray welded onto 1045 carbon steel substrate. Vickers microhardness profiles of the coatings were carried out. Sliding wear tests in dry conditions were carried out by means of weight-loss method for several applications in oil industries. For this purpose, Ni-based alloy and high chrome cast iron were used as compared materials. A scanning electron microscope(SEM) was used to analyze the wear phenomena of samples. The result showed that the hardness of the coatings can be improved by addition of 0. 4 % CeO2, and the anti-adhesion, anti-scratching, and plastic deformation resistance abilities of coatings are increased with the addition of CeO2.

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Łuszcz, Maciej, Remigiusz Michalczewski, Marek Kalbarczyk, Edyta Osuch-Słomka, Jarosław Molenda, Le Liu, Maksim Antonov, and Irina Hussainova. "EFFECT OF HBN ON WEAR OF AlCrN-COATED SPARK PLASMA - SINTERED TiB2/Ti COMPOSITES AT TEMPERATURES UP TO 900°C." Tribologia 299, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8756.

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In this work, hexagonal boron nitride powder was used for the lubrication of an interface of TiB2/Ti composite protected by an AlCrN coating and a ceramic Si3N4 ball. The wear behaviour of this tribo-pair in an oscillating motion was studied with an SRV tribotester at the temperature range from room temperature to 900 °C. The action of hexagonal boron nitride as a solid lubricant was analysed with the use of a 3D microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The test results confirmed that under high-temperature conditions, the use of hexagonal boron nitride as a solid lubricant does not increase the wear resistance of the TiB2/Ti composite. The use of the AlCrN coating significantly reduces wear at the temperature up to 600 °C only, while the combined use of the AlCrN coating and hBN lubrication provides effective protection against wear even at the temperature up to 900 °C. Therefore, the synergy of the anti-wear action of the coating and the solid lubricant was proved.

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Şen, Uğur, Murat Uzun, and Şaduman Şen. "Tribological Properties of Vanadium Nitride Coated AISI 52100 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.643.

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In the present study, the wear and friction behaviour of vanadium nitride coated AISI 52100 steel against hardened AISI D2 steel disc was studied using ball-on-disc arrangement. Vanadium nitride coating treatment was performed on pre-nitrided AISI 52100 steel balls using thermo-reactive diffusion techniques. The presence of VN and V2N phases in the coating layer was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Friction and wear tests were carried out at dry test conditions under 2.5 N, 5 N and 10 N loads at 0.1 m/s, 0.2 m/s and 0.3 m/s sliding speeds. The results showed that the friction coefficient values of vanadium nitride coated AISI 52100 steel balls against hardened AISI D2 steel disc are changing between 0.49 and 0.71, depending on test conditions. The wear rates of the vanadium nitride coated AISI 52100 steel is ranging from 6.704×104 mm3/m to 2.619 × 106 mm3/N m. In general, the wear rate increased with the increase in load and sliding speed.

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Tatarko, Peter, Zdeněk Chlup, and Ján Dusza. "Microstructure, Fracture and Damage Mechanisms in Rare-Earth Doped Silicon Nitride Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.93.

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Influence of rare-earth oxide additives on the strength, fracture toughness and tribological behaviour of hot-pressed Si3N4 and Si3N4/SiC micro/nano-composites has been investigated. Four-point bending mode and ball on disc methods have been used for strength and wear tests and Single-Edge V-Notched Beam, Chevron Notched Beam, Indentation Strength and Indentation Fracture techniques for fracture toughness measurement. Fractography has been used to characterize strength limiting defects, fracture micromechanisms and damage mechanisms during the wear test. The strength values were strongly influenced by the present processing flaws. Wear behavior is significantly influenced by the chemical composition and by the microstructure of the materials.

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Bozyazı, E., M. Ürgen, and Ali Fuat Çakır. "Comparison of reciprocating wear behaviour of electrolytic hard chrome and arc-PVD CrN coatings." Wear 256, no. 7-8 (April 2004): 832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(03)00523-4.

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Puppa, Jan, and Bernd Arno Behrens. "Optimization of Cooling and Lubrication for Nitrided and Ceramic-Coated Hot Forging Dies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 794 (October 2015): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.794.97.

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In order to enhance the tool life of hot forging dies, increasing the wear resistance of the forming tool surface is of great importance. In addition to thermal and thermo-chemical surface treatments, methods applying thin wear-resistant coatings gain more importance. Therefore, ceramic-based mono- or multilayer hard coatings are used in combination with a supporting nitride layer. Due to their low material-specific thermal conductivity, ceramic coatings have an increased sensitivity to abrupt temperature changes. To avoid such thermal shocks, an adjustment of the cooling behaviour is required. This paper presents the results of laboratory forging tests conducted under different cooling and lubrication conditions on nitrided dies with ceramic coatings. By means of a selective cooling of the forming tool surface and using boron nitride as lubricant the wear behaviour of the forging dies could be improved.

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Fujikawa, Hisao, H. Iwamura, and M. Uramoto. "Corrosion Behaviour of Steel Nitrided and Nitrocarburized in Gas, Respectively." Defect and Diffusion Forum 365 (July 2015): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.365.278.

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Nitriding treatment is well known as one of the corrosion protection methods for steels as well as a way to prevent wear and fatigue. Initially, salt bath nitrocarburizing was popular, but recently, gas nitriding, gas nitrocarburizing, plasma nitriding and so on have come to be used more often because of their superior nitriding ability. In the case of nitriding, only nitrogen (N) diffuses into the steel, but in the case of nitrocarburizing, both nitrogen and carbon (C) diffuse into the steel. General speaking, nitriding includes all the treatments mentioned above. The corrosion behavior of nitride carbon steels has been understood mainly by salt bath or gas nitrocarburizing treatments1)-4).However, recently, nitriding is mainly applied to parts for things such as automobiles which need protection from wear and fatigue, and is seldom used for parts which need corrosion resistance. The present paper is to remind researchers again that nitrided steels show good corrosion resistance.Therefore, the comparison of various thicknesses of nitride layers as well as the comparison between nitride layers on steel has been carried out in this examination, using the salt spray corrosion test method. The effect of oxidation treatment after nitriding was also investigated.

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Sidik, Muhamad Harith Izdiyad, N. Amir, and Subhash Kamal. "Wear Mechanism of Wear Resistant HVOF Thermal Spray Coating: Chromium Carbide Nickel Chrome on 304 AISI Steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 06017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822506017.

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One of the common ways to overcome wear is by surface modification which is a coating process. The application of cermet of chromium (Cr carbide) in Nickel-Chromium (Ni-Cr) matrix is widely used as coating material since it provides high wear resistant. Besides, thermal spray process is widely known as the most suitable technique to produce cermet coating. In this study, chromium carbide-nickel chrome (Cr3C2- NiCr) powder is used as the feedstock. High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying is used to deposit the coating on mild steel substrate to study the behaviour of wear of the coating. The wear test is conducted by using TABER Linear Abrasion Wear Test machine. The wear rate of both coated and uncoated pin is measured by measuring the weight loss of the samples. The Cr3C2-NiCr coated pins have shown less weight loss than the uncoated pins. The lifetime prediction of Cr3C2-NiCr coated pins is higher than the uncoated pins at different time duration and applied loads. The results showed that the wear resistant properties of Cr3C2-NiCr coated pins are higher than the uncoated pins. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) integrated with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are used to determine the microstructure of Cr3C2-NiCr coating. The microstructure of Cr3C2-NiCr coated pin after the wear testing showed no presence of crack and the wear track was homogenous.

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Diesselberg, M., H. R. Stock, and P. Mayr. "Friction and wear behaviour of PVD chromium nitride supported carbon coatings." Surface and Coatings Technology 188-189 (November 2004): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.023.

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Chen, Tzung Ming, Yuan Ching Lin, and Jiun Nan Chen. "Analysis of Wear Behaviour of Sintering Carbide against DLC Coated and Nitriding Steel." Advanced Materials Research 579 (October 2012): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.579.60.

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In this paper, tribological behaviours for sintering carbides and DLC/nitride film are discussed. During the wear test, two types of hardened steel are setting to sliding against eight series of carbide specimens in order to compare the wear mode and evaluate the wear performance of sintering carbides, which are made by different process parameters. The experiment result shows that a density ratio of sintering carbide between 86% and 99% does not have obviously different effect on wear resistance. Moreover, molybdenum binder with high diffusibility can improve the wear performance of tungsten carbide, but wear performance of titanium carbide is dependent on the amount of nickel/cobalt binder, separately. On the other hand, SAE52100 substrate absorbs the heat of friction and maintains the coated diamond-like carbon film in an excellent wear performance.

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Ji, Jia Ming, Xiao Jing Xu, Dan Chen, Xi Ling Xin, Kun Tian, and Xin Lan Sheng. "Improvement of Tribological Behaviour of Biomedical Nanocrystalline Titanium by Magnetron Sputtered CNx/SiC Double Layer Films." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.825.

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The nano-indentation response and the friction and wear properties of the CNx/SiC (carbon nitride /silicon carbon) double layer thin films (SiC films as interlayer) deposited on nanocrystalline titanium substrate using magnetron sputtering technique at room temperature were investigated. The results show that the CNx films exhibited a low nano-hardness of 8.0 GPa and Young's modulus of 55.0 GPa but a high hardness-to-modulus ratio of 0.146. As sliding against Si3N4 (silicon nitride) ball under Kokubo simulation body fluid (SBF) at room temperature, the CNx films exhibited the superior tribological properties with the friction coefficients of about 0.1 and the special wear rate of about 1.6×10−6 mm3/Nm.

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Ghazali, Mariyam Jameelah, Mahamad Noor Wahab, Abdul Razak Daud, and Jaharah A. Ghani. "Effect of Aged AlN Reinforced Al-Si Alloys on Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour." Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (August 2010): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.905.

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Dry sliding wear properties of aluminum nitride (AlN) reinforced aluminum silicon (Al-Si) alloy were investigated by using a pin-on-disc configuration tester. In this work, different weight percentages (5 and 10 wt%) of AlN was added into the Al-Si alloys. The samples were prepared by a stir casting process via a bottom pour technique which was then aged with a T6 condition prior to the wear test. Detailed analyses on the morphologies were conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with the aid of an energy dispersive x-ray analyser (EDX). Prior to the heat treatment, the distribution of hard aluminum nitride particles that surrounded the Si phase had improved the hardness of the composites by 15%. The hardness value was found to be significantly increased about 80% for aged samples compared to un-aged samples. This was mainly contributed from precipitations of Si grain and intermetallic compounds; Mg2Si and FeSiAl5 formation in the alloys. Thus, a significant increased in wear resistance up to 56% was also observed especially at the highest applied load of 70N. Surface investigation by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that a combination of abrasion and adhesion wear mechanism was dominant for both un-aged and aged samples.

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Halpin, T., G. Byrne, J. Barry, and E. Ahearne. "The performance of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tools in continuous, semi-interrupted, and interrupted hard machining." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 223, no. 8 (April 24, 2009): 947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem1488.

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Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) cutting tools have enabled large-scale industrial hard machining owing to their high hot hardness and wear resistance. Experience clearly shows that tool requirements vary depending on the presence and severity of interrupts in the workpiece. The interrelationships between workpiece interruption parameters and tool wear and performance are assessed using a programme of continuous, semi-interrupted, and interrupted hard machining tests. A hypothesis for observed variations in wear behaviour between different PCBN grades and test conditions is developed on the basis of detailed tool wear scar analyses.

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Reis, P., J. P. Davim, X. Xu та J. M. F. Ferreira. "Friction and wear behaviour ofβ-silicon nitride–steel couples under unlubricated conditions". Materials Science and Technology 22, № 2 (лютий 2006): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328406x74275.

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Iliev, C. "On the wear behaviour of silicon nitride sliding against metals in water." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 62, no. 1 (February 9, 2010): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368791011012443.

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Jen Fin Lin and Jeng Haur Horng. "Analysis of the tribological behaviour and wear mechanisms of titanium nitride coating." Wear 171, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(94)90348-4.

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21

Chișiu, Georgiana, Roxana-Alexandra Gheța, Alina-Maria Stoica, and Nicolae-Alexandru Stoica. "Comparative Micro-Scale Abrasive Wear Testing of Thermally Sprayed and Hard Chromium Coatings." Lubricants 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2023): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11080350.

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Nowadays, due to the carcinogenic effects of chrome, replacing the hard chromium used for hydraulic components like rods and cylinders is becoming increasingly requested. Thermally sprayed coatings are a solution to the problem; however, proper understanding and characterisation of their tribological behaviour are essential for the successful exploitation of surface engineering. Thus, the main aim of this study is to evaluate the abrasive wear characteristics of two metal sprayed layers, tungsten carbide (WC) deposited through the high-velocity oxygen fuel coating (HVOF) method and Fe alloy coating deposited through thermal spraying with an electric arc with a wire-electrode G3Si1, and compare the results with those of an electrochemically deposited hard chromium layer. Their wear resistance is then related to their hardness. The results highlight the tribological performances of the thermally sprayed coatings. The HVOF WC10Co4Cr coating has a wear coefficient and a material wear volume that are hundreds of times lower than those of the other two coatings.

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Jahanmir, S. "Wear transitions and tribochemical reactions in ceramics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 216, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065002762355307.

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Structural ceramics are used in diverse tribological applications due to their unique properties that include resistance to abrasion and erosion, resistance to corrosive wear, wear resistance at elevated temperatures, low density and unique electrical, thermal and magnetic properties. Applications include precision instrument bearings, cutting tool inserts, prosthetic articulating joints and engine components. Following a brief overview of the processing methods applied to alumina, silicon nitride and silicon carbide, the wear behaviour of these ceramics is reviewed. The wear behaviour changes as the load or the coefficient of friction is increased. This change is associated with a drastic increase in wear at a critical load that depends on the material and test conditions. This transition from mild to severe wear occurs through a microfracture process at the sliding contact. Contact mechanics is used to develop a simple model to determine whether contact failure occurs by a classical brittle process (i.e. cone cracking) or a quasi-plastic behaviour (i.e. small microcracks distributed below the contact surface). The model provides estimates of the transition load within a factor of two of the experimentally obtained values and indicates that the brittle behaviour dominates the observed transition from mild to severe wear in the three ceramics evaluated in this study. The limitations of the model and its use in design of tribological components are discussed. The role of lubrication and tribochemical reactions between ceramic surfaces and atmospheric moisture on the wear behaviour is discussed.

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Doan, Thanh Van, David Kusmič, Miroslav Pospíchal, Quang Dung Tran, and Van Thuan Nguyen. "Friction and Wear Behaviour of 42CrMo4 Steel Treated by Tenifer, Hard Chrome and Plasma Nitriding Technologies." Manufacturing Technology 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/ujep/x.2017/a/1213-2489/mt/17/2/168.

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Bhaskar, Santosh Vitthal, and Hari Narayan Kudal. "Effect of TiCN and AlCrN Coating on Tribological Behaviour of Plasma-nitrided AISI 4140 Steel." International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science 5, no. 2 (July 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseims.2017070101.

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In the present article, samples made of AISI 4140 steel, pre-treated with plasma nitriding (PN), and coated with different coatings like Titanium Carbonitride (TiCN), Aluminium Chromium Nitride (AlCrN), using Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) technique, were investigated in terms of their microhardness, surface roughness, and dry sliding wear behaviour. Wear tests were performed with a pin-on-disc machine. Coatings were deposited on plasma nitrided samples. The wear behaviour, and wear mechanisms of TiCN- and AlCrN-coated, PN treated AISI 4140 specimens were investigated using a field emission Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer. An SEM was used to study the surface morphology of the worn surfaces. Also, adhesion tests were conducted to investigate the adhesion quality of the coated specimens. The results of the investigation showed improved wear properties. Furthermore, the compound layer formed during nitriding was found to act as an intermediate hard layer, leading to superior sliding wear properties.

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Anjalin, F. Mary, A. Mohana Krishnan, G. Arunkumar, K. Raju, M. Vivekanandan, S. Somasundaram, T. Thirugnanasambandham, and Elangomathavan Ramaraj. "Inorganic Adsorption on Thermal Response and Wear Properties of Nanosilicon Nitride-Developed AA6061 Alloy Nanocomposite." Adsorption Science & Technology 2023 (January 25, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8468644.

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Inorganic-based ceramic reinforcements are promising superior thermal behaviour and are lightweight and developed with aluminium alloy matrix for automobile applications. The AA6061 alloy nanocomposite containing 0 wt%, 4 wt%, 8 wt%, and 12 wt% of silicon nitride nanoparticles(50 nm) was synthesized by stir cast. The influences of thermal adsorption on silicon nitride (nano) additions, density, thermal response, hardness, and wear characteristics of AA6061 matrix nanocomposites are studied. Based on the rule of mixture, the density of nanocomposites is evaluated. The differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis techniques are used to find the thermal response nanocomposite. The differential scanning calorimeter is used to find the heat flow between 400°C and 700°C. The micro Vickers hardness and wear characteristics of AA6061 nanocomposite were experimentally investigated by ASTM E384 and ASTM G99-05 standards. The adsorption of inorganic nanosilicon nitride particles (12 wt%) in AA6061 alloy showed a decreased mass loss with increased temperatures 0° to 700°C. The differential thermal analysis of nanocomposite reveals the transformation of solid-to-liquid phase under high temperature (528°C).

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Suresha, B., Roshan S. Shenoy, Raviprasad Bhat, P. K. Sohan, and R. Hemanth. "Optimization of wear behaviour of boron nitride filled polyaryletherketone composites by Taguchi approach." Materials Research Express 6, no. 8 (May 31, 2019): 085329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab23e5.

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Wertheim, R., and D. Agranov. "Wear Behaviour of Silicon Nitride Tools as a Function of Their Specific Properties." CIRP Annals 35, no. 1 (1986): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)61839-3.

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Ghalme, Sachin, Ankush Mankar, and Yogesh Bhalerao. "Integrated Taguchi-simulated annealing (SA) approach for analyzing wear behaviour of silicon nitride." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 15, no. 6 (December 2017): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jart.2017.08.003.

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Urrego Yepes, William, Natalia Cardona, Sandra Milena Velasquez, Diego Hernán Giraldo Vásquez, and Juan Carlos Posada. "Mechanical and rheometric properties of natural rubber composites filled with untreated and chemically treated leather wastes." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 11 (October 5, 2018): 1475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318805195.

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In this work, the effect of the incorporation of leather wastes from chrome tanning on the mechanical and rheometric properties of natural rubber-based composite was evaluated. Chrome content in leather wastes diminished as a result of a chemical treatment with a sodium bicarbonate solution. The treatment also improved the tensile properties of composites with 0, 20 and 40 parts per hundred rubber of leather wastes with particle size between 590 and 840 µm. In a second stage of the experimental work, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 parts per hundred rubber of chemically treated leather wastes with particle size between 297 and 590 µm were incorporated to the same natural rubber compound studied in the first part of this study. All the composites were prepared in a torque rheometer, seeking to determine their rheological behaviour during mixing. Rheometric properties of all the composites during curing were monitored in a moving die rheometer. Tensile properties, tear strength, hardness, compressive modulus, compression-set, abrasive wear resistance and De Mattia flexing fatigue resistance for composites obtained in the second experimental set of this work were evaluated. It was found that leather wastes improved the hardness, stiffness, tear strength and abrasive wear resistance on the composites. However, elongation at break, flexural fatigue and tensile strength diminished when a large quantity of wastes was incorporated.

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30

Ward, L. P., C. Subramanian, K. N. Strafford, and T. P. Wilks. "Sliding wear studies of selected nitride coatings and their potential for long-term use in orthopaedic applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 212, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954411981534088.

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In the area of orthopaedic implants, particularly total hip joint replacements, a metal-plastic combination is still the most popular choice consisting of a femoral head fabricated from 316L stainless steel, Ti alloy or Co-Cr alloy in contact with an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup. It is recently considered that wear of the UHMWPE cup is of major concern. Generation of the wear debris can have adverse effects on the body, both localized and systemic. It is envisaged that wear of the prosthetic components, particularly those fabricated from UHMWPE can be reduced through the use of surface coatings. The aim of this investigation was to deposit a selection of refractory element nitride-based coatings (TiN, TiAIN, ZrN) onto 316L stainless steel substrates, using physical vapour deposition (PVD) technology and to study their sliding wear behaviour in contact with both UHMWPE and 316L stainless steel pins, using a pin-on-plate testing rig. Tests were conducted in Ringers solution and Ringers solution plus bone cement particles. The volume of material removed from the pins served as an indication of their wear behaviour. Wear mechanisms were identified using scanning electron microscopy. The results of these findings and the potential for these coatings to be used in orthopaedic applications are discussed.

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31

Denape, J., T. Masri, and J.-A. Petit. "Influence of Surface Roughness and Oil Ageing on Various Ceramic-Steel Contacts under Boundary Lubrication." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 209, no. 3 (September 1995): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_422_02.

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The friction and wear behaviour of four structural ceramics (two aluminium oxides of different purity, a silicon nitride and a tetragonal zirconia polycrystal) have been investigated under boundary lubrication against a 100C6 hard steel (52100 steel). The effect of three initial surface roughnesses of the ceramics is studied. Lubrication is by a commercial oil used ‘as received’ (new oil) and ‘aged’ (used oil). Tests are performed on an alternating ‘pin-on-plate’ tribometer. The friction and wear responses are analysed in terms of three main parameters depending on the mechanical preparation mode of the ceramics surface: the roughness magnitude, the morphology of the asperities (sharps or blunts) and the mechanical strength of the asperities. The evolution of these parameters during sliding leads to significant changes of tribological behaviour and contact pressure. The friction and wear transitions result from changes of the lubrication mode where roughness and oil have a competitive action. The wear processes of the ceramic surfaces include fracture mechanisms of the asperities and/or polishing by the mechanochemical action of the lubricant and submicronic ceramic wear debris. The worn surfaces of steel exhibit either abrasion grooves or a continuous metallic layer covering the steel. A running-in effect is observed on both silicon nitride and zirconia but does not occur on aluminas. The stronger running-in effect is observed with used oil. The used oil can lead to a very smooth sliding surface on the ceramic and allows particularly low friction coefficients and steel wear, but only after a more severe initial degradation process ESCA analyses on steel reveal the occurrence of a reaction film generated through chemical reactions with the oil.

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32

SAHOO, RASHMI RANJAN, SANTU BHATTACHARJEE, and TUHIN DAS. "DEVELOPMENT OF NANOFLUIDS AS LUBRICANT TO STUDY FRICTION AND WEAR BEHAVIOR OF STAINLESS STEELS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 22 (January 2013): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513010829.

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A number of nanofluids have been prepared to study the effect of lubrication properties of nanofluids on stainless steels taking Kaolin and Boron Nitride (BN) as the lubricant particles and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), Sodium Hexa Meta Phosphate (SHMP) as dispersants in the same liquid medium i.e. water. A pin on disc tribometer is being used to access the tribological behaviour of the prepared nanofluids. The particle size of these particle dispersions are examined with a nanoparticle size analyzer. It has been found that the use of dispersants significantly control the particle size and tribological behavior of the nanofluids as for Boron Nitride particle with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) as dispersant has got a very low value of coefficient of friction being equal to 0.142 while without dispersant the value is 0.498. Similarly, in case of Kaolin water with SDS as dispersant the value of coefficient of friction obtained is 0.161 and without dispersant it is 0.333. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) as dispersant has resulted a very low coefficient of friction compared to other dispersants tested even though it doesn’t always assure a least particle size. The role of SDS in yielding the lowest friction has pursued significant attention for further investigation.

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33

Manzoor, Shahid, M. F. Wani, and S. Shahid Saleem. "Effect of load on the friction and wear behaviour of silicon nitride and silicon nitride titanium carbide ceramic composite." Materials Today: Proceedings 19 (2019): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.638.

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34

González-Hernandez, A., A. B. Morales, J. C. Caicedo, N. C. Alba, R. Barragán Ramírez, and M. Flores. "Optical and tribo-mechanical characterization in metal-ceramic multilayers coatings." Revista Mexicana de Física 66, no. 4 Jul-Aug (July 1, 2020): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.66.496.

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Laboratory scale studies of tribological properties of nitride coatings are useful in predicting their protective wear behavior in cutting tools for industrial scale applications. Main aim of this research is to determinate optical and tribo-mechanical properties in multilayer coatings of metal-ceramic assigned as coatings A and B. These coatings were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering on carbon steel AISI 1060 using buffer adhesion layers of W, Ti/W/WN and TiN/TiN respectively. For to determinate molecules interactions of materials were analysed by means of Raman and FTR spectroscopies. The nanohardness, tribological and adhesion behaviour were studied by nanoindentation, pin on disk and a tribometer. The hardness and behaviour tribological, were obtained by Nano-indentation, pin on disk, and scratch test using a tribometer. FTIR and Raman analysis shown the formation of Ti metallic ion and WO3 mainly in both coatings. The hardness of coatings shown a slight improvement compared with the substrate. However, for industrial application this property should be increase. The behaviour of COF does not presented improvement. The mass loss and wear rate were high significantly due to the formation of cracks on surface coatings. Scratch analysis, it found three wear mechanics determined by the presence of irregular borders with sharp shadow, semicircle detachment in coatings and coatings detachment in the central track as the load increased.

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35

Grewal, Jasmaninder Singh, Buta Singh Sidhu, and Satya Prakash. "Effect of Sliding Velocity on Wear Behaviour of TiAlN Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 1137 (June 2016): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1137.24.

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In the present work TiAlN coatings were deposited by plasma spray process as titanium aluminium based nitride (Ti, Al)N coatings possess excellent tribological behaviour with respect to metal cutting and polymer forming contacts. Three coatings of TiAlN were deposited on AISI-304 grade boiler steel substrate out of which two were thin nanocoatings deposited at different temperatures of 500°C and 200°C and one conventional coating was deposited by plasma spraying. The as sprayed coatings were characterized with relative to coating thickness, microhardness, porosity and microstructure. The optical microscopy (OM), the XRD analysis and field mission scanning electron microscope (FESEM with EDAX attachment) techniques have been used to identify various phases formed after coating deposited on the surface of the substrate. Subsequently the sliding wear behaviour of uncoated, PVD sprayed nanostructured thin TiAlN coatings deposited at 500°C and 200°C and plasma sprayed conventional coated AISI-304 grade boiler steel were investigated according to ASTM standard G99-03 using pin on disk wear test rig. Cumulative wear volume loss and coefficient of friction, μ were calculated for the coated as well as uncoated specimens for 0.5, 1 and 2 m/sec sliding velocities at a constant normal load of 10 N. The worn out samples were analysed with SEM/EDAX. Wear rates in terms of volumetric loss (mm3/g) for uncoated and coated alloys were compared. The nanostructured TiAlN coatings deposited at 500°C and 200°C has shown minimum wear rate as compared to conventional TiAlN coating and uncoated AISI-304 grade boiler steel. Nanostructured TiAlN coatings were found to be successful in retaining surface contact with the substrate after the wear tests.

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36

Amiruddin, Hilmi, Mohd Fadzli Bin Abdollah, and Muhamad Aliff Danial Mohamad Nizar. "Measurement of roller chain wear lubricated with palm oil-based hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 72, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-02-2020-0061.

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Purpose This study aims to introduce a novel technique which helped in quantifying the wear performance of a roller chain which was lubricated by using the palm oil-based hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticles (nano-biolubricant). Design/methodology/approach The efficiency of the nano-biolubricant was evaluated by using a custom-made roller chain tribometer, at different resistance torque values at a constant speed and running time. Prior to the test, 2 different lubrication conditions were applied. The mass loss and elongation behaviour of a roller chain was selected as a degradation metric for monitoring the amount of the chain wear. The predominant wear mechanism of a roller chain was identified by surface morphological analysis. Findings Regardless of the lubrication conditions, the wear performance of the roller chain was significantly increased, at increasing resistance torque values. Higher wear was noted when the roller chain was lubricated using a nano-biolubricant, however, the wear curve showed a promising high chain life. The predominant wear mechanism involved is abrasive wear. Originality/value Although an increase in the elongation during running is based on the wear between the pins and roller, none of the earlier studies quantified the wear performance of a roller chain under differing lubrication conditions. Hence, for bridging the gap, this study described a new method for measuring the wear performance of the roller chain which was lubricated using the palm oil-based hBN nanoparticles or a nano-biolubricant. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-02-2020-0061/

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37

Omar, Nurul Amanina Binti, Frank Hahn, Frank Koester, and Andreas Bund. "Electroless Deposition of Nickel-Phosphorus Composite Layer with Incorporated Amorph Boron Particles and Subsequent Heat Treatment for the Formation of Nickelboride." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 22 (July 7, 2022): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01221111mtgabs.

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In an effort to decrease the operating cost in the manufacturing industries, industrial knives and large tools in the forming technology should possess characteristics that increase its lifetime. One such properties would be the high surface hardness and a possibility to improve this characteristic would be through boriding. Through this method, whereby boron powder or paste is spread on the tool surface before the workpiece is heated in the oven at 750 – 950 °C for 4 – 6 h, a diffusion process occurs between the boron paste and the substrate. Borides are formed in the workpiece until a depth of approx. 250 µm from the workpiece surface depending on the substrate type and the heat treatment parameters. Genel et al. attained a hardness value of around 1700 HV at 75 µm depth when they borided AISI W1 steel workpiece at 950 °C for 6h[1],[2],[3]. By boriding a nickel superalloy, Inconel 718, at 950°C for 6h, Campos-Silva et al. achieved approx. 2200 HV at 30 µm depth[4]. However this method is disadvantageous in terms of the high energy cost and the long treatment period. As an alternative, hard chrome layer that has a hardness value between 600 to 1200 HV[5],[6] can be electroplated on the workpiece. Besides having an improved wear protection, this chrome layer offers a good corrosion protection and can be produced with a lower cost since it does not need a thermal post-treatment to increase its hardness and hence this method is less energy intensive as boriding. Admittedly the application of chrome-VI ions in the hard chrome electrolyte is without special permission prohibited in the European Union since 2017 according to REACH[7] considering its carcinogenic properties[8],[9],[10]. Another possible method would be through composite coating. Many works have been done on electroless composite nickel coating with boron nitride, silicium carbide, diamonds, aluminium oxide and titanium oxide among others used as dispersoid. After a heat treatment at 400 °C for 1 h, the hardness of most of these coating increases significantly from around 700 HV to approx. 1100 HV[11]. In the present study, the positive aspects of boriding and electroless deposition of nickel-phosphorus layer should be combined, so that a hard surface with a good wear resistant can be produced for industrial tools in a more efficient way. It is expected that lower heat treatment temperature and/or less treatment time is needed to achieve the same effect as boriding since boron particles are already homogenously distributed and have a shorter diffusion path in the thick composite layer. In addition to that, the hardness gradient throughout the heat-treated composite nickel coating should be much lower compared to boriding, especially when a high amount of boron particles is evenly distributed in the layer. The coating thickness, which will then be equated as boride layer thickness after sufficient heat treatment, can be manipulated with coating parameters and electrolyte type. Hence, through this combined method, a thicker boride layer is achievable by depositing a thicker composite nickel layer. Amorph boron powder of different sizes are used as dispersoid in the composite electroless nickel layer. The dependency of incorporated boron content in the composite layer with the particle content in the electrolyte, the particle size and the effect of ultrasound-assisted deposition is investigated. A homogenous particle distribution in the deposited layer and controllable incorporation of the boron particle in the nickel-phosphorus matrix are desirable. Furthermore, the agglomeration behaviour of the boron particle in the electrolyte is examined through laser doppler electrophoresis. The influence of the incorporated boron particle on the coating hardness and its wear resistance before and after heat treatment is studied by measuring it according to Vickers and with Calotester kaloMAX NT II. The effect of the heat treatment parameters with respect to the heat-treating temperature and time to the surface hardness and its wear resistance is investigated. At the conference results of the metallographic examinations, SEM-EDS and XRD analysis will be presented. Figure 1

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38

Sugiyama, Kenji, Kazunori Hayashi, Jun Sasaki, Osami Ichiko, and Yoshihiro Hashiguchi. "Microstructure and wear behaviour of chromium nitride films formed by ion-beam-enhanced deposition." Surface and Coatings Technology 66, no. 1-3 (August 1994): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(94)90057-4.

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39

Farges, G., J. P. Bosch, and E. Bergmann. "Friction and adhesive wear behaviour of W-C coatings against steel and titanium nitride." Wear 135, no. 1 (December 1989): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(89)90091-4.

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40

Radhika, N. "Comparison of the mechanical and wear behaviour of aluminium alloy with homogeneous and functionally graded silicon nitride composites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 25, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2015-0160.

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AbstractHomogeneous and functionally graded LM25 aluminium (Al) composites were fabricated by incorporating silicon nitride (10 wt%, 40 µm) particles through liquid metallurgy and centrifugal casting, respectively. The performance of these composites was compared with unreinforced alloy. The microstructural behaviour of the surfaces of unreinforced alloy, homogeneous composite and functionally graded composite (outer, middle and inner surfaces) were examined through optical microscopy. These surfaces were also evaluated for mechanical properties. An abrasive wear test was conducted on all these surfaces to determine their effect on wear rate. The microstructural results revealed a particle-rich region at the outer surface of the functionally graded composite material and uniform dispersion of reinforcement particles in the homogeneous composite. The outer region of the functionally graded composite showed greater hardness and the homogeneous composite displayed higher tensile strength. The abrasive wear rate increased with an increase in load and decreased with an increase in speed, and the particle-rich outer surface showed a lower wear rate. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a particle-rich outer surface of functionally graded composite with fewer scratches. Therefore, higher wear resistance was observed at the outer periphery of functionally graded composites and this property can be well-utilised in automotive tribo-components such as in cylinder liners for improved performance.

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41

Wopelka, Thomas, Ulrike Cihak-Bayr, Claudia Lenauer, Ferenc Ditrói, Sándor Takács, Johannes Sequard-Base, and Martin Jech. "Wear of different material pairings for the cylinder liner – piston ring contact." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 687–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2017-0218.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the wear behaviour of different materials for cylinder liners and piston rings in a linear reciprocating tribometer with special focus on the wear of the cylinder liner in the boundary lubrication regime. Design/methodology/approach Conventional nitrided steel, as well as diamond-like carbon and chromium nitride-coated piston rings, were tested against cast iron, AlSi and Fe-coated AlSi cylinder liners. The experiments were carried out with samples produced from original engine parts to have the original surface topography available. Radioactive tracer isotopes were used to measure cylinder liner wear continuously, enabling separation of running-in and steady-state wear. Findings A ranking of the material pairings with respect to wear behaviour of the cylinder liner was found. Post-test inspection of the cylinder samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed differences in the wear mechanisms for the different material combinations. The results show that the running-in and steady-state wear of the liners can be reduced by choosing the appropriate material for the piston ring. Originality/value The use of original engine parts in a closely controlled tribometer environment under realistic loading conditions, in conjunction with continuous and highly sensitive wear measurement methods and a detailed SEM analysis of the wear mechanisms, forms an intermediate step between engine testing and laboratory environment testing.

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42

Dalke, Anke, Anja Buchwalder, Heinz Joachim Spies, Horst Biermann, and Rolf Zenker. "EB Surface Alloying and Plasma Nitriding of Different Al Alloys." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.91.

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Within the last years, considerable progress was achieved in the research field of plasma nitriding of Al alloys. However, due to large property differences between the very hard AlN layer and the soft Al matrix material the load capacity of the nitride layer is limited. Electron beam (EB) surface alloying modifies the chemical composition of the area near the surface up to a certain depth. This, for instance, results in high hardness levels, and therefore this layer acts as support for the hard and wear-resistant thin AlN layer generated by plasma nitriding. In the present study, surface modifications produced by a combination of EB alloying with Fe based additives and plasma nitriding of wrought, cast and spray-formed Al alloys were investigated. After the EB treatment the layers were examined regarding their influence on the structure, the nitride layer growth mechanism, the effect of the EB layer for the support of the AlN layer and the resulting duplex layer properties, e.g. hardness and wear behaviour.

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43

Westergård, R., A. Åhlin, N. Axén, and S. Hogmark. "Sliding wear and friction of Si3N4-SiC-based ceramic composites containing hexagonal boron nitride." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 212, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1350650981542191.

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The friction and wear behaviour of a series of new Si3N4-SiC-based ceramic composites, intended for face seal applications, has been investigated with cylinder-on-disc equipment. In particular, the influence of water and vapour on the friction, wear and tribo-film formation has been studied. The ceramics consisted of Sis3N4 and SiC in the proportions 7:3, to which 0, 4 or 8 wt% of hexagonal boron nitride was added as a solid lubricant. All specimens were produced by hot isostatic pressing. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to reveal the phase composition and microstructure respectively. The hardness was assessed using Vickers indentation. The chemical composition of the tribo-films was studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The major results are that both friction and wear showed distinct low and high levels. The high friction level corresponded to friction coefficients between 0.4 and 0.9 and wear rates between 104 and 105 μm3/Nm. The low level corresponded to friction coefficients between 0.02 and 0.1, and wear rates between 10 and 103 μm3/Nm. When water or saturated vapour was present in the tribo-system, both friction and wear were low. All surfaces produced in the low level were smooth, covered by a thin well-adhering tribo-film while the high level resulted in strongly oxidized and patchy tribo-film covered by wear particles.

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44

Xu, Xiao Jing, H. Wang, and Xiao Nong Cheng. "Improvement of Tribological Behaviour of Biomedical Nanocrystalline Titanium by Magnetron Sputtered DLC/SiC Double Layer Films." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.1026.

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The nano-indentation response, the film-substrate adhesion behaviors and the friction and wear properties of the DLC/SiC (diamond-like carbon/silicon carbon) double layer thin films (SiC films as interlayer) deposited on nanocrystalline titanium substrate using magnetron sputtering technique at room temperature were investigated. The results show that the DLC films exhibited a low nano-hardness (7.4 GPa) and Young's modulus (62.2 GPa) but a high hardness-to-modulus ratio (0.119). The films-substrate system displayed a good interface adhesion and a good friction/wear properties with the friction coefficient of about 0.1, the special wear rate in the magnitude order of 10−6 mm3 m−1 N−1 together with little film cracking and interface delaminating even at considerably high contact load, when sliding against Si3N4 (silicon nitride) ball using ball-on-disc wear tester under Kokubo simulation body fluid (SBF) at room temperature. The high wear-resistance is in accordance with the high ductility of the films, the good modulus match in the films-substrate system, and the high hardness-to-modulus ratio of the films. The nano-indentation response, the film-substrate adhesion behaviors and the tribological properties are in accordance and can be ascribed to the high activity of the nanocrystalline Ti substrate

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45

Danzer, R. "Hot Rolling Steels and Super Alloys with Silicon Nitride Tools." Advances in Science and Technology 65 (October 2010): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.65.92.

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Tools for rolling steels and super alloys, which are nowadays in general made from steel or cemented carbides, suffer from wear and/or from surface cracking caused by thermal fatigue. New tools made from silicon nitride show improved performance in respect to thermal shock loading and wear. But their low toughness manifests also a high risk of brittle failure. Nevertheless the successful use of silicon nitride rolls with having more than a manifold lifetime (compared to the conventional solutions) has been reported in the last years [1 -3]. In this paper earlier work of the Institut für Struktur- und Funktionskeramik at Montanuniversität Leoben on highly loaded silicon nitride rolls is summarized, where the limits of the Application of silicon nitride rolling tools are discussed. On the extreme example of rolls for super alloy wire rolling the behaviour of small surface cracks in the roll track is discussed. It is shown that – for the investigated conditions - rolling high strength steel wires is manageable but rolling of super alloy wires will cause the growth of fatigue cracks, which may destroy the rolls after some tons of rolled wire. A not trivial problem to be solved is the connection of the ceramic tool with the metal parts of the roll stand. Thermal strains of the metal parts can be several times larger than those of the silicon nitride ceramic and can therefore cause very high thermal misfit strains, even if the heating of metal parts seems to be modest. This case is discussed on the example of a catastrophically failed ceramic tool. This clearly shows that not only the tool but also the joint of the tool to the rest of the machinery has to be designed carefully. In summary this work demonstrates that a successful use of silicon nitride ceramic tools for cold and hot forming of metals and alloys is possible.

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46

Brusilová, A., P. Švec, Z. Gábrišová, and M. Pokusová. "The effects of mechanical properties and sintering duration on the wear behaviour of silicon nitride." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 174 (February 2017): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/174/1/012007.

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47

Fu, Yongqing, Nee Lam Loh, Jun Wei, Bibo Yan, and Peter Hing. "Friction and wear behaviour of carbon nitride films deposited on plasma nitrided Ti–6Al–4V." Wear 237, no. 1 (January 2000): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(99)00313-0.

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48

Brenscheidt, F., W. Fischer, W. Matz, and E. Wieser. "The influence of ion energy on the wear behaviour of titanium-implanted silicon nitride ceramics." Surface and Coatings Technology 83, no. 1-3 (September 1996): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(95)02768-8.

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49

Hu, Yi Ran, Mohammad M. Gharbi, Vivian Liang, Yang Zheng, Denis J. Politis, and Li Liang Wang. "The Galling Behavior of Advanced Coating Contacts with Aluminium Alloy during Sliding Wear." Key Engineering Materials 767 (April 2018): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.767.117.

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This paper investigates the galling behaviour of a range of hard coatings applied to tooling surfaces during the sheet forming of an aluminium alloy workpiece. A total of three types of tooling materials were investigated, two of which were subject to PVD deposited coatings of AlCrN, CrN and DLC applied to the working surface. The third tooling material had undergone induction heating, plasma-nitriding and polishing. To evaluate the galling behaviour of the applied coatings, a tribological evaluation was conducted using a pin-on-disc test set-up at a constant load and varying temperature. The coated discs, replicating the tooling material, were tested against aluminium alloy pins AA6082 and AA7075 representing the workpiece material. This investigation indicated that the friction and galling behaviour of aluminium is highly dependent on temperature, and the use of two different aluminium pins had no significant effect. At room temperature, it was found that carbon-based coatings provide the lowest friction and the best protection against galling, whilst nitride-based treatments exhibit better performance at high temperature. Moreover, at elevated temperatures, coated tools exhibit superior anti-galling properties compared to uncoated tools.

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50

Kumar, J. Pradeep, and D. S. Robinson Smart. "Study on Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of AA7075/TaC/Si3N4/Ti Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites." International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science 10, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseims.2022010105.

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This research article focuses on the development of AA7075 alloy reinforced with different wt% of Tantalum Carbide (TaC), Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) and Titanium (Ti) particulates using stir casting. Mechanical characteristics like tensile, compression and microhardness of the developed composites were analysed. High temperature tribological properties of the hybrid MMCs were studied for various input control factors like sliding speed, load and temperature. Design analysis has been executed by Taguchi orthogonal array and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). The incorporated reinforcements exhibited improved wear resistance at ambient temperature along with elevated temperatures. Monolithic dissemination of reinforcement’s in the prepared composites magnifies the mechanical and tribological characteristics for composites compared to matrix material. From the optimization technique, it was witnessed that Wear Rate and Frictional Coefficient are afflicted by temperature go after load & sliding speed. The optimal amalgamation of control parameters of distinct tribo-responses has been detected.

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