Книги: "Ways of existing"

1

Redesign by 2048: Sustainable ways to save energy, water, and money for existing homes. [United States]: [publisher not identified], 2011.

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2

Yuille, Paul. There are a variety of ways that existing products may be combined to invent new products.Discuss: MA Industrial Design 2002. London: Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design, 2002.

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3

1978-, Horvat Magdalena, Reid Peggy 1939-, and Macedonia (Republic). Ministerstvo za kultura, eds. A way of existing. Skopje: St. Clement of Ohrid, National and university library, 2011.

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4

Christianity: A way of salvation. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985.

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5

Maine. Legislature. Committee to Study Utility Easements over Existing Rights-of-Way. Report of the Committee to Study Utility Easements over Existing Rights-of-Way. Augusta, Me. (Rm. 101, State House, Sta. 13, Augusta 04333): Office of Policy and Legal Analysis, 1988.

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6

Was ist objektive Existenz?: Zur Analyse eines Fixpunktes unserer Vorstellung. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1999.

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7

Sackey, James A. Towards accelerated growth and transformation of the Nigeria economy: Missed opportunities, existing prospects and the way forward. Enugu, Nigeria: African Institute for Applied Economics, 2011.

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8

Boven, Erica, and Marieke Winkler, eds. The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728225.

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Departing from the present need for cultural models within the public debate, this volume offers a new contribution to the study of cultural icons. From the traditional religious icon to the modern mass media icon, from the recognizable visual icon to the complex entanglement of image and collective narratives: The Construction and Dynamics of Cultural Icons offers an overview of existing theories, compares different definitions and proposes a comprehensive view on the icon and the iconic. Focusing in particular on the making of iconic representations and their changing social-cultural meanings through time, scholars from cultural memory studies, art history and literary studies present concrete operationalizations of the ways different types of cultural icons can be studied.

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9

Salmi-Niklander, Kirsti, Sofia Laine, Päivi Salmesvuori, Ulla Savolainen, and Riikka Taavetti, eds. Friction, Fragmentation, and Diversity. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726757.

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This collection focuses on difficult memories and diverse identities related to conflicts and localized politics of memories. The contemporary and history-oriented case studies discuss politicized memories and pasts, the frictions of justice and reconciliation, and the diversity and fragmentation of difficult memories. The collection brings together methodological discussions from oral history research, cultural memory studies and the study of contemporary protest movements. The politicization of memories is analyzed in various contexts, ranging from everyday interaction and diverse cultural representations to politics of the archive and politics as legal processes. The politicization of memories takes place on multiple analytical levels: those inherent to the sources; the ways in which the collections are utilized, archived, or presented; and in the re-evaluation of existing research.

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10

Baker, Frederick. Ways of Co-Existing: Urban, Suburban and Global Communities. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1997.

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11

Holroyd, Jules. Two Ways of Socializing Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609610.003.0006.

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This chapter evaluates two competing views of morally responsible agency. The first view at issue is Vargas’s circumstantialism—on which responsible agency is a function of the agent and her circumstances, and so is highly context sensitive. The second view is McGeer’s scaffolded-responsiveness view, on which responsible agency is constituted by the capacity for responsiveness to reasons directly, and indirectly via sensitivity to the expectations of one’s audience (whose sensitivity may be more developed than one’s own). This chapter defends a version of the scaffolded-responsiveness view, and develops two further claims. Firstly, moral responsibility should not be tied too closely to liability to praise or blame. Secondly, rather than revising our existing concept of responsibility, we would do better to ask what we want the concept of responsibility for.

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12

staff, Inside the Minds. Profit Seekers: Finding Ways to Garner Additional Profits from Existing Products & Services and Launching New Initiatives to Spur Even Greater Profits (Inside the Minds). Aspatore Books, 2002.

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13

John, Borrows. Part I Constitutional History, A Indigenous Legal Systems and Governance, Ch.2 Indigenous Constitutionalism: Pre-existing Legal Genealogies in Canada. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0002.

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This chapter examines aspects of Canada’s constitution related to its Indigenous roots. It explores the different ways in which Indigenous peoples in Canada possessed constitutional structures prior to European arrival. Indigenous constitutionalism has provided standards through which Indigenous societies have resisted or engaged with the broader Canadian state. Traditions of Indigenous constitutionalism are varied and diverse because they developed in diverse ecological spaces over vast epochs of time. This vast range of Indigenous constitutional practices has contributed to Canada’s broader constitutional order in many ways. Inuit, Métis, Mikmaq, Haudenosaunee, Anishinaabe, Cree, Secwepmec, and Gitksan constitutional traditions are reviewed to illustrate these themes.

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14

Mitchem, Jeffrey M. Methods, Mounds, and Missions: New Contributions to Florida Archaeology. Edited by Ann S. Cordell. University of Florida Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/9781683402138-appendixes.

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Offering innovative ways of looking at existing data, as well as compelling new information, about Florida’s past, this volume updates current archaeological interpretations and demonstrates the use of new and improved tools to answer larger questions.

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15

Keene, Danya E., and Mark B. Padilla. Neighborhoods, Spatial Stigma, and Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843496.003.0010.

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An emerging literature on spatial stigma suggests that negative representations of place may adversely affect the health of individuals who reside in disadvantaged neighborhoods. This chapter reviews the literature on spatial stigma as it relates to neighborhood health inequality. The chapter draws on existing neighborhood research to describe the processes that may connect spatial stigma to health and the ways that spatial stigma is experienced and managed within neighborhoods. It also reviews existing empirical literature that connects measures of spatial stigma to health outcomes, including hypertension. Although the growing literature on spatial stigma represents a new concept for the study of neighborhood effects, it also represents a fundamental departure from this literature.

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16

Ussishkin, Daniel. The Reformation of Conduct. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190469078.003.0003.

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This chapter explores the ways in which military reformers during the nineteenth century promoted a new notion of military discipline that, like other reformist programs, was articulated in terms of individual ethical conduct. It discusses attempts to reform existing mechanistic military discipline and penal practices, as well as myriad efforts to promote “moral discipline” through the regulation of both the use of leisure and of the social and built environment. By the latter part of the century, such notions that discipline should be interiorized were increasingly understood through the Victorian liberal idiom of character.

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17

Simon, Gleeson. Part II Commercial Banking, 11 Netting, Collateral, and Credit Risk Mitigation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0011.

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Credit risk mitigation is the umbrella term that covers the various different ways in which an exposure can be reduced for regulatory reporting purposes. This chapter discusses the three ways of doing this: netting against an existing exposure owed by the bank to the borrower; taking (certain types of) collateral; and obtaining cover from third parties in the form of guarantees or similar contracts. Banks use a several techniques to improve their position as lenders which are simply disregarded by the regulatory system, of which the most important are probably loan covenants. No matter how restrictive the undertakings which a borrower gives a bank as to the way in which it manages its business, or the way in which it will repay its loan, this protection will not be recognized for regulatory purposes.

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18

L, Peterson Richard, Texas. State Dept. of Highways and Public Transportation., and United States. Federal Highway Administration., eds. Use of existing highway right-of-way for high speed rail transportation. College Station, Tex: Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, 1985.

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19

Sevier, Mia, Leah Brew, and Jean C. Yi. Cultural Considerations in Evidence-Based Couple Therapy. Edited by Erika Lawrence and Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.002.

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This chapter considers issues of culture in couple therapy while examining the current movement toward empirically supported therapies (ESTs). Culture is distinguished from the related but distinct concepts of race, ethnicity, and nationality, and the value of studying culture directly is discussed. Several concerns and criticisms of empirically supported therapy criteria related to diverse couples are presented including a lack of inclusion in studies, the valuing of internal over external validity, and unexamined assumptions of universality. Cultural assumptions behind evidence-based treatments are examined with hypotheses about cultural congruency for diverse groups. Existing scholarly works on cultural aspects of the therapy approaches are highlighted. The clear need to build on existing theoretical and case-based knowledge related to culture in empirical ways is discussed.

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20

Barlow, David H., Todd J. Farchione, Shannon Sauer-Zavala, Heather Murray Latin, Kristen K. Ellard, Jacqueline R. Bullis, Kate H. Bentley, Hannah T. Boettcher, and Clair Cassiello-Robbins. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190686017.001.0001.

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The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: Workbook was developed to help people who are struggling with intense emotions like anxiety, sadness, anger, and guilt. A person may have an emotional disorder when his or her emotions are so overwhelming that they get in the way of moving forward in life. Although emotions affect our lives in different ways, there are three features that often occur across emotional disorders. These are (a) frequent, strong emotions; (b) negative reactions to emotions; and (c) avoidance of emotions. The goal of this workbook is to change the way that people with emotional disorders respond to their emotions when they occur. This treatment program is applicable to all anxiety and unipolar depressive disorders and potentially other disorders with strong emotional components. The strategies included in this treatment are largely based on common principles found in existing empirically supported psychological treatments.

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21

Kimpfler, Anton. Was verraten meine Träume? Geheimnisse unserer nächtlichen Existenz. Verlag am Goetheanum, 2000.

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22

Quelch, John A., Margaret L. Rodriguez, and Carin-Isabel Knoop. The Slingshot. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190235123.003.0011.

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Not only must consumers receive and respond to motivating messages, they must then be able to afford to take the actions required of them and be able to access the solutions. Barriers to adoption of innovations include the compatibility of the innovation with existing ways of doing things, the innovation’s complexity, communicability, relative advantage and the ease with which it can be tried.

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23

Quelch, John A., and Margaret L. Rodriguez. Vaxess Technologies, Inc. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190235123.003.0012.

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Not only must consumers receive and respond to motivating messages, they must then be able to afford to take the actions required of them and be able to access the solutions. Barriers to adoption of innovations include the compatibility of the innovation with existing ways of doing things, the innovation’s complexity, communicability, relative advantage and the ease with which it can be tried.

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24

Quelch, John A., and Michael Norris. Access Health CT. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190235123.003.0013.

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Not only must consumers receive and respond to motivating messages, they must then be able to afford to take the actions required of them and be able to access the solutions. Barriers to adoption of innovations include the compatibility of the innovation with existing ways of doing things, the innovation’s complexity, communicability, relative advantage and the ease with which it can be tried.

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25

McCue, Kirsteen. The Culture of Song. Edited by David Duff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660896.013.41.

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This chapter examines the complex role of songs and ballads in Britain from the 1760s to the 1830s. It traces the emergence of a new critical discourse about song and explores how songs and ballads were presented to the public by publishers. It investigates the lyric form as it was understood and utilized by Romantic writers and discusses the importance of antiquity within modern song culture, as well the relationship between popular and art song. The chapter shows how Romantic authors worked with songs in a variety of ways, from writing about songs (Clare) and producing texts to match existing melodies (Clare, Burns, Moore) to finding inspiration in the power of live performance (Wordsworth, Shelley). Contemporary interest in the genre of national song, shaped by historical factors including the Irish Rebellion and the Napoleonic wars, is traced through the work of Moore, Hemans, and Dibdin.

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26

ten Hacken, Pius, and Renáta Panocová, eds. The Interaction of Borrowing and Word Formation. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474448208.001.0001.

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When a new name is necessary for a concept, word formation and borrowing are possible ways to produce one. As such, they are in competition for the creation of neologisms. However, borrowings can also interact with existing word formation rules. The reanalysis of a borrowing can result in its attribution to an existing word formation rule. The reanalysis of a number of formally similar borrowings can even result in a new word formation rule. Word formation and borrowing both have an inherently diachronic component to them. Historically, Latin was an important source language for borrowing. The effects are found in neoclassical word formation and in many internationalisms. Nowadays, anglicisms have become the most frequent kind of borrowings. Word formation rules may be activated to counter the prevalence of borrowing by creating alternative designations, but they may also be used to integrate borrowings into the lexical and grammatical system of the borrowing language. After an introduction with some theoretical background, twelve case studies present particular situations illustrating different types of interaction of word formation and borrowing in a range of European languages. The concluding chapter describes some general trends that emerge from these case studies.

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27

French, Katherine L. Genders and Material Culture. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.014.

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The quickening economy of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries offered medieval people new goods, new markets, and new ways of expressing identity and respectability. The objects that men and women owned and used offer scholars an alternative view of their everyday life less encumbered by the rhetorical devices and clerical biases of so many literary works. However expanding material culture challenged existing values and changed behavior in ways we are only beginning to discern. These material possessions, whether they are clothing, cooking ware, or the rooms of a house, help us see women's agency, and the ways in which women and men negotiated space, personal interaction, and gender.

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28

Forrestal, Alison. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785767.003.0014.

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This book undertakes a close analysis of de Paul’s wide-ranging activities during the principal decades of Catholic reform in France, offering unprecedented insights into the ways in which de Paul engaged with it, and influenced its direction. The conclusion confirms that de Paul stands out amongst a host of distinguished peers in the dévot environment, because he succeeded in articulating and applying traditional teachings and existing practices in new, enterprising, and systematic ways. It also concludes that he exploited the potential for association and collaboration that lay amongst a cross-section of his contemporaries to realize his goals to carve out a particularly distinctive and popular manifestation of religious activism. The Lazarist Congregation was endowed with multifaceted features of pastoral care, and stood at the heart of an enterprise geared towards the reform of contemporary religious practices.

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29

Jenset, Gard B., and Barbara McGillivray. A new methodology for quantitative historical linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718178.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 summarizes the book and discusses how the proposed framework provides researchers with the methodological guidance to answer new questions, as well as answering existing questions in new ways. A section summarizes the core steps of the quantitative research process based on the principles and best practices of Chapter 2. The importance of open data and open research processes for transparent research is highlighted. An extended case study on morphological change in early modern English is used to exemplify a research process that includes exploratory data analysis and different types of multivariate statistical techniques. The case study highlights that quantitative studies still require interpretation, and that judgements must be made about the adequacy of the statistical models, an important point that is not always sufficiently emphasized in existing methodological introductions. The chapter ends with a summary locating the framework of the book in the historical linguistics landscape.

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30

Ross, Lori E., and Abbie E. Goldberg. Perinatal Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People. Edited by Amy Wenzel. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.003.

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This essay aims to educate scholars and practitioners about the context of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) parenting and perinatal psychology in LGBT people to further research on this population, as well as to ensure provision of appropriate care during the perinatal period. The essay begins by providing an overview of the minority stress framework, a theoretical framework that is useful in understanding the mental health concerns of LGBT people. The essay then discusses language and definitional issues, providing a brief glossary of key terms necessary for culturally competent work with LGBT people. Next, an overview is provided of the ways in which LGBT people are forming families in contemporary society. The body of the essay reviews existing literature on the transition to parenthood and perinatal mental health experiences of LGBT people and closes with some conclusions and future directions for research that follow from the existing literature.

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31

Gordon, Gregory S. Fixing Incitement to Commit Genocide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190612689.003.0009.

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Chapter 8 considers and proposes remedies for incitement to genocide’s problems. As a threshold matter, it considers the proposals of certain experts who have recommended scuttling the existing ICTR framework. The chapter considers these experts’ proposed alternative tests and concludes that, while making important contributions to the analytical exercise, these proposed frameworks have faults of their own and thus are not suitable as wholesale replacements. As a result, the chapter turns to potential ways to improve the existing framework. Solutions are offered with respect to the elements of “direct” (clarify and expand it), “public” (delete it), and “incitement” (break it down more effectively and add to it) as well as the looming and ambiguous presence and impact of causation (which jurists must more clearly explain is not an element). Finally, the chapter offers instruction to courts on thorough application of the proposed new framework with sufficient rigor and consistency.

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32

Adams, Robert Merrihew. What Is, and What Is In Itself. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856135.001.0001.

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This work is “a systematic ontology.” Ontology is the study of being as such, and a systematic ontology is an account of the most fundamental ways of being something or other—of what they are and of how they are related to each other. The questions it pursues are not primarily about what causes things, but about what things are or consist in (though causal questions cannot be totally avoided). The title of the work, What Is, and What Is in Itself, marks the most important distinction in ways of being. What is includes everything there is, but not everything there is included in what is in itself. The first five chapters of the book define and examine the ways of being: in Chapters 1 and 2, being actual or existing, or even just being something without existing or being actual; in 3, being an intentional object, and perhaps a merely intentional object; in Chapter 4, relations between things and their properties; and in Chapter 5, being a thing in itself. Chapter 6 discusses whether only conscious beings are things in themselves, and suggests an affirmative answer. Chapter 7 discusses the epistemology of ontology. Chapters 8 and 9 discuss issues about thisness and identity. And Chapters 10 and 11 discuss mainly occasionalist and panentheist answers to questions about the causal unity of the universe.

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33

von Möllendorff, Malve. Positioning Diversity in Kenyan Schools: Teaching in the Face of Inequality and Discrimination. African Minds, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928502333.

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Education is considered key for societies to achieve greater social cohesion and equality. Yet, schools, as the main providers of formal education, have increasingly come into question concerning their role in manifesting and perpetuating social categorisations, inequalities and discrimination instead of decreasing existing fragmentations and challenging power relations and hierarchies. As a diverse society, Kenya is faced with power struggles and rivalries between different groups – for instance, along ethnic lines, often constructed deep in colonial history. This affects teaching and learning in school and the result is that Kenya is faced with vast disparities in terms of educational access and success – rendering some social groups marginalised and others favoured. Positioning Diversity at Kenyan Schools explores the ways in which teachers in Kenyan primary and secondary schools experience and deal with social categorisations and diversity in terms of ethnicity, gender, wealth, culture, religion, etc. in their professional practice and in the current education system. Using critical pedagogy and diversity theory as a lens for positioning diversity in Kenyan schools, the questions that this book sets out to answer are: In what ways do the teachers’ and schools’ practices lead to transformation in terms of more social equality and less discrimination? In what ways do the practices manifest existing group categorisations, hierarchies and discrimination? How can schools and teaching practices in postcolonial Kenya become more inclusive and foster social cohesion and equality?

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34

Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. Devising the items. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses various sources for the items that make up a scale (e.g. existing item banks, patient interviews, research, clinical judgement, expert opinion, and theory). It then covers ways of ensuring content validity of the resulting items. This involves assessing whether all domains are covered, and each item maps onto one and only one domain. The chapter covers both subjective and objective ways of doing this. It reviews the arguments for and against disease-specific scales as opposed to generic ones. Finally, it discusses the issues that arise when a scale is translated from one language to another.

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35

Mawson, Michael. Beyond Troeltsch and Barth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826460.003.0002.

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In this chapter, situates Bonhoeffer’s dissertation in relation to broader tensions between liberal and dialectical theology in early twentieth-century Germany, as exemplified by the work of Ernst Troeltsch and Karl Barth. While situating Bonhoeffer in this way is relatively uncontroversial, this chapter indicates some specific ways in which Bonhoeffer is moving beyond Troeltsch and Barth with Sanctorum Communio. In particular, it is argued that he moves beyond them by turning to the church. Against Troeltsch and the early Barth, Bonhoeffer sets forth an explicitly ecclesial approach to theology, an account of how theology is to proceed from and attend to the existing church as simultaneously a fully human community and a reality of God’s revelation.

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36

Jessie, Hohmann. Part II Group Identity, Self-Determination, and Relations with States, Ch.6 The UNDRIP and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to Existence, Cultural Integrity and Identity, and Non-Assimilation: Articles 7(2), 8, and 43. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673223.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses on the rights to identity, existence, and non-assimilation in Articles 7(2), 8, and 43, which together enshrine rights to the protection of indigenous peoples' continued survival and existence, both physically as individuals and as cultural entities in accordance with levels of human dignity and well-being. Indigenous peoples pressed for the inclusion of such principles in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in the recognition that pre-existing international, regional, and national laws had failed to protect their survival as communities with distinct cultures, or recognise them as distinct peoples. The three provisions studied in this chapter reflect this central concern of indigenous group/cultural survival and flourishing as peoples. As such, the final agreed text of Articles 7(2), 8, and 43 must be seen as containing norms aimed at the development of existing international law, which would protect and confirm indigenous collectivities in ways not currently recognised or only now emerging.

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37

Ruda, Jack D. Co-Existing With Cancer or You Thought Living with your In-Laws Was Difficult. Winterman Ink, 1998.

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38

Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. Basic concepts. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0002.

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This chapter begins by introducing the readers to finding existing scales that may meet their needs. It briefly summarizes the key concepts they should look for in a scale—reliability, validity, and feasibility. It discusses what is meant by these various terms and how they are measured. The chapter also contrasts the categorical versus the dimensional approaches to diagnosis and classification. Finally, it compares the medical versus the psychometric ways of trying to reduce measurement error.

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39

Stover, Eric, K. Alexa Koenig, and Laurel E. Fletcher. The Cumulative Effect. Edited by Metin Başoğlu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.003.0012.

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This chapter demonstrates how the US government selectively manipulated the medical and health literatures after the attacks of September 11, 2001 to justify the torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment of detainees held in US custody. The authors analyze the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel’s “Torture Memos” to illustrate the ways in which governments can attempt to circumvent the protections offered by existing definitions of torture, even while claiming to operate within legal limits. The authors offer a stark warning about the ways in which research findings can be perverted—and contradicting studies ignored—to justify governments’ policy aims when those aims conflict with legal constraints.

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40

Pollmann, Judith. Memory in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797555.001.0001.

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This book is an introduction into the way in which Europeans on the Continent and in the British Isles practised memory in the three centuries between 1500 and 1800. In early modern Europe the past served as a main frame of moral, political, legal, religious, and social reference for people of all walks of life. Because it mattered so much, it was also hotly contested, and subject to constant reinvention. Building on both existing studies and new primary research, the first aim of this book is to account for the omnipresence, importance, and changing uses of the past among early modern Europeans. Its second aim is to situate early modern memory more clearly in the memory studies field, and to show how relevant a better knowledge of early modern memory is to students and scholars who study memory practices in modern societies. Many scholars have argued that the age of revolutions at the end of the eighteenth century completely transformed the way in which Europeans experienced the past and came to think about the future. This book demonstrates that while some memory practices had indeed profoundly changed by 1800, this was not because of revolutionary rupture. Changes were gradual and did not put an end to traditional ways of thinking about the past; rather, old and new ways came to exist side by side, and, to a surprising extent, continue to do so to our own day.

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41

Mirowski, Philip, and Edward Nik-Khah. Three Different Modalities of Information in Neoclassical Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.003.0008.

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There were eventually three major formats explored by the Cowles economists in their quest to incorporate information into the existing neoclassical model: information as thing, information as inductive index, and information as symbolic computation. We describe the major ways they differed from one another, comparing the inspirational views of Claude Shannon, David Blackwell, and Alan Turing. Further, each came with its own characteristic mathematical formalism, not easily reconciled with prior microeconomics, which tended to be irreducible to the other candidates.

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42

Kroeze, Ronald. Lockheed (1977) and Flick (1981–1986). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0020.

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This chapter concentrates on two large political corruption scandals—Lockheed and Flick—in two countries that are commonly seen as relatively corruption-free: the Netherlands and Germany. It argues that these corruption scandals were taken very seriously in these countries, but were handled in different ways from what current anticorruption policies would suggest. In both instances, the existing law was regarded as inadequate and the political elites tried to keep the scandals subdued by balancing refusal of formal prosecution against intense public debate, with the aim of maintaining the stability of the political system in the longer run. In illuminating the overlapping interests of political and financial elites, this chapter stresses the value of pragmatic as opposed to morally unbendable approaches to anticorruption.

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43

Clark, Alistair, and Toby S. James. Poll Workers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190677800.003.0008.

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Electoral malpractices are commonly thought to occur in polling stations. This chapter makes the normative case for electoral management bodies (EMBs) around the world routinely using poll worker surveys. These surveys provide concrete sources of information about the extent and nature of any problems in the electoral process. Accusations by partisan actors can therefore be readily tested and challenged. Poll worker surveys can therefore increase the transparency of EMBs and the electoral process. They also increase opportunities for evidence based policy making in electoral management. Their usefulness is demonstrated through the first-ever non-US poll worker survey which was undertaken in Britain at the 2015 general election. This survey (n = 1,321) contradicted the existing literature on electoral administration in Britain in a number of ways.

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44

Newman, Abraham L., and Elliot Posner. International Soft Law and Mechanisms of Political Disruption. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818380.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 is a detailed development of the book’s central argument that emphasizes soft law’s second-order consequences, including the way it disrupts the politics of economic governance. The chapter provides a clear and parsimonious definition of soft law: written advisory prescriptions. It reviews existing literature, which has often centered on soft law’s ability to solve governance problems at a given moment in time and focused on issues surrounding compliance. The chapter then turns to the book’s main argument, outlining the logic behind two important temporal mechanisms of political disruption: legitimacy claims and arena expansion. This theoretical chapter thus sets up the key concepts and propositions used in the following empirical chapters, detailing the specific ways that soft law, as a political institution, transforms politics over time.

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45

Gayer, Laurent. The Sunday Fighter. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656546.003.0005.

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This chapter by Laurent Gayer examines one part-time fighter or ‘intermittent combatant’ in the Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM) in 2013. The case of “Iqbal” both updates existing accounts of an older vanguard of MQM militants, and offers a window onto ways violence may serve as a form of labor exchange in Karachi neighborhoods. Gayer characterizes militancy as a type of ‘dirty work’ that includes collecting extortion money, land grabbing, creating public disturbances and fighting enemy groups when necessary. Whilst Iqbal joined the MQM to access opportunities for labor and reward, as a non-Mohajir he was relegated to the least appealing tasks of MQM militancy. Iqbal strategizes to avoid rather than embrace becoming a killer. Gayer elaborates on ways violence is intrinsic to and regulates political conduct in a compelling account of how one young man gains a sense of purpose and agency in a real and imagined battlefield, by living life on the edge—but not too far.

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46

Davenport, Christian, Erik Melander, and Patrick M. Regan. Contemporary Studies of Peace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680121.003.0002.

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This chapter offers a review of the extensive literature on the topic of peace. It works through definitions, measurements, approaches, and limitations. The survey of existing research is then used to guide improvements in the study of the phenomenon of interest. Perhaps most important, this chapter lays out the different ways that the concept of peace moves beyond that of simply the absence of violence into issues of conflict resolution, justice and law, equality and nondiscrimination, political freedom and civil rights, socioeconomic opportunity, human rights, social integration, reconciliation, trust, harmonious relationships, and order.

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47

Barbier, Jean-Claude. ‘Social Investment’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0003.

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There are two ways of envisaging ‘social investment’ today: with or against social protection. The first is to think of social investment as accompanying existing social protection; here, we need to devote serious consideration to what social protection actually is, as the mainstream English expression ‘welfare state’ does not suffice. The second way is to devise social investment as a vehicle to destroy social protection and to help make Mario Draghi’s 2012 remark come true—according to him the European social model ‘is already gone’. In the economics profession, the advocates of the second solution are more numerous. This chapter tries to assess the chances of the second conjecture by closely examining the notion of ‘social impact assessment’ (SII) that has picked up currency in European social policy debates since the onslaught of the global financial crisis.

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48

Toksvig, Sandi. Tricky Art of Co-Existing: How to Behave Decently No Matter What Life Throws Your Way. Experiment LLC, The, 2015.

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49

Engelhardt, Carol. The Revival of the Religious Life. Edited by Stewart J. Brown, Peter Nockles, and James Pereiro. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199580187.013.27.

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This chapter examines one of the most significant achievements of the Oxford Movement, the establishment of vowed religious communities for women. It discusses some of the most significant figures in the history of these sisterhoods and describes the work undertaken by the approximately 10,000 women who belonged to one of the many communities established in the second half of the nineteenth century. Acknowledging that in many ways these communities ratified existing gender roles, this chapter also sees that by standing firm against opposition from bishops and popular opinion, these women and their male supporters contributed to an alternative and productive role for women.

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50

Deane, Jennifer. Pious Domesticities. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.0017.

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Among the few unbroken historical threads traceable across the European Middle Ages is the centrality of home to medieval imaginations. This essay thus focuses on how medieval women and men enacted piety in their various types of households, both imaginatively and physically; how they understood those actions; and the ways in which gender inflected their beliefs and behaviors. It explores practices that have been treated largely in historiographical isolation from each other, including private devotions and sanctified labor; the repurposing of existing structures for pious communities; material enhancements to domestic spirituality; and meditative transcendence of household spaces. In a dazzling constellation of alternatives to the stark choice of either “Mary or Martha,” pious domesticities offered medieval people deeply gendered ways to fuse the active and contemplative, and in so doing, to make Christ at home.

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