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1
Breen, Benjamin, John Curtis, and Stephen Hynes. "Water quality and recreational use of public waterways." Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy 7, no. 1 (June 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2017.1335241.
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Davies, Peter, Susan Lawrence, and Jodi Turnbull. "Mercury use and loss from gold mining in nineteenth-century Victoria." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 127, no. 2 (2015): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs15017.
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This paper reports on preliminary research into gold-mining-related mercury contamination in nineteenth-century Victoria. Data drawn from contemporary sources, including Mineral Statistics of Victoria and Mining Surveyors Reports from 1868‒1888, are used to calculate quantities of mercury used by miners to amalgamate gold in stamp batteries and the rates of mercury lost in the process. Some of the mercury discharged from mining and ore milling flowed into nearby waterways and some remained in the waste residue, the tailings near the mills. We estimate that a minimum of 121 tons of mercury were discharged from stamp batteries in this period. Although the figures fluctuate through time and space, they allow a good estimate of how much mercury was leaving the mine workings and entering Victorian creeks and rivers. Better understanding of historic mercury loss can provide the basis for improved mapping of mercury distribution in modern waterways, which can in turn inform the management of catchment systems.
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Porter, Christine, and Geoff Wescott. "Recreational Use of a Marine Protected Area: Point Lonsdale, Victoria." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 11, no. 3 (January 2004): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2004.10648614.
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Petropoulou, C., J. K. Tolson, M. DeFlaun, R. Lanyon, T. C. Granato, G. Rijal, C. Gerba, C. Lue-Hing, and J. W. Patterson. "Disinfection Vs Non-Disinfection Microbial Risk Assessment For Recreational Use Of Chicago Area Waterways." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 9 (January 1, 2008): 6160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864708788809635.
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Afentou, Nafsika, Patrick Moore, Katrina Hull, Jenny Shepherd, Stephanie Elliott, and Emma Frew. "Inland Waterways and Population Health and Wellbeing: A Cross-Sectional Study of Waterway Users in the UK." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 13809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113809.
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Natural environments, such as inland waterways (IWs), have been identified as a potential means to increase physical activity and promote health and wellbeing. However, further information on predictors of IW usage and their relationship with health and wellbeing outcomes is needed. Data were taken from the cross-sectional UK Waterways Engagement Monitor survey of waterway users (n = 21,537) in 2019/2020. Health outcome measures were life satisfaction, physical activity, and mental wellbeing. Visit frequency was an additional outcome measure. Both bivariate and multivariable associations between outcome measures and features of IWs were explored. The travel-cost method was used to estimate users’ demand, expressed by travel costs to waterways. Multivariable models showed positive associations of frequent visits and use for recreational/leisure purposes with life satisfaction and physical activity. Rural visits were associated with higher life satisfaction than urban ones. Lower visit satisfaction negatively impacted life satisfaction and mental wellbeing. Visit frequency was influenced by individual characteristics and purpose of visit, including visits for exercise. Waterway visits were inversely associated with travel costs (IRR = 0.99, p-value ≤ 0.001), and there was greater demand elasticity for short distances (≤5 miles). Socioeconomic-related inequalities were present. Future policies could enhance frequent use of waterways and alleviate accessibility-related inequalities to improve population health outcomes.
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Rogow, Michelle, and Scott Sellwood. "SPILL PREVENTION AT INLAND MARINAS: A SHASTA LAKE, CALIFORNIA, CASE STUDY." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-365.
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ABSTRACT Since the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), there has been a greater focus on spill prevention and response preparedness at large marine transfer facilities. Little attention, however, has been paid to facilities that fall short of 42,000 gallons. Many of these smaller facilities, which are located on the nation's inland waterways, are marinas that fuel recreational boats. Spill prevention at facilities on inland waterways is complicated by factors such as location, hydrologic conditions, regulation under multiple jurisdictions, and lack of available technology. This paper discusses the various types of petroleum product storage, transfer, and delivery systems, as well as spill prevention measures employed by marinas on Shasta Lake, California. Shasta Lake is a mecca of recreational boating, having almost a dozen marinas along its shores. Like many inland waterways, Shasta Lake is affected by precipitation and dam control, which drastically change the surface area of the lake. To stay afloat and operational, marinas, including their fuel transfer capabilities, must be mobile. This presents complex technical and environmental issues for the marinas, which use different combinations of equipment for storing and transferring fuel. Storage systems include fixed or mobile, aboveground or underground storage tanks and floating fuel systems. The piping used to deliver fuel to dispensers located on the marina dock is usually a combination of rigid and flexible lines. Each system is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, with every facility varying in compliance levels. By evaluating the precarious situations and spill events at Shasta Lake and other marinas, we can better assist in compliance efforts and more effectively protect our nation's waterways from oil spills.
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Paterson, John. "Water Management and Recreational Values; Some Cases in Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0021.
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The growing recognition of recreational and amenity demands on water systems introduces a multitude of issues, many of them complex, to the established tasks of water quality management and water management generally. Victorian case studies are presented. They (1) illustrate the range and diversity of situations that can arise in managing competition and enhancing compatibility between traditional water supply objectives and recreational demands. (2) Fluctuation of storage levels, essential to storage operations, detract from recreational value. Recreational and tourism demands upon Lake Hume have grown to threaten traditional operating flexibility. (3) Mokoan is another such instance, but with its supply function in a state of flux, Lake Mokoan provides more scope for a shift in the balance. (4) Salinity management has become an issue in the management of lakes and wetlands when water supply interests and environmental/recreation interests respectively have different perspectives on salt disposal. (5) Recreational use of town supply sources has long been a vexed issue, although marked shifts in the attitudues of many supply authorities have occurred in recent years. (6) Eutrophication of lakes and estuaries raises difficult issues of responsibility and scientific uncertainty, and the water management connection may be tenuous but will attract public attention. (7) The water body attributes valued by specialised recreational interests require definition in terms that water managers can deal with using routine techniques of systems analysis and evaluation. (8) The demands of the fish population and anglers introduce a new perspective in river management and perceptions of instream values are changing markedly. (9) Direct costs of recreational services supplied by water authorities are not fully accounted: allocation choices and fiscal incidence will emerge as issues of significance. (10) These case studies raise only a fraction of the total range of matters that will, in the years to come, tax the technology and political skills of governments and management.
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Gus-Puszczewicz, Aleksandra. "The Economic Potential of the Pomeranian Voivodeship as a Premise for the Revitalization of Inland Waterways." Transport Economics and Logistics 84 (November 19, 2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etil.2019.84.02.
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Each region of Poland has a potential that should be used for economic development. The primary advantages of the Pomeranian Voivodeship include coastal location, positioning at the mouth of the Vistula River to the Gulf of Gdańsk, possessing high density of inland waterways and diversity of landscape. The area has favourable conditions for the development of, among others, ports and tourism. There are two seaports in the Pomeranian Voivodeship in Gdańsk and Gdynia. The Port of Gdansk is one of the largest ports on the Baltic Sea and the largest in Poland. The tourism sector is also dynamically advancing in the voivodeship, increasingly making use of the natural potential of the region by offering various types of sports and recreational activities. The aim of this article is to assess the condition of, and to identify, selected factors of economic development which determine the revitalization of inland waterways in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
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Guevara, Corina, Charles Sidman, Robert Swett, and Alan Hodges. "Planning for Recreational Waterway Access in Rural Coastal Settings." EDIS 2016, no. 7 (September 6, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-sg141-2016.
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Increasing demand for waterfront land throughout the United States is a long-term trend with a profound impact on the public's ability to access coasts and waterways for recreation. Overcrowding at beaches, boat ramps, and popular destinations in Florida's densely populated coastal areas leads more Floridians and tourists to consider recreating in rural coastal communities that still offer the solitude and natural settings desired by many. According to a recent report sponsored by the Outdoor Industry Association, the provision of public water access has increased outdoor recreation tourism, which could bring much-needed economic benefits to rural areas. However, many of these communities lack planning resources to measure local support and user needs and to estimate the benefits that investments in public-access infrastructure might bring. This 6-page fact sheet describes an approach those communities can use to characterize user needs and to quantify local economic benefits derived from public-access infrastructure with a focus on boat ramp facilities. Written by Corina Guevara, Charles Sidman, Robert Swett, and Alan Hodges, and published by the Florida Sea Grant College Program, April 2016.
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Duff, Cameron, Warren Michelow, Clifton Chow, Andrew Ivsins, and Tim Stockwell. "The Canadian Recreational Drug Use Survey: Aims, Methods and First Results." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600310.
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In late 2006, pilot research was initiated in two western Canadian sites (Vancouver and Victoria) to systematically monitor patterns and trends in three specific illicit drug user populations: club and rave party attendees, adolescent street involved injection and non-injection drug users, and adult injection drug users. These sentinel groups were selected because of elevated rates of alcohol and other drug use within these populations and contexts, and the high levels of associated risks and harms. Drawing from international monitoring and surveillance systems, novel research instruments were developed for each population and were administered in face-to-face interviews at each study site. This paper presents an overview of the broad research methodology for the “high risk” monitoring research as well as select findings for the “club drug” sample. The piloted research design yielded high quality data, particularly in relation to recent patterns of drug use behaviour (items on drug use “yesterday” and “last weekend”). The success of these novel items highlights the value of the present study and its relevance for similar studies across the country.
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Addison, P. F. E., R. S. Koss, and T. D. O'Hara. "Recreational use of a rocky intertidal reef in Victoria: implications for ecological research and management." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 15, no. 3 (September 2008): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2008.9725199.
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Khilchevskyi, V. K. "KHILCHEVSKYI V.K. RECREATIONAL AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT: GLOBAL TRENDS, WHO GUIDELINES, EU BATHING WATER DIRECTIVE." Hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydroecology, no. 4 (62) (2021): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2306-5680.2021.4.1.
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The purpose of this study is to introduce modern approaches to assessing the quality of water for recreational purposes in the world and highlight the main provisions of the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) on the quality of recreational water (2021) and the European Union directive on the management of bathing water (2006/7/EC). The world is actively studying the impact of water quality on recreational water use (visiting beaches, fishing, boating and other water sports, travel on inland waterways, etc.). Research shows that good water quality increases the attractiveness of all recreational water uses. Water pollution and eutrophication of water bodies can significantly reduce the need for recreation. In 2021, WHO developed guidelines for recreational water quality (coastal and freshwater) that highlight the main targets associated with adverse health effects – enterococci and E. coli. WHO guidance emphasizes the need to develop and implement recreational water safety plans (RWSPs) that provide a holistic and practical approach to assessing and managing the risks associated with recreational water use. The European Union has a 2006 Bathing Water Directive (2006/7/EC) that sets out the requirements for monitoring, classifying and managing bathing water quality in water bodies, and providing the public with relevant information. Directive 2006/7/EC is a supplement to the EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). According to Directive 2006/7/EC, water pollution is defined as the presence of microbiological contamination or other organisms or wastes that affect the quality of the bathing water and pose a threat to the health of bathers. Bathing water quality management starts with monitoring. In the EU Member States, bathing waters are monitored and monitored at the most stressed points (places of greatest influx of swimwear or danger of pollutants). The content of enterococci and Escherichia coli is monitored, the limit for which is given in Annex 1 of Directive 2006/7/EC. Bathing water quality is assessed by quality classes: excellent; good; satisfactory; nasty. Public participation should be encouraged in the formulation of proposals and comments for the creation, revision and updating of bathing water (beach) lists.
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Dowling, Bernice, and Michael A. Weston. "Managing a breeding population of the Hooded Plover Thinornis rubricollis in a high-use recreational environment." Bird Conservation International 9, no. 3 (September 1999): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900003440.
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SummaryMornington Peninsula National Park, Victoria, Australia, is heavily used by recreationists. It also holds a breeding population of the Hooded Plover Thinornis rubricollis, a rare endemic shorebird. We monitored the population of plovers over seven breeding seasons, 1991–1998. Mortality of nests (about 60%), and of chicks (over 70%) was high, but preliminary data suggests mortality was low in juveniles. The major cause of mortality of nests was trampling by people. The causes of mortality in chicks is unknown, but mortality was age dependent, and was highest in the youngest chicks. A combination of management techniques that have been phased into operation over the seven years of the study appear to be increasing the reproductive success of the population.
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Callegari, Arianna, Joanna Boguniewicz-Zablocka, and Andrea G. Capodaglio. "Energy recovery and efficiency improvement for an activated sludge, agro-food WWTP upgrade." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 909–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.099.
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Abstract Wastewater treatment's primary purpose is to protect surface water quality, aquatic life, beneficial and recreational uses of waterways, and primarily comply with local water emission standards. Lately, additional requirements were added for these facilities, concerning minimization of a series of sidestream environmental impacts (i.e., odours, generated waste by-products, etc.), air emissions, including CO2, methane and nitrogen greenhouse gases (GHGs), and mitigation of various other likely impacts resulting from energy and chemical use in treatment processes. This paper describes a case study in Northern Europe, where critical analysis of an industrial wastewater treatment plant's present conditions, during an evaluation of upgrade possibilities to improve regulatory compliance, led to a sustainable intervention proposal. According to the formulated proposal, process improvement, energy recovery, and overall savings and GHG emissions reduction could be simultaneously achieved with a series of relatively simple interventions.
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Hunt, Taylor L., Khageswor Giri, Paul Brown, Brett A. Ingram, Paul L. Jones, Laurie J. B. Laurenson, and Anne M. Wallis. "Consequences of fish stocking density in a recreational fishery." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 10 (October 2014): 1554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0517.
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Density-dependent processes resulting from fish stocking were demonstrated to have a significant impact on recreational fishery performance, and this case study will be of use to guide fish stocking decisions in other fisheries. We evaluated a put-grow-and-take lake fishery stocking program for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) located in south-western Victoria, Australia. We hypothesised that recreational fishery performance would show significant density-dependent relationships with fish stocking. To test this hypothesis, we used Wald F tests in a general linear regression model to evaluate relationships between a long-term historical fish stocking program and fishery performance, including angler and net catch rates and weight, length, and condition of caught fish. Our results yielded (i) significant positive relationships between angler and net catch rate of Chinook salmon with the number of Chinook salmon stocked in the same year and (ii) significant negative relationships between the weight of angler-caught Chinook salmon with both the number of Chinook salmon stocked in the same year and total number of fish stocked (apart from Chinook salmon) over the previous three year period.
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Brandão, João, Chelsea Weiskerger, Elisabete Valério, Tarja Pitkänen, Päivi Meriläinen, Lindsay Avolio, Christopher D. Heaney, and Michael J. Sadowsky. "Climate Change Impacts on Microbiota in Beach Sand and Water: Looking Ahead." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031444.
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Beach sand and water have both shown relevance for human health and their microbiology have been the subjects of study for decades. Recently, the World Health Organization recommended that recreational beach sands be added to the matrices monitored for enterococci and Fungi. Global climate change is affecting beach microbial contamination, via changes to conditions like water temperature, sea level, precipitation, and waves. In addition, the world is changing, and humans travel and relocate, often carrying endemic allochthonous microbiota. Coastal areas are amongst the most frequent relocation choices, especially in regions where desertification is taking place. A warmer future will likely require looking beyond the use of traditional water quality indicators to protect human health, in order to guarantee that waterways are safe to use for bathing and recreation. Finally, since sand is a complex matrix, an alternative set of microbial standards is necessary to guarantee that the health of beach users is protected from both sand and water contaminants. We need to plan for the future safer use of beaches by adapting regulations to a climate-changing world.
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C. Kawa, Nicholas. "Making sense of sewage sludge as a renewable resource in the urban U.S." Antropologia Portuguesa, no. 38 (December 15, 2021): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-7982_38_3.
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Prior to industrialization, human excrement was commonly employed as a resource for agricultural fertilization. Following the advent of the hydraulic sanitation system, however, it became increasingly channeled into waterways rather than reincorporated into terrestrial agro-ecosystems. To counter this trend, more and more industrial cities are seeking to utilize treated sanitation waste, or “biosolids,” as a renewable resource that can be applied as a soil amendment in urban recreational settings, including parks, gardens, and golf courses. This article examines how the use of biosolids in the American city of Chicago comes to “make sense”—experientially, economically, and ecologically—to users and wastewater experts. Furthermore, it considers how sanitation infrastructures, social norms, and safety concerns both contour and constrain such usage. Ultimately, this article identifies how direct sensorial experiences (particularly of odors or their absence) as well as notions of economic and ecological “good sense” contribute to the social acceptability of biosolids usage. However, contaminants of emerging concern that are barely perceptible in sanitation waste raise more profound questions about the challenges of urban sustainability in this period known as late industrialism.
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Reeves, J. M., P. A. Gell, S. M. Reichman, A. J. Trewarn, and A. Zawadzki. "Industrial past, urban future: using palaeo-studies to determine the industrial legacy of the Barwon Estuary, Victoria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 6 (2016): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15344.
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Around the globe, heavy industry has often been associated with estuaries, which provide water for operations, waste disposal and navigation. Many of these practices leave a legacy of contamination, which accumulate in the estuaries, which act as sediment sinks. Heavy metal contaminants may remain buried, even after the industrial practices are ceased. The Connewarre Complex is a series of wetlands, within the Port Philip and Bellarine Ramsar site. Through a unique combination of techniques, including diatom assemblages, biogeochemistry (δ13C, δ15N, C/N) and heavy metal content, the major anthropogenic influences over the last 170 years and the biotic response has been determined. Key features that can be elucidated include regulation of the waterways, establishment of heavy industry and major shifts in climatic conditions. In combination, these drivers have acted to rapidly shift the condition of the wetland from early in settlement such that the perceived ‘natural ecological character’ is actually an artificial one. The legacy of contamination is common to many Ramsar-listed wetlands. The lesson from this site is that, when making plans to manage the ecological condition of a wetland, past use needs to be considered to ensure that well meaning interventions do not exacerbate risk of mobilising contaminants best left undisturbed.
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Hurst, Thomas, and Paul I. Boon. "Agricultural weeds and coastal saltmarsh in south-eastern Australia: an insurmountable problem?" Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 4 (2016): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16027.
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It is often assumed that saline coastal wetlands experience environmental conditions so severe that they are largely immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The belief is implicit in many older reviews of threats to mangroves and coastal saltmarshes, where a limited range of vascular plant taxa, often focussing on *Spartina, (throughout the paper an asterisk denotes an introduced (exotic) species as per Carr 2012) have been invoked as the major species of concern. Even though the weed flora of southern Australia is derived largely from agriculture and horticulture, neither of which includes many species tolerant of waterlogged, variably saline environments, a recent assessment of Victorian saline coastal wetlands indicated that exotic plants were the third-most pervasive threat, after land ‘reclamation’ and grazing. Tall wheat grass, *Lophopyrum ponticum (Podp.) A.Love., is one of the most severe and widely distributed weeds of saline coastal wetlands in south-eastern Australia. It is promoted by the agricultural extension arm of the Victorian government as a salt-tolerant pasture grass; however, its broad ecological amplitude and robust life form make it a most serious invader of upper saltmarsh in Victoria. We assessed the effectiveness of different control measures, including slashing and herbicides, for the management of *L. ponticum infestations (and their side effects on saltmarsh communities) in the Western Port region of Victoria. A nominally monocot-specific herbicide widely used to control *Spartina, Fluazifop-P, was ineffective in controlling *L. ponticum. The broad-spectrum systemic herbicide glyphosate was more effective in controlling *L. ponticum, but had undesirable impacts on native plant species. Controlling weeds in coastal wetlands using available herbicides for use near coastal waterways would seem to remain problematic.
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Snak, Alessandra, Pedro Rodrigo Hillesheim Soares, Erton Gomes da Silva, Mallú Jagnow Sereno, Felipe Gustavo Garcia, Marcia Benedita de Oliveira Silva, and Silvia Cristina Osaki. "Occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocytes in artificial beaches of Itaipu Lake, Paraná, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 3 (June 13, 2017): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n3p1647.
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Cryptosporidiosis is an emerging zoonosis that causes many outbreaks worldwide. Its main route of transmission is the consumption of contaminated water or food. In Brazil, data on to the occurrence of cryptosporidiosis in animals and in humans are scarce; thus, it is important to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp. and to identify possible sources of water and food contamination in order to prevent the disease and, consequently, preserve of human health. From July/2011 to March/2012, five liters of water were collected in 10 different locations from eight artificial beaches of Itaipu Lake, Paraná, in a total of 40 samples. In two other small beaches of the lake, water was also collected from two different sites of each beach, given their size and because they were made up of water from different sources. Samples were analyzed by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique and nested-PCR (nPCR). All samples were negative in the modified Ziehl-Neelsen; only one (2.25%) sample was positive in nPCR. These results indicate that PCR is a more sensitive technique for the identification of Cryptosporidium in water samples. In this study, it was not possible to identify the species involved and, thus, the source of infection. Water contamination by Cryptosporidium oocytes can be caused by livestock kept near waterways, and by the people who use the place for recreational purposes. These results demonstrate risk for people who use the lake. Care should be determined to prevent the transmission of this important zoonosis.
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FRANKLIN, L. J., J. E. FIELDING, J. GREGORY, L. GULLAN, D. LIGHTFOOT, S. Y. POZNANSKI, and H. VALLY. "An outbreak ofSalmonellaTyphimurium 9 at a school camp linked to contamination of rainwater tanks." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 3 (August 8, 2008): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880800109x.
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SUMMARYIn March 2007, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was identified at a school camp in rural Victoria, Australia, affecting about half of a group of 55 students. A comprehensive investigation was initiated to identify the source. Twenty-seven attendees were found to have abdominal pain, diarrhoea and nausea (attack rate 49%). Of 11 faecal specimens tested all were positive forSalmonellaTyphimurium definitive phage type 9 (DT9). Of four samples taken from the untreated private water supply, two were positive for DT9. Drinking water from containers filled from rainwater tanks [relative risk (RR) 3·2,P=0·039] and participation in two recreational activities – flying fox (RR 5·3,P=0·011), and beam-balance (RR 3·9,P=0·050) – were indicative of a link with illness. Environmental and epidemiological investigations suggested rainwater collection tanks contaminated with DT9 as being the cause of the outbreak. Increased use of rainwater tanks may heighten the risk of waterborne disease outbreaks unless appropriate preventative measures are undertaken.
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Serena, M., J. L. Thomas, G. A. Williams, and R. C. E. Officer. "Use of stream and river habitats by the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, in an urban fringe environment." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 3 (1998): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo98034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Radio-telemetry was used to monitor movements and burrow usage by O. anatinus living in the Yarra River catchment, about 20 km east-north-east of the central business district of Melbourne, Victoria. The home ranges of six adult or subadult animals were 2.9–7.3 km (mean ± s.d. = 4.6 ± 1.6 km) long, with individuals travelling up to 10.4 km (males) and 4.0 km (females) in a single overnight period. The mean home-range length of adult/subadult animals was significantly greater than that of juveniles (1.4–1.7 km, mean ± s.d. = 1.55 ± 0.2 km, n = 2). The animals utilised two drainage channels as well as 11.8 km of natural waterways, including the Yarra River (5 km), Mullum Mullum Creek (4 km) and Diamond Creek (2.8 km). Several animals travelled repeatedly below one-lane and two-lane bridges, confirming that these structures are not inherent barriers to platypus movement. In total, 57 platypus burrows were described, including 26 along the river, 29 along the creeks and 2 along drains. The horizontal distance from the water’s edge to burrow chambers was 0.4–3.7 m (mean ± s.d. = 1.5 ± 0.9 m, n = 41), with burrows found only in banks extending ≥ 0.5 m above the water. Platypus burrows occurred significantly more often than expected along undercut banks and in association with moderate-to-dense vegetation overhanging the water, and significantly less often at sites where banks had a convex profile at water level. As well, the amount of cover provided along the bank by shrubs/small trees and the ground layer of vegetation was significantly greater than expected at platypus burrows along the river. These attributes are believed to help conceal burrow entrances from predators as well as reduce burrow damage through erosion.
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Jacobs, Jane, Nic Crooks, Steven Allender, Claudia Strugnell, Kathryn Backholer, and Melanie Nichols. "Is the physical activity environment surrounding primary schools associated with students’ weight status, physical activity or active transport, in regional areas of Victoria, Australia? A cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e045785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045785.
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ObjectivesTo explore whether the physical activity (PA) environment (walkability, greenspace and recreational facilities) surrounding regional primary schools is associated with children’s PA levels, active transport and weight status. Limited research on this topic has been conducted outside of major cities.DesignCross-sectional ecological study using baseline data from two large-scale obesity prevention interventions.SettingEighty (n=80) primary schools across two regional areas in Victoria, Australia.ParticipantsStudents aged 8–13 years (n=2144) attending participating primary schools.Outcome measuresMeasured weight status (body mass index z-score, proportion overweight/obese) and self-reported PA behaviours (meeting PA recommendations and active travel behaviour).ResultsWhen adjusted for student and school demographics, students had significantly increased odds of using active transport to or from school when the school neighbourhood was more walkable (OR 1.21 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.35), had a greater number of greenspaces (OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.53)) and a greater number of recreational facilities (OR 1.18 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.31)). A higher cumulative PA environment score was also associated with a higher proportion of children using active transport (OR 1.33 (95% CI 1.28 to 1.51)). There were no significant associations between the PA environment measures and either weight status or meeting the PA recommendations in adjusted models.ConclusionsThis study is the first of its kind exploring school neighbourhood environments and child weight status and PA in regional areas of Australia. It highlights the potential of the environment surrounding primary schools in contributing to students’ active travel to and from school. Further research with the use of objective PA measurement is warranted in regional areas that have been under-researched.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR.org.au) identifier 12616000980437; Results.
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Wong, Wei Wen, Jesse Pottage, Fiona Y. Warry, Paul Reich, Keryn L. Roberts, Michael R. Grace, and Perran L. M. Cook. "Stable isotopes of nitrate reveal different nitrogen processing mechanisms in streams across a land use gradient during wet and dry periods." Biogeosciences 15, no. 13 (July 2, 2018): 3953–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3953-2018.
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Abstract. Understanding the relationship between land use and the dynamics of nitrate (NO3-) is the key to constrain sources of NO3- export in order to aid effective management of waterways. In this study, isotopic compositions of NO3- (δ15N–NO3- and δ18O–NO3-) were used to elucidate the effects of land use (agriculture in particular) and rainfall on the major sources and sinks of NO3- within the Western Port catchment, Victoria, Australia. This study is one of the very few studies carried out in temperate regions with highly stochastic rainfall patterns, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of the applications of NO3- isotopes in catchment ecosystems with different climatic conditions. Longitudinal samples were collected from five streams with different agriculture land use intensities on five occasions – three during dry periods and two during wet periods. At the catchment scale, we observed significant positive relationships between NO3- concentrations (p < 0.05), δ15N–NO3- (p < 0.01) and percentage agriculture (particularly during the wet period), reflecting the dominance of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs within the catchment. Different rainfall conditions appeared to be major controls on the predominance of the sources and transformation processes of NO3- in our study sites. Artificial fertiliser was the dominant source of NO3- during the wet periods. In addition to artificial fertiliser, nitrified organic matter in sediment was also an apparent source of NO3- to the surface water during the dry periods. Denitrification was prevalent during the wet periods, while uptake of NO3- by plants or algae was only observed during the dry periods in two streams. The outcome of this study suggests that effective reduction of NO3- load to the streams can only be achieved by prioritising management strategies based on different rainfall conditions.
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Papiri, S., C. Ciaponi, A. Capodaglio, C. Collivignarelli, G. Bertanza, F. Swartling, M. Crow, M. Fantozzi, and P. Valcher. "Field monitoring and evaluation of innovative solutions for cleaning storm water runoff." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0706.
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Urbanization increases the variety and amount of pollutants transported to receiving waters. Sediment from development and new construction; oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from automobiles; nutrients and pesticides from turf management and gardening; viruses and bacteria from failing septic systems; road salts; and heavy metals are examples of pollutants generated in urban areas. Sediments and solids constitute the largest volume of pollutant loads to receiving waters in urban areas. When runoff enters storm drains, it carries many of these pollutants with it. In older cities, this polluted runoff is often released directly into open waterways without any treatment. Increased pollutant loads can harm fish and wildlife populations, kill native vegetation, foul drinking water supplies, and make recreational areas unsafe. The objective of the study, performed by University of Pavia (Italy), University of Brescia (Italy) and GreenTechTexas International (US), reported herein is to evaluate the use of an innovative stormwater technology (EcoDräin(tm)) to reduce pollution due to urban runoff in existing urban areas. The paper describes the methodology and the results achieved with tests conducted in laboratory in Pavia University in Italy and in two pilot areas in Italy and in Australia to investigate the EcoDrain's effectiveness for oil and heavy metals retention and sediment trapping. In the tests performed in a marina near Sidney in Australia a reduction has been achieved in oil and grease concentration higher than 95% and a reduction in metal concentration (particularly Copper, Lead and Zinc) close to 98%. The paper also describes the methodology of the analysis on the absorbing material after its use and the consequent determination of the most efficient and environmentally safe way to dispose of consummated absorbent.
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Cassell, Erin, and Stuart Newstead. "Did compulsory wear regulations increase personal flotation device (PFD) use by boaters in small power recreational vessels? A before-after observational study conducted in Victoria, Australia." Injury Prevention 21, no. 1 (June 2, 2014): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2014-041170.
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Anderson, S. A., S. J. Turner, and G. D. Lewis. "Enterococci in the New Zealand environment: implications for water quality monitoring." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0754.
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Faecal enterococci ecology outside the host is of great relevance when using these organisms as indicators of water quality. As a complement to New Zealand epidemiological studies of bathing water quality and health risk, a study of the environmental occurrence of these organisms has been undertaken. Specific concerns over the use of enterococci derive from the unique situation in New Zealand which has few chlorinated sewage effluents, a high ratio of grazing animals to humans, and significant inputs of animal processing effluents into the environment. Human and animal faecal wastes are the main sources, with 106–107cfu/100ml found in human sewage. Analysis of domestic and feral animal faeces found enterococci in the range of 101–106cfu/g with considerable variation between species. The latter observations support the notion that a considerable proportion of the load in urban/rural catchments and waterways (typically 102–103 enterococci cfu/100ml) is derived from non-human sources. Previous studies of enterococci quiescence in marine/fresh waters indicate that they enter a non-growth phase, exposure to sunlight markedly reducing culturability on selective and non-selective media. Enterococci were also found to survive/multiply within specific non-faecal environments. Enterococci on degrading drift seaweed at recreational beaches exceeded seawater levels by 2–4 orders of magnitude, suggesting that expansion had occurred in this permissive environment with resultant potential to contaminate adjacent sand and water. These studies suggest that multiple sources, environmental persistence, and environmental expansion of enterococci within selected niches add considerable complexity to the interpretation of water quality data.
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Baskaran, K., L. M. Palmowski, and B. M. Watson. "Wastewater reuse and treatment options for the dairy industry." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0012.
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Milk-processing plants generate significant quantities of wastewater with relatively high organic matter concentrations on a daily basis. In addition to environmental damage that can result from the discharge of these wastewaters into the natural waterways, the presence of products such as milk solids into wastewater streams represents a loss of valuable product for the plants. This paper presents a review of wastewater management practices employed by six milk-processing plants in Victoria, Australia. In all six plants investigated, milk powder represents a major product. During the milk powder production, water is evaporated, condensed and can be reused for various purposes with a significant impact on water usage. Other major products are anhydrous milk fat, cheese, butter, and UHT milk. The effectiveness of the practices was assessed through two main criteria: first through the water to milk intake ratio, and the waste volume coefficient. Both parameters characterise the plant efficiency in regard of water consumption and water reuse. Information on cleaning chemical usage and recovery was also assessed as part of the review. Significant discrepancies emerge between the plants first due to the products manufactured and water reuse possibilities available in each plant. Second the type of treatment technologies used for condensate and cleaning solution influences the figures. One of the investigated plants is almost self-sufficient for water, emphasising the benefits gained from the use of technologies like membrane separations for condensate and cleaning solution treatment. In some cases, less cost-intensive technologies such as a clarifier are successful to improve cleaning agent recovery.
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Chernykh, O. I. "A review of dacha construction in the St. Petersburg province from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century (settlement typology and periodisation)." Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 12, no. 3 (2022): 458–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2022-3-458-469.
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The historical and architectural heritage of St. Petersburg dacha (summer residence) as part of Russia’s cultural heritage was studied. The research methods included on-site inspections and architectural measurements, photo-fixation of studied objects, archive and museum search, historico-bibliographical search in the repositories of rare ancient books and cartographic divisions of scientific libraries. As a result, the phenomenon of "dacha recreation" was studied. Specific features of the St. Petersburg dacha environment were revealed. On the one hand, the dacha environment is associated with the traditions of spatial organisation of cities and rural settlements in Russia. On the other, the dacha environment is characterised by originality and the absence of a rigid hierarchy in its planning and composition, with the natural environment representing the major formative factor. The determined periodisation of dacha construction included the 1703–1830s, 1830s–early 1860s, 1860s–1890s and 1890s–1917 periods. Areas of active dacha construction were revealed. Thus, dacha construction in the St. Petersburg province was performed predominantly along highways, waterways, railroads and coastline of the Gulf of Finland. A typology of dacha settlements was proposed, including dacha suburbs, dacha villages, dacha resorts and dacha settlements. These types were differentiated in terms of size and population, title and organisation of living activities, type of foundation and administrative status, as well as principles of 3D-planning structure. Particular attention is paid to the unique historical and architectural value of dacha settlements of the St. Petersburg province and importance of its exploration and preservation. It is proposed to use the traditions of creating highly-artistic and optimally-organised dacha recreation environments during the design of contemporary suburban recreational spaces.
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McCaskill, M. R., A. M. Ridley, A. Okom, R. E. White, M. H. Andrew, D. L. Michalk, A. Melland, W. H. Johnston, and S. R. Murphy. "SGS Nutrient Theme: environmental assessment of nutrient application to extensive pastures in the high rainfall zone of southern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 8 (2003): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03020.
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To assess the risks and benefits of more intensive pasture management, 2 or 3 treatments with contrasting fertiliser regimes were selected from each site of the Sustainable Grazing Systems national experiment. The assessment used soil coring data, modelling and runoff nutrient concentration data.Soil acidification rates were estimated from the simulated nitrate leaching and product removal estimated from the stocking rates at each site. Much higher acidification rates were estimated at sites in Victoria and southern Western Australia than in northern New South Wales. This was because of a lower level of nitrate leaching in summer-dominant rainfall environments coupled with lower stocking rates. Simulations showed highest nitrate leaching on annual pastures, but that a phalaris pasture could reduce this, and a kikuyu pasture could almost fully control leaching.The concentration of P in surface runoff was related to soil P status at the 4 southern sites, indicating that greater use of P fertiliser would increase P movement into waterways. There was no relationship between soil P status and P in surface runoff at the northern New South Wales sites, and across all sites there were no relationships between P fertility and runoff N levels. Concentrations of P and N in runoff greatly exceeded stream water quality guidelines, even on treatments where only minimal P had been applied as fertiliser. There was also evidence of high spatial variation in surface runoff generation, with surface runoff from some plots less than 5% of the streamflow in nearby reference streams. There is therefore scope to control P concentrations in streams by retiring from production the parts of the landscape that generate high quantities of surface flow, but to intensify production on areas that produce little runoff.
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Kabarambi, Anita, Sheila Kansiime, Sylvia Kusemererwa, Jonathan Kitonsa, Pontiano Kaleebu, and Eugene Ruzagira. "Predictors of Loss to Follow-Up in an HIV Vaccine Preparedness Study in Masaka, Uganda." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 6377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116377.
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Background: High participant retention is essential to achieve adequate statistical power for clinical trials. We assessed participant retention and predictors of loss to follow-up (LTFU) in an HIV vaccine-preparedness study in Masaka, Uganda. Methods: Between July 2018 and March 2021, HIV sero-negative adults (18–45 years) at high risk of HIV infection were identified through HIV counselling and testing (HCT) from sex-work hotspots along the trans-African highway and fishing communities along the shores of Lake Victoria. Study procedures included collection of baseline socio-demographic data, quarterly HCT, and 6-monthly collection of sexual risk behaviour data. Retention strategies included collection of detailed locator data, short clinic visits (1–2 h), flexible reimbursement for transport costs, immediate (≤7 days) follow-up of missed visits via phone and/or home visits, and community engagement meetings. LTFU was defined as missing ≥2 sequential study visits. Poisson regression models were used to identify baseline factors associated with LTFU. Results: 672 participants were included in this analysis. Of these, 336 (50%) were female and 390 (58%) were ≤24 years. The median follow-up time was 11 months (range: 0–31 months). A total 214 (32%) participants were LTFU over 607.8 person-years of observation (PYO), a rate of 35.2/100 PYO. LTFU was higher in younger participants (18–24 years versus 35–45 years, adjusted rate ratio (aRR) = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80–2.11), although this difference was not significant. Female sex (aRR = 2.07, 95% CI, 1.51–2.84), and recreational drug use (aRR = 1.61, 95% CI, 1.12–2.34) were significantly associated with increased LTFU. Engagement in transactional sex was associated with increased LTFU (aRR = 1.36, 95% CI, 0.97–1.90) but this difference was not significant. LTFU was higher in 2020–2021 (the period of COVID-19 restrictions) compared to 2018–2019 (aRR = 1.54, 1.17–2.03). Being Muslim or other (aRR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.47–0.97) and self-identification as a sex worker (aRR = 0.47, 95% CI, 0.31–0.72) were associated with reduced LTFU. Conclusion: We observed a high LTFU rate in this cohort. LTFU was highest among women, younger persons, recreational drug users, and persons who engage in transactional sex. Efforts to design retention strategies should focus on these subpopulations.
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Tillman, R. W., and A. Surapaneni. "Some soil-related issues in the disposal of effluent on land." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00133.
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There is increasing environmental pressure to dispose of waste effluents on land, rather than discharging them directly into surface waterways. In addition to reducing impacts on water quality, land disposal of effluents offers the possibility of beneficial recycling of water and essential plant nutrients. Frequently, however, waste water contains high concentrations of dissolved salts, particularly sodium, that can affect the levels of salinity and sodicity in soils. This, in turn, can diminish the utility of soils for productive agriculture. Astute soil management can often ameliorate these adverse affects but this may require land-use practices that reduce the commercial return from farming activities. It is therefore important to identify the main purpose of effluent disposal areas and to compensate land users appropriately when the operation of the effluent disposal scheme affects farm profitability. If farmers are forced by commercial pressures to adopt inappropriate land use practices on areas used for effluent disposal, the operation of the scheme will be compromised, and there may even be the risk of complete failure. The results of a limited number of experiments investigating the application of effluents to land in northern Victoria are used to demonstrate these risks. The effects on soil chemical properties of applying saline–sodic waste water to land are now well understood. Considerably less certain are the effects of these changes on soil chemical properties, on the physical properties of soils and the way soils behave under various land uses — such as cultivation or grazing by heavy animals. Various approaches to modelling and predicting the impacts on soil of irrigation with saline–sodic waste water are discussed. A number of simple, classification models, based on practical experience and empirical equations, currently provide valuable assistance for land managers. More complex, mechanistic models have been developed that describe successfully the movement of water and salts through soils, given appropriate soil measurements as input parameters. The major limitations now are the availability of soil data at an appropriate scale and an understanding of the ways changes in soil chemical properties affect soil physical properties and subsequent soil behaviour. In particular there is a need to investigate those critical zones at the soil surface or the top of the B horizon where water movement is impeded in sodic soils.
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Franco, Julia A., and John W. Morgan. "Using historical records, aerial photography and dendroecological methods to determine vegetation changes in a grassy woodland since European settlement." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 1 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06092.
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By using historical records, aerial photography and dendroecological methods, we assessed the vegetation changes that have occurred in a grassy-woodland landscape at Inverleigh, Victoria, since 1850. Land managers have perceived that encroachment by native shrubs such as Acacia paradoxa DC. has occurred in woodlands in the area after their reservation for conservation following a long period of stock grazing, but data are needed to place these recent changes in context. The vegetation has passed through three management phases since early European settlement and these have contributed to the present vegetation patterns. The area was (1) initially set aside as a timber reserve at the time of European settlement and was periodically grazed by stock. (2) Logging, plantation forestry and stock grazing regimes caused large-scale disturbances to the understorey vegetation during the early 1900s and continued to the 1980s. In the 1970s, disturbances caused by recreational activities intensified the vegetation modification. During this time, the vegetation changed from an open woodland to denser, shrubbier woodland. Most soil disturbances ceased when (3) the area was declared a flora reserve in 1988. Evidence suggests that with the cessation of these disturbances, populations of the native shrub Acacia paradoxa increased dramatically, reducing the tree-gap area significantly. The major increase occurred from 1974 to 2002 when the area of tree gap declined by 38%. Age-class analyses suggested that most (>80%) of the A. paradoxa population is less than 25 years old, but plants may be able to live beyond 60 years. Logistic regression modelling suggested that distance to closest track influences present-day A. paradoxa distribution, as does soil moisture. This suggests that the soil disturbance from grading tracks and vehicle movements may be facilitating both the spread and initial establishment of A. paradoxa, particularly on soils of higher soil-moisture holding capacity. Strategies for future woodland management must consider how the current vegetation dynamics reflect past land-use history, and land managers must choose appropriate goals for biodiversity conservation in the light of these changes.
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Gippel, C., T. Jacobs, and T. McLeod. "Environmental flows and water quality objectives for the River Murray." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0402.
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Over the past decade, there intense consideration of managing flows in the River Murray to provide environmental benefits. In 1990 the Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council adopted a water quality policy: To maintain and, where necessary, improve existing water quality in the rivers of the Murray-Darling Basin for all beneficial uses - agricultural, environmental, urban, industrial and recreational, and in 1994 a flow policy: To maintain and where necessary improve existing flow regimes in the waterways of the Murray-Darling Basin to protect and enhance the riverine environment. The Audit of Water Use followed in 1995, culminating in the decision of the Ministerial Council to implement an interim cap on new diversions for consumptive use (the “Cap”) in a bid to halt declining river health. In March 1999 the Environmental Flows and Water Quality Objectives for the River Murray Project (the Project) was set up, primarily to establish water quality and environmental flow objectives for the River Murray system. A Flow Management Plan will be developed that aims to achieve a sustainable river environment and water quality, in accordance with community needs, and including an adaptive approach to management and operation of the River. It will lead to objectives for water quality and environmental flows that are feasible, appropriate, have the support of the scientific, management and stakeholder communities, and carry acceptable levels of risk. This paper describes four key aspects of the process being undertaken to determine the objectives, and design the flow options that will meet those objectives: establishment of an appropriate technical, advisory and administrative framework; establishing clear evidence for regulation impacts; undergoing assessment of environmental flow needs; and filling knowledge gaps. A review of the impacts of flow regulation on the health of the River Murray revealed evidence for decline, but the case for flow regulation as the main cause is circumstantial or uncertain. This is to be expected, because the decline of the River Murray results from many factors acting over a long period. Also, the health of the river varies along its length, from highly degraded to reasonably healthy, so it is clear that different approaches will be needed in the various river zones, with some problems requiring reach or even point scale solutions. Environmental flow needs have been determined through two major Expert Panel reports that identified the ecological priorities for the river. The next step is to translate these needs into feasible flow management actions that will provide the necessary hydrological conditions. Several investigations are underway to recommend options for flow management. Two important investigations are described in this paper: how to enhance flows to wetlands of national and international significance, and how to physically alter or change the operation of structures (including a dam, weir, lock, regulator, barrage or causeway), to provide significant environmental benefits. Early modelling suggests that the only option which has a positive environmental effect in all zones of the River is a reduction in overall water consumption.
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Shrestha, Rima D., Anne C. Midwinter, Jonathan C. Marshall, Julie M. Collins-Emerson, Eve J. Pleydell, and Nigel P. French. "Campylobacter jejuni Strains Associated with Wild Birds and Those Causing Human Disease in Six High-Use Recreational Waterways in New Zealand." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 85, no. 24 (September 27, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01228-19.
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ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, has been frequently isolated from recreational rivers and streams in New Zealand, yet the public health significance of this is unknown. This study uses molecular tools to improve our understanding of the epidemiology and sources of Campylobacter in recreational waterways, with a view to preventing human infection. Epidemiological and microbiological data were collected between 2005 and 2009 from six high-use recreational waterways in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of the North Island. Campylobacter spp. and C. jejuni were isolated from 33.2% and 20.4% of 509 samples, respectively. Isolation of Campylobacter was observed in both low and high river flows. After adjusting for the confounding effects of river flow, there was a significantly higher likelihood of isolating Campylobacter in the winter month of June compared to January. A high diversity of C. jejuni multilocus sequence types was seen, with the most commonly isolated being the water rail-associated ST-2381 (19/91 isolates [20.9%]), ST-1225 (8/91 isolates [8.8%]), and ST-45 (6/91 isolates [6.6%]). The ST-2381 was found in all rivers, while the most commonly isolated ST from human cases in New Zealand, the poultry-associated strain ST-474, was isolated only in one river. Although the majority of Campylobacter sequence types identified in river water were strains associated with wild birds that are rarely associated with human disease, poultry and ruminant-associated Campylobacter strains that are found in human infection were also identified and could present a public health risk. IMPORTANCE In 2016, there was a large-scale waterborne outbreak of campylobacteriosis in New Zealand, which was estimated to have affected over 5,000 people. This highlighted the need for a greater understanding of the sources of contamination of both surface and groundwater and risks associated with exposure to both drinking and recreational water. This study reports the prevalence and population structure of Campylobacter jejuni in six recreational waters of the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand and models the relationship between Campylobacter spp. and ruminant-associated Campylobacter and the parameters “sites,” “months,” and “river flow.” Here, we demonstrate that both low and high river flows, month of the year, and recreational sites could influence the Campylobacter isolation from recreational waters. The presence of genotypes associated with human infection allowed us to describe potential risks associated with recreational waters.
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Port, Waterway, and Beach District, St Augustine, and Florida Sea Grant. "Navigational, Historical and Environmental Perspective of St. Augustine Waterways." EDIS 2005, no. 13 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-sg066-2005.
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St. Augustine, the oldest city in North America, lies at Mile 778 of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, which runs 1095 miles from Norfolk, Virginia, to Miami, Florida. This guide is designed to help boaters enjoy and appreciate the natural and cultural resources accessible from recreational vessels in the St. Augustine area. The maps and text display and describe features from the maritime history of St. Augustine; resources important to boaters and anglers, including marinas, waterfront restaurants, and boat ramps; representative fish and wildlife; the distribution of natural resources, such as salt marshes, estuaries, and beaches; and sources of information and assistance. In addition, the guide offers suggestions for safe navigation and anchoring in area waters, which are subject to tidal currents due to the proximity of St. Augustine Inlet. Do not rely on this guide for navigational purposes. Instead, use the latest nautical charts. The St. Augustine Port, Waterway, and Beach District Commission provided funding for this guide, which was prepared in collaboration with the Florida Sea Grant College Program. Published April 2005.
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Hansen, Sara, Blake Cahill, Rachel Hackett, Michael Monfils, Ryan Goebel, Shannon Asencio, and Anna Monfils. "Aggregated occurrence records of invasive European frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.) across North America." Biodiversity Data Journal 10 (February 9, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bdj.10.e77492.
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European frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.; EFB) is a free-floating aquatic plant invasive in Canada, the United States and India. It is native to Europe and northern and western Asia and is believed to have first been introduced to North America in Ottawa, Ontario in 1932. It has since spread by way of the St. Lawrence River and connected waterways to southern Ontario and Quebec and parts of the northern United States. Invasive European frog-bit occurs in freshwater coastal wetlands and inland waters, where it can form dense mats that have the potential to limit recreational and commercial use of waterways, alter water chemistry and impact native species and ecosystems. Data on the past and present distribution of this invasive species provide geospatial information that can be used to infer the pattern of invasion and inform management and monitoring targeted at preventing secondary spread. Our EFB dataset contains 12,037 preserved specimen and observation-based occurrence records, including 9,994 presence records spanning two Canadian provinces and ten U.S. states and 2,043 absence records spanning five U.S. states. The aggregated EFB dataset provides a curated resource that has been used to guide a Michigan management strategy and provide information for ongoing efforts to develop invasion risk assessments, species distribution models and decision-support tools for conservation and management. Specimen-based and observation-based occurrence data were accessed through nine digital data repositories or aggregators and three primary sources. Twenty-six percent of the data are new records not previously published to a data repository or aggregator prior to this study. We removed duplicate data and excluded records with incorrect species identifications. Occurrence records without coordinates were georeferenced from recorded locality descriptions. Data were standardised according to Darwin Core. This aggregated dataset is the most complete account of EFB occurrence records in its North American invasive range.
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Hodge, Adam R. "Fluvial Arctic Grayling and the Limits of Conservation." Environmental History, August 21, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emab050.
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Abstract The Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), a member of the salmon family, historically inhabited only two areas within the coterminous United States: parts of Michigan and the upper Missouri River system, primarily in Montana. The species vanished from Michigan by the mid-1930s and the fluvial variety persists in but a tiny fraction of its range in Montana. Focusing on Montana’s Big Hole River (the last place in the Lower 48 where native fluvial grayling survive) and Michigan’s Au Sable River (once a prominent grayling fishery and today a renowned trout stream), this article examines how a combination of capitalist endeavors and climate change contributed to the fish’s decline and hampered efforts to preserve and reintroduce grayling populations. As overfishing, shifts in land use, and introductions of non-native salmonids visibly eroded the grayling populations of both states by the early twentieth century, government agencies and sportsmen’s groups counted on hatchery work to save the species. Although conservationists had successfully created and diversified recreational fisheries by propagating and stocking other species, this method bore little fruit when applied to fluvial grayling. Undercut by the profound transformation of waterways, fluvial grayling conservation and restoration efforts offer a humbling case study of the limitations of science and human agency.
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Assegide, Endaweke, Tena Alamirew, Yihun T. Dile, Haimanote Bayabil, Bezaye Tessema, and Gete Zeleke. "A Synthesis of Surface Water Quality in Awash Basin, Ethiopia." Frontiers in Water 4 (March 28, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.782124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Developing countries like Ethiopia are grabbling with rapid population growth, urbanization, agricultural intensification, and climate change which put intense pressure on the availability and quality of water resources. The surface water quality degradation is exacerbating due to increasing urbanization and agricultural activities. The average annual fertilizer use in Ethiopia increased from 132,522 metric tons (mt) in 1996 to 858,825 mt in 2015. Pesticide use also increases significantly from 3,327.7 mt/y in 2006 to 4,211.5 mt/y in 2010. The Awash river is one of the most affected rivers by intensified irrigation schemes, industrial, and urbanization pollution. The Awash river and its tributaries are used for domestic, irrigation, industrial, and recreational purposes. However, as per Canadian water quality indices for the drinking and irrigation water quality, the upper Awash basin scored 34.79, and 46.39, respectively, in the poor and marginal categories; whereas the middle/lower basin indicated 32.25 and 62.78 in poor and marginal ranges, respectively. Dissolved phosphorous in the headwater tributaries is about 0.51 mg/l which is beyond the threshold (0.15 mg/l). The surface water quality impairment is severe in the upper Awash basin where more than 90% of Addis Ababa's industries discharge their waste into nearby waterways without treatment; about 30% of the population lacks access to a liquid waste disposal and treatment facility; only 16% of the population is connected to sewage system, and 25% of the total waste generated enters freshwater systems without treatment. Many studies on surface water quality are reviewed and many of them are inconclusive for a number of reasons. For example, no comprehensive surface water quality research, lack of detailed combined spatial and temporal surface water quality data, and analysis to show the overall picture of the basin are a few of them. Despite the existence of the policy and legal tools, enforcement is lacking. Improving the ecological health of rivers necessitates policy revision as well as increased knowledge and engagement among implementers.
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Weller, Daniel L., Claire M. Murphy, Stephanie Johnson, Hyatt Green, Edward M. Michalenko, Tanzy M. T. Love, and Laura K. Strawn. "Land Use, Weather, and Water Quality Factors Associated With Fecal Contamination of Northeastern Streams That Span an Urban-Rural Gradient." Frontiers in Water 3 (February 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.741676.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fecal contamination of surface water has been associated with multiple enteric disease outbreaks and food recalls. Thus, it is important to understand factors associated with fecal contamination of agricultural water sources. Since fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were used to monitor surface water for potential fecal contamination, the purpose of the present study was to characterize associations between environmental factors, and (i) FIB (E. coli, Enterococcus, and coliform) levels, and (ii) host-specific fecal marker detection. This study used data collected from 224 sites along 3 waterways, which spanned an urban-rural gradient around Syracuse, New York. Between 2008 and 2017, 2,816 water samples were collected, and E. coli, Enterococcus, and/or coliform concentrations were enumerated. Thirty-one samples were also tested for human and ruminant microbial source-tracking markers. Water quality (e.g., turbidity, nitrate) and weather data were also collected for each site. Univariable Bayesian regression was used to characterize the relationship between each microbial target and land use, water quality, and weather factor. For each model, probability of direction and region of practical equivalence overlap (ROPE) were calculated to characterize the association's direction and strength, respectively. While levels of different FIB were not correlated with each other, FIB levels were associated with environmental conditions. Specifically, FIB levels were also positively associated with temperature, nutrient and sediment levels. Log10 E. coli levels increased by 0.20 (CI = 0.11, 0.31) and log10 Enterococcus levels increased by 0.68 (CI = 0.08, 1.24) for each log10 increase in salinity and nitrate, respectively. These findings may indicate that similar processes drove microbial, sediment, and nutrient contamination of the sampled watersheds. While fecal contamination was strongly associated with land use, the direction of association varied between FIBs and the buffer distance used to calculate land use metrics. E. coli levels and human marker detection were positively associated with percent pasture cover within 122, 366, and 1,098 m of the sampling site, while Enterococcus and coliform levels were only associated with pasture cover within 1,098 m (not 122 or 366 m). Ruminant markers were positively associated with pasture cover within 122 m, but not 366 or 1,098 m. These findings highlight the importance of considering (i) adjacent land use (and associated non-point sources of contamination) when developing strategies for managing fecal hazards associated in agricultural and recreational water, and (ii) spatial scale (e.g., 122 vs. 1,098 m) when developing these strategies.
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Maithya, Joseph K., Felix L. M. Ming’ate, and Sammy C. Letema. "The Impact of Wetland Utilisation on Provisioning Ecosystem Services in Nyando Wetland, Kenya." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, August 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333222500235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
People’s livelihoods in developing countries are often directly dependent on wetlands and watersheds for the provision of food, water, fuel, wood, fibre, and genetic resources. The high rural population density within the Lake Victoria basin is facilitating the rapid conversion of land to settlement and agriculture. These activities have resulted in the depletion of wetland resources to the extent that they cannot replenish naturally, thus threatening the Nyando wetland ecosystem, potential recreational opportunities, and the livelihoods of local communities. This paper, therefore, examines the implication of Nyando wetland utilisation in provisioning ecosystem services. A case study survey design approach was employed for data collection. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected to answer the study objectives. Stratified random sampling was conducted to collect data from 391 households using a structured questionnaire. An interview guide was also used to collect data from stakeholder representatives at the national and county governmental level, non-governmental organisations, and members of the local community. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data, while qualitative data were analysed through content analysis by ordering distinct themes into similar categories. A land-use change analysis was performed using an unsupervised classification technique. The results show that the local community depends on the wetland for farming, firewood, settlement, roofing and mat-making materials, and fishing for domestic and commercial use. The local community’s increased demand and utilisation of Nyando wetland resources has contributed to a reduction in the size of the wetland and consequently affected the availability of ecosystem services. Thus, sustainable utilisation of the wetland is needed.
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Dyer, Stuart W., and Joseph A. Needoba. "Use of High-Resolution Pressure Nephelometry To Measure Gas Vesicle Collapse as a Means of Determining Growth and Turgor Changes in Planktonic Cyanobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 86, no. 2 (November 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01790-19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Previous work has demonstrated that the physical properties of intracellular bacterial gas vesicles (GVs) can be analyzed in vivo using pressure nephelometry. In analyzing the buoyant state of GV-containing cyanobacteria, hydrostatic pressure within a sample cell is increased in a stepwise manner, where the concomitant collapse of GVs due to pressure and the resultant decrease in suspended cells are detected by changes in nephelometric scattering. As the relative pressure at which GVs collapse is a function of turgor pressure and cellular osmotic gradients, pressure nephelometry is a powerful tool for assaying changes in metabolism that affect turgor, such as photosynthetic and osmoregulatory processes. We have developed an updated and automated pressure nephelometer that utilizes visible-infrared (Vis-IR) spectra to accurately quantify GV critical collapse pressure, critical collapse pressure distribution, and cell turgor pressure. Here, using the updated pressure nephelometer and axenic cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806, we demonstrate that GV critical collapse pressure is stable during mid-exponential growth phase, introduce pressure-sensitive turbidity as a robust metric for the abundance of gas-vacuolate cyanobacteria, and demonstrate that pressure-sensitive turbidity is a more accurate proxy for abundance and growth than photopigment fluorescence. As cyanobacterium-dominated harmful algal bloom (cyanoHAB) formation is dependent on the constituent cells possessing gas vesicles, characterization of environmental cyanobacteria populations via pressure nephelometry is identified as an underutilized monitoring method. Applications of this instrument focus on physiological and ecological studies of cyanobacteria, for example, cyanoHAB dynamics and the drivers associated with cyanotoxin production in aquatic ecosystems. IMPORTANCE The increased prevalence of bloom-forming cyanobacteria and associated risk of exposure to cyanobacterial toxins through drinking water utilities and recreational waterways are growing public health concerns. Cost-effective, early-detection methodologies specific to cyanobacteria are crucial for mitigating these risks, with a gas vesicle-specific signal offering a number of benefits over photopigment fluorescence, including improved detection limits and discrimination against non-gas-vacuolate phototrophs. Here, we present a multiplexed instrument capable of quantifying the relative abundance of cyanobacteria based on the signal generated from the presence of intracellular gas vesicles specific to bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Additionally, as cell turgor can be measured in vivo via pressure nephelometry, the measurement furnishes information about the internal osmotic pressure of gas-vacuolate cyanobacteria, which relates to the metabolic state of the cell. Together these advances may improve routine waterway monitoring and the mitigation of human health threats due to cyanobacterial blooms.
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Hansen, Sara, Jutta Buschbom, Talia Karim, and Anna Monfils. "Building the Digital Extended Specimen: A case study of invasive European frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.)." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5 (September 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.73814.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Extended Specimen was first described by Webster (2017). He defined a “constellation of specimen preparations and data types,” centered around an occurrence of an organism, which captures the breadth of empirical facts about an organism’s phenotype, genotype, and ecology in space and time. The Extended Specimen Network was embraced by the collections community in the Biodiversity Collections Network Extended Specimen Report (Lendemer et al. 2020) and the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine Future of Collections report (Lendemer et al. 2020, National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine 2020). Several global discussions are underway to build a common definition of the Digital Extended Specimen (DES) and elucidate next steps in building the infrastructure to support Digital Extended Specimens and their network of associated data (including efforts among Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo), Biodiversity Collections Network (BCoN), GBIF’s Alliance for Biodiversity Knowledge, TDWG's Task Group on Minimum Information about a Digital Specimen (MIDS), and others.) At the foundation of the DES is the occurrence of an organism in time and space, which is represented by physical specimens or observations serving as tokens of reality. Tokens are translated to digital records, which can be extended through a network of linkages between them and with derived and associated data, e.g. project methodologies, environmental conditions, habitat characteristics, and associated taxa. For digital records to be integrated with the larger network of Digital Extended Specimens, they must become FAIR digital objects that are Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (Wilkinson et al. 2016). By translating the Digital Extended Specimen concept to the local project scale, we provide opportunities to move beyond a theoretical understanding of the DES and towards a practical framework for its implementation. Here we present and discuss the power, limits, and questions in the implementation of the Digital Extended Specimen framework by applying it to the case study of an invasive aquatic plant in the Laurentian Great Lakes region. European frog-bit (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L.; EFB) is native to western and northern Eurasia and invasive in North America and India. Dense mats of EFB may hinder commercial and recreational use of waterways and decrease light, dissolved oxygen, and native species diversity. We describe a multi-taxonomic study that examined EFB along with associated plant species, animal species, and environmental characteristics (Monfils et al. 2021). The integration of such diverse types of empirical data is a necessary prerequisite for determining the factors associated with EFB establishment, the impacts of EFB on native coastal wetland ecosystems, and the development of suitable management regimes for the conservation of native biodiversity. Data gathered from this study are housed in a local database. In our database, we consider both physical specimens and recorded observations as tokens of concrete occurrences of EFB, which define the base units. These tokens are linked to their collection events, which provide environmental and sampling context, as well as co-occurrences of other taxa including plants, invertebrates, fish, anurans, reptiles, and birds. Digitally linked, these extensions of each digital representation of a collected token provide not only empirical evidence of an EFB occurrence, but also directly connect it with all additionally sampled, derived, and associated information. Through this network of extensions we gain a more holistic understanding of EFB’s species associations, habitats, and ecosystem impacts at the level of populations and communities. The application of the Digital Extended Specimen framework at the project level illustrates how the DES can be used in a real-world context and highlights challenges in translating the concept from a theoretical to a practical perspective.