Статті в журналах: "Water usage"

1

Frimmel, Fritz H. "Water technology for specific water usage." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 10, no. 6 (November 2003): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2003.10.174.

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2

BENNETT, C. D., and S. LEESON. "Water Usage of Broiler Breeders." Poultry Science 68, no. 5 (May 1989): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0680617.

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3

Aleena and Aneela Sultana. "Traditional Water Fetching Practices, Water Usage, and Scarcity." Global Political Review VII, no. I (March 30, 2022): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2022(vii-i).05.

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This study analyzes the traditional water fetching practices,water usage, and scarcity in the Village Kumar Bandi Muzaffarabad.Overall, 93 respondents of the local community of Kumar Bandi were approached. Data has been collected through an interview guide by convenient and purposive sampling. A descriptive model of data collection has been used for acquiring the information. The study draws essential attention to the most critical factor: the abnormal impacts of water fetching on different aspects of water fetching an individual's life, the most important of which is health. The issue of water scarcity has caused damage to religious and traditional local practices besides the danger of whether the water utilized is recommended for use or not. Along with women's health and the educational development of children, Water fetching has adverse effects on people's social, religious, economic, kinship, and cultural life of people.

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4

Ritchie, Michael J., Jacobus A. A. Engelbrecht, and Marthinus J. Booysen. "Practically-Achievable Energy Savings with the Optimal Control of Stratified Water Heaters with Predicted Usage." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071963.

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Residential water heaters use a substantial amount of electrical energy and contribute to 25% of the energy usage in the residential sector. This raises concern for users in countries with flat rate electricity fees and where fossil fuels are used for electricity generation. Demand side management of tanked water heaters is well suited for energy-focused load reduction strategies. We propose a strategy for providing an electric water heater (EWH) with the optimal temperature planning to reduce the overall electrical energy usage while satisfying the comfort of the user. A probabilistic hot water usage model is used to predict the hot water usage behaviour for the A*-based optimisation algorithm, which accounts for water stratification in the tank. A temperature feedback controller with novel temperature and energy-correcting capabilities provides robustness to prediction errors. Three optimal control strategies are presented and compared to a baseline strategy with the thermostat always on: The first ensures temperature-matched water usages, the second ensures energy-matched water usages, and the third is a variation of the second that provides Legionella prevention. Results were obtained for 77 water heaters, each one simulated for four weeks. The median energy savings for predicted usage were 2.2% for the temperature-matched strategy, and 9.6% for both of the energy-matched strategies. We also compare the practical energy savings to the ideal scenario where the optimal scheduling has perfect foreknowledge of hot water usages, and the temperature and energy-matched strategies had a 4.1 and 11.0 percentage point decrease from the ideal energy savings.

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5

Schmidt, C., John F. Smith, Joseph P. Harner, and Michael J. Brouk. "Consumptive water usage of evaporative pads." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.3140.

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6

Andrić, I., A. Vrsalović, T. Perković, M. Aglić Čuvić, and P. Šolić. "IoT approach towards smart water usage." Journal of Cleaner Production 367 (September 2022): 133065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133065.

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7

Coomes, Paul A., Barry D. Kornstein, Thomas D. Rockaway, and Joshua A. Rivard. "North America Residential Water Usage Trends." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 9 (January 1, 2010): 6488–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864710798206892.

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8

Shakhnovsky, A., and O. Kvitka. "INDUSTRIAL WATER USAGE NETWORKS DESIGN PROCEDURE." WATER AND WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NEWS 23, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2218-93002322018144959.

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9

Khachatryan, Hayk, Alicia Rihn, and Michael Dukes. "Household Water Usage and Irrigation Practices." EDIS 2016, no. 9 (November 9, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fe996-2016.

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Water pollution and drought in the United States have made water scarcity a widespread concern. Currently, residential consumers account for most urban water use, and meaningful programs that lead to water conservation rely on a comprehensive understanding of how consumers use water inside and outside their homes. This 5-page fact sheet outlines University of Florida researchers’ assessments of current US household indoor and outdoor water use to assist policy makers and researchers with creating incentives for homeowners to conserve water. Written by Hayk Khachatryan, Alicia Rihn, and Michael Dukes, and published by the Department of Food and Resource Economics, September 2016. FE996/FE996: Household Water Usage and Irrigation Practices (ufl.edu)

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10

Hanipah, H. S. Hasibuan, and R. P. Tambunan. "Strengthening Water Irrigation Management to Increase Water Usage Efficiency." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 448 (April 4, 2020): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/448/1/012042.

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11

Du, Boyu, Xiaoqian Guo, Guwang Liu, Anjian Wang, Hongmei Duan, and Shaobo Guo. "China’s Water Intensity Factor Decomposition and Water Usage Decoupling Analysis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2022): 7039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147039.

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As the most populous country in the world, China has a great shortage pressure of water resources. With the acceleration of urbanization, China’s water usage in different sectors will change significantly in next few years. In order to investigate the main reasons behind water usage change in China, the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model was adopted in this paper from 2000 to 2020 with provincial data. Three effects, including that of technology, industrial structure, and regional scale, were analyzed. In addition, the decoupling effect between water usage and economic growth was also considered. The results show that: (1) from 2000 to 2020, the technological effect, industrial structure effect, and regional scale effect are −376.54, −89.85 and 20.66, respectively; (2) the technical effect and industrial structure effect have the greatest impact on primary industry, followed by secondary industry; (3) the technical effect is greater than the industrial structure effect in most provinces; and (4) the decoupling state gradually changes from weak decoupling to strong decoupling. In the future, the key policy recommendations for water saving are the following: (1) technological innovation has the most efficient effect on the reduction of water usage in China, and (2) the optimization of industrial structure can be helpful in water-saving in the future.

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12

Kiptach, Fedir, and Oksana Perhach. "State of water resources usage of Ukraine." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 50 (December 28, 2016): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2016.50.8694.

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The state of the use of water from natural water bodies for water supply of industries and population of the regions of Ukraine form available water facilities is highlighted. The total share of land under water and open wetlands are calculated and analyzed, as well as the amount of total water intake from the natural water objects and use of fresh, recycled and consistently (re)used water in the calculation of per capita and the share of water in total use for production needs, total water removal and the share of dirty discharge into the surface water objects from total water removal volume by the regions of Ukraine. On the 1st of January, 2015 lands of water fund occupied 3 409,0 hectare (5,6 %) of country territory, also lands under water – 2 426,4 hectare (4,0 %) and open wetlands – 982,6 hectare (1,6 %). The most summary part of lands under water and open wetlands are found in Kherson, Odesa, Poltava, Volyn, Kyiv, Rivne, Cherkasy regions, in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and in Kyiv City; the least – in Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Transcarpathia and Luhansk regions and in Sevastopol City. The most amounts of general gathering water from nature water objects are fixed in Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Kherson and Zaporizhia regions; the least are in Chernivtsi, Volhyn, Ternopil, and Transcarpathia regions. The most amount of fresh water usage are fixed in Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Donetsk, Kherson and Kyiv regions and in Kyiv City; the least are fixed in Chernivtsi, Ternopil, Khmelnytskyi, Volyn, and Transcarpathian regions. The most amount of circulating and repeated used water are fixed in Zaporizhia, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk regions; the least are in Ternopil, Kherson, Volyn, and Transcarpathian regions. The most amount of general drainage in the surface water objects are found in Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk and Zaporizhia regions; the least are in Transcarpathia and Khmelnytskyi regions. From the general amount of drainage the biggest part of dumping of the polluted reversed water in surface water objects are fixed in Luhansk, Sumy, Donetsk regions; the least are in Kyiv, Vinnytsia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Volhyn, Poltava, Zhytomyr regions and in Kyiv City. The regions, united in classical groups, are fixed and mapsschemes are elaborated according to results of this study. Key words: lands under water, the total water intake, fresh water, reversible and consistently used water, reverse contaminated water.

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13

Kannan, S. Kamala, P. Sasindhiran, P. Venugopal, R. Keerthi Vasan, and S. Hari. "MONITORING WATER USAGE BY HALL EFFECT SENSOR." International Journal Of Trendy Research In Engineering And Technology 05, no. 04 (2021): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54473/ijtret.2021.5403.

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14

Zhang, Yunjie. "Water Usage Optimization in Biofiltration Odor Systems." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864716821122865.

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15

Danno, Takenobu. "Reduction of Water Usage at Niigata Mill." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 70, no. 12 (2016): 1235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.70.1235.

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16

Cox, Carrie Ricker, and Vyto Kaunelis. "Manage Peak Water Usage With Customer Incentives." Opflow 38, no. 7 (July 2012): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5991/opf.2012.38.0040.

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17

Sinha, Parikhit, Amy Meader, and Mariska de Wild-Scholten. "Life Cycle Water Usage in CdTe Photovoltaics." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2012.2214375.

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18

Seelen, Laura M. S., Giovanna Flaim, Eleanor Jennings, and Lisette N. De Senerpont Domis. "Saving water for the future: Public awareness of water usage and water quality." Journal of Environmental Management 242 (July 2019): 246–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.047.

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19

Herrmann, Thilo, and Karin Hasse. "Ways to get water: rainwater utilization or long-distance water supply? A holistic assessment." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1997): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0685.

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On the basis of a case study the costs of an existing long-distance drinking water supply system are compared to the potentiel costs of decentralized rainwater collection und usage systems. The costs of stormwater retention are included in the calculations in so far as rainwater utilization systems provide a retention capacity for stormwater in the cisterns. The results show, that in dependence of the market price of the rainwater usage systems, the decentral way to provide usage water to the households can be more cost effective compared to a central long-distance supply system.

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20

Simoes, Sofia G., Justina Catarino, Ana Picado, Tiago F. Lopes, Santino di Berardino, Filipa Amorim, Francisco Gírio, C. M. Rangel, and Teresa Ponce de Leão. "Water availability and water usage solutions for electrolysis in hydrogen production." Journal of Cleaner Production 315 (September 2021): 128124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128124.

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21

SAWAKAMI, Shin, Hajime INAMURA, and Shigeru MORICHI. "ESTIMATING UNIT WATER USAGE OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS FOR WATER FOOTPRINT MANAGEMENT." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. D3 (Infrastructure Planning and Management) 70, no. 5 (2014): I_113—I_121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejipm.70.i_113.

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22

Terpstra, P. M. J. "Sustainable water usage systems: models for the sustainable utilization of domestic water in urban areas." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0223.

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Present water usage of our society cannot be considered sustainable; too much water of high quality is taken from the eco-systems and to much polluted water is discharged. Part of this problem is due to domestic water usage. In the past decade a number of technical measures on appliance level have been developed to reduce domestic water consumption and the efficiency of chemicals used has been increased to enable lower dosages. But further reductions are needed. Reuse and/or recycling water within the domestic system could, in theory, lead to further reductions. Models for integration and cascading of domestic water flows that have been developed are discussed. It is shown that water usage systems with various levels of integration and cascading can lead to significant reductions in domestic water consumption and thus lower the environmental impact of domestic water usage.

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23

Kim, Deokhwan. "A Study of the Agricultural Water Supply at the Hoengseong Dam Based on the Hydrological Condition of the Basin." Water 14, no. 16 (August 14, 2022): 2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162508.

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Since South Korea relies on dams and agricultural reservoirs for approximately 45% of its annual agricultural water usage, the supply control of agricultural water based on its usage amount is essential for effective water resources management. The objective of the study, therefore, is to suggest an alternative to the agricultural water supply from the Hoengseong Dam using the threshold curve of usage record that was suggested in the previous study. The characteristics of agricultural water usage and Usage Rate compared to the Permission amount (URP) threshold curve of the Seom River basin, which is defined as the thresholds of the maximum usage rate of agricultural water in each hydrological condition, were derived and analyzed using the historical record of runoff and agricultural water usage. The agricultural water supply of the Hoengseong Dam was simulated from 2006 to 2021 according to the URP threshold curve. As a result, it was found that the agricultural water usage rate of the Seom River Basin can be up to 106.5% even with the average hydrological condition compared to normal years. It was also shown that about 1.7 million m3 of agricultural water could be stored by applying the URP threshold curve to the agricultural water supply of the Hoengseong Dam annually.

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24

Edwards, C. C., and Daniel Muttiah. "Media Clips: Storms and Water Usage; Swine Flu." Mathematics Teacher 103, no. 5 (December 2009): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.103.5.0324.

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25

Catherine, Quinton, Jacques Wheeler, and Richardt Wilkinson. "Hot water usage profiling to improve geyser efficiency." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 23, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2012/v23i1a3156.

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This paper presents an intelligent hot water cylinder (HWC) (referred to as geyser) usage profiling system to provide peak demand side management and improve HWC efficiency in a typical household. The study highlights current control topologies used to improve geyser efficiency, as well as the design of the final geyser controller. The system consists of a PIC microcontroller used to determine individually based hot water usage profiles of the user. The controller then regulates the temperature of the geyser according to the demand profile developed. From the results it is apparent that by controlling the geyser temperature and thereby heat loss, savings can be made.

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26

Broom, Donald M. "Land and Water Usage in Beef Production Systems." Animals 9, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060286.

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This analysis, using published data, compared all land and conserved water use in four beef production systems. A widespread feedlot system and fertilised irrigated pasture systems used similar amounts of land. However, extensive unmodified pasture systems used three times more land, and semi-intensive silvopastoral systems used four times less land, so the highest use was 13 times the lowest. The amount of conserved water used was 64% higher in feedlots with relatively intensive rearing systems than in fertilised irrigated pasture; in extensive unmodified pasture systems, it was 38% and in semi-intensive silvopastoral systems, it was 21% of the fertilised irrigated pasture value, so the highest use was eight times the lowest. If there was no irrigation of pasture or of plants used for cattle feed, the feedlot water use was 12% higher than the fertilised pasture use and 57% higher than that in semi-intensive silvopastoral systems. These large effects of systems on resource use indicate the need to consider all systems when referring to the impact of beef or other products on the global environment. Whilst the use of animals as human food should be reduced, herbivorous animals that consume food that humans cannot eat and are kept using sustainable systems are important for the future use of world resources.

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27

Peters, Everson J., and Keren Monrose. "Water usage in rainwater harvesting households in Trinidad." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 169, no. 3 (June 2016): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.14.00127.

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28

Fellet, Melissae, and David M. Tiede. "Search for water-splitting catalysts for global usage." MRS Bulletin 42, no. 03 (March 2017): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2017.35.

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29

Rozumbaevich, Kurbanov Daniyor. "Impact of Taxation on Efficiency of Water Usage." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 5, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol5.iss2.77.

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In this article, we tried briefly to look through the issue from the point of objective necessity and importance of the efficient use of water resources in these conditions. In fact, as it is obvious from the mentioned data and opinions above, while the global economic and financial crisis is threatening the world, inefficient use of all resources, including water resources, might have negative impact on the attempts to overcome this crisis. Uzbekistan suffers from the problem of shortage of water resources more than other countries of the Central Asia and successful solution of the problem of efficient use of water resources has a particular importance. In order to find the impact of taxation on the usage of water resources we have collected the data for descriptive analyses and conducted the unstructured interview in Karakalpakstan region, Uzbekistan.

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30

Whitman, Eliza Jane, Flor Burrola, Edward Arrington, Ray Soloman, and Lenise Marrero. "EVALUATING MUNICIPAL RECYCLED WATER USAGE IN CONCRETE MIXES." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, no. 12 (January 1, 2016): 5788–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864716819706383.

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31

Edwards, C. C., and Daniel Muttiah. "Media Clips: Storms and Water Usage; Swine Flu." Mathematics Teacher 103, no. 5 (December 2009): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.103.5.0324.

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32

Pujara, Mandeep Kumar, Narinderpal Singh, and Gurpreet Kaur. "Water resource usage patterns for strategic crop production." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 13, no. 2a (2017): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2017.00115.9.

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33

WILLIAMS, P. J., and P. A. ANDERSON. "Operational cost savings in dairy plant water usage+." International Journal of Dairy Technology 59, no. 2 (May 2006): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.2006.00256.x.

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34

MURAOKA, Kohji, and Harumichi MURAOKA. "Usage of Storage Water in Flood Control Facilities." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 26 (1998): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer1988.26.165.

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35

Lenzen, M. "An inputâoutput analysis of Australian water usage." Water Policy 3, no. 4 (2001): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1366-7017(01)00072-1.

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36

Kouroupetroglou, Christos, Maarten Piso, Wassim Derguech, Edward Curry, Jan Mink, Diego Reforgiato Recupero, Massimiliano Raciti, Jesse van Slooten, and Daniel Coakley. "Engaging users in tracking their water usage behavior." Procedia Engineering 119 (2015): 788–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.937.

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37

Lake, P. S., and Nick R. Bond. "Australian futures: Freshwater ecosystems and human water usage." Futures 39, no. 2-3 (March 2007): 288–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2006.01.010.

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38

Daković, S. "Possibility of Desludging Water Usage from Steam Boilers." Fett Wissenschaft Technologie/Fat Science Technology 91, no. 6 (1989): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lipi.19890910608.

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39

Chee Wei, W. L., A. S. Ab Ghafar, N. N. Hairul Rozi, and F. A. Saparudin. "Wireless water usage monitoring system for home / small premises." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i2.pp704-713.

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<p>The fourth Industrial Revolution has led to tremendous change in industrial automation. Measurement system can be seen as an important tool implemented in various fields because it enables us to access essential data from the environment or desired location. One of the essential measurement systems in industry, company or home is water usage monitoring. Water usage monitoring is the regular collection of information on the total amount of water drawn from sources during a given period. It enables a company or industry to understand water usage patterns and identify potential inefficiencies. For instance, a hotel premise who wants to monitor its water usage per room basis. Monitoring is also essential to set reduction targets of water used. The paper presents the development of wireless water usage monitoring system. This system consists of two nodes which are sensor node and sink node. The sensor node collects the water usage data and send them to the sink node. An ultrasonic sensor, Light-Emitting Diode (LED) and buzzer are attached to the sensor node as alert system for the user in case of water wastage occurrence. The sink node receives data from the sensor node wirelessly and mark this data time stamp by referring to a Real Time Clock (RTC) and store it in the database. The database is attached to sink node with Secure Digital (SD) card module. Furthermore, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) is used to display the water usage data in graphical form for easier user interpretation. The proposed wireless water usage monitoring system is suitable for home and small premises usage.</p>

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40

Decamps, Henri. "Du bon usage des ripisylves." La Houille Blanche, no. 3 (June 2002): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2002042.

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41

Madias, Konstantinos, and Andrzej Szymkowiak. "Residential Sustainable Water Usage and Water Management: Systematic Review and Future Research." Water 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071027.

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Sustainable water management has vital ramifications for people’s societal, economic and environmental future. To advance research in this domain, this article synthesizes the current state of knowledge regarding water resource management in the residential context. The aim of this paper is to identify research gaps and future research directions for residential water management in order to recommend solutions against water scarcity. To that end, this article applies bibliometric analysis and the Antecedents, Decisions and Outcomes (ADO) framework to the literature on residential sustainable water management. We reviewed the most impactful journals, most frequently cited articles, keyword trends and density-centrality maps. The in-depth analysis on 114 articles underscored three orientations for residential water usage and management: urban, household and consumer. Based on this analysis, we were able to identify the significant topics that structure this research field, as well as research gaps and future directions.

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42

Jing, R. "Investigating the relationship between agricultural water usage and water quality in California." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1121, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1121/1/012006.

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Abstract California has a highly developed agriculture system, but it faces many challenges associated with water supply and water quality. This research examines the relationship between agricultural water use and water quality at multiple scales, including a comparison of southern and northern California, analysis of seven regions, and four counties within the Central Valley, which accounts for more than 70% of agricultural water use in the state. Statistical analyses of georeferenced data from USGS and CIMIS were used to test the hypothesis that higher agricultural water use is associated with lower water quality. Results indicate that while there is no significant difference in water quality between southern and northern California, there are significant differences among regions. Furthermore, within the Central Valley, there is a significant inverse relationship between agricultural water use and two of three water quality indicators, namely dissolved oxygen and dissolved nitrate. Although further research is necessary to establish causality, these findings suggest that policymakers need to consider the effects of water use on water quality in planning California’s future agricultural development.

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Skіba, Margarita, Alexander Pivovarov, and Viktoria Vorobyova. "The Plasma-Induced Formation of PVP-Coated Silver Nanoparticles and Usage in Water Purification." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 14, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht14.01.047.

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Kabashima, John. "INNOVATIVE IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES IN NURSERY PRODUCTION TO REDUCE WATER USAGE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1183d—1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1183d.

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Several production nurseries were surveyed about techniques used to reduce water usage and runoff. The nurseries surveyed used from 400,000 gallons of water per day to 5,000,000 gallons of water per day during peak usage. Water availability and the potential for nitrate runoff from large production nurseries to contaminate the environment have resulted in requirements by regulatory agencies to decrease water usage and runoff. Nurseries have complied by using techniques such as drip irrigation, subirrigation, pulsing, recycling, and computer controlled irrigation systems. The use of techniques such as recycling and “better management practices” have resulted in significant decreases (approximately 30%) in water usage.

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45

Peden, Franklin, Leggat, and Lindsay. "Observing Patterns of River Usage." Safety 5, no. 4 (October 4, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5040066.

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Rivers are a leading location for drowning, yet little is known about people’s usage of these waterways. This pilot study aimed to test the use of direct observations to calculate river usage. Direct observations were conducted at regular intervals within defined zones at four river drowning locations in Australia (including weekends and the Australia Day national public holiday). Data recorded were date and time of observation; total people (including males, females, children, and adults); and number of people on, in, and beside the water. Univariate analysis with mean (SD) and range was conducted. Interrater reliability for observations was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (one-way random-effects, average measures model), with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Across 149 time points, 309 observations resulted in 13,326 river interactions observed by multiple observers. There was an average of 39 people (M = 39.4, SD = 29.4, range = 0–137) per observation, 44 people (M = 44.2, SD = 32.7, range = 0–37) on an average weekend, and 97 people (M = 96.8, SD = 58.1, range = 20–190) on Australia Day. More females (M = 20.6, SD = 16.0, range = 0–83) than males (M = 18.3, SD = 14.5, range = 0–68) were observed. More people were observed in the water (M = 20.6, SD = 20.4, range = 0–84) than beside or on the water. Interrater reliability was excellent, consistently above 0.900 for all variables collected (apart from the variable of beside the river). Despite males accounting for 80% of river drowning fatalities, more females were observed than males. Increased visitation on the Australia Day public holiday may be linked to increased drowning risk. This study detailed a simple approach to data collection, exploring exposure within a defined zone at river locations. River usage is dynamic, with people’s movement in and out of the water changing their risk exposure. Observational-based data collection for drowning, particularly for rivers, is an important yet highly neglected area of research.

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Puzowski, Pawel, and Iwona Skoczko. "Investigation on Magnetic Field Usage for Urban Water Treatment." Proceedings 51, no. 1 (October 10, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020051031.

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The aim of this work was to investigate magnetic field (MF) usage for urban water treatment. Currently, the popular method of ground water purification includes water aeration and filtration, which are expensive and energy intensive. MF is not used for drinking water treatment but mostly for boiler and cooling water at industrial water plants or in farming for plant growth. The authors decided to test it at a small water treatment station in Poland. An MF generator was placed on the pipe between raw water intake and aeration. The results proved higher efficiency in water treatment, especially in hardness, turbidity, Fe, Mn and NH4 removal.

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Shaddox, Travis W., and Joseph Bryan Unruh. "Florida Fertilizer Usage Statistics." EDIS 2017, no. 3 (May 26, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ep541-2017.

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Nutrient applications are often required to meet Florida’s demand for agricultural and horticultural commodities, but often those applications occur in close proximity to water bodies. In order for scientists, policy makers, and citizens to make decisions regarding nutrient issues in Florida, it is important to first understand which markets contribute to Florida’s fertilizer consumption. This three-page fact sheet explains Florida’s fertilizer usage statistics. Written by T.W.Shaddox and published by the Environmental Horticulture Department.http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep541

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Prasad H D, Venu, and Naveena K. "Water usage pattern in the aftermath of COVID-19." Environment Conservation Journal 23, no. 1&2 (February 22, 2022): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.021995-2210.

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Maintenance of good health and avoiding a viral infection is the prime focus for an individual during COVID-19 pandemic. Water being a universal solvent is used widely to clean the disinfectants in public places and individual household level. This study was designed to find any change in the water consumption pattern among the households after the emergence of COVID-19. To study this, a questionnaire was prepared and sent to the respondents through Google Forms. Collected data was analysed using suitable statistical methods and the results indicate that there was a significant change in the consumption pattern of drinking water from cold to hot (37.98%) among the respondents and also with respect to the total water usage. As the disease is communicable in nature, more water is needed to clean and disinfect the surface areas, washing hands etc. This eventually has a significant burden on the water resources in countries where water is already deficient, like India. It is recommended to adopt water conservation practices/technologies at the individual level by means of rain water harvesting techniques or use of efficient water aerator taps etc. to reduce water consumption.

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Ichinose, Toshiaki, Kai Liu, Akio Onishi, and Feng Shi. "Grouping of Water Supply-and-Demand Structure in the Yellow River Basin of China: Focusing on Balance between Groundwater and Surface-water." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 3984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143984.

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The research purpose of this study was to uncover the grouping of the water supply-and-demand structure in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) of China, focusing on the balance between groundwater and surface-water. Comparing the structure of water usage and the structure of groundwater usage estimated by previous studies in each region, 35 municipalities were selected and they were classified into 12 catchments in focusing on the geographical location and the similarity of the shape of the structure of water supply-and-demand. In the upper reaches, surface-water is mainly used and the share of agricultural usage is small, therefore, seasonal variability of groundwater usage is small. On the other hand, in the middle and the lower reaches, the share of groundwater is large and the share of agricultural usage is large, therefore, seasonal variability of groundwater usage is large. Especially, these characteristics are obvious in the Loess Plateau. In addition, surface-water is mainly used again in the lowermost reaches. The results qualitatively identify the spatial pattern of the classification of water supply-and-demand structure and investigate the geographical heterogeneity within each catchment. Performing a GIS (Geographic Information System) -based estimation is meaningful for grasping the geospatial pattern of water supply-and-demand structure and for providing an area-by-area report of the situation of the water resource usage. It is hoped that this study serves as an academic reference for optimizing the water resource management and for providing some policy recommendations on resource’s sustainability by using a GIS-based approach.

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Call, Robert E. "RESOURCE CONSERVATION AUDITS AND OUTDOOR CLASSROOMS DECREASE WATER USAGE." HortScience 31, no. 3 (June 1996): 323d—323. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.3.323d.

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The San Pedro River has been impacted by continued growth of Fort Huachuca Military Base. The San Pedro River, a riparian-migratory area, has had continuous water flow but now has intermittent water flow. The cause is cones of depression in the aquifer due to domestic well pumping. The aquifer is recharge with water from the river. Cooperative Extension has implemented Resource Conservation Audits for landowners in the lower San Pedro Valley. Also, outdoor classrooms are being constructed at three schools to educate children and community members. The goal of these programs is to educate landowners on water conservation through the use of native and adapted drought-tolerant plants, xeriscaping, irrigation efficiency, water harvesting, soil erosion, and composting. Site visits help landowners identify opportunities to reduce water use. Research-based informational brochures have been produced so landowners can plan and implement water-saving techniques on their properties. This program has been implemented using six members of the Border Volunteer Corp., part of Americorp program.

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